1.

POINT

M 1 - F - 1.1

FO R M U L A E - 1. Po IN T

1) Sf> A (-;(.11 HI J CJM.d B (;(.2, ~zJ, ~ A 8 == J (x 1 - :;,;1(.2. ) 2.. + (tl1 - tj2. ) 'Z.

2) Th..a.. ~ 4 c...i~ p t1 f.:,. A Be UU1..

k ~ ~ the MkJ;;.en. PA2.:::. P8'2-= pc~

3) 1t A (~1J~1J.) B(:;r:.zl:fz) 0M.d C(!X..!J.(j3), ~

?(., d1 1 ~2- Ya. 1 :;(.3 ~3 1

I 2-

lb ~ 0Nl.IJ_ trfr 6 A tsc ~ ~~ ~ 11uz.. pDiM..tA AI B ahltl c CiJl.P- UJ~ .

A"II1I ~ p io ~~ en. o~ ~k

6. ABc.. ~ h.a. ~ ~ ~ '11 6 ABCI

6PAB b.PBC. ~ 6Pc..A.

"

4-) lfrA ('X.1) ~fJ ~ B (a2. ~2.)' ~ ;thL ~ 6f ~ p cii..vt·~ AB in:t:hrL IL£J.lio A: J o~ m..:?\.. ~ A (,·.e',J AP:P13 = A:1 OIl.- ')11..:?'\...) lUJt,

(A'X,.z.+ x,, 'AHZ+t:Jf·) OR.

\ :;\+1 ),+1

('m::t.Z.+?tX1 , 7Yll!z. +ft:t1)

')rl. + n 'W\.. + n,

A oJ". "Yt\. J n ara. ~ve. it- P Jivit:hA A 8 &Lt~. ThL -n-U..d.p.m'trtX trb AB i6 (X1:~, :/1 ~tf2. )~

5) ThL ~ G rJ.NVL i.M.~ L at 6. ABC o.JLt-

~ (%1 i-X2. f" ~!) ~,-r~2.. t- :/J) ; I (a..x:t+ b~:t-Q(,)) a.~I.,..bdL+c.u3\

3 3 0..+ b+c. Gl..+1+c. J

~ a. = Be. b:. e. A c, =- A l3

~ ) I •

1. POINT

M1-F-1.2

6) It t1u:. OM.~ it! M,.U.~ t:i:J (~" 1<.)" ~ tne: __ 7lf1.,uJ-

CCf)~ (x: (f ') a;- 1hL ~ P (;;G" :I) aILe.

~ve.n. ~

:x/ = ;::c. -""_ Q.ht.Li..:t' = tj- k,.

• ....J 2. L s+ {2. '

7 J D-u.tam.uz... ~en.,,: ~: R 1-. R -+ "- U 0.r , L&

cI.4t'l"f1.IUi.. M d: {(x, J :/1), ('X2 ~ 'J2.») =. J £;;(.,- ~)2. T (d 1 -:12 ) 2.. , cL i& CO l/IJd th.L c:UJ ta..nc..e. ~ OJ\.. ~

~'en.. ~ R 2. )C. R 2.. 0A1d. ( R ~ d,) u. co 1 . .Iru1.. 'i1z.L

~ ~a..CJl,.

P~U·atr ~~:

3.fr A (';(.(1 y,), B (~2.J :/2.) 0Mfl.., C (;;rCa 1:/3) E R: ~ (i) d., (AJ B) ~ 0,

(i,) oL (AJ B) = 0 # A:. B,

liii) d. (f1" BJ = ttl (B .. A) aM..r.L

(i v) 01.. (A" B) + d_ (8 .. C.) ~ d (A" c) , PJurob: :

(,'i) al.. (II, B) =. 0 # j (:L., - ;c.z) 2.. + (V ,- !Jz) 2. =.. 0

2.. Z.

# (%., - x';z.) + (d t - dZ) == 0

# Xt - %2. = 0 QM..J.. ~,- d2. = 0 ¢> 2. 1 = X 2. 0I,ht...Ifl tit = (f 2-

# (X'IU1) =(:<:2.,'12-)

# A = B.

2. LINE

M 1 - F '_ 2..1

FORMULAE - 2. LINE

1) D~~ &! ~ ~ I, ~ th.tl.. iMuL itS 'rl!li.~

ft.o~ ~ ?t.OJ't.,vtAl;..'c.P.L ct+t.d. it it ~ Qht. ~ e wi.J:l;_ tnL p.outive dih£cb.·~ or thfl, X .... ~ ~ ~ ~ Of 1JvL

liq1./L = tctht- f7J ~ e C (OJ 1T) - {lT4}. at tt1.£.

UI}'lL u -hoM atJrt..bJL , 'w ,&l..t:rp.e i& ~ 1;; h.t, 21J.h..o. ThL ~ Bf a. V'rWi~ ~ .iA 'lLOJ:

cLilli~·

2.) ~ p~c.. ~ "t a G.i./YIL ~ (:;(tJ~t)

0Md. (x 2 J 4J 2.) a.Jz.IL

x= :tX.2.+(I-tJ:x.1' ~= t~2+(I-;I;J~1 ~ t €oR..

3) Th.rL. p~ ~a..t..'0-n.6 au 0. li.1'/UL ~ (~113,) aM..d ~ Mt.. ~J.L e will;: thr.. paUiiv€.. dJ.~tm er X - a.xis WzJl.

Oil(. - 'X.., t.l 4

CDS e =:;:_, ~1 = tr.., IL E: R, e E- (O} IT ) - {'/'2 }

H ~ I e it! ~ boA.- d 't-v{'.;yL .P.imL aM..cL It..

i.& J:hrJ, pQA,~ . IlL I iA thL di6.tant.c:JL t1 P (XJ ~) ~ (_ ~ 1 J ~ 1 ). Tful_. M~ amti::o..L ~ ~ .Ii..n.PA

~t bL d4+~ ~ l:tLi& ~.

The., c.ah.t"Wa"yt., ~'en. ~ a. Li./J'I..L ~ (;c, J ~,)

aM.d. (~'2.) dZ.) is 7L d- 1

x., at 1 = 0

~'l.. ~2... 1

4}

5) 6) 7)

The. ~8n. tifJ x -~ i4 ~ = o. 1l1L ~ ... a .. t.:~ 8f y - Cl4l.iA U ?L :: D.

"Tl1.tl. ~8n, Of a. 1i.tyU1.; p~ t:J y - ~ a.Nt.Gt

~ Q.M.. mtVt,~ a an: X - a.AC.i.& i6 ?<.. = a.

Ih.t2. ~a..t..6n., 8) 0- UvuL p~ iiJ X -~ ~

8")

2. LINE

M1-F-2.·2.

~ QAt, i.+t:tauz.p.t b tm.. Y - ~ i6 ~ = b;

'J) The. ~a. . .t.:8rL. ~ a. 1li~ ~ (:iiC..1• ~1) ~

~ 'J)'I., i& d - ~, = m (:.:. - ;;(.1).

1 OJ The. ~1Jn... ttt a. 1i.Na..L. ~ (;<., J 7J') QIJ.1.d.

( 'X 2-1 :J"1-) i.6 '2/1 - :/2-

~ - (j 1 = - (a - ;X., )

?(.1-:;;(.2..

11) "'fhL ~en. '1 ll.. ~ ~ CLf1. ~~ a. on

)(.. -~ ~ b 8rL '1-~ id 'X/a. + tJ/b = 1 (a. .. b:t 0),

12..) 1lvz_ ~ ~ 1- ~ ~'ox.. ~ fJ.i.~ ~ t<.z.

i..& .tfvL ~~6?t. CL:l!.+ ~ +c =- 0 (a.2..+b2.*,O).

ThJL ~ 8"b ~ ~) ?rL =. - a. / b J fStg_, w..tQ.k.-

~ i91"L )(. - ~ =.. - C I a. t'lNUL t1uJ... ~e~ 071.,

y -CJ.4..i..o =- - c/ '0 .

13) ThIl.. ~ ~ ttfr ~ .J.i..-,.uz.. p~ kJ

thIL J)j. f'fI.Il.. a.«.. + ~ + c = 0 ~ '?J1. vtf.t., ~ l1/J( + h ~ + *' ==-0, it e R - ~c}.

14) "'flt.(. ~ ~ t:rfr ~ .liM.L ~

to tt1..tL ~ a.«. + ~ + G :::: 0 U b x.. -ll.1j + It -:..0, k 1& R .

15"") 1ltL ~ "1- a.. ~ witJ4. ~. m.. aAV:L ~

OM... ~~ c. 8'JIL '1- aocc« itS :1::. 'Wl 'X. + c .

16) x Cb.S eX. + ;J ~ a = p is: t:htz.. ~'o-n. * a. ~ WIwvl.

P L6 the.. ~J:t o1J ~~~ ~ 1M oM~

&rL 1:hJL ~ aMJi a. ~ thA., ~ ~ o.:t J:i"U

~GU..Ia.A wiJA -J.1r.rz. ~J:A.'.,e di.~ &/r x ~ .

17) 11u. p.tlA~~ t:l.iAiLJALdL ~ o,,;,~ ~.tM J..W..

CI.IX.. + ~ + C. =- 0 ~ p:::: leI a..uL J:J1JL ~ eX

Ja.2-+h1,

weu'ck.. :th.iA ~l..u..t1tva. ~ ~ thL p.b.si..t.'ve

d.J.'Ao_cA'ert. at X _. ~ i6 ff1.vtm.. b7J

t::.mG( = _Q. ~ ~ G( :-b 'If c."70

~42..+b'_ Va,2.+b'l..

2. LINE

M1-F-2. . .3

attd.. AiM. (i = b

..Jr a:::::::z..=+=h=2,

a.

Ur.S Ol ::: rVo..::;Z.=+=b2..= s :

it- C < O.

1 g) nut.,~ 'Yf\. trb- thtL .tihlL P~ ~ l:ksz.

'.. ..'. .. t/,-'i/z.

p.B1~ t«; ~I) ~ (%2" ~2.) u ~ bA.J- m =. ..

. . ~~

19) Thrl. ~ ~ ~ '1)11 f1M.t:l?Hz. fVJP_ .~ 'Ir?t1 f ='h't2.'

2.0) Ik4.. ~ ~ ~ '»11 t4v.I. m,2. lV1P..., ~.~ '" m,'»l2=-1.

2.1) TIuL ~ e (O ·o!.S c: "/2.) _, b.tl.t~ bPv Ji"Yl4d ~

~ ?'Ylf OM-.d?11.;a i& ~~ ~ e == ;ta,f1/?n1-m2. f

1+m,"''2-

9.f- 8n€. fli.M.Jz. ~ ~~ ~ tht. oJ:Jt.eA ~.a..t.

~ t:12, wi):(;. tfLi. p.cxs:i.li.'ve cLiAILJJ..'eYL .~ ~ - ~. I

~ e =. I n/z. - e.:z.L

~ 811JL. ~ i.& -NJ'ii. ~ a.ul .t&LIl D&.tv", ~ at;L

~ '8'2- ~ ~ ~.ve. ~ t1 x-ct«..i.4J

~ 11:. 82. ()y' TI - 92., ~~ .kJ a.u.J:L.

! 22.) Tk.e.. "/lLC.4,J,6aJ'J{j QM..d. 4u./!frt'(.,{'~ f..8'IILdi.AA.'87L ;01)... ittA.4L

c:J.iA.t.'~ ~'.,Jg 6i R 2.. fo b.e. ~."J1./UtA, u

::;(.1 d1 1
:::;:(.2., 112- 1 =0
:X. 3 Q3 1 ~ (~f" ~1)' (;1(2., ~2.) a...tUL (~3~ ~3) a.AL 1:tuL, p.oit;tl2 UIV1.J . ..(;~.

3. LINES

M1-F-3.1

FOR..fV1ULAE - 3. L IN£5

1) Fok.. :/;;uo iim.U

a.t 'X. + b, 3 + c, = 0 , az:x + b2 ~ + C2, = 0)

a,2 + h, :z.. =1= 0 QAILt:/., Qz.2. + bz2. =1= 0 }

(i) LU at b2. - a.z b, '4= 0) ~ t;fLQ.. i:u.Fo ~ a,tz,L ~rttX

QM..J.. 't'lo.t ~ C1At.t:L ~ ~ or mt~tnL

(ii) it a..., b 2. - a.2. b I :; 0 bLt.t- b, c.2. - b 2. c., =P 0 O"z..

e, a.2. - c,z. a.t =1= 0, ~ t1t.L Ii.~ ase: ~ aM.d. rlo "fl.6t 'wL~.

(iii) Lt a., b2. - az' b, :. hi c2. -- b2,. c, = c, az - c2 a, :: 0.1 ~ thL ~ QNl. id.iAJi~.

2. ) TkL ~ t1hf.d A.u.ifr.(;_(tJM.t" t.LrYLd.iJ;:8nd 1Jo-i 1:ItJL ~ ~ li.rn..M ai;;ri_ + bi (f +ci =. 0 ~ Qi2. + hi' =1= 0) i =-1",2J3

IE h..e.. ~ a.JtIL

(;) a. f b2.. - Q2 1,1 -::J= (),J

a.z. h3 - Q3 h2 =1= 0 ~ tlM.d.

113 hf - at D3 =F 0:1

3 ) Fo~:two J.J.."YllLtS

l ;i) 0.., b. e,
a.2- J,,_ '-2- -0
- .
0.3 1,3 C3 II 2+ b 2. =/::. 0 ~

, 1

a.2. x. + h2.~ +Cz =0) a2.2..+ b2,2.. *" 0 J

tho... ~~ih'v L(o.1:;c+b,~+Cf) + m.(a2x+b2,~+C.2) =0, 1.'1- + m?- 4= 0 .I 1.) ')'}'L E R ~~ £l_ ~J;j t1 /..intJU (i) ptU,~ ~ :lju;_ p~ trfr H-ttlA4.ed..an "1J t:J.u;_

turo ~ V'fM., P.i.~ ''f ~ ah.Jl, 'fLOC ~ J t1.M.d., (ii) ptUA.lM til 1M f:w-o ~v€M.. JJ./JtU it ~ ans:

~.

3. LINES

M1- F-3.2.

at (l::. O:J thLtt. tJuL above: eJj}t.a .. h..'~ !t.Lf~.oJA :tJ.uL

li'YlfL. a:2. x + b 2. ~ + G 2. :::: 0 . 9t L *' 0,) :t:heM.. i:h£.

~ ~~ caNL bfl. ~ a..o

a.fX·+ b,~ +c, + ~ (Qz.X.+ b2.~ +cz) = 0

D-t, 0..1 ~ + hf d + C, + :.\ (a.z sc: + b2.. ~ T c.2.) =- 0, /\ ~ R

Th..i& ~ ~ a.J.1 Ailfl./A t1J tkt2. ~'t!

~ u..p.t J;Iu2... ~ a.2.~ + b2.~ + c.z. .:: o .

4) To lritYLd. i1u2. ~8TL "U 0.. u..,.'?'f1l. ~~ ~ tJ.uL

~~ ~ iM.-t;Q.h.JR .. L.t:07'L 6"6 I1uL fu.ro If-~ JI.i.~

a.f?(. + h, ~ + W, =- 0 ~ a2_xt- b2.d +c2 ~ 0 it tJu..;j aNL 'YllJ.t p~ CUN:L a.l.&J .<Sa..L.:41rifW-d a. ~ ve.K.

~ l..tn't .. d_i..b:M~ /r'MX aA~ if ~ d'J tWl

:tw-a ~ vt4'L- ~ Aa..tiI/r·iA t:/".L ~vfM.- a..J.d.j..~ ~ tt.:qrv . ..It AlJ ) ~ :I::/u_ ~en, b/r t:ha.t L,.""u_

i6 tho... ~AfJJl._ ~l!ht . f4 «ot: ~ ~ tktl.. ~~ t1 tILL ~ L.im4.. b.iJ ~ it" ~ thJL ro~ a.1?(+ b, ~ +c, + A (a.2x +b2d "'_cz} = 0

aM.d. ~'mA.~ t1W... ~ Of A ~ :t:h.tz, ~vt»1.-

o..tld.A'1J..~ U?JYLd..i.tc.&rL.

nuz.. Pt.ll..P€M.d.ic.u 1..tJ~ c:J.iA"cCJAlLuL ~ P ~ "1J J:hL fJJt'~ (';(·t) d1 )

~ :tht.. P.inuL a:;;(.. + b-:f + C=-o i& P = I a. At +h (/t + c I .

Ja_2.+ h2.

5)

6)

1"4 p~Cl1ltv,., cl.i.&tG1M.QJ ~.J bA.t~ :CW-O ~

~ Q~ +~ +c. = 0 a.tv:L ax +~ -t- c;' =-0 (c.=/= c.')

Ie-e'l

7)

J a2 + h 'Z-

Th.tL ~~~ ~ ~'8J1.,

ex. :;I(_2.. + 2 h ?l-'J + b ~ '2- = 0 J a. 2. + It. 2. + b 2- =1= 0 J ~A..IA.(;H..U

0- paiA trfr J..it1'14A ~ i1t.a. 01aA.~ it -k '-ab "> 0,

3. LINES

M1- F-3·3

Th.a_ .e1f.t.o-t:and 06 tA.L Pi."YIJ?,& C1.JtL (f;: m, =-c.. <Ut.d.. d == ~ :c._,

~ m1 aed: 1?tz. CJ:tM.. ~ erh~ b.;i .so~ the: ~'h1..6 m, + 'mz. ::. - 2"'--/ k:J 4..Ntd.. 7YI,7J'l2. = + a/h.

9.b ~ Ji'YLPA aJ2.L jWt.~d...I:~ J 'm, 'm2. ::. ().. / h :: - t.

t , e.'J a + b -= a. ~ thIL ~ aJU.. ?'l.O.t ~~.)

~ tNl. ~ e Ww-eIA1., ~ i.6 ~ fvJ

ta-n. e -

2. Vh2_ Gtb la + b I

8) TktL. 'J~ ~ak ~Dn Wt R 2

ax._? + 2.h~ + h{f2.+ 2a'X.. +'}..1rJ +C :.O} a,2.+b2.+h'2..*o

h.L/J/J.4~ a jJa..tA. lYb liMM J q, ~ ~ it ~

(,'! A 2. ?- ab , . a..ft. (J

(il) aZ? Cl..c.. J tlM.t:L (I V') -h b r _ 0

(;,'.) ~ 2 'l b c .I ~ ; c.

ThL .0.''YU!A ~ ~ iJuL ~ ~ (}.I,£

~ fA IJuL .P.i-rJlA 1i ven ~ a.,x 2. + zh ~ + h:J '2.= () a..tul ~ :J:hL ~I.L e WW'Utt,- ~ ~ ~, (2. Vh2.-db /10.. +bl ).

rk.JL, ~ 8fr ~;t~&.:en. ~~ ~ thL a,.he-ve.,

l d.) ra) = (-ht - ~~ ,

a.b -

. r lid I

I.e., = l \t. ~I'

i. Q..1 fJ) or 1:Pr.L

~C)1. t..o

(J h -a..{y )

a.b - h'l..

11 ~ , 1

I ~ ~ I .

4. CIRCLE

f\4 1 - f - 4.1

2.)

3) 4)

S)

6)

7)

'1)

FORMULAE - 4 CIRCLE

1 )

2. 2. 2.

(;iC- -It) + (~--k) := h. ~ ihL ~QM. ~

ttk th.tl.. c..i.~ uir.J:li.. ~ at ( fl._~ -k) llM.d ~ ~ k.

-x.7-+ ~ 2. = ILl. i.6 tI1L ~ ~8n. ~ itr..tL cV._ch.

WJ:l:v CLM.tAt. od: t:h!2. O~~ CJAv:i, ~ ~ /l..

-;z:. 2 +~ 2. = 1 ks thL~8rL or ~ c..i.AdJL (Jz. ;::;, 1). x2+~2.+2.ax+2.id+c=o io·tkfL, a~ ~f.J.n, orr ;tM_ ciJL~ ~ ~ (-3,-"6-) a.nd. ~', 1'32+-f-c..

Ax2.+2H~ + Bd2. + 214~ + 2Fd +c =0 itS:i:1t.L ~. ~ .~ m.. RZ. ~ ILLP~ a.. cVuh... it A- B -=F 0 QM.tL. H = O. Foh.. ~ er

1J1.iA c.iA.cJ..L i.e .ba.. Il.§.a.1., ;J ~ 2. + F 2. - A C > O.

x = h + Jz.."CS e -' ~ = ~ + k...a.tM.. B , 9E (- 1T... TT] aJl.Il, p~ ur;w-ti~ ct tlto.. uhdL .Wt.J:h ~ ai: (-k.~ ok) ll.NUi ~ ::: k.. 9 ~ IJuL p~. (:;(.,- xt) (a-x.zJ + (~-;jf)( (j -(f2.) = 0 U tIuz.. ~m

ti .tka.. ci.1U.h." 1:St.L ~eo ct wa..o-:S.e. ~ CINl. ("-1):J f) o..M..d. (Zz J ~ 2 ).

TIu... p..o:s.i.t:.tJYl, .01- ~ p (;(,1, ~ 1) k 4 I a t.,.' ve. :IiJ :tkJl. cihd..L

x_1- + ~ 2. + 23 g_ + 2. 'td + C = 0 it,

{JU.X1J.-t'J..L ~ c.i.1I..d.Jt. it af 2. + ;r,2. + 23 Xf + Z 13' + c;> 0 ..

' ••. AJf· 2. 2. . - " A

9l1, th.R.. U~ '1;;(.., + ~I + 2-(iX, + 2'6 (/1 +C == 0 QAtt..O'..

~ :I:AL ~ '* X12.+1j,2.+2a:Lt+2ui/1+C < O.

Tk..a... ~ a .. sc: + ~ + c. ::. 0 a..ttt:Lc...i..Iv:.J..£ :x. 2. + ';/ 2 = h. 2- mt:~ Wt. :tWO ~ -itC 2. .. '. '- It, ~

a.'2.+ b2.

J;~ ~ .~ iff c 2. =fr. 2.. ,tLtt..t:L

4. CIR,CLE

M1-F- 4.,2.

li) i.U C, C 2. = IL, + k,z. ' t1vl.. c...i.n.&..ru 1:.t'Ju.dv, ~.,

Ui) if C, C2. ::: I h...,-"2.' I,i 'J .,~,

Uii) tt c 1 C2. e: I /z.1 -Il.Z I" >, do 'rl.Ot ~ aMJ:l

6'YlJZ.. ~ io ~h tJte. oJ:iuJ.JL c.iAd.R..,.J

(iVj 1.t C,C:z. ~ IL, + ILl. ~ ~ d...o ?'LOt" ~c.t QM.d., ;I:$J.L ~ ~Um..& ana: dM101hli A.Lto,

( V) -if .I h..t - k2 I .0::. C '1 C 2. < It, I + ~2' t1II.rL. c..iAd.4& ~Gt i41.. Lw-o ~.

11 ) Sf (-;c 11 :J 1 ) to a.. /UHhtl: fl11., :1:JLt. c.i. v.JlL) thJ2.M.., ~

ttf tAL ~€MX a:t (~1'H') iiJ iU.. ~

(i )'X.?-+ d 2. = k z, U :x.., -x., + (/t d = Ie. ~ fl.tld.,

(it) -x.2..+ d 2.+ 2'3 "- +2,:1 + c = 0 -io

%1:K.. + tf 1 d + (J (x. + :;(.1) + t (~+ q f) + C= o. 9f ( ;;J(1 J LJ 1 ) i6 a. ,~ eu:Ui.k :J:hq_,. c.i..v.1.Il J ~ ~ ~o.h.:t1HA Mf~€¥± ~ a$ ~.

12) ""T1vl. ~~ 00- a. ?Lo1MutlL :lLJ i:ILL ~ ;;(,2.+ 1/2.

+23~ +2.1r~ +c. ==0 1~ ~ ahUJ ~ ('~1.1 1j1) au:i:4i.ci.L, BrL ~ ~'d.Jz.. ihA. c..i~ O~

f:h.a.n., ib.s ~ is t1t.tL ~~ d!J f.t.uz. J.i;yUL, fo~ ~. :t1tL CP.Nt:f.AR_ t- d-J - t) lifr tk.rL c..Vuift. CIM-t:L ~ ffLv-fM_, f6i~ l?( f i 'I ( ).

f 3) "Th.a.. u')Yl.d.il;.:f7I1, 1fo1j... J1u...L0v;., ~::?J1.')(. + C i» he ~~ tiJ tJuz.. c.i.1t..C1.t.. x?·+ ~ 2.. = fL, 2. it. c. 2.= It 2. ( I + 1112 ) ~ t.hL

~ IJ _. _~_ , . oH., _ A."';_ + M_ ~ _A.4- I- (' h. Z?1l.. k- 2. )

tbO~ t1f ""L£ ,_.,V,......., V r C..Q r~ C1.J1..Il... - -z _, _ c.. .

TIUA ~ .~ biz. I.U.Lcl. .to -frrM.d ftvL. ~G1IA Ob :t::htL :two j;~tM.t6 :to thtt ci.Ju.1.£ ;;(. z + 'J 2. = It. 2-

(NOT THE G,E:.NERAL CIRCLE> -z,2.+':t2.+2.~')(..+2r:t+C

== 0) ~ tlM.- ~ ~ (#Jl.1,fjt)·

, 14) -rQbi~:tk.tL ~on& or ~~~ t» ifu?. Gvu.k XL + d2.+ 23:x. + 2.t'iJ + G ::. 0 ~ ~ et;d~ ~

('X 1 I ~,), ~ m. to Iu.. ~ ~ or ttuJ.. ~

4. CIRCLE

M1-F-4.3

t~ ~~ (7C.1~ (/1) 0Nld., ~ :I11.L ~~~ ~ ~ thL ~ l-dJ -;) av- tA..L

cocda: to -.tAL (j - (f f = ')tt. ('X. -;;(.1) ~ tIuL

h.a..dJ:A.JA a 2. + 12- C, or ~ ~ to ~ two va ~'J(U 'm1 a.M.J.. '»1.2- &b Lh.t2. ~ crt tsce. ~~, =» fttML 'tflJl.u tU" ~ J:h.tL .fU(p-a£.t7n& '1 TJuz. ~.

15") "J'"I.u.~.du P T or a. ;t~ tM-t- ~ t/t.tL po1.d, Pl;tC1' 'I,) .to th.t, ~

0) x?-+ :12.::;. It, '2. L6 fZ~-t~/--k'2., a.M.d..

(if) ?(_2+;J2. +2ax+ 2.1-d -t-c. = 0 i.d J;;{./1+ifl·+2-~i:.1+Z1J;/1+C.

1 6 ) ~ tum ciAt.l.u J 51 : :;(.2. + d '2 + 2;]1 x.. + 2.. t f ~ + c.., :. 0 a..u.J.,

52,.: :x.. 2. + d z, + 2 a'2-:x. + 2. '6-2. t + c2 = 0 ~~c..C) ~ 11w.. ~.un. LS, + ?VI. S2 = 0 , t + m =1= 0 /J..4.ff.,.L,d~ a..

ci.Ach! ~ ~ tIvL ~ bfr ~fJdf.tnL If/r

St ~ 52'

, 7) if, tM ClA..dL 5: ~:?- +'12.. + 2..0;;AL + 2..b (f T c. = 0 a..-uL ~

f/.i;tLtL L: I..'x, + 7Y(f + on :. 0 ~.e.d"-, ~ S+AL =0) A € R 1tP-f~ 0.. tiM.-la. P~ ~~ :tfa.M tun'MiA "1J~'mL.

18) It:twrJ ci.~ Sf = 0 tlh\d_ S2, = 0 ~~ iM.. I;u..ro

c1iAtVru-t peihttA .) ~ t$u. ~ ttb tful. fliM..tL ~ ~ ~ ~ iA S'-S2.=O.1IJ tlt.o.. tw-o c.i~ ~~ ~ ~, ~ :t:J.UA

~on. JzJ.f~ tkIl.. ~tM, au- ~ ~

~.

1q) To ~ tx« ~CJ1., or 0.. u.A&L P~ ~

thA.- p.oi~ t1 Wr.r~ or thtl- G(A~ s, ==0 ~ 52 = 0) oJl au 1M.L ~ S:=. 0 Cl.M-iL :tho... ~ L=O aM..d. Aa..t;&~ aNt- ~ ~8fL.J it'Mt cMc.k 4; ~ tIl tJw.. ~vef1... ~ .6~t1£J..6 tIu!.-

4. CIRCLE

M1-F-4.4

'ti Irert. l.l1YLCLi..t:tn1; . 9fr ;6.() , ~ thL ~~ tJb- - tJuJ; cih..&.A. U tM. ~ ~. st '1\.Qt;, ~ w~ b1L ~ ~ thJl. ~MJ:l c..i.A.dL M Sf + A $2. ~ 0 Of\.. a..& S + A L :: 0 aM-d.. ~ eu:t ~ wd.u.L oj A

~ tkL i- vf41.. oJ .. dd;.:rmoJl ~t.:t:J11-. ,d.LI..loJ..,'.tM~C'rL

B1r ~ck ~ tILL alaeve: ~ ~vf!.d ~ ~'fJ7t. eu- -J:M.. ~~ ci.A..ck .

20) lU txe: ~U b.Q..twl!4M.. tIvL ~ tiJ t&u;_ fuJ-o ci~ as: ~ p,.e1ttd:4 ~ Wt~Qn.. itS a M.~

~lL , ~ thL -J;WT:J ~ 0JlfL A~ 1iJ k o/tJJLo-

~ ciAcJJu. Th.Q.:two ci~, Sf : "'?- + d 2-..,.. 2'31 'X.

+ 2 'b"" f ~ + c, = 0 ev;...J.. s 2..: X 2 + ~ 2.. + 2.~ 2. ')L + 2J2(J + C-z.. = 0 ~t~ e.a-dv o~ o~o-a~ 'tf; l3'Id2...,..2.bfP2 = C, +Cz.

2.1) 3f o, i..i.h'-L ~ Q41.. ~ ~ p ~

thJL u.~ i..t, A ~ B CJA.t..J... -p -r- i4 ~ t~ ~~ txa. Li.Mh a.r T, ~ PA. PB ::. PT ~ ~ ~{m.. ~ bJL Ud/l.J::l 1D ~ci thIL vrd.wL

et PA· PB ~ ttw_ fJo~ f>ov PT.

5. PARABOLA

Mt-F-S·1

FORMULAE - 5 .. PARABOLA

1 ) Th.tz. ~. ~'Ef11.. 6j, ths: ~ i4 :/2.;: 4a. x.

ThJz. ~ ~ ~ ~ CtMcL ~~ 1iJ :the. t:1.i..M.d~i'X. is ca..111 a. 1JuL a.#-i!. "1 tk1l. ~LA. 7Juz., ~

t1h ~{Jfl., '* tIut jJoAA./r-(;JA ~ 'til. CL?I.A.4 is (A It,tL tILL V~ '* thtL p~. Foh. :/JuL ~ ~2.=4a.«J 1Jt£.. X -tJAlio ~ 1:h.e. 0/JGi.& or :thL ~, OMa-m i& tItL ~" S Cal oj io tILL ~ C1M.d.. X. -:::. -0.. i.o .thL d.i.M.J.h.,ix. at thL ~. rib- th.tL P a.Il41ro4 ~ Y - tJd..U. MlCl. v~ but OU~Jt1tett...~ i.td ~en ~ :;G2: 4a..~ .~ ~ .~ id s to, 0;.) aM.LL bt.L d..iA.Ld:Ai x.. i..6 ~= - a, .

2.) Tk.tl.. p~G ~ otr a. jJaIudrola. i12 = 4-0.;(.

Q}z;L ji(..::; ai: ~ ~:::. 2.4, t: €- R.

3) TILt. ~ B1 ~~ at t:hL ~ (~1) 'Jf) ot.th.e. paJt,a.Irc-tt~ 'L =. 4a_;L .u,. !1~,::: Za (x. +~f)' The ~ ~ t;~.I.NLt at thR.,p~ pbl'd P (~2.a.tJ to

~ -::. t:X.. + ax . ~ "1- tIt.e .t~~ U i'

4 ) ~ ~~ ~J\.. th.tz. ~ (f=mx- + c to b.a.. Gl t~ to :t:It£ ~ 12. = 4 't x: i.6. c :. a.-I WI.. • Th8.. uru~~ &f ~ ~ otrc.tJrt.i;a.c..t" evz.e.

(~,~) o~ (:~, ~). Tw_ ~._ ~~

* ~ 1')1.. :.tiJ thL paJW.drvJ.a.. .~2:: 4 ax. .i.s H = m.. -x.. + ~ .

S1 st .~t 2. - 442:, '> o~ ~ ;twv ~ c.a..M- b.e. ~ l:i:J tSuz... ~ ~ '2 == 44.·::C_ ~ ~ t/'tL f-tJ1M.& (2..-, ~ (/ t ) . 3t ,Y f z. - 4 a. :;(, =0 J 1:It.tvrv thL p.eIAt.t (~/} ~, J i6 .6fl.., tht..

pAAt:t1rc1.a t:fhlJL mJ.;J 8nIl- -t~ .Ct.tM,. be: ~.

4 M, 2. - 4 a.x-, <: 0, tItRhL ?t.a ~~ c.am.. hL .~ to 11tL ~ ~ {;r_I~ ~t J.

6. ELLIPSE

M1-F-6·1

FORMULAE - 6. ELLIPSE

1) Tl1L g~ ~ 8fr tJw_ RJ.h.~ 16 -x. 2.. + s: = 1 (~7 h) ;at wCu·dc..

a '2- b2

( i) C (a, 0) it, the. ~ "i JJu;_. el.lt~.

(ii) X - 0M-tL. Y - Q/JCR...5 ara: t:htL 04t-U t1 J:hL eJh'p4.£.

A (a,l 0).. A' (-a..1 0 J" B (0,1 b) ~ B' (0,1 -h) aru: iJ"..rL, v~ "t t;uL tJ.J..i.~.

Uil) AA I i6 :th.tL ~d Si btL eJ..Li.f4" P~ ~

i,.G ~ ~ ~ ~~ rMvl ~

caJ.1 4J. tVuz. ~ fJAl.i.A ot Iir.L t.J.J..i.pvt-. A A I -= 2.a. . SlrrtU~, 813' is thrL "11'Li~ ~ awl. BB I :: 2.b.

tiv) Thtl. ~ t1 11rL eJ.l.t"pu_. aAL 5 (~ .. OL S '(-0J2.,I 0). (V) ThL cli.~'X.c ~~ "/;J s i6 ;;t_ '= ~

0M.d., L6'1At&~ to s: it, x. = - ~ .

(VI) Th..rL ec.c.e.dlli.t.Jj e, i.6 ~vtM. hjj h2.= a.2.( 1- e2.).

2-) ~ ttuz. ab-o ve ~~ Of lttL uhp.u_ ~ it b"7 a.-,

B B' will hL 'n1Aj61. ~ ~ Alii uriJ..l be: ~ a.«i.6 . ,-k..tz._ ~ a.NL ( o, + bit) CJ.AHL thL dJ.'~'C4A

Q..hL :/.::: ± b / e. . ThL lLLC.fhf;'VW·d.,Gj v.7Jl btL ~veA1..-

~ a?:::. 1,2. ( I _ e 2.)

3) 11ut ~1iL t1 thL P.aJ:i:u ALli:iJ. m b!,

Zb2. (a. 7 b) a.Md, 2.a.2. (b » a.) .

a.. b

4) -nu.,)o~ ~~ at :/:t1..L ill..i.pu. ~

:x:. = a. La; e , ~::. b ~ e 6 E:. (- TI" n ]

5) nut. ~'f11'l, ao ~~ ai: buL p.mMJ: P (:K..,J :i,) tt! thL U1i~ U

oJ\. ;;;(., X, + hl = 1

I a~ b~ .

6. ELLIPSE

M1-F-6.2.

6) ThtL ~8n. et ~~ al: .tIut.. p~ p&J: e ~

th.L dLi. Ju "i.6 X lin e . ~.ffin e _

r=- a. + b - 1.

7) ~ cert.d.i.li.ex.. ~ thL ~ ~ = msc +c. .~ he a. t"~ .to tIt.e. d1.ipu.- U C 2. == a_2' m.2.+ l?' /to;,.. :i:h.tL eJ.Ll~ X/a. 2... + ~ '/ bL = I cwuL thL f...b"01.d.i.~ trfr ~

~ Ai. t..trrL1:a.c.t c.VVL (_ ma. 2. h. 2. )

.... ~ c:.. } C .

f6) Fa-1.- ~ ~ P (Xt) dl) m ~ ~ 6l .th.l eJ.L'p.tL ~;(?it1.2.. + ~1h2. := 1.1

( i)' 'If -;J!..r-I4. 2. + :J t 2/ b 2. "7' , P ti..eIJ tnJ1:4i..k thL eJJJ.p.u;_

~ t"w-o ;t~ ~ be ~ tLJ tnL tJJLi~ ~P.

(ii) if %,2. fa. 2 + Iii 2-/ b?- ::: 1 J P liDA 0'rL UtL l.ll .. ."p.u. ~

:I:kLAL CAM.. b.a.. ~ Eh1L ~ ~ P.

(iii) i.t :x.,2 / a.7- + ~I z/ 1;2.. ~ I.. '1L{) ~~ utM...biz ~

;tA ~ e.lL.~~ ~ p.

ClJ> Th.Jt. c..i..AdL d.t.6. W btLd. 8J'L ~'~ a..¢.i.& c'1f Ike. allif"- &W ~u urlLAtl.~ ~ c.V..dL rtf 1Jt.q_ .~

llAUl i.J1. ~ iA :x:..2 + ~ 7.:=. a.2: p ~ p (a. urs f)~

b ~ e-) aA"lr .~ UI...i~ ~EX. (a. ~ eJ ll. ~ e) rJYL iJ1 tL.Ll4£.iJ..t~ci~d.L ase: ULlJaJ, ~pai~J

~ t1 14 i:hL ~liL A.ula~ 1v;j Q_ at: 'JW_

Q~~ ~ ~ Y-.. -~.

10) Th.IL..uX t1 0.11.. p.e1~ ~ weu;~ tkL. tv.ro~&JA ~ tn t;uL ell..lpu.. OML p4A(Je.uL.icu.daA tc e.a d...

~ I U a. c.i..1Ll.lJL ~ uhiJi:. tfttL dLt."pu ~

iA ~ aA I1tL ~fYl., ,cJ.~ ~ t/tIL ellipu_..

FOi1. 1:&t.L ddifJ4e :x:? / tJ.I.. + d / b2.. = f J 'tlA ~Bn i4 ?(?- -+ ~2-=: a.2. + b~

7. HYPERBOLA

M 1- F- 7·'

FORMULAE - 7 HYPERBOLA

X'- u 2-

- -.L =1

az.. b"

lO C (0, 0) io :tIttL ~ ttfr tIlL ~.

( i i) A (a, 0 J aM.J., ~ ( - a, fJ) ora: txs: veAh.'~ "1- i:h.L

~ . A AI i6 ca..1.LuL i1vL. ~~

Q4..U. Aft' =- z.a ,

Uii) B (0) b)~ 8'(0)-17) ~ tktL ~da.lL ~ B B I weu~ dses 'YLIJt ~ :JAR...

I

aocoe . B.8 = 2 h.

li v) 11Le. lfaci 00- ~b..o&. C1.J2L 5 (aa , 0 J" 5 J (-tJJL" OJ. til) -rh.a. c1J"h.Lr.:tM~ c..tYv'l.£d ~ tiJ JhL Jrau' S a..d. s' ans. I't.U ~ vd.;J tItL h~ x: d../e. OH-J_ x.=- - ~ .

(v i) ~ .ecc.~J 8" er :lt1L ~1A_ i&

~vfNl, ~ b2.= O .. ?-(e,2_1).

(v i i) :04.. II 7' h 01, b > a..l tft.L:J;~ ~ ~1.a. ~_:t1vL ..6~. B,ut Jprz.. ~b..triA J x. 2- -1..: :. ...:::.,)

B81 unll: hL thL ~~ ~ a. b

M4L A A I will h£. tItL LbY1.z1~~ aeccs , Rt1. :UU.4 ~ au ~~ 1Jtrt.l.') cLA.ld:M·UIA~ &'GP.A£thA.·aq_ 0M.ci ~ J:tr., 8'b- ~ - /uZ.£t'~

CQh1.. ~ ~~ ~ =+r» 0.. a.vl b.

(viii) 11t..tL ~th, trfr ~ tiv< -~ i& 2.~l/a..

2) Th..e. p~ ~'enA 8f 1:/1L ~o&. M.L

x.. ~ a. A.tLc. e J if::' b ~e J e E ! - n J n ] - {± TY;z.}

3) Tu ~~ "b ~.eM1;" at th e. pok-tt- p (:x..t I ~ 1 )

Of, thJL ~ i&

2-

4.J _ q 1 =: b ~, "X, x.. q" u

a a ( ~ - -;;(./ ) 0\. - - Q!.!L = 1

a?):/I I a.7- b2.. '

7. HYPERBOLA

M 1- F -7·2-

4) Tha. iL~ q, ~ aJ; :t:ALpa:Jz.t.L~ ~m.t e

en. l:PuL ~k i4 ?C. s.a.ce _ y ~ f) _ .

a.b ... - 1.

5') TIvt ctrrLcLil:i:f!J'YL. fha:t xne: P.i.'7lIL 'd;: m.:x. + c ~ hJl. Q ~ 1:b tItL -"1~kL ~ c 2. = a2.?YL'L _ 132. aAJ... :tk2.. uro~ bfr tft.L ~ 6'f ~ CWl. (_ 'mcQ.2., _ ~z ) .

..,) Tho.. M~ ~ '1- 1:tt.L /uZ.c.t:~~ ~

-22. 2. . rz;

U 'X. - 'i ::. Gt· (e = vz.).

8'J Th.a... ~tJn- tlh· ~-~ ci~ trfJ t:kL

~J.A zc: zia. 2... - :J 'Z. / b 2. =-, .id A.. 2.. + d 2. ::=.().. Z.

q) Tht. A.Lt lTr o.1l p..e.t/nJ.d ~. wtu,'£J..., iJLL .twu .~

~ .hJ ;/:fuJ. ~ ans: ~~ .J:iJ ea.c..h, ~ , iA a. c.i.h.d.a. ~ ~ buz_

-Pu.t~ C1..tYLJl ~ ~ aA :thL cl.i.MLd(J'z. ci/Uh..

&fr thA. ~htr4.. Fok-.iJvL ~~ x 2.. _ '12 =- I

. . ". .. a. 2.. b2. }

L.tE ~a...:b..811. /A:S :z. 2.. + ~ 2.::::: a,. 2. _ h 2.,

w-e...Ldv cJ.bf'A ~ f?4.iAJ: frtr1- a. c:: b dM.d.. i4 a. .~ ai: i1u?. ~ .&f :thJL ~.lA ~ a. = b

M1- F - 8,1

FORMULA £ - 8, G,E.NER.AL SECOND

.. ~ ,

DEG,RE£ CURVE

1) 9.1J tJvL OM~ t.& Mtiutd t:o (-A.~ k) ~tJ1Lt ~ t:hJL

cLiu~ '1r a.M.eA aNt..d_ iJJ (x.):t) ~ (x_J J ~ ') aAIL 'i:IuL

unY'u:ii./lli .. a_i:;h3 dj. a.. ~-nr Loi.th AIU~ 1:iJ ~ ~ ~ ~ .h..L.!~v-el.t, ~ x. = ix: I ...... .fa., 0Md... ~ ==-';1 I .... k,

it ~ ~ f.I..M- /~d ~ ,./:hL ~~ ,~ aM., ~ 8, ~ J:hLL tYt.i~ ~, ,~

'x._ =- sx:' t..cS' e - ff'.s!ht. f) ~ d:: ,x'~ () + 3' ~ 6.

~ "J'=-x..~e+~l.D'Se.

_ x'+y'

d - '".

fi.

Z) To ~ Ja.id_ * =s w-: ~ ika... ~ trYL,

a..x. 2. + 2..h ~ + biJ2 + -r- + 2..t(f + c. '; 0 ) ~ J::h.tL

QAt:.U ~ aM- ~ e ~ ~ b.:J J:a.,.t 29 ~:~b

~ a. = b J e =- n/,+'

3) 9.-t: Q._x2.. + 2..h~ + ~2 + 2-d;%. + '2.. ~ + c. ::= 0 > "" (I).>

Clz+b2+h2~O ~ J) ~ I~ ~ 11. ~

(i) 'tt ,1) = oJ -h, 2..? £1J0.l 3'2.3 a.c ~~2.;;,. be -' ~

I. ~~ a. pa...iA- err P.i.~.

lii) it D *' OJ 1t2.=~b.l ~ t: ~ ~,

(if I) 'I ~ 2.. <A. h ,. H " e1.Llp..!J2 .

(f V) ., /,,'2. » a.h " I, 'I ~b.u&.

(V) i-b- a. =. b =p 0" 4t, -= 0 ~ i/2.+ lr2.- etc.. > o , ~

I. 1."'J..l_"'~/U.J7 """""1""~~

9. VECTORS,

Ml-F-';)·1

FORtv1UL A£ - 9. VECTORS

1) Fo",- Z = (~1. X-Z, X3), 'j = (Nf) :/Z.13) ~

z :: (z,) z'2.) z.3) E R.,3 Q.#Ld 0{. ER. J

(it) ;;c. + ~ - (;(., + Y I) x2. + if 2. ,x.3 + ;j 3 ) .

(Iii) c<x; - (c;(;;(.1'cXX2". (;("",3).

(ill) ~ ~ "1r vu..tO~ %., i E R3 ,Ld

WM.t:f.e..n, <u .:t.. • d ctMd.. i..t ,i,& ~~ b..tJ

2:.':1 = ~1(j1 +~2.~2. +:x.3d3

:£.;r.. == I x. I ~ ~ 0 :J I s: J =J.:;(.,2+;c2 2. + :x.~;2.. x.. (i + z.) = ;;t. f + x. . 7: .

s: . (d. f) = eX. (x_. a ) == (cJ. s: ) . ~

% Izl= '.. x U CA,Pddd, 0.. ~ ve..aoY.

II. .-. -

t ::: (1} 0, 0), i = (0,1} 0) aNt.d. -It == (0, OJ 1)

CVtiL ~ ~ vedO-1A,

- - 3

( 11) llt.L ecde». ~ 6f, ve.t:.to1.& ;;£. J ~ at R

u ~1:tL::l ~ ~,xf ~ ~ i6 ~

~

X. ,"X.~" = (~2~3-"X.3tf2.)i - (~~3-;;;C_3d,)J

+ (x1 'Jz. -'X.z. ~ 1) -k..

1luz.. a1n:J~ htML.L.tt is ~d ~ ~ tkL~~

.-... - -

L d -k

~ X2- a:.3

9. VECTORS

M1-F-9.Z_

l vi ) Tht2. h.cnc. p~ :X_. ("i ~ Z.) or V't..ctO"'14

iZ." ~ ~ z. trb R 3 iCJ d..tM..o tul ad [:x- i z: J ~.r.ti&~~

X,1 "-2. ~3

[:X ff z.] = (/1 (/2. Y3

Z1 2.2 Z..3

A~~ [i:. 'if Z ] = ( 'J z_ -;;l. ] = [Z ~ ij].

{ vi i) ~ y... (~ '" z.) - (:X:. Z:) i - (ii. ~ ) z. . lviii) (~~f)><z. - (x..'Z)~ - lj·z).x.

2) A

-

A ;;(.

L& ;X..=.-.

tal

3) Vec:k;ay I/O~ bl- to.a~ i.~'1J u

I X. I 2. I if I 2. - (;;G. ';J-) '2- = I s: )<. d' ~

4) Thtz. /z.I.A.U.ft I~· d I ~ ,x..J'i' u ~ aA

s~;;(..'.& ~.

5) FtrY e, ?I E R: I s: + ~, ~ Ix. I + I fj J i.6

~ etA J:M~~ i-H.~.

b) Thfl.., ~ h.Lt~ tw-o ?'1<1J'L -nulL vedzoc« ~

C/h'Ld.. ~ 16 ~veA1, ~

"" - f -x.. '"

V\. = l..IJ"S tf

JiC:" ~ I

l i) ..2.f ~. f =- 0;, ~ oL::. % a.tt.cL tfttl.. two

vec..toM aJ2L ~ I:iJ b..e. ~ Q~~~~.

9. VECTORS

M 1-F-9.3

(ii) ~ s: = -Ity, ~ UtlfX.:: (./{iJ'f == s..

l-k ~ II ~ J JR.I

.: , Lb":S a. = + 1 or ex = 0 (Jy TI tMt...cL

~ t;u.ro veao..u ase: p~ .

-

'1) t::: (f,O,O), i = (0,1,0) CJhtd. -k -= (0,0,1)

cou. UMlt ve.,c1:o~ ~ th.L c1.i;t(L(;G.:f.1'n4 t1 X - ~ Y-, Z-~ ~~4'

S') 9t:x... = (a. J b), ih.aM... :X. ~ w-J1t. th.L ~cti.f!J7l "1- p.a.s..iA ve. )< - a#-i.d + d- ::. t.oi I a. ,

~a'2.+~?-

~ i4 ~ ~ ~ A.a.Of ~ at X-C14k

'Lf b ~ 0 ~ WI., ~€A. trp.iNL ~ ~ Of

~ -~ if la c 0 , it b = 0 ~ ~ x.. wi.J1

IlL ~ d.i.~'87t., 6t ~Ave. ~ -~ 'If a. ;.-0

(Jy ~ ~.~ X-~ £r ct.c_ 0,

9) &t.h, = (aJ b_, c) aM...L IL .~ ~ eX, (3~)I ~ )(. -, Y - flHld_ z -~ h..IAfru.Ji~, fhn.

a. b _J Co

GO"S eX.. = -=-, t:.cS f3 = - ~ u:rs y ::. -=- '

I~I I~I 14/

T'Ju.. ~ d J f3 I)) "fYIA..dL uiz11;. ~.:G:ve. d..t~~

or 1:./1.4. ~ tlAIl. c.a.J.LtJd_ 1~8?1.. ~ ot

btL v-eC£tJ1.:' ~ ~ct" czrs f3 ... c..ns Y aJVZ. c:.a f2.lodtft.tL 'd.i.~tm ~ crt IL. ~ ~ UA/~ U;j ~t;d_ ~ itdtbl4 !_, 'Wt .. n ~~.

lZ +- m. "l. +- 71 = 1.

, A. fa. b c..) )

UMA..t v-e.dol,... .J h = \ ~ , I hi' I h, I = t L, m ~ n .

Th..uJJ u'w-fL<r~ ot Ii QJJ.L ~~ ~ df k., a. : b : c. O"t L ~ m : n o..NL dJ.MLJj..'~ 1ULLb-s Of ~.

9. VECTORS.

M1-F-'::l·4

1 0) () 9t lro Iz.. ve.t.tO"'l.6 :x..I ~ , ClM.cL Ac.a1A.A4 d., f3 f; R I

otx. + f3 ~ = e =.> rJ,..= 0 0Md (0= 0 I ~

X. ~ '8' £VUl. .4.A~ 1:0 h.tz.. 7L8l1. - G{)1Ji.~ V"4.Lt~.

at Ifolz.. ve.c.to1& ~, i ~ z. 0M..d.. ,.6~

rX, faJ)I € 1<..,

C( 'X.. + f5 ~ +)' z. = e ~ ex. = 0, ~ = 0 CI.1td. v = o~

~ ;;;2" ~ ~ Z M.1l.. 4,Q~Al. ti:J. b..e..

'l1..8'n - ~ V'ecJ=O-iA. .SM.dt.. vec.tou CVlL a..I.u; ~ j'-sl iJJ he. ~ ~.

ii) TJ1Jl.. 'YI.tr~Mevt.; tJM.d.. ~.~ tJ!tVI.J..i:b.:t!J'Yt, 1:1t.aJ; ?'J..81't - TU.J.iL vl.d.o~ ;L =- (a1 } ~) CJht..t.L s= (~11 iJ2) 8'fr R.. 2 k UJ~ u

,t:h4.J; ?(.., ~2- - ~Z ~, == O.

i it) TILL 'Yl1l..c~~ aAt.J._ A.l.Lfrtic.i.4¥-C UJ1"UI..i.l;:t!YL :tha.:t t.wv ?L8n.. -ryuJJ_ ve.cto1.& ~'d at R 3 b.rz, CJ:J~ ~, t:ItAX ;G)<. ';/ = e.

t V) Th.e. 111 (q,MClAfj OM..&L ,A.UIJt<'c..i...I.,."J; um..d.i.tc.'~ lfo1- t:M.LL nmt-~ V~ _ x..~ 'I' z:

1:0 bA!.. ~ J4 1Jta.;t ;::C_':J 'X. Z = O.

10. APPLICATION OF VECTORS·

M1-F-fO·1

FOR.MULAE' - 10. APPLICATION OF VECtORS

---+ - -

th.t.n, A B = b - Gl ::: (:;c':z. -?C.1,1 ~2.. -:11" Z2 z1 )

: .. AS = IASI = JC:tlC.a-x..,)2...+cyz.-(/t)2.+(Z2.-Zt)2..

____.., - -

2.) A B + Be = Ac id thL ~ ~ 8f ~1A.

__,. - _....

3) FcYz., p~ OAGB, OA + 08 = OC L&

~ a.& ~ p~~ ~ /Jt'1.- addJ'tt;"..,.. t!tfr vedo~ .

4) .it A (at) = (x,) Yt) Z.1) a..tt..d... B(b):. (~2..1 ~z.J z2.) QM.d. P liz ) cJi.vi t:lu AB ~ :11tL hAAo 1\: t ~ A (A -::P - 1 J > :thI;n,..

~ = 0::;-"6 =. ('X..f+).-;;r:.z.., ~1+j\y:;..) 'z'1+AZ2.)

A+1 1 +:A 1+A 1+A'

16- P l.6 t1t.rJ.. ~ - ~ ~ 11 B _, thtM.,

Iz. = a: + b = (;X, + ?C2... > 'if, + 'b- > z., +z 2.)

2. \ 2... Z 2.'

5) .2.t A (~):. (:;(.1J ~1}Zt), 8(b) = (:K:.2./~2./Z2.) aMJL C (c )= t:;;(.!> I ~:3 I z 3) Q/lL 1:ttL ve.A;t:;.CJU tt1r A A Be" ~ ~ 6b- th.t.. ~ id

~ (-);: ,1+ h -rc = (Xf+'X2.TX.,3 Y1+t/Z.+d!J z'1+ZZ+Z3)

~ 3 3 I 3 ' "3 .

6 ) 9t A (~) == (;;( 1 J ~ 1 I Z. t ) , 8 ( ij) = (~2 I 'if Z I 'Z 2.) awl

c (2:) = (;(.3., H3 I 2.3) Qh1L v~ U/r Ll A Be. G.M.JL

AB:c., BC.-=.£t a.M.d.. C.A:.b_, ~ ~-~ *"

10. APPLICATION OF VECTORS

M 1- F -10.2.,

a.,c: + bi +cz a..+b+c..

- [a.X, + bx,,- +c"-,3 , ~, +b~2. +"1f3. (.t z., + b"Z. .. +c-.; 31 ..

'l+ b+c ct+b+c' a.+b+c.. J

I =

7) % A (£), B(~J aM-tL C (zJ aILf. vf!AAuu bf L1 A IB C, ~

~ --

~_BC=a.:JCA=b

tJ.Md.. AS = c ,

Be :::: a. = I a. I = I z: - ~ I J cA = b = J b" I := I x. - z I

,

A B :. c. =, I z I = I r -.:ot:,. I ,

:. A = Cl)S-I [ ~~"~I J =

c. (Z)

IT . -I [ b, C J

-ccrs .. lIllcl ;

B = TT - ,=-1 [ I ~i ~ I J; C = n - C6S-1 [ I ~ ; ~ I 1.

8) AIzJA.. b! tM.~ A Be t.4

!I. 6 - .. ~ [1C.12.1a.,I2._ (c..a.)2-] 2-

I

_ ~ [ 'I GIl (2.. I '" (2. _ (A. b) 2. ] Yz.

- 1. [.1 b I '2.. I s I'L _ t 6. C ) 2. J ~2.,

2.. 5

k"UY R & R,

-= '~ I 0. ~ b' :: ~ \ Ia ')(.c, = ~ \ c xGt \ Vtnr R ~ Tkz, 0" At' /rOY ~ CA.+t.. a1&c 6z... tAA 4-d... !rev R. 2. ~ ~ z - ~ B1r th.L vl!AJ;.·c.Q..& ClA ~.

-- __.

Ah..t.A. t1 ~ OAC.B =. IDA y.. DB (

.J.~_ -- :.\a"f..·'bl

LAIV\.VlJL. Ala.J) B(b) loU'Y· t . 0 t{lJ,'

9)

10. APPLICATION OF VECTORS

M1-F-10.3

10) it 0(. i.6 1h.e. ~ hLtt.U~ ~-i'U-dJ... v~

a.. tlHLtL b s thr1A1., =r=-« trfJ

- _ A

.thL ~A'" r_i;., '8J1.. &b vec.J:trY Cl on b:=. I 2i I ~ ,C( = a. . b ,

~- - - - ""

th.Q... fA-o;j.e.JA'en.. t1J v.£day b en a. := I b I ~ a: ::. k. . a .

11 ) !lfr A (a:) I B (b)~ c (_c) ClJtP.. v~t:.fL& -"i- ~

o ABC. - 0 I A I B' c ! uidJ;. ~ :1iJ 0 (9 J, wWuuL OA-J DB ~ Oc. ans: Lo~ ~ dfthtL ~ .. ~ .a ~ .. V = I (a)l..b).c. \.

12.) at A (a).. B (b) ~ c (C:) ana: VvJ;:.cL6 t1'fr a, 1;.~ O-ABC wiJ:J;; /l~J.ft2,t" i:a Ole), ~

it6 ~, v = 1; I ts: '" kJ). C I = ~ Ira. b c. ]1.

~...,. -

13) &t lfcn'c.e.& F1 J Fz..,."" Fn ac;t -8n.,. 0.. -pa..v;ilh... ~

_. -....,. -

:t:hL ~ tJ't1Yl..L:J F = F1 + F2,. + .. - + F 1'1 .

I F I i4:th.tL 4~~ 6'b- th.L /114" tbJ.t"~ fJt"/1.LtZ..

9.t F:: (a.) b)) ~ iJi. ~'Bn.. i.o ct = U1S-1 €t. wJ;2i:' Ea.4.C i;~ No~ fraY b? 0 ~. wdJZ

A

Ecu...e j:;~ ~ /.rt1Y 1,<0. 4 F =- (a .. h .. c),

-H. ~ .. _. ........... L. _ J DAtf..Q.1§~ . - -1 - -I __ J

~ F <r'~ _. cr- OC::. Glr:S a .. _(3 = cas h ~

Y :; l.DS -I c. u;7../M. ~'v€. ~81'kS ttU )\J't,J Z ~U.t

~c%_velL:J.

14-) 9t a. pClJl1A..~ ~ cli.Ap~(fLIil ~ A bJ B ~ buz_ ~ et /;tJ'U.Il. F) ~ ~ dJmL ~

-. .' - - --

F l.6 '[tiveM. ~w= F.AB = IFJABt:u.S9, ~

- -

(1 i6 ~ ~ !uz.t~ F ~ A.8.

1 5") 4:tfu.. vt:..LcUt:.:u, tJ5 pa.J1LC1.o..4 A ~ B ane:

u.. anul l1 1L£Lf'4c1;.' vd;j)_ ~ t:ko_ ~ et B

h 0 ~ Il've. :b; A ~ u- - u... o.M..d... i1I..rL ~ .0-;-

A hQi20 tl:ve tb 8 i4 u - if,

11. LINE IN SPACE

M1-F-11.1

FORMULAE - 11. LINE IN SPACE

1) £c.z.,u..a.1i-~ et a. ~ ~ A (eZ) ~ ~ I .

t.t) ve.c..Co/t.. ~'en : k ::. a. + Ie t J -k. € R.

b) CaJtbAiQ.,tL, e.q).A.a..:b.:tJ11.,: Ta../el~ li. = (7C..1 'J I z) ~ ii. ':: (;;(." ~,,-z.., ) aAtd.. l = (a~ bJ c), we. ~ X.-:x'f = ~-~, :::. z-z,

ll. b c

IA.f1vuuL a.: b = c ans: d..J. "&LdA.'mt, ~ "1F .t. 91J tkR_

cL'lz.(1..r.iitm. ~ tr6 r ML ( 1. ~ ?J1._, nJ. ~

X-X, t

2) E~ '* t.l ~

4J - ~, _ z- z,

2.'2. 2-

L +m +71 == '.

- -~

11..

Gt) Ve.c.tOIr.. fl1.P.i'J . .:t:en.: h,:= a + -k (b - a: ) ~ k E- R . b) ~tlM,.. ~on..: x-xf = d"-gf = Z-Z1

x2. -;(1 ~2. -:/1 zz- z,

3) ~~8rt.. lJtn.- A (4)~ Sib), etz") to be (.()~ ~ m s.t>a..~.

0..) N.ec.eMtJ.JVj tlh1.Ol. ~'t...tRAJ; ~ i6

c - a: :::. -k, (b - 0:: ) b1JIz. SmttJl. k. t R .

b) Th.a. ~lA.'t!!YL [a b c J = 0 i.cs 1l/U.,~0Ad " b..u..C 7lOJ:

J6.uW'd.tM1;, TJ.UJ. k5 a 'nrt(tMa.lI-(J fJAA.tl ~~U:~ UJvtrli.-t."arL ~ ~ v-~, a J b (J.NU:;{ c to k

~,

c) 1. a. + 1J'l b +?'L C == e ~ i. + 'WI. + 'no = 0 ~;\. St1mJZ.

?'LDYL - 7.J.,h.,o h.fUJ-L ~buJ.& 1." m J "11.,

4) A'YlIdU hLtweLK. two r:l..i..4,t;..~ JLi'Y14&~

ft -= ii + Itt, -k E R.. a.MA ;;_:; b + im_, 1L ~R..

1'lvL. a,CJJJ.;.e,. ~ (j... W"W~ J:hL ~ i& ~v-eA'L

hu ,._,J __ It·ml n

a '-C.J...:\ LJOo. 0 c: a: <: 2:'

1~llml

Th..tt.. ra~ i6 ~ 1rv~rJ..::: 0 0M.Lt 11/2. a.U.o .

11. LINE IN SPACE

MI-F-11·2.

1t I.m ': 0) :tAt.. ~ ahe. ~.

9t L = -k M oh.. I x m = e) :tktL JUI"/I.M aA1l.. ~ O-"L.. sa...m.e.

S) A 'YlLU.&d~ um.d.i.k8n.- tJv& .two -nen. - f:x:vutlid ~ Ie. = ct + 1rt t, -Ie. E R att.d., k, = b + -km) -If.. € R.. i1t.t~cJ: U tfwJ:' (6:" - bJ. (t y..;L ) -:: 0,

T~ it:. (?GfJ 8,) z,)' b = (Z2J :12.' z.2.), I = u; '»1"n1) aM..d. ?J'l. = (t2 I 'Wt.-:z. I ?t.:z.. ) } thJz. ~ 1ro1M1- ot ~ a.htJve. ~ti.m1,.. i&

- 0

6) ~ ~ tLuo lil'fLM ans: c..op~ it ~ aNl, ~.t;tuu"

pa.n.a..1J.d 0"- WLt~ lJo-'1..- w(,...icA (a. - r J ' ( l )(. -m.) :. o. 4 tStJ.cs um.d.i..L.'(j'yt, i& '1Ll:Jt ,6a..JU. f,1'u , ~ f:h2., Ikruu Q/?IL ~ - ~ fY?, ~,

7) lhA p.rtAP~~ t:I..U~ct. Di:the ~ P{PJ /r-bm

- ~

tt..L Li~ IT.. :: ii + * t -' *- E: R.. i6 I{ P -tl.) X if.

TttAU~ P = (-;;(1) ~t! 2:1)) a. = (0.., bJc), t = {( 'm .. n),

~p.tlM.d.ic.u.hvv 4iAJA;nce = ~~ t1 tWL. ve.dqy

i i *

x.,-a. ~1-b z.r-c.

L ')t1.. ?\..

g) The. t:LiA.taHLLL W~ ~ .tt:t1U/A k,:;; a + k f ~ '* ~ R.

a..tu:L It;. = b + ki kGR. i4 I(b-ti')xll.

J

q) Th.t, skolt.ted.r di.d"cU1.UZ. kCw-e£11.. twv ..6k.tLLJ iMvu)

It. = d + 1<. I., k E R- ~ ;;., =- "i; + -k-m~ * E R_) $f1.vt}yt., a4

MN /.6

-

u=

Lxii. II xml

/VI N .... Ilb - ~). u I

12. PLANE

MI-F-t2..'

FORMULAE - 12. PLANE

1) Eq,.u.aJi.tm. ~ a_ ~ ~ ~-~ ~ Alii) .. 8 (bJ.. c t s),

a.) Ve.c.t cYl.. £V-La..Jit!:b1.-: Ie. == if. + m.. (b -a) + 'l'1. (G - it).. trI:n E R .

b) Pa.hA~ 1/eLt'~ ~'6n:

7i.. :: La + m.b + ?'leI l.+m+n = 1.. 1, '»1J n €oR.

e) c.a/\x:uiQAt. ~a.:b:~: TQ)U~ Ir..:. (7. .. (I .. z.) 1 s. = ('X1, (/1) z1J~ b :: (.a::2.' ~2.' z.z_) ilM.d. C = ("'31 :/3" Z3 L tJw... vec.t(ly~·tin (,[ -4). [(b -4) X (c -~) 1 =0

"'--';(.1 ~ - tit z. - z,

=> ;(:2. -Xi 1/2. - 'ilt z2.- z, - O.

~3 -Xf 1/3 -:/ f Z3 -z,

eL) p~ c.~Q4IL ~On.o:

X. " Jl.x1 + m "X, +71. "3 } (J ::. L4J f + m:J2. + -n:}3

z, = Lz., + 'l1lzz. + ?1.Z3

2.) ~em.. er t/tL ~ ~ A (4') ~~ ~ (11:).

a) VecLo.la... e,~'en: iL . 7i =. d,. ~ d. = a..?1..

b) Call.tu.ia.-n.~'~: T~ £ -- (a .. d)z), a:: -= ('iC.1Jd1JZ.,)~

/c..n:: a..'Yl.

3)

=? JL-x.. + 'YrtJj +?1. Z, ::: p ~ w1tuuz, p =- .LXI + m~1 +?tz, .

C) GeM.IJlA1., ~'8n-: o.x.+h:1 +c.z +d. =0 o/c, Qx-tb(f+Gz-t-I-=O.

Fen, ~ P~ ~ tJV.~ ~ fI#..+~+cz =0. H.eJtQ.., (a, b., c) ~ ~ 1:0 XhIL ~.

~ + j_ + ~ = 1 i& ihe.. ~87L 8f ~ ~ ~

abe ,,-,-cd

~:t:JVuJLjJA Gl., b .. c. en. 1--- J '/-, z - Q4.RA.

~ W1 cl + d t.M. (3 + z, Utl)l = p i.5 i1tL ~ ~ Gl p.iaML ~ , p:: ~~.c.ul.aJt. diA ttl#uz, ~ OM.airr XiJ fu ~ a,v.d l.bS (( ~ LOS (3 .. cos y a.JIL 1tw... J.i~

4)

12. PLANE

M 1- F-12.·2.

c.m.ihUU ~ t:ht. ~~ ~ tAL ~~,

S" J P ~ ~ t'w-o pahaLl.l~ .R.inM Ii = a. + -k l ~ * Eo R

QM.d It,:::. b + -k i 1 -k. ~ R.. Gl i6 'YJ..f.tl if,,_ It. = b + -k t .

ct) ve.c;t'.tn ~tJn, : (iL - a: J. n = 0

~ 'YL::. (h-Q;)><.L,

b) Cah.t".e...u'QM.. ~: T a.At..i"d- /L = (;;<',J d" z.)" a..:. (x,. ~ 'I 'Z.,) , b :: (,;;c,2.) ~2-' z 2.) ~ L::. (L ~ 'I'l1" 11.)" .tt1Jz.. c..a.I't1:""~a.tt...

" n , I"... ,-; t!frl." i.6.

~ X-#C., ~-(f, z-z,

X:z. - %, ~'1..- (/, Z2- z., :: 0

~ ) p ~ ~ i:uro ~tPA4.fl,~ J.#uJA k =- a: + * I, k. E R llM..d. ~ = b + -km .. 1<. G R,

ll.) Ve.c..tqy ~tm., ~ ( Ie. -- a J. 'it :=. 0 ~ 'tL = L 1-. ')rI..

b) Ca.At£.{.{~ ~: T~ k,. = (x.." ~I 2.), L::. (lJl'nt,,'Yl')1

m = ( 0.,2 I m.2 J 7'l,2-) J tAd... c:.aJi...t' ~~ ~art i.6

:x -x" LJ - y, z-z,
i, m, 'l'l., - 0
P..z. ')112 ?1.2- 7) ThL o...c.u..ti.. ~1L «: hd;~ ~ ~ (k-a:).n,::::o ~ (JL - k]). ?tz -::. 0 i6 .th.e. ~.lL ~ ~ ~

~~ ~ cas d... f ?1,. 112.1 TT

- I O"-ot""2:

171111')1.2.1

0..) 9t ?t, = *- 112 or n, x 7t 2.. :::. 8J ~ tkL ~ tVIL
p~ o..t ~,
b) 9.k - - ::.0 ~ ~ ~ Q..JlL .~~
?L, ' 'n2.
J
tiJ ~ o~, 8)

Twtl ~ a, ox + b, ~ + c., z + J., = 0 a.NUL Qz. 'X. + ~ ~ +G2. 'Z. + J..2 == 0

(0..) rJJVJ.. p.4A~e..ulA.A ib Q, dz_ + b, b2. + c, c2.

=0

J

12. PLANE

M 1 - F_- 12,_3 _

(b J 0J7.Jl.., pa.na 1l.e.Q.. (ok- S~) it (a., J h, J c,) =-- -k (a2..Ib.2.' c2.) (ft. it- a, b2 -a..2.. ", = hi C2,. - 1,2 c, :: C, Q2, - C2.. Cl1 =. 0,

(c.) lk.a.1L o~ (...~~ iM.t. a.a..J:L ~ ot .b.tLtwfUL.

bu1 p.l.tlM1U i4 .~. veM. h1cJ

, a,Qz. + b,b:z. + C, C2.'

~<k =: .. . ....

Vo.f·+b,2+C,'L J tli'2.+ht +C,22... 0 .::. OCt!!.. i

q ) ~-t;.:t!1Y1.- IJrn tJot.lh. .p.et~ A.( s: ) ~ B ( b) ~ G (c) t:t-d J) (l), 'YllI .tf.tAu_ 1- weJ.d" o.h_L o.rtLi~ , to h.tz.. ~ to (;I-a.), reb-a) y.. (c.-a.)]:= 0, T~ 4.= (xp~"z,>..

b ':: (X.Z.I LJz.~ zzJ, c:= (~31 (fa, Z3) Cl.M-.tL ct =- (:;(.41'1417-4). :tkA. c{JYlcJ.il:J.'ffYL .;.0

x+-x" (f4-~' Z4--Z'

;(.2.- =, d-2 - 0' Z.2 - z..,

;;($ - x., ~3 - ~, za - "Z.,

10) T"h.l.. ~w...daA _ cI.AA.tdMLL ~ A (d) 1;; tho.. ~

/t., n =. cL £&. I c! - a . 'Yl I/I?\. I ll44.d. :t:11L ~~ pan..p4M.Ji.-

c.u1M. M l m) .10· d(v-e,.y.,. ~ -wi.. =. a. + It, 'YI. ,k,.:;: (d-a,n)/I?il~

Th.Q. ~~ .d.i4 ~c.£. ~ ii.:;: (c;(, (d __ )I J 1iJ thL ~ Q...,c_+~ +c.z +J.. =. 0 i& 'a.C(+b~tc.)J+ct I /.ja2.+h2.+ cz.. The..

p.th.PQM.,l£~ .J..U.~ ~ ~ ~ aXi-.b;J t-Gz. + d I = 0 llM-d. a.x + ~ +GZ +J 2. :: 0 i6 , d. ,-J.z.1 / ..; a.2.+Jl .. +t:2. .

11) Thtl ~O{ Wwet+t- ~ JJ.~ ii =. Ci + A L_. *- E- R ~ tfzL

~ It. .?t = d i&. sit.t-1 ( , a,.nf / IL, , ii, J, 0 ~ 0(. .~ rrlz .

9t f ~ n = e) tJtw_ P.A'mtL i& ~.~ i:JJ :tJu2_ ~.

4 E. n := 0 ~ 0:-. 11 4= c( ·thL ~ .i4 pallA lIJI.. :/j iWL

~. at I, 'Yt. =: 0 atul ii, Yi = c( ~ &4 mL tItL ~,

12.) ~ A (O:) 160.. fl6r'?d UtJ1il.,~ 11; ~wv ?'Lbn-- paA4'h.e.

~ It.. ' ?1., = d, ~ It. '1'l2,. = d z. > :tf1.e+t, .tCtL ~

If{; ~ Di..ytJL 8'f wl;t~&A.c:t.:fJ7\- (j'~ th£, ~ iA

k = ii. + knJ 1t 6R" ~ n::: '1L, )(.n:z..

13. SPHERE

M1-F-13.1

FOR.MULAE - 13. SPHERE

1) A s.phtt.tzJl., i6 a. ~ ei aJ1. ~ "! R 3 ~ asa. ai: d.

t:.lJ1'UtrMJr cLiAl:.aMLt.. ~ Co J1d..d.. 1rAd.i.44 f1 11itL sJ;1ttlAL J ~ d

~trGtL ~~ p.tJiM.t ~ iJuL ~ tJt .J:krL ~~. 2-) TIvL V.e.~OIL. ~6'rt- ~ a.s..p/tVl.L ~ CR.ML~ C ClNt.il

z., _ .J: jlJNl_Q . z. -- '2..:z.

~.u..d trf _'7J.tIt, tt. 1.6 I Ii I - 'L/l.. . c. + Ie I - a. = O.

3) TaM.L~ ii -= (2(., ~J z ) ~ c: = (cAl p, .. )I)~ we. ~eJ; ~aNJ., ~en. 0; t:hJz.., Af,>1t.rJJlL M

(-;t...-d..)'2.. + ('d- /0)2. + (Z_y)2- = o..~

Fan: CJJM:thfl., ai: CJA.i~ , J::hL ~C1't- it, x.2. + :/2.+22 ::; a.~

4 J rhJz., vt!.d;"£Yz,. ~m &k 0.. A-phiJhJZ., btL .e.~ rtf ~ cliA.~4A it!. A (4) aMd B l b) i6 ~vert.. ~

(Ji -Ci). (X -b) = 0

5) T~ Ii. == (;;<,) dl Z)J ii.:: (;;t..1J 'ii, I Z,) Qhv:1.. b ::;: {;(.2.J~2.JZzJ .. t1u. ~ ~ trf- J::ho.. aJo.tJv.e ~trn.. i& (x.--x,)(:;c.-X2.) +l'J-:t')(:J-tjz) + (z-Z,)(Z.-Zz.) ;;; 0

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