“Transients In Power System”

LECTURE #1

Prof. Dr. Suhail Aftab Qureshi

Electrical Engineering Department
UET, Lahore.

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 “Transients In Power System”
Book & Notes
1. Transients in Power System
By
(J.P Bickford, UK. England).
2. Electrical Transients on Power Systems
By
(Allan Greenwood, UK. England).
3. Transmission and Distribution of Electrical
Energy
By
H. Cotton & Barber.
4. Network Analysis
By
Van Valken Burgh
5. Notes from University of Manchester UK,
England.
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 Contents
 Fundamental Notations of Electrical Transients.
 Laplace Transformation Method of Solving Differential
Equation.
 First & 2nd Order Circuit Analysis.
 Surge Phenomena
 Causes of power system over voltages.
1. Types of over voltages.
1.1 Lightning.
1.2 Sustained over voltages due to faults or Maloperation
of the system.
1.3 Transient over voltages caused by switching.

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2. Lighting.
2.1 By a direct stroke to a phase-conductor.
2.2 By direct strokes to earth wires or towers.
2.3 By indirect strokes.
3. Sustain overvoltages due to faults and
maloperation of the system.
3.1 Resonance condition.
3.2 Voltage rise under single-phase fault
conditions.
3.3 Load Rejection.
3.4 Physical contact between systems at
different voltage levels.
3.5. Auto transformers.
3.6 Intermittent Earth's.

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4. System Earthing.

4.1 Insulated system neutral.

4.2 Solid Earthing of Neutrals.
4.3 Earthing through a resistor.
4.4 Earthing through a Reactor.

4.4.1 Arc Suppression coil earthing

4..4.2 Earthing through a Distribution
transformers with resistance loaded
secondary.
4.4.3 Voltage transformer earthing.
4.4.4 Earthi Transformer.

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5. Switching Over voltages.

5.1 Travelling wave (Refraction & Reflection

Coefficients)
5.2 Equation for different type of terminations
open circuit, short circuit, Resistor
Termination
5.3 Bewley lattice Diagram

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6. Transient Over voltages Caused by Line

Energisation.
6.1 Introduction.
6.2 Factors influencing the Magnitude of
energisation over voltages.
6.2.1 Types of source.
(a) Energisation from an Inductive
source.
(b) Transmission line source.
(c) Source consisting of a combination of
Inductance and Transmission
lines.
6.2.2 Reactive compensation.
6.2.3 Non-simultaneous closure of the three
phases
6.2.4 Trapped charges.
6.2.5 Circuit Breaker Resistors.
6.2.6 The effect of short reactors.
6.2.7 System Losses.
6.2.8 Circuit Configuration and line
Termination.
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7. Switchgear duty and its Calculations

7.1 Introduction.
7.2 Determination of transient over voltages.
7.3 Current Interruption and Recovery voltages.
7.4 Equivalent Circuits.
7.5 Transient Analyzer.
7.6 Digital Methods.
7.6.1 Differential Equations.
7.6.2 Formulation of the equations.
7.6.3 Solution of the Differential Equations.
7.6.4 Repesentation of Long Lines.
7.6.5 Limitation of the Method.

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8. Transient Over voltage Produces by Short Line

Faults.
9. Interruption of Magnetizing Current.
10. Interruption of the Charging Current of
Transmission Lines and Capacitor Bank.

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11. Composite Feeder Switching.

11.1 Introduction.
11.2 The Energisntion of Composite Feeders.
11.3 Overhead Line and cable.
11.4 Reactively Terminated Feeders.
11.4.1 Line Length and surge
impedance of the transformer.
11.4.2 Type of sources.
11.5 Summary.

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12. Temporary Over voltages.

12.1 Introduction (Types of temporary over voltages).
12.2 Power Frequency Over voltages.
12.2.1 Capacitance effects on long lines.
12.2.2 Sudden loss of load.
12.2.3 Asymmetrical Faults.
12.2.4 Open circuits and single-phase reclosure.
12.3 High frequency temporary over voltages.
12.3.1 Sudden loss of load.
lines. 12.3.2 Energisation of transformer terminated
12.4 Low frequency Temporary over voltages.
12.5 Sub synchronous Resonance.

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