IN THE NAME OF ALLAH

THE MOST BENEFICIENT

AND
THE MOST MERCIFUL.
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Prof. Dr. Mirza Shahid Baig

Presented By:
FAZAL ELAHI
Roll # 179
BS. Applied Geology
5th Semester
Evening ³B´
2008-2012
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Ö Folds
Ö ypes of Fold
Ö Geometry of Fold
Ö Anatomy of Fold
Ö ightness of Fold
à

 
 à

Folds are
bending of rocks
due to different
forces.
 Ôlassification of folds on the
basis of geometry
1 Anticline
2 Syncline
3 Monocline
4 Symmetrical folds
5 Asymmetrical folds
6 Overturned folds
7 Recumbent folds
8 Isoclinal folds
 AN IÔLINE
Ö 1 Ôonvex upward.
Ö 2 he limbs dip away from each other.
Ö 3 the older rocks in the core and younger
rocks along the limbs.
AN IÔLINE FOLD
 SYNÔLINE
Ö 1 Ôonvex downward
Ö 2 he limbs dip toward each other.
Ö 3 Younger rocks in the core and older
rocks along the limbs.
 MONOÔLINE
Ö he fold in which one limb is dipping and
other limb is horizontal.
 SYMME RIÔAL FOLDS
Ö he folds in which the axial plane is
vertical and which divide the fold into two
equal halves.
 ASYMME RIÔAL FOLDS
Ö he folds in which the axial plane is
inclined, and one limb is steeper than
other.
 OVER
RNED FOLDS
Ö 1 Axial plane is inclined.
Ö 2 Both limbs dip in same direction.
Ö 3 he limb which has been rotated more than
90 degrees is called overturned limb and other
limb is called normal limb.
 REÔ
MBEN FOLDS
Ö 1 he axial plane is horizontal to sub-
horizontal.
Ö 2 Both limbs are horizontal.
 ISOÔLINAL FOLDS
Ö 1 Both limbs dip in same direction and at
same angle.
 Anatomy of Folds
Ö Profile Plane± he
surface perpendicular
to the hinge line.
Ö Inflection Point± he
position in a limb
where the sense of
curvature changes.
Ö Fold Axis± A
cylindrical surface
consist of an infinite
number of line that
are parallel to a
generator line.
Axial Plane
 Anatomy of Folds
Ö ÷
 


 

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 Anatomy of Folds

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 Anatomy of Folds

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 Dome & Basin
Ö Dome ± An antiform where bedding dips
away from the central point.
Ö Basin- A synclinal depression.
 Ôylindrical Folds-
Folds-

Ö Straight hinge line, Ôontains fold axes.

 Non--Ôylindrical Folds-
Non Folds-

Ö Ôurved hinge lines

 p
  

Ö Gentle: Interlimb angle 180-170
Ö Open: Interlimb angle 170-90
Ö ight: Interlimb angle 90-10
Ö Isoclinal: <10
HANKS