STANDARD 48— = Ieee 4 ISSUE1 DECEMBER 1977 7 \ INSTANTANEOUS HIGH-IMPEDANCE DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION CONTENTS Page Foreword . 5 Scopes. sees 5 References... 5 Definitions ...... 5 Applications . : 7 Performance Requirements ..sssseseeeeeeee 8 Basis of Calculating the Performance of Instantaneous High-Impedance Difierar Protective Systems using Low-Reactence Current Transformers... . sere TT Methed end Formulae for Calculating the Performance of Instantaneous High Impedance Differential Protective Systems vusng Low-Resctance Current Transformers... 12 Peak Voltage Developed under Internal Fault Conditions 66+ sss seeeeeeeeeee ceseess 2D Conditions of Acceptance of Protective Systems ‘Submitted on the Basis of Calcuiated Performance ee - 2? Table. cee eeae 130 & 31 ILLUSTRATIONS, Fig. 1-19. vee 82-47 APPINDIX + A= The Assigned Maximum Through-Fauit Current for Transformers. «+++ ++ ool a PRICE CODE No. (5) ‘This Standard is sued by the Electricity Supply Industey in conjunction with the Trade Associations or cther bodies acknowledged in tha documentESI Standard 48-3 Page 3 Issue 1 * December 197 INDEX Page Foreword . 1. Scope co 2. References . 3. Definitions . 3.1 Assigned Maximum Through-Fault Current... 5 3.2 Differential Protection 7 3.3. FaultSetting.... 6.000.005 3.4 High Impedance. _ 3.5 Kneo-pointemf. ..s ss sce ce 3.6 Low-Reactance Current Transformer... - 3.7 Maximum Fault Current Available. 3.8 Minimum Fault Current Availatla . 3.9 Protective System .. . 3.10 Rated Stability Limit» 3.11 Relay Cirevit 2... 3.12 Relay Circuit Current - 3.13 Relay Circuit Setting Voltage... 8.14 Relay Operating Current... - 3.18 Relay Operating Voltage «5. 3.18 Relay Terminals. . : NAW Neoeooaaon oan 4. Applications ....... 5. Performance Requirements. . 5.1 Current Rating 5.2. Differential Earth: Fault Peatection for Transior Auto-Transformers.. | ree) 5.3 Differential Phase-Foult endfor Earth-Fault Protection for Auto-Transformers: 9 5.4 Differential Phase-Fault and/or Earth-Fault Protection for Synchronaus, Machines ey s other than fle : 9 5.8 Differential Phase Fault and/or Eorth-Fauit Protection for Reactors - 10 : 5.6 Differential Phase-Fault and/or Earth-Fault Protection for Busbars and other Primary Plant Connections ..... 2.0. .ee0e5 at see 10 5.7 _ Differential Earth-Fault Protection for Feeder Transformers W 6. Bosis of Calculating the Performance of Instanteneous High-Impedance Differential Protective Systems using Low-Reactance Current Transformers . seeeeee W 6.1 Stability Limit... oe} an n 5.2. Fault Setting. ... ae : 12 7. Method and Formutae for Calculating the Performance of Instantaneous High Impedance Ditferential Protective Systems using Low-Reactance Current Transformers oe. eee eee Thdatdatdettaltetdetalata 12 7.1 Earth-Fault Protection for Unesrthed Transformer Windings ........e008 13 7.2. Earth-Fault Protection for Eartied Transformer, Shunt Reactor or ‘Synchronous Machine Winding. ... .. 13 7.3. Earth-Fault Protection for Trarsformar Star Winding (Combined with Overall Protection)... ..0..eer0 eeeee 14 7.4 Eorth-Fault Protection for Trarsformer Delta Wineling (Combined with Overall Protection . deeded hdehdohdsltsl 15 7.5. Earth-Fault Protection for Trarsformer Oual UV. Star with Overall Protection) .. ++... tele 16 7.6 Earth-Fault Protection for Trarsformer Dual L.V. Delta Windings {Combined with Overall Protection) vidal tale tale 18 7.7 Earth-Fault Protection for Auto-Transformer 1... -- 19 7.8 Phase and Earth-Fault Protection for Auto-Traasformers.. | 24ESI Standard 48-3 Page 4 Issue 1 December 1977 INDEX (Cont'd) Page 7.9 Phase and Eerth-Fault Protection for Synchronous Machines, Series and . Shunt Reactors . | hers seeeteteeeers 2 10 Earth-Fault Protection for Series Reactors » leaks ve 28 7.11 Eorth-Fault Protection for Busbars and other Primary Plant Connections (One Relay per Zone) eee ee eee eee cee ee ee eeeeeeeeereeee 24 7.12 Phase and Gerth-Fault Protection for Busbars and other Primary Plant Connections (One Relay par Zone)... ee. ee eeevevseec essa secees 25 7.13 Phase and Earth-Foult Protection for Busbars and other Primary Plant Connections (One Relay per Circuit) .. a 26 8, Peak Voltage Developed under Internal Fault Conditions 2 8, Conditions of Acceptance of Protective Systems Subr Calculated Performance... 6... eevee e ees eee 27 9.1 Rated Stability Limit. seve 2 9.2 FaultSetting..... 2. sees 2 9.3 Current Transformer Knee-point Voltage .. 2 8.4 Current Transformer Peak Secondary Voltage .. rd 9.5 Current Transformer Turns Ratio Error . + 2B 9.6 Manufacturer's Design Report ....., : 28 Teble 1 ~ References to Clauses in Main Document which Stipulate Stability Limit Fault Setting and Calculation Thereof aa - 30831 ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. 1 ~ Typical Relay Circui ee aerate eet 32° 9, 2,3 & 4 ~ Simple Differential end Earth-Fault Pretection.. . 33 ig. 5 & 8 — Eorth-Fault Protection for Plant Windings. 34 Fig. 7 = Earth-Fault Protection for Transformer Star Wind Protection)... 0. ee ee cess ee eeeseeses esses 35, Fig, 8 ~ arth-Foult Protection for Transformer Dual LV. Star Wi Sewinding Overall Protection)... 6. ieee eee e eens eeeee tees ec ees 36 "Fig. 9 ~ Earth-Fault Protection for Transformer Delta Winding (Combined with Overall Protection) . . shed ene thetett tet .o7 Fig. 10 — Earth-Fault Protection for Dual L.V. Delte Windings (Combined w ‘Swinding Overall Protection) ...... « se Fig. 11 — Earth-Feulk Protection for Transformer Dual Overall Protection). ©... eee ee ese ee eee eee ves 89 Fig. 12 ~ Earth-Fault Protection for Transformer Dual L.V. Delia Windings (combined with Overall Protection), et ef wed ole aA » 40 ig. 13 ~ Eerth-Fault Protection for Auto-transiormer..... a Fig. 14 — Phase and Earth-Fault Protection for Auto-transformer... sss. 42 Fig. 18 ~ Phase and Earth-Fault Protection for Synchranous Machines, Series and Shunt Reactors . shit shite seeeeeees 43 Fig, 16 — Garth-Foulk Protection for Series Reactor... 1. ss... ss sell. ad Fig. 17 ~ Earth-Fault Protection for Busbars and Other Primary Plant Connections (One Relay Per Zone). . feecladeccbeleneelele detalles 45 Fig. 18 — Phase and Earth-Fault Protection for Busbars and Other Primary Plant Connections (One Relay Per Zone)... eee e see ee eee ee eve ee seuss AB Fig. 19 — Phase and Earth-Fault Protection for Busbars and Other Primary Plant i Connections {One Relay Per Circuit) tf hestrbaletfe 47 APPENDIX, ‘A ~ The Assigned Maximum Through-Foult Current for Transformers . .ESI Standard 48-3 Page 5 Issue 1 December 197 INSTANTANEOUS HIGH-IMPEDANCE DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION FOREWORD This Standard specifies the performance of instantaneous high-impedance differential protective systems for most applications. It also states the conditions of acceptance of such protection on the basis of calculated performance in lieu of heavy current tests. Quick reference regarding the performance for any given application is given in 9.1, 9.2 and Table 1. Unless stated otherwise, the rm.s. value is implied for all currents and voltages referred to in this Standard. . 1. SCOPE This Standard covers the required performance and proving of instantaneous high- impedance differential protective systems as applied to synchronous machines, transformers, reactors, busbars and similar primary plant connections where bias is not required to cater for spill current (due for example to magnetizing inrush or tap changing). This Standard does not include the requirements of dif'erential protection for induction motors, capacitors and other plant where special considerations apply (see BS 3950). 2, REFERENCES ‘This Standard makes reference to the latest issue of the following documents: BS 3938, ‘Current Transformers’. BS 3950, ‘Electrical Protective Systems for A.C. Plant’, ‘Transmission Design Branch Report TD8/68 (CEGB), ‘The Calculation of Balanced Earth- Fault Relay Settings in Combined Differential Schemes’, ‘Protective Current Transformers and Circuits, P, Mathews, Chapman and Hall Ltd. (1955). ESI Standards are revised when necessury by the issue elther of revised pages ‘or complete new editions. It is important that users of ESI Standards should ascertain that they are in possession of she latest issues. 3. DEFINITIONS 3.1 Assigned Moximum Through-Fault Current ‘The assigned maximum through-fault current is that which would flow through the circuit concerned assumin; ° (i) a specified maximum plant condition; Gi) the generator reactances are the sub-transient values.ESI Standard 48-3 Page 6 Issue 1 December 1977 a 3.2 Differential Protection Protection in which the differential current equals the algebraic sum of the currents flowing into the protected zone. 3.3 Fault Setting The minimum value of the primary current at which operation of the protective system occurs. 3.4 High Impedance A characteristic of the protective relay circuit such that the relay performs ds a voltage operated device as described in 6.1. Tygical high-impedance relay circuits are shown in Fig. 1 3.5 Knee-point e.m.t, That sinusoidal e.m.f. of rated frequency applied to the secondary terminals of the ‘transformer, all other windings being open-circuited, which, when increased by 10 per cent, causes the exciting current to increase by 50 percent. 3.6 Low-Reactance Current Transformer A transformer of which a knowledge of the secondary exciting current, secondary winding resistance and tums ratio is sufficient for an assessment of its performance (see 4.4.2 of BS 3936: 1973 and K.5.1.1 and K.5.2 cf Appendix K thereof). 3.7 Maximum Fault Current Available The maximum fault current available is that which would flow into a short-circuit at the fault location specified assuming: (i) a specified maximum plant condition; (ii). the generator reactances are the sub-transient values; (ii) the fault arc resistance is zero. 3.8 Minimum Fault Current Available The minimum fault current available is that which would flow into a short-circuit at the fault location specified assuming: G)_aspecified minimum plant condition; (i) the generator reactances are the sub-transient values; (iii) the fault arc resistance is zero. 39 Protective System A combination of apparatus, including relays, transformers and ancillary equipment, designed to secure under predetermined conditions, usually abnormal, the disconnection of an clement of a power system andjor to give an alarm signalES! Standard 43-3 Page7 Issue 1 December 1977 3.10 Rated Stability Limit The rm.s. value of the symmetrical component of the through-fault current, stated by the manufacturer, up to which the protective system remains stable under the conditions stated in this Standard. 3.11 Relay Circuit The relay circuit consists of the relay(s) together with all the externally mounted components, stich as stabilizing resistor and linear and non-linear shunt resistors. 3.12 Relay Circuit Current ‘The minimum value of the current which must flow through the overall relay circuit, including such components as are necessary to produce the desired overall characteristic, to enable the relay to operate (indicated by Js in Fig. 1). 3.13 Relay Circuit Setting Voltage The minimum value of the voltage whict must be applied to the overall relay circuit, including such components as are necessary to produce the desired overall characteristic, to enable the relay to operate (indicated by V; in Fig, 1), 7 3.14 Relay Operating Current The minimum value of the current which must flow through the relay to enable it to operate (indicated by Jy in Fig. 1). 3.15 Relay Operating Voltage The minimum value of the voltage which must be applied to the relay to enable it to operate (indicated by Vp in Fig. 1). 3.16 Relay Terminals ‘These are the terminals on the relay to which the internally mounted circuit components are connected. The circuit between these terminals thus excludes any externally mounted components such as series stabilizing resistors and linear and fion-linear shunt resistors which may be provided. 4. APPLICATIONS In applying this type of protection, the Following shall be taken into account: (i) the resistance of all wiring used for connecting the apparatus on site: (ii) the characteristics of the current tansformers; particularly to ensure that they are of the low-reactanee type; (iii) the impedance of the protected plait and its rated current;ESI Standard 48-3 Page Issue 1 December 1977 (iv) _ the method of earthing of the power system to which the plant is connected, and, if appropriate, the earthing of the plant, e.g. whether (2) directly earthed, : (b) earthed through a resistor orreactor, (©) earthed through, an earthing transformer with or without a resistor or reactor, (4) earthed through a distributicn transformer; (¥) the minimum fault current available within the protected zone; (vi) the maximum current available forexternal faults; (vil) the in-zone primary capacitance current; (viii) any high frequency transient currents; (ix) the continuous and short-time thermal ratings of the components of the protective systems; (x) the maximum value of the peak voltages in the secondary circuits’during ” internal fault conditions. 5. PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS 5.1 Current Rating In assessing the performance requirements specified in this section, it should be noted, that the rated current of the protected equipment will not necessarily be the same as the primary rating of the current transformers, since the latter will generally be designed to have the nearest standard primary current rating, 5.2 Differential Earth-Fault Protection for ‘Transformers other than Auto-Transformers (i) Fault Setting 7 (a) When the protected winding of the transformer is connected to a solidly earthed power system, the fault setting shall be between 10 per cent and 60 per cent of the rated current of the pretected winding. When’ transformer winding, et age setting shall be based on the lowest lowest of igs. Whieii ivioré than One transformer winding is connected in parallel, the pei riage setting shall be based on the lowest of the rated currents of the individual transformers. (b) When the protected winding of the transformer js not connected to 2 solidly earthed power system, the Fault selting shall be betwe ercentand 25 per cent of the minimum current available. for.anearth-fault_at the, transformer terminals,a 53 @ wa 54 ESI Standard 48-3 Page lasue I December 1977 Rated Stability Limit The rated stability limit shall be not less than the assigned maximum through-fault current, the latter being taken as 16 times (or such other value as may be agreed) the rated current of the protected winding of the power transformer. The basis for selecting this value of through-fault current is given in Appendix A. The assigned maximum through-fault current for through earth-fault stability may differ from that, for phase-fault stability, depending on the transformer impedances and the system and transformer neutral earthing arrangements. For the purpose of calculation it should be assumed that any liquid earthing resistor can become short-circuit. Differential Phase-Fault and/or Earth-Fault, Protection for Auto-Transformers Fault Setting (a) When the protected winding of the auto-transformer is connected to a solidly earthed power system, the fault setting shall be between 10 per cent and 60 per cent of the rated current of the higi-voltage winding, (b) When the protected winding of the transformer is not connected to a solidly earthed power system, the fault setting shall be between 10 per cent and 25 per cent of the minimum fault current available for an earth-fault at the transformer terminals. Rated Stability Limit ‘The rated stability limit shall be not less than the assigned maximum through-fault current, the latter being taken as 16 times (orsuch other value as may be agreed) the rated Ly. current of the protected winding of the auto-transformer. See A.2 of Appendix A when a reduced value is being agreed. The assigned maximum through- fault current for through earth-fault stability may differ from that for phase-fault stability, depending upon the transformer impedances and the system and transformer neutral carthing arrangemen‘s. For the purpose of calculation, it should be assumed that any liquid earthing resistor can become short-circuit. Differential Phase-Fault and/or Earth-Fau't Protection for Synchronous Machines Fault Setting ‘The fault setting shall be less than 10 per cent of the rated current of the protected winding. Rated Stability Limit The rated stability limit shall be not less than the assigned maximum through-fault current, the latter being taken as 12.5 times (or such other value as may be agreed) the rated current of the protected winding of the machine. The assigned maximum, through-fault current for through earth-fault stability may differ from that for phase: fault stability, depending on the machine impedances and the system and machine neutral earthing arrangements. For the purpose of calculation it should be assumed thal any earthing resistor can become short-circuit.ESI Standard 48—3 Page 10 Issue 1 December 1977 5.5. Differential Phase-Fault and/or Earth-Fault Protection for Reactors 5.5.1 Series Reactors (i) Fault Setting ) 55.2 @ (ii) 5.6 a ii) The fault setting shall be between 10 per cent and 30 per cent of the minimum fault current available for a fault at the reactor terminals. Rated Stability Limit The rated stability limit shall be not less than the assigned maximum through-fault current, the latter being taken as 20 times (orsuch other value as may be agreed) the rated current of the reactor winding. The assigned maximum through-fault current for through earth-fault stability may differ from that for phase-fault stability, depending upon the source and reactor impedances. For the purpose of calculation it should be assumed that any liquid earthing resistor zan become short-cireuit. Shunt Reactors 7 Fault Setting The fault setting shall be between 10 pe: cent and 25 per cent of the rated current of the reactor winding. Rated Stability Limit The rated stability limit shall be not less than 10 times (or stich other value as may be agreed) the rated current of the reactor winding. Differential Phase-Fault and/or Earth-Fault Protection for Busbars and other Primary Plant Connections Fault Setting ‘The fault setting shall be between 10 per cent and 30 percent of the minimum fault current available unless otherwise specified. Rated Stability Limit : The rated stability limit shall be not less than the assigned maximum through-fault current, the latter being taken as 100 per cent of the switchgear short-circuit rating. ‘The assigned maximum through- fault current for through earth-fault stability may differ from that for phase-fault stability, depending upon the source impedance. For the purpose of calculation it should be assumed that any liquid earthing resistor can become short-circuit.) ESI Standard 48-3 Page 11 Issue 1 December 1977 5.7 Differential Earth-Fault Protection for Feeder Transformers ‘The fault setting and stability requiremen:s shall be 5.2 but due regard must be taken of the following factors: accordance with those.stated in (the effect of unbalanced in-zone primary capacitance currents particularly under extemal fault conditions; Gi) the effect of high frequency transient currents. BASIS OF CALCULATING THE PERFORMANCE OF INSTANTANEOUS HIGH- IMPEDANCE DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS USING LOW- REACTANCE CURRENT TRANSFORMERS: 6.1 Stability Limit ‘The stability of a current differential sys:em using a high-impedance relay circuit and low-reactance current transformers is based on the fact that for a given value of through fault current the maximum voltage which can appear across the relay circuit is determined by means of a simple calculation. If the setting voltage of the relay circuit is made equal to or greater than this voltage, then the protection will be stable. In calculating the required setting voltage of the relay circuit, it is essumed that one current transformer is fully saturated and that the remaining current transformers maintain their ratio. In the fully saturated condition, the excitation impedance of: the current transformer is negligible. Since the current transformers are specified as being of the low. reactance type (see definition in 3.6), only the resistance of the secondary winding, together with the wiring connecting the saturated current transformer to the relay circuit terminals need be considered. Fig.2 shows the simple case of two current transformérs only onnected in a differential system. Hence the voltage, V, across the relay circuit is given by: v ¥ Jg (A) T for ST; saturated 2) Ip (B) T for CT; saturated +) " where: T= turns ratio of current transformers, A, B= resistance of wiring plus current transformer winding. Jp = fault cursent corresponding to the r.m.s. component of the required maximum symmetrical through-fault current of the protected plant. ¥= maximum r.m.s. voltage that can appear across the relay circuit due to the through-fault current, (lp) : For stability, the relay circuit setting voltage Vs, niust be made equal to or higher than ¥ In 3 practical system, usually more then two current transformers are employed; nevertheless, the same principle is adopted in calculating the setting voltage of the relay circuit. Actual examples of practical systems are dealt with in 7, based, where applicable, on Transmission Design Branch Report TD 8/68.ESI Standard 48-3 Page 12 Issue 1 Deceraber 1977 Service experience and extensive laboratory tests have proved that, provided the relay is arranged to respond to the rms. value of the current for both symmetrical and asymmetrical through-faults, the foregoing method of calculating the relay circuit setting voltage provides a satisfactory factor of safety. This is because the basic assumption of complete saturation of one current transformer, with no ratio error of the complementary one, is more severe than the state which actually occurs. As one current transformer begins to saturate, the voltage developed across the relay circuit transfers burden from the saturating curent transformer to the other current transformer(s) acting in the differential system, 6.2 Fault Setting During internal fault conditions, the faul: current must supply the exciting current of all the connected current transformers and also she relay circuit current. Thus, if fs = relay circuit current at Mg volts. I daveececees = secondary exciting currents of the current transformers at the relay circuit set ing veltage, 7s the fault setting = Us +1) +2 Fo... AQT (3) The figure obtained from equation 3) must comply with the fault setting requirements specified in 5. Hence the overall relay circuit must contain the appropriate components as typically illustrated in Fig. 1. Where a supervision relay is required, it also forms part of the relay ciscuit. The cusrents in equation (3) are not normally co-phasal but an arithmetic addition is adequate; the calculated setting may therefore be slightly greater than the actual settin; ‘The rated stability limit and fault setting of the systems shall be calculated by the manufacturer in accordance with the method ard formulae given in 7, 7. METHOD AND FORMULAE FOR CALCULATING THE PERFORMANCE OF INSTANTANEOUS HIGH-IMPEDANCE DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS USING LOW-REACTANCE CURRENT TRANSFORMERS ‘The method is generally in accordance with the basic principles described in 6.1 and 6.2, In the more complex systems, however, consideration must be given to auxiliary current transformers and to #1 where these are employed. No multiplying factor (usually designated &) has been included in the expressions given for the calculation of the Rated Stability Limit of an earth-fault only system during internal faults not involving earth, + If special considerations make it necessary to include such a factor in the design, the value of k and the method of calculation should be the subject of agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser. « @ effect of overall differential relays in combined systems,ESI Standard 48-3 Page 13. sue 1 December 1977 7.1 Earth-Fault Protection for Unearthed Traasformer Windings Consider the systems shown in Fig. 3 and 4. Let T= tums ratio of current transformers. A = resistance of wiring plus current transformer winding. Vs = relay circuit setting voltage, J, = secondary exciting current of current transformer at Vs volts, Js = relay circuit current at Vs volts. : Jz = Fault current corresponding to the rated stability limit ; as specified in 5.2. The through earth-fault case does not apply to this system. 71.1 Rated Stability Limit Consider @ phase-to-phase or three-phase short-circuit st X and assume complete ; saturation of a current transformer, then Vg shall be not Jess than: Fg (A) T volts 7.1.2 Fault Setting ‘The fault setting is: Us +3. /)/7 amperes 7.2 Earth-Fault Protection for Earthed Transformer, Shunt Reactor ! or Synchronous Machine Winding Consider the system shown in Fig, 5 and 6, Let T = tums ratio of line and neutral current transformers. B, F = resistance of wiring, A,N = resistance of wiring plus current transformer winding Vs = relay circuit setting voltage. 4, = secondary exciting current of line current transformer at Vs volts. secondary exciting current of neutral current transformer at Vs volts. Js, = relay circuit current at Vs volts, Jp = fault current corresponding to the rated stability limit ) as specified in the appropriate clauses of 5,ESI Standard 48—3 Page 14 Issue 1 December 1977 7.2.1 Rated Stability Limit (Consider a phase-to-earth short-circuit at X and assume complete saturation of a line current transformer, then Vs shall be not less than: Ig (A+BEF) T volts Gi) Consider a phase-to-earth short-circuit at X and assume complete saturation of the neutral current transformer, then Vg shall be not less than: Te (N) P volts Gi) Consider 2 phase-to-phase or a three-phase short-circuit at X and assume complete saturation of a line current transformer, then Fs shall be not less than: Jp (A) T volts 7.2.2 Fault Setting ‘The fault setting is: Us# 31, +4 /T amperes 7.3 Enrth-Fault Protection for Transformer Star Winding (Combined with Overall Protection) For two-winding transformers consider Fig. 7. For dual Ly. transformers consider Fig. 8; the symbols and calculations below apply to the upper winding protected by relay circuit 1(/8,,/2being the resistance of the associated section of the bias winding). The calculations for the lower winding will be similar using , TesistancesA’, By etc. and faults at Y instead of X. Let 7, = turns ratiovof line and neutral current transformers. 12/73 = turns ratio of auxiliary current transformers. (7; to line current transformers, 73 to overall differential relay), B,F,K = resistance of wiring, A. H,N = resistance of wiring plus current transformer winding. G = resistance of auxiliary curent transformer winding Vs = relay circuit setting voltags 1, = secondary exciting current of line current transformer at Vg volts. 4 = secondary exciting current of neutral current transformer at Vg volts. Js = relay circuit current at Vs volts, Ry resistance of operating circuit of overall differential relay. Ry, = resistance of biasing circu t of overall differential relay. Jp = fault current corresponding to the rated stability limit as specified in 5.2.wee ESI Standard 48-3 Page 15 Issue 1 December 1977 7.3.1 Rated Stability Limit (i) Consider a phase-to-earth short-circuit at X and assume complete saturation of a line current transformer, then Vs shall be notless than: Ip [AtB+F+GHT; IT)? (H42K+R,)] T, volts Consider a phase-to-earth short-circuit st X and assume complete saturation of the neutral current transformer, then Vs shal. be not less than: Jp(N) Ty volts Consider a phase-to-phase short-circuit a! X and assume complete saturation of a line current transformer, then Vg shall be not less than: Ip {AAGH(T/T)° H3K43R, /2)] T, volts (iv) Consider a three-phase short-circuit at X and assume complete satura current transformer, then Vg shall be not less than: Jy (APGHT3 /T3 P (Ht/3K+/3R,/2)} T, volts 7.3.2 Fault Setting ‘The fault setting is: Us431, Ha )/7, amperes 7.4 Earth-Fault Protection for Transformer Delta Winding (Combined with Overall Protection) For two-winding transformers consider Fig. 9. For dual Lv. transformers consider Fig. ‘0; thé symbols and calculations below. apply to the upper winding protected by relay circuit : (R,,/2 being the resistance of the associated section of the bias winding). The calculations for the lower winding will be similar using, resistance A’, B’ ete, and faults at ¥ instead of x. Let TY 1 turns ratio of line and neutral current transformers. TrITs(Tq = turns ratio of auxiliary current transformers (Ty to line current transformers, 7) in delta, 7, to overall differential relay). B, F = resistance of wiring. A,H.J.N_ = resistance of wiring plus current transformer winding. G = resistance of auxiliary current iransformer winding. V5 = relay circuit setting voltage. 1, = secondary exciting current of line current transformer at Vs volts, J, = secondary exciting current of neutral current transformer at Vg volts.ESI Standard 48-3 Pagé 16 Issue f December 1977 relay circuit current at Vg volts. » " 'o = resistance of operating sircuit of overall differential relay, i resistance of biasing cirzuit of overall differential relay. fault current corresponding to the rated stability limit as specified in 5.2. 74.1 Rated Stability Limit : (i) Consider a phase-to-carth short-circuit at X and assume complete saturation of a line current transformer, then Vs shall be nol less than: Tp (AtBHFHG4(2/3)(Ta/T4)? (HAR, [2}4(P2 Ts)? W130] T1 volts Gi) Consider a phase-to-arth short-circuit at X and assume complete saturation of the neutral current transformer, then Vg shall be not less than:, Te(N) T, volts (ili) Consider a phase-to-phase or three-phase short-circuit -at X and assume complete saturation of a line current transformer, shen Vg shall be not less than: Ip |A¥GH(Ta/Ta? HAR, 2) T, volts 74.2 Fault Setting ‘The fault setting is: Us +32; +4,YT) amperes 75 Earth-Fault Protection for Transformer Dual L.V. Star Windings (Combined with Overall Protection) Consider the system showsi in Fig, 11. Let T, = tums ratio of line and neutral current transformers. 1,/T, = turns ratio of auxiliary current transformers. (7; to line current transformers, Ty to overall differential relay), BLD.E,F, JK, L = resistance of wiring. A.C, GH, : M,N = resistance of wiring plus current transformer winding. Vg = relay circuit setting voltage, J, = secondary exciting current of line current transformer Get 1) at Vg volts. J, = secondary exciting current of line current transformer (set 2) at Vs volts.ESI Standard 48-3 Page 7 Issue 1 December 1977 Js = secondary exciting current of neutral current transformer (NCTI) at Vs volts. J, = secondary exciting current of neutral current transformer (NCT2) at Vg volts. Ig = relay circuit current at Vg volts Re = resistance of opsrating circuit of overall differential relay. Ry = resistance of bizsing circuit of overall differential relay, Jp = fault current corresponding to the rated stability limit as specified in 5,2. 25.1 Rated Stability Limit @ aw Gi) (iv) (y) (wi) wii) Consider a phase-to-earth short-circuit at X and assume complete saturation of a line current transformer (set 1), then Ms shal! be not less than: Up [ASBHESF+G+(Ta/Ts)} (H#2K4R,)) 7; volts Consider a phase-to-earth short-circuit ct X and assume complete saturation of the neutral current transformer (NCT1), then Vg shall be not less than: Jp U+L4M)T, volts Consider a phase-to-phase short-circuit at X and assume complete saturation of a line current transformer (set 1), then Vg shall be not less than: Jp (AGH(Ta/Ta)?(HABKA3Ry IDI Ty volts Consider a three-phase short-circuit at X and assume complete saturation of a line current transformer (set 1), then Vg shall be not less than: Ip [AGH /T 3? (Ht 3K4V3Ry /2)] Ty volts Consider a phase-to-earth short-circuit a: ¥ and assume complete saturation ofa line current transformer (sct 2), then Vg shall be not less than: Ip (CHD PEHF+GHT; /TsPUMIKAR,)] T, volts Consider a phase-to-earth short-circuit at ¥ and assume complete saturation of the neutral current transformer (NCT2), then Vg shall be not less than: Ip UeLAN)T, volts Consider a phase-to-phase short-circuit ct Y and assume complete seturation of a line current transformer (set 2), then ¥g shall be not less than: Ip (C#GHTa Ta)? U43K4 3Ry/2)] Ty vousESI Standard 48—3 Poge 18 Issue 1 ‘December 197 (ili) Consider a three-phase short-circuit at Y and assume complete saturation‘of a line current transformer (set 2), then Vg shall be not less than: Ip (CHGHT2/T3)* (H\/3K+/3Ry [2)] Ty volts 7.5.2 Fault Setting ‘The fault setting is: Us431,+3fyHy4g)/T) amperes 7.6 Earth-Fault Protection for Transformer Dual L.V. Delta Windings (Combined with Overall Protection) Consider the scheme shown in Fig. 12, Let TY Ta/T3ITs BLD EF A,C,G,H, iN ¥s A A 76.1 Rated Stability Limit turns ratio of line and neutral current transformers. turns ratio of auxiliary current transformers (Jy to line cunent transformers, 7; in delta, T, to overall differential relay). resistance of wiring, resistance of wiring plus current transformer winding, relay circuit setting voltage. secondary exciting current of line current transformer Get 1) at Fg velts. secondary exciting current of line cusrent transformer (set 2Yat V5 velts, secondary exciting current of neutral current ‘transformer at 5 volts. relay circuit current at Vg volts, resistance of operating circuit of overall differential relay. resistance of biasing circuit of overall differential relay. fault current corresponding to the rated stability limit as specified in 5.2. @ Consider a phase-to-carth short-circuit at X and’assume complete saturation of a line current transformer (set 1), then Fg shall be not less than: Ip [APBHERFHG4(2/3\( Ta [Ta )? UR, [2)(T/TaY° G13)] Ty voltsESI Standard 48-3 Poge 19 Issue 1 December 1977 Gi) Consider a phase-to-earth short-circuit al X or Y and assume complete saturation of the neutral current transformer, then Vs shall be not less than: Jp(N) T, volts (iii) Consider a phase-to-phase or three-phase short-circuit at X and assume-complete saturation of a line current transformer (set 1), then Vg shall be not less than: Ip lAtGHTa/ Ta) EARS /2)) Ty volts (iv) Consider a phase-to-earth short-circuit at Y and assume complete saturation of a line current transformer (set 2), then Vs shall be not less than: Ip CHDAE4F4+G+(2/3)(T3 /Te}* H#Ry/ DMs /Ts)? U13)1 Ty volts (v) Consider 2 phase-to-phase or three-phase short-circuit at Y and assume complete saturation of a line current transformer (et 2), then Vs shall be not less than: Ip (C#G+(T 3/7)? UHR, [2)] T, volts 7.6.2 Fault Setting ‘The fault setting is: Ust31, +31, 4:)/T, amperes 7.7 Easth-Fault Protection for Auto-Transformer Consider the system shown in Fig. 13. Let ¥;, __low voltage ok NNO i ctio of the auto-transformer, Vy high voltage T = turns ratio of all current transforiners. H.J,K "= resistance of wiring. A, CE = resistance of viring plus current transformer winding. relay circuit setting voltage. secondary exciting current of high-voltage line current transformer a: V¢ volts. : f, = secondary exciting current of low-voltage line current, transformer at Vs volts. secondary exeiting current of neutral current transformer at Vg volts. relay circuit current at Vs volts. fault current Con low-voltage side) corresponding to the rated statility limit as specified in 5.3.ESI Standard 48~3 Page 20 «Issue 1 December 1977 70d @ i) Git) Gy) ) (wi) 172 Rated Stability Limit Consider a phase-to-earth short-circuit at X and assume complete saturation of @ high= Voltage line current transformer, then Vg shall be not less than: y, ‘| i casitayao | Tvolts Consider a phase-to-earth short-circuit at X and assume complete saturation of a neutral current transformer, then Vg shall be not less than: Mw 7 Jp [a ~ Frtcrornr | T volts Consider a phase-to-earth short-circuit at A and assume complete saturation of alow- Voltage line current transformer, then V5 shall be not less thant : Jp (EXT+P) T volts Consider a phase-to-phase or a three-ptase short-circuit at X and assume complete saturation of a high-voltage line current transformer, then Vg shell be not less than: LY, [FE] ea rvote Consider a phase-to-phase or a three-phase short-circuit at X and assume complete saturation of a neutral current transformer, then Vs shall be not less than: yh le (72) Trolts Consider 2 phase-to-phase or a three-phase short-circuit at X and assume complete saturation of @ low-voltage line current transformer, then V shall be not less than: 4p (E) Tvolts Fault Setting The fault setti gist Us+31, +31; +3/,)/T amperesSYOIDVaY HO SYQIOW * SYOLWYSNSD YOs NOWDS1Odd “TWINSUSgIG tinva Hitiva ONY aSvHd SAVT3Y Ya) aaioaowd = ney‘ESI Standard 48-3 Page 21 Issued December 1977 7.8 Phase and Earth-Fault Protection for Auto-Transformer Consider the system shown in Fig. 14. low-voltage Cf igh-valtage ‘0 Of the auto-transformer. tums ratio of al current transformers. resistance of wiring, A.C, = resistance of wiring plus current transformer winding, Vg = relay circuit setting voltage. Ay = secondary exciting current of high-voltage line current transformer at 7s volts, tz = secondary exciting current of low-voltage line current transformer at Vs volts. Jy = secondary exciting current of neutral current transformer at ¥ volts. Js = relay circuit cument at Vs volts. fe = fault current (on low-voltage side) corresponding to the rated stability limit as specified in 5.3, 7.8.1 Rated Stability Limit (2 Consider a phase-to-earth short-circuit at X and assume complete saturation of a high- Voltage line current transformer, then V5 shall be not less than: 7 Ky, 1 Je | pe CAtayG | volts LM i) Consider @ phasetoearth short-circuit at X and assumé complete saturation of a neutral current transformer, then Vg shall be not less than: fy tid ~ 7, MOG | Tvolts Consider a phase-to-earth short-circuit at 4 and assume complete saturation of a low- Voltage line current transformer, then Vg shall be not less than: Jy (EFPYT volts (i) Consider a phase-to-phase or a three-phase short-circuit at X and assume complete saturation of a high-voltage line current transformer, then Vg shall be not less thans Me Vn (F AtGIT voltsESI Standard 48-3 Poge 22 Lssve 1 December 1977 () Consider a phase-to-phase or a three-phase short-circuit at X and assume complete saturation of @ neutral current transformer, then Vg shall be not less than: i la-z 1 7 My (vi) Consider a phase-to-phase or a three-phase short-circuit at X and assume complete Saturation of a low-voltage line current transformer, then Vg shall be not less there (c#G) ] T volts Je(E) TP volts 78.2 Fault Setting ‘The fault setting Us, +l, )/T amperes 7-9 Phase and Earth-Fault Protection for Synchronous Machines, Series and Shunt Reactors Consider the system shown in Fig, 15 Het T= turns ratio of all current transformers, A, B= resistance of witing plus current transformer. ©, D= resistance of wiring. Vs = relay circuit setting voltage, 11 = secondary exciting current of current transformer (set 1) at Vg volts. /2 = secondary exciting current of current transformer (et 2) at Vg volts. Js = relay circuit current at M volts. dp = fault current corresponding to the rated stability limit as specified in the appropriate clauses of 5. 79.1 Rated Stability Limit (Consider a phase-to-carth short-circuit at and assume complete saturation of current transformer (set 1), then Vg shall be not Jess than: Jp(A+C) T volts Gi) Consider @ phase-to-earth short-circuit at ¥ and assume complete saturation of a current transformer (set 2), then Vg shall be not less than: Jp(B+D) TvolisESI Standard 48-3 Page 23. Issue 1 December 1977 Consider a phase-to-phase or a three-phase short-circuit at X and assume complete saturation of a current transformer (set 1), then V’g shall be not less then Jp(A)T volts Gv) Consider » phase-to-phese cra three-phase short-circuit at X and assume complete saturation of a current transformer (set 2), then Vg shall be not less than: Jp (B)T volts 7.9.2 Fault Setting The fault setting is: Us Hy +l )iT amperes 7.10 Earth-Fault Protection for Series Reactor Consider the system shown in Fig. 16. Let T = tums ratio of all current transformers. 4, B = resistance of wiring plus current transformer winding. C,D,E, F = resistance of wiring. Vg = relay circuit setting voltage. 41 = secondary exciting current of current transformer (set 1) at Vg volts. 4; = secondary exciting current of current transformer (et 2) at Vs volts. Js = relay circuit cument at ¥5 volts Jr = féult current co-responding to the rated stability limit as specified in 5.5.1. 7.10.1 Rated Stability Limit (Consider a phase-to-earth short-circuit at X and assume complete saturation of a current transformer (set 1), then Ys shall be not less than: Jp(A+CHE) T volts (D Consider a phase-toearth short-circuit at X and assume complete saturation of a current transformer (set 2), then Vg shall be not less than: Jp (B4D+F) T volts (ii) Consider @ phase-to-phase-or @ three-phese short-circuit at X and essume complete saturation of a current transformer (set 1), then Vs shall be not less than: Ip (A) TvoltsESI Standard 48-3 Page 24 Isrue 1 December 1977 (iv) Consider a phase-to-phase or a threephase short-circuit at X and assume complete saturation of a current transformer (set 2), then Vg shall be not less than: 7.10.2 Fault Setting ‘The fault setting is: 45 (8) T volts (g+31, +3i, WT amperes 7-11 Earth-Fault Protection for Busbars and Other Primary Plant Connections (One Relay Per Zone) Consider the system shown in Fig. 17. Let T= ABC = DE, FG, ALK 1 711.1 Rated Stability Limit = relay turns ratio of all current transformers. resistance of wiring plus current transformer winding, resistance of wiring, uitsetting voltage. secondary exciting current of any one current transformer at Vs volts, = solay circuit current at Vg volts, fault current corresponding to the rated stability limit as specified in 5.6, (Consider an external phase-fo-earth short-circuit and assume complete saturation of a current transformer, then Vg shall be not Jess than: Js (A*D*2G)P oF Ip (BYE*2HYT or Ip (CHP+2H*2K)T volts whicheveris the greatest Gi) Consider @ phase-to-phase of a three-phase external short-circuit and assume complete saturation of a current transformer, then Vg shall be not less than: Jp(A)T or Ig (BYT oF Jp (C)T volts whichever is the greatest 7.11.2 Fault Setting ‘The fault setting for 3 circuits is: (Is+91, YT amperesESI Standard 48-3 Page Issue 1 December 1977 For n circuits the fault setting is: Us +3 LT amperes where 3.1 = number of current transformers in paraliel with the relay. 7.42 Phase and Earth-Fault Protection for Basbars and Other Primary Plant Connections (One Relay Per Zone) Consider the system shown in Fig, 18. Let T = turns ratio of all current transformers. A,B, C= resistance of wiring plus current transformer winding. D,E,FG, i HK = resistance of wiring. Vs = relay circuit setting voltage. ty = secondary exciting current of any one current transformer at Vg volts. ue Js = relay circuit current at Vg volts... Je = fault current corresponding to the rated stability limit as specified in 5.6. 712.1 Rated Stability Limit (i) Consider an extemal phase-to-earth short-circuit and assume complete saturation of a current transformer, ther Vs shall be not less than: ‘ Fe(A*D¥2G)T oF Ip (BHEF2HNT or Ip (CHF+2H*2KYT volts whichever is the preatest Gi) Consider a phase-to-phase'or a three-phase external short-circuit and assume complete saturation of a current transformer, then Vs shall be not less than: In (A¥OYT oF Ip (B+ENT oF Ip (CHH+KYT volts whichever is the greatest 7.12.2 Fault Setting The fault setting for 3 circuits is: 430,31 amperes > Bie bane preteh For n circuits the fault setting is: Us +nt;)/Tamperes where = number of current transformers in parallel with the relay.ESI Standard 48-3 Page 26 Issue 1 Décember 1977 743° Phase and Earth-Fault Protection for Busbars and Other Primary Plant Connections (One Relay Per uit) Consider the system shown in Fig. 19. Let T = turns ratio of current transformers. A,B,C = resistance o” wiring plus current transformer winding. D.ELF.G,H = resistance o° wiring. = relay circuit setting voltage. = secondary ecciting current of current transformer at Vg volts. Js = each relay circuit current at Vs volts. ‘sn = current taken by fault setting resistor at Vs volis. Js, = current taken by peak voltage limiting device at Vs volts. J = fault current corresponding to the rated stability limit as spec'fied in 5.6, n= number of carrent transformers in parallel. m= number of relays in parallel. 7.13.1 Rated Stability Limit @ (i) Consider an extemal phase-to-earth short-circuit and assume complete saturation of a current transformer, then Vg shall be not less than: Fe (A*D+26+2H)T oF Ip (CHF#2G+2NT cr Jp (BHEF2G)T oF Ip (BUEY2ENT volts whichever is the greatest. Consider a phese-to-phase or a three-phase extemal short-circuit and assume complete saturation of a current transformer, then Fg shall be not less than: Te(AtGHHNT or le (CHG+H)T oF Ip (B+G)T or Jp (BEHYT volts whichever isthe’ greatest, 7.13.2 Fault Setting ‘The fault setting for 3 circuits is: Glg+3/) 4s pts, 7 amperes For n circuits the fault setting is: (mls +11, + Igq +1g,/T amperesESI Standard 48-3 Page 27 Issue 1 December:1977 8. PEAK VOLTAGE DEVELOPED UNDER INTERNAL FAULT CONDITIONS ‘The formula (see Mathews pp. 220-222) commonly used for checking the magnitude of the peak voltages developed by a current transformer under internal fault eonditrons is: 2/2, VF volts current transformer knee-point e.m.f, where: Vy, ¥_ = maximum voltage that would be produced if the current transformer did not saturate. X should be noted that this formula only applies for values of Fy, less than Vpf2. Ut Me is Yery much less than V as is usually the case, :he formula (Mathews p, 220-222) becon Vy = 2VTVT; volts 9. CONDITIONS OF ACCEPTANCE OF PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS SUBMITTED ON THE BASIS OF CALCULATED PERFORMANCE To be acceptable the system must satisfy the following requirements: 9.1 Rated Stability Limit Referring to the line in Table 1 appropriate to the plant or connections and the protective system under consideration, the rated Stability limit calculated in accordance with the clause referred: to in Column 4 shall be not less theit the value specified in the clause referred to in Column 3. 19.2 Fault Setting Referring to the line in “Table 1 appropriate to the plant or connections and the Protective systom under consideration, the fatlt setting calculated in accordance with the clause referred to in Column 6 shall not exceed the value specified in the elause referred to in Column 5. 9.3. Current Transformer Knee-point Voltage 7 No current transformer of the system shall have a knee-point voltage less than twice the relay circuit setting voltage. 9.4 Cunent Transformer Peak Secondary Voltage ‘The current transformer peak secondary voltage developed with maximum intemal fault current, as obtained by test or calculation, shall riot exceed 3000 volts, The method of caltulation for a system without limiting devices shall be as given in 8,ESI Standard 48-3 Page 28 Issue 1 December 1977 9.5 Current Transformer Turns Ratio Error No current transformer of the system shall have a per cent turns ratio error greater than twenty five times the ratio of the calculated primary fault setting to the assigned maximum through fault current. 9.6 Manufocturer’s Design Report All the relevant details of the protected equipment, protective system and calculations shall be submitted by the manufacturer on an appropriate design report which shall include the following: 9.6.1 Details of Protected Equipment and $} (i) Circuit Designation. (i) Rating of protected equipment or protected winding. @) MVA (b) Nominal voltage (©) Full load current Gil) Rated Stability Limit (iv) Method of earthing. (¥) Nominal earth-fault current (if system is earthed through an impedance and/or earthing transformer), (vi) Estimated residual charging current of feeder where protected equipment is e feeder transformer. if other than giver in this Standard), 9.6.2 Design Details of Line, Neutral and Auxiliary Current Transformers (i) Manufacturer, (ii) Identification No. - (iil) Turns ratio. (iv) Winding resistance (each winding in the case of auxiliary c.ts), (v) Excitation curve taken at least up to che knee-point e.m.f. or secondary exciting current at relay circuit setting voltage and knee-point e.m.f. : (vi) Confirmation that the c.ts are of the Jow-reactance type. In accordance with K.S.2 of Appendix K of BS 3938: 1973 (see Defnition 3.6 herein) the burden for the direct test shall be one half of the secondary winding resistance and the primary current for the direct test shall be the assigned maximum through fault current of the protection Concerned, while the voltage to be applied to the secondary winding for the indirect measurement shall be the product of the turns ratio the total burden (comprising secondary winding resistance and the aforementioned burden) and the aforementioned current. 9.6.3 Details of Connecting Leads Between Current Transformer and Relay Circuit (i) Diagram of Connections, 7 (ii) Estimated resistance of individual connections which are relevant.ESI Standard 48-3 Page29 Issue 1 December 1977 9.6.4 Details of Relay Cireuit (Diagram of connections, (i) Current and voltage setting ranges of main (high-impedance) relays and auxiliary relays (supervision, etc.) (ii) Recommended current and/or voltage setting of main and auxiliary relays. (iv) Recommended settings of all shunt and series setting resistors, (¥) Current taken by relay circuit at operation of main (high-impedance) relay. i) Voltage across relay circuit at operation of main relay, Recommended characteristics of peak voltage limiting device, 9.6.5 Performance Calculations (i) Required relay circuit setting voltage at rated stability limit. . (i) Fault setting.uneyysea eee ee uc asoud 7 tee ee qney-epsee sawiojsuen-orny —*Z vonparald epuaiayip (Aeyesainey AND (ANA pauigwos —— sea au “A end) zoe 3 re. a ynepagses jenueseysiq — sBupuymeyep pape (4) uopaeroud jepu9.94s16 (doyos sings Jako \AYA paUIqWOD ——_ LIP BL “A fo-AG) . age wes vse les dney-yzies yenuadsyj1q — “SBUIpUIA Jers payseS vuonsaosd j wre Nes bye (wes Buypuym exop poyrses(P) jeen0 way pauiquloa cet Wes reg ayney-agea jenuasas 110) Buipuym sors payuey — (2) “Burpy zee Wee ney Yaga exjap 40 sess pautie (a) “Buypuys wee 08 ree auney-upsna nrjap 40 5 paypsesun (2) sousojeues) BUI -£40-2 *L aw Guntas tines Bunnag pines aid ae Pee it ae) pave 3 s » e z L ESI Standard 48-3 Page 30 Issue 1 December 1977 ys quaunaog UW UH sasNOD 0} aouEsayOR| ~ | a}gEL, jooiayy wone|nayeD put Sumas yea iT AnEaes aeINdh:cs regs sory 23430 sso128) 2110 TOR ree snid (e's ere snjd (u}2’s ynepetpuea epuasaysiq) sowuoysuely sepo0g “L 242 i ag 7 {ouoz sod Bue ‘Ajax au} y)ne}-9s09 ge 4 eee vere pus asaud jenuasajsi (9) (evo? sod ‘Axjas auo) sine;-e9 zee Wes bere Jo'§ | pueasayd jepuasayyia (9) (vor sad Apjas au0} suopoauves uve ws bie. wos ayio.o sieqsng a vee ree ‘0 zee vee suneyuuee jonuaiaysig (2) soyseoy wns “sg synapses vee rss vee 15S pur sseyd jenuar2}s10 (a) ore res rove WES'S — ynepyuEe envwaG —{e) soiseay S205 “y, ayey-ys09 wes 16% ue aseyd yenu2s34310 {soursoysuesj joreseuag 10 wes vee syneyryee renuasayia nq) auIpeW snouo.tpUAS —“e aT sumas rine i 8 Bua Augers pase wok susig yo uonelnaye9 na ee ieee ‘s 9 s y £ z L fepueg) £21704ESI Standard 48-3, Page 32 Issue 1 December 1977 vores syynaup Avyes rowdy 1 ia oa vou a1 oud ri aia a ous te a Th rn mr bene fh 2 a Ww pa a t a Wye vane. anton YN LiL = x a isoie ar surat a0 41 ou now a ou au la aio wow 8 Ey “| sa fo SATWA “| SAEWA ‘ARMA Ba we we we r 4 L.<-f}---4 L<-ft—-4 at wt so a J shut 7 nowESI Standard 48-3 Poge33 sue December 197, sciea (a3193NHO9" ¥L130) SOMIOHIA WBHUOUSHYWL OZHLNYSNA Vos NOID3LOud LInvs HAY? “rod inoxe| ar Lit, wogsnjoud nappies pue nuacoyp aydung yp gc Seg (02192NN09 wvas) SONIONIK, WaHUOISHYUL C2HABYZNN wos NOLL9310ua Kinys HiMV3 ou fins: eae q NolL9340ud TVILNaVadsIO 31EHIS Zolasc/68 sBupurs juojd soy uonsayoud yore 977 S “Ty consn 3e ant 5201436 SmNIWYS TALIENIITF i 33108 7 : (03L93NNO UVLS) OHIGNIK 3NIKOYH (@3193NN09 ¥i130) oHtONIm WBHUOSSHVUL SNONOWHONAS YO NOLDYIM LHNHS‘HaHUOSSHYEL GaHLuva Wos NOLLIRONd LInvs HLUYa O3HIMV3 WOs HOILDILOud LINYA HLUVI “old = sold esa 38 AYM 5221830 oaINLWYa JANN LY (awwvanaiy nan) (aievanayy 2130 wousisay ‘worsi538 ammaeys Wan * axmuavia oeia = 7 ( finowi 7 ani 7 b fly He e rf |e []e « ESI Standard 48-3 Page 34 Issue 1 December 1977 ) |ESI Standard 48-3 Page 35 Issue 1 December 1977 tI |* x | tim ra t — r —) | a nn mx | {—_} a " D «|| 6] | 6 RELAY| a" Einsunt F OVERALL DIFFERENTIAL RELAY ‘tg 7 2 x Pf e i eee 7 2 x Re Ro Ro Fig, 7 Earth-fault protection for transformer ste . 9137 winding (combined with overall protection)ESI Standard 48-3 Page 36 Issue} December 1977 0) its | co Hi {0 poo went Oh 8 4 (edd sae L feet i a 7. fites Tree fie] 0 . neu Hy 9/38 Fig. 8 Earth-fault protection for transformer dusl Ly. starwindings (combined with 3-winding overall protection)ESI Standard 48-3 Poge 37 Issue 1 December 197 Th rm 7 Ceo an * = i) x B LJ 6! G| Gc ng TO rT] RELAY incur 5 be F = L$ 3 3 —I TPA LT wT a OVERALL DIFFERENTIAL y RELAY fae " ‘ te : fe Re Fig. 9 Earth-fault protection for transformer delta winding (combined with overall protection) 89/99ESI Standard 48-3 Page 38° Luc 1 December 1977 = fa OVERALL DIFFERENTIAL RELAY 9/40 Fig. 10 Earth-fault protection for dual Ly. delta windings (combined with 3.winding overall protection)ESI Standard 48-3 age 39, sue 1 December 1977 set maaan) co is a | Cn. | oe 7 mm o, | Th z ct oH fren : wer! tear SET 2 y am. fant tu é SYYT). 71M pb ¢ Liam oO ——™} TH 5 a 4 ner 2 sl} ¢ 6 1 RELAY Li lwneurt 3 3 3" a, : T F TS OVERALL DIFFERENTIAL RELAY - af] fel ]f Gao a K 3 eae 5 , Ro Rl Ro K Fig. 11° Karth-ault protection for transformer dul sons ‘Ly. star windings (combined with overall protection)ESI Standard 48-3 Page 40 Issue 1 December 1977 set | i B38 RELAY lciacurr u T3 Re Fig. 12. Earth-fault protection for transformer dual Ly, delta windings (combined with overall protection) B92ESI Standard 48-3 Page 41 Issue ] December 1977 LY.LIME crs 7 | HEUTRAL CT's ! mn 7 Fil I T c | I en ! ; i 7 mM YY Mm e || a : I I mM {I + mM mn E c 4 2 iD 7 K F J +o} RELAY SIRCUIT L. 7 oot Fig. 13 Earth-fault protection for auto-traneformer BorsaESI Standard 48-3 Page 42 Issue 1 December 1977 Ly. LUKE cr's : HY, LINE. Cs | | : | mM | H ar | | 7 | He FY mt b E x c B [o F 6 + c bey AELAY. CIRCUIT may SIRCU PELAY (incur & {——}4 z Fig. 14 Phase and earth-fault pro‘eetion for autotransformer solaESI Staidard 483 Page 43 Laue 1 December 1977 x SET | Set 2 | T T | ; mM mmm. mm L | | R B 1 | HL Mm oe fan i I t I | x “eS | | non. ! f : > I a B 2 6 > c oi. L aa i + 1 aL nevay | |netay.| |RELAY lcircurr) ERcurr | fcracurr HEUTRAL EARTHING RESISTOR (WHERE APPLICABLE) (SEE NOTE) NOTE ALTERNATIVE _EARTHING DEVICES MAY BE USEO Fig. 15 Phase and earh-fault protection for synchronous machines, seres and shunt reactors 94sESI Standard 48-3 Page 44 Issue 1 December 1977 i sett set2 | mM a rom 1 \ oo ttc) \ ( m m | feast ce [Pt eal) | 7 tay it Fes £ } bat AACUIT Fig. 16 ' Earth-fnult protection for series reactor: Ho} BaasESI Standard 48-3 Page 45. Issue 1 December 1977 t eo d}eljc r 4 E F K RELAY lomcurr c 4 K i cat Fig. 17 Earth-fault protection for busbars and other Raise Primary plant connections (one relay per zone)51 Standard 48-3 Paste isuel December 19° hk ia v | Ag ayya Bil al | es (Oph E F CB tl T* = 4 ik co 7 é W % netay|| - incur : ear || leincury evay | — ‘ ciacurr X K Ly Fig. 18 Phase and earth-favlt protection for busbats ora ‘and other primary flant connections (one relay per zone)ESI Standard 48-3 Page 47 Issue] December 1977 T faa b f F cl I} (cl 3 ‘333 I a | fo 8} | 8} ] 5 RELAY RELAY | RELAY jcincurr| eincuty curcurT| REUY RELAY RELAY jeiRcurt| oiRcurT} JeiRcutr| 1 RELAY rey {| | [rear r cinourr circury ‘ciRcUIT } 6 X 4 ot c ¢ : ~L 6s L € Peax vourace = 7 7 FAULT. SETTING Liming DEVICES 7 RESISTORS Fig. 19 | Phase and eartt-fault protection for busbars e019 and other primary plant connections (one relay per elreuit)EST Standard 48—3 Page 48 Issue 1 December 1977 ~ APPENDIX A. THE ASSIGNED MAXIMUM THROUGH-FAULT CURRENT FOR TRANSFORMERS Al. TWO WINDING TRANSFORMERS In 5.2Gi) of this Standard, the assigned maximum through-fault current has been taken as 16 times the rated current of the protected winding of the power transformer. The basis of this figure is given below in order that other values canbe agreed where necessary; in particular where current transformer accommodated is a limitation. Zs2y,2q INFINITE BUS In Fig. Al 89/63, Consider the system shown in Fig, Al. " Z, = Transformer impedance (assuming positive, negative and zero phase sequence values to be equal). ‘ 21,24 and Zp = Impedance of remainder of systein to the point of connection of the transformer. (Positive, negative and zero phase sequence impedences, respectively). Assume the ustal case where Z, is approximately equal to Z2. For a single phase to earth-fault at the point shown, ee ZZ Fi Ze Aas 1th th WtAESI Standard 48-3 Page 49 Issue 1 December 1977 Let Zp = AZ, aeons WZ, kay Z, Z FZ, KE, +2, then, = Ly = Jo E@. +2.) (KZ, +2) WZ, BL, #Z,) RL ,Z, Ly FZ) E(Z, +Z) (kZ, +Z,) : ZZ, (3kZ,+(2*k)Z,) Jo passes through Zo in parallel with thezero sequence impedance of the transformer ie. KZ, in parallel with Z,, Let the zero sequence current flowing through the zero-sequence impedance of the transformer be Joy. then Joy = KE (Zs +2.) * Z, (3kZ, +24 HZ) Similarly for the positive and negative sequence currents through the transformer: EZ, +2) Mesh = FGF Al ‘The neutral current in the transformer, J, is given by: ‘ IKE (Z, +Z,) tn = Slo = FET, FQFHZ) that is J, is the through-fault current. for a three-phase fault, neglecting source impedance. a 3k +R) Ip en In = EEEESI Standard 48-3 . Page 50 Issue 1 December 1977 ‘Table Al gives the value of: 3k +R) 3k+Q*OR for combinations of values of k and R: fable Al — Evaluation 3k +8) Table Al — Eyaluatio: foes EHR Value Valus afk of R 05 140 16 2 38 1075 100 112 12 1.28 10062 1100126 ee 1188 50 O81 100 128 1491.7 wo 060 100 128 1481.79. yo 0.80 4.00 128 150 CLS Early CEGB requirements were based on a factor of 1.5 applying to pessimistic conditions and @ transformer impedance of 10 per cent giving d value of 15 times the rated current for J. Subsequently this was revised to 16 times rated current in accordance with BS 3950. Although transformer percentage impedance has increased with increased iransformer ratings, it has not been neccesary fo revise this stability limit as there has been no difficulty in achieving it with current transformers designed within the available accommodation. However, should difficulty be encountered in achieving the above rated stability limit in a particular application, it would be adequate to specify a current of 1.5 /, based on the Jactual transformer impedance. Where considered appropriate, the factor 1.5 may be seplaced by the factor from Table Al (or evaluated, from the associated expression) using values of & and R applicable to the system and transformer concerned. AQ. THREE WINDING AND AUTO-TRANSFORMERS Autotransformers are usually provided with a tertiary delta and so, as for a three winding transformer is represented by three star connected impedance in each sequence network. The ratio of zero phase sequence impedance to positive phase sequence impedance varies from one design of transformer to another and sd a general solution as given in Al would be considerably more complex. If a redustion in the assigned maximum through-fault current of 5.2Gi) or 5.3(ii) is necessary this should be calculated for the particular case bearing in mind the influence of the ratio Z/Z.. Peblished and printed by ‘Teehaleal Documentatian Branch Engineering Servicer, COGB jan House, 24 Cathedral Place, London ECAP 4E8 JOINT PLANT TECHNICAL COMMITTEEMeasurements THEGENERAL ELECTAIC COMPANY, ple, OF ENGLAND TYPES CAG14 & CAG34 TYPES FACI4 & FAC34 HIGH IMPEDANCE RELAYS Fe° DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION APPLICATION NOTES Issued : April 1982 ‘ST LEONARDS WORKS R-5776-PA STAFORO STA, ueTHE APPLICATION OF HIGH IMPEDANCE RELAYS The application of the CAGI4 ond FACI4 relays to the protection of machines, power transformers and busbor Tnstollations is based on the high impedance valtage differential principle, requiring stability for dny type of fault occurring outside the protected zone and satisfactory operation for faults within the zone. & high impedance relay is defined as a relay or relay circuit whose voltage setting is not fess than the calculated maximum voltage which con ‘oppecr across its terminals under the essigned maximum through fault current condition. FIGURE 1 It can be seen from Figure 1 that during an external fault the through fault current’ should circulate between the c.f. secondaries and the only current that can flow through the relay circuit is that due to ony difference in the c.t. outputs for the same primary current. Magnetic saturation will reduce the output of a c.t. and the most 1 ye cose of error will be if one c.t. is completely saturated and the other unaffected. his condition con be approached in busbor installations, due to the multiplicity of infeeds and extremely high foult level, but is unlikely on machines or povier transformers due to the limitation of through fault level by the orotected units impedance, and the fact that the comparison is made between a limited number of c.t.'s. However it is this exireme case hich is considered ond for it'@ ¢.t. at one end can be considered fully saturated with its mognetising impedance ZMB short circuited, the c.f. caf the other end being ungffected delivers its full current output which will then divide between the relay and the saturated c.t. This division willbe in the Inverse ratio of Beevay circum &% Req. +28, and obviously IF Reet ay cygciurr if hiah compared with Rey +2R) then the Felay will be prevented from undesirable’ operation os mo:t of the current will pass through the saturated c. + To express the current transformer requirements for this type of protection it is then necessary to colculate the voltage appecring acrosi the relay circuit Var equivalent to |p Weg #2R). :Page 2 where Ip = moximum through fault secondary current Rep = current transformer secondary winding resistonce R= maximum lead resistance from the current transformer to the relay tapping point Then to ensure satisfactory operation of the relay under internal fault conditions the current transformer knee point voltage should be not less than twice the relay voltage setting i.e Vy > Vp. The knee point voltage of a current transformer merks the upper limit of the roughly linear portion of the secondary winding excitation characteristic and is defined exactly in British practice os that point on the excitation curve where a 10% increase in exciting voltage products a 50% increase in exciting current. : ae current transformers should be of equal ratio and magnetic characteristics and of sow reactance construction, In cases where low reactance c.t,'s are not available and high reactonce ones must be used it is essential to use in the calculations for the voltage setting, the reactance of the current transformer and express the current transformer impedance asa complex number in the form R.. +JX_- ond also to ensure that the exciting impedance of the c.t. is lorge-in compor'sen With Its seconday ohmic impedance at the relay voltage selting. APPLYING THE CAGI4 As the CAGI4 is a current calibrated reloy with setting ranges of : 0,025 = 0.1004, 0.050 - 0.2004 0,100 - 0.4004 0.200 - 0.8004, 9,771 = 2.00, by = 4.004 and with a fixed burden of approximately 1VA at setting current, its impedance varies with the setting current used and therefore to comaly with the definition fora high impedence relay, it is necessary in most applications fo utilise on externally mounted stabilising resistor in series with the relay coil. ‘The standard ratings of the stabilising resistors normally supplied with the reloy are 400, 200 and 50 ohms for 0.5, 1.0.and-5.0A current transformer secondaries respectively. In applications such as busbar protection, where higher values of stabilising resistor are often required to obtoin the desired relay voltage setting, non standard resistor values can be supplied. The sterdard resistors are wire wound, continuously edjustable end hove @ cantinuous rating of 120 watts. The recommended relay current setting ts usuolly determined by the minimum fault current availoble for operation of the relay and whenever possible it should not be greater thon 30% of the minimum faylt Inve!Page 3 The relay effective setting is also determined by the number of current transformers in parallel with the relay end is given by the expression + ' P N MIptn 1) where N current transformer ratio relay setting current number of current transformers in parallel with the relay current transformer exciting current at the relay voltage setting le n ‘, The required value of stabilising resistor to be used with the relay fora given application con easily be calculated once the reley voltoge and current settings are Une un, Ibis given by the expression : Re relay voltage setting relay current setting relay volt-amperes burden APPLYING THE FACT4 As the FACI4 iso voltage calibroted relay with setting renges of 25-175V or 25-325V it is inherently a high impedance relay requiring no exterral resistors. Its operating current for the various voltoge settings is as follows, (including the metrosi! current) : dering Volts 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 Ip (mA) 19 19 20° 23 7 % 53 Setting Volts 25° 75 125 (175 225 «275 «825 Tp (mA) 19 19 20 22 24 2 44 The relay effective setting con be calculoted in the same manner as described for the CAGI4. USE OF METROSIL NON LINEAR RESISTORS - CAG14 When the maximum through fault current is limited by the protected circuit impedance such os fa the case of generator differentia! end power transformer restricted earth fault protection, it is generally found unnecessary to use metrosil non-linear resistors. However, when the moximum through foult current is high such as in busbar protection, it is alwoys advisable to use non-linear resistors across the relay circuit (relay ond stabilising resistor) in order to limit the peak voltage developed by the currentPoge 4 transformers under internal fault conditions, toa value belox the insulation level of the current transformers, relay end interconnecting pilots which are normally designed to withstond 3000V peck. A formula that can be uied to determine the epproximate voltage developed by @ current transformer under internal fault conditions is given by the expression : Vp = 2/2 Ve W;-Vy) ; where V, = peak voltage developed by the .f. under internal foult conditions Vig = current transformer knee-point volisge V_ = maximum volts that would be produced if the current transformer did not saturate ond it were equal to Iy(Roy + 2R, + Rex + Re) : where I;1= maximum internal foult secondary current Roy = current transformer secondary winding resistance Ry = maximum lead burden from current transformers fo relay Rey = Feloy stabilising resistor Ra = relay ohmic impedance at the relay current setting When the value given by the formula is greater than 3000 volts peak, the use of non-tinear resistors is recommended, These non-linear resistors cre effectively connected across the relay circuit or phase to neutral of the A.C. buswires and serve the purpose of shunting the secondary current output of the current transformer from the relay.in order to prevent the current Hronsformers being driven into saturation and thereby producing very high ond peaky secondary voltages. linear resistors are externally mounted and take the form of annular dises, of jometer ond approximately 3" thickness. Their operating characteristics ‘| ow me expression : (0.25 Ve = kl where V = peck volts applied to the metrosil K constant of the metrosil 1 current through the metrosil. This current has an r.m.s. volue oF 0.52 times the value given by the above formula. This is due to the fact that the current waveform through the metrosil is not sinusoidal but appreciably distorted. For satisfactory application of the non-linear resister: the characteristics should be such thot it complies with the following requirements : Al the relay voltage setting, the metrosil current is as low as possible but no greoter than approximately 30mA r.m.s. for 1A current transformers and epproximately 100mA r.m.s. for SA current transformers.Poge 5 Ti) > At the maximum secondary current, the metrotil cut-off point should not be greater thon 1500V r.m.s, or 2120V peak: The metrosils normally recommended for the CAG14 are os follows : For secondary currents up to 504, the type 6004/51 with a constant of 900. For secondary currents up to 100A, the type 600A/S2/P with a constant of 620/740. For secondary currents up to 150A, the type 600A/S3/P with a constant of 620/740. USE OF METROSIL NON-LINEAR RESISTORS ~ FACI4 “re to the high impedonce of the FACI4 relay the us2 af a shunting metros!l is always inded and the type 6004/51 with a constant cf 900 for secondary current levels p to SOA r.m.s, is supplied asa standard. For higher secondary. current ratings; metrosils similar to those specified for the CAG 14 are recommended. TYPICAL EXAMPLE OF CAG14/FACI4 APPLICATION * The correct application of high impedance relaying can best be illustrated by taking the case of 1000 KVA power transformer of ratio 11kV/415V for which restricted earth fault protection is required on the L.V. winding. HK 15v ssao/s4 Fer so3ohms, Ref onsenms Powen TRANSFORMER 1000 kVA, X:6% FIGURE 2 The power transformer full load current = 1000x10° = 13954, ax AS Maximum through fault level (ignoring source impedarce) = 100 x 1395 5 = 27,9008Poge 7 and for the FACI4 of SOV = J = 0.3464, APPLICATION OF METROSIL NON-LINEAR RESISTORS FOR THE CAG14 If the peck voltage, appearing across the relay circuit, under maximum internal fault conditions exceeds 3000V peak then o suiteble non-linear resistor, externally mounted, should be connected across the relay and stabilising resistor, in order to protect the insulation of the current transformers, relay ond interconnecting pilots. In the present case the peak voltage can be estimated by the formula : = a a < n 7 70.6V (assumed value). In practice this shall be the actual current transformer knee point voltage, obtained from the current I ransformer magnetization curve. : = 27900x 5 (0.3 +0.08 + 34.3 +1), 1500 = 93x 35.68 = 3320 volts. Therefore substituting these values for V,. ond V; in the above formula it con be seen thot the peak voltage developed by the Current transformer is : Vp = 2 ¥2x 70.6 x (332 2.82 x 8.4 x 57 1350 volts. value is well below the moximum of 3000 volts peak and therefore no metrosils are red with the relay. If, on the other hond, the peck voltage V», given by the formula req) had been greater than 3000V peok, o non-linear resistor would have to be connected across the relay circuit and the recommended metrosil type would have been chos accordance with the moximum secondary current of 27900x 5 = 93A. 7500 . en in Therefore the metrosil reference would have been the 600A/S2/P with e constant of 620/740, Attoched are sketches of the various appli incorporation in the leaflet, Hions for high impedence relaying for