High voltage transmission system Unit breaker Unit transformer TExtemnal™! 'feeder |(option 2) I | \ I | 1 | I -1 | | | a \ ' ' Generator breaker ' toner ' | (option 1) ; 1 ! ; be memes wu eemueweesn TI \ I \ l \ I | | | | \ | — Generator Lone 7 Start-up transformer Turbine Auxiliary Power Supply Single Line Diagram - Connection to the Grid Fig. 1.1High voltage transmission system Unit breaker External feeder | Ui (option 2)! transformer ; | | | () Auxiliary i transformer | Ss Start-up \ transformer ~ ~ =J—~ — r--c-cc MV switchgear ' | Generator ; breaker Circuit ' (option 1) breaker Los Lv trans- formers LV | switchgear Generator TurbineBAA BAB11 BAB35,36,37 BAB40 BAC BAT BBT BBE BFE BFT BJA BJE BLT BLE BTA BTL BUB BUG/BUH BUL/BUN/BUR CJUN CUT MAA MBA MBU01 MKA MKC XKA01 UPS CXX01 Generator busbar Generator neutral point cubicle Generator measuring cubicle Section disconnectors (SFC) Generator circuit breaker Generator transformer Station service transformer MV unit switchgear LV switchgear Low voltage transformer LV distribution panel LV motor control centre Small consumer transformer Small consumer motor control center DC battery DC battery charger DC motor control center DC Unit switchgear 24 V DC/DC converter Static excitation equipment Compact unit SFC/SEE Steam turbine Gas turbine Start-up frequency converter (SFC) transformer Generator Excitation transformer Emergency diesel generator set Uninterruptible power supply Local control panel 1&C KKS-Codes of Possible Components in the Single Line Diagram Fig. 1.3zy HN NOGA S @ Fig. 1.4 Turbine with generator Motor three-phase Transformer with on-load tap changer Transformer with off-load tap changer AC/DC converter Battery charger Static inverter DC/DC converter Choke > Current transformer o- Voltage transformer Earthing transformer —_ — om Circuit breaker operated by electric motor and plug-in Earthing resistor Lightning arrestor _= Symbols in Single Line Diagram 4h - Earthing switch Capacitive earthing Cable connection Molded case circuit breaker (thermal magnetic type) Fuse Battery Star point connectionLow voltage switch plant 6 kV switch plant Power Control Center (PCC) with Typical Constituents Fig. 1.5Fig. 1.6 Open-Air SwitchyardCorvoaskena Three-limb core Low-voltage winding High-voltage winding Low-voltage terminals High-voltage terminals Switch terminal (delta connection) Resilient spacers Clamping frame and truck Insulation: mixture of epoxy resin and quarz powder 630 kVA GEAFOL Transformer Fig. 2.1Core and coil assembly Iron core Windings On-load tap changer with motor drive mechanism Bushings Buchholz relay Tank Tank cover Truck Conservator 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 Ss Cutaway View into a 10 MVA Power Transformer Fig. 2.2Movement of cooling medium: A Air N Natural movement ojle 1 oO Oil or synthetic fluid with flash point < 300°C F Forced movement 2 —o——————————— = K |] Fluid with flash point > 300°C D |} Direct movement L_ |] Fluid with non-measurable flash point er 'W || Water SS See Identification of cooling methods: Inner cooling 1 Outer cooling 4. Letter 2. Letter 3. Letter 4. Letter Cooling medium movement of Cooling medium movement of cooling medium cooling medium AOKF | NFD 0 Aw 0 NF t Example ONAN: Qo ° Methods of Cooling Fig. 2.3Wiring diagram u vow nnection DELTA Connectiot ow ow Symbol_| Letter A Dord 1 j u vow Wiring diagram STAR Connection uv ow symbol_| Letter as Yory : Starpoint connected to external |[Letter Norn j Circuit diagram " High-voltage Low-voltage winding winding connected in connected in 10, delta star 1U 2U é 3 HV av tow 2Wo} 8 Vector group (fl [| Vector Group Fig. 2.4Low-voltage winding Transformer with ON-LOAD tap changer 2U av 2w IN WU qv 1W o Oo o z ce Main winding 9 —! LL Resistor Resistor Tap OT selector Fine tapping ° Oo winding O° ° PGP PrP Pen) Principle of Tap Changer Fig. 2.5Low-voltage winding High-voltage winding Diverter switch loz 20-4 with el resistor Tap Changer as Installed Fig. 2.6Expansion Top float (alarm) Oil drain cock tank Buchholz relay \ Baffle plate __ As-installed view Bottom float (trip) Sectional view Sectional view . Buchholz Relay Fitted in Upward Oil Line Fig. 2.7 between Transformer Tank and Expansion TankOil/paper inner insulation Porcelain or composite insulator Current transformers DC current transducers ‘for HVDC Fo inner insulation Voltage transformers. Composite insulator inductive Current transformers capactve eraeiael orm Voltage transformers | ‘Combined units Current transformers: Reactors: or resonant test ets 420 Kv Das al High-Voltage Instrument Transformers 72,5 kV to 800 kV500 kV high-voltage DC current transformer in a HVDC substation in California, USA Fig. 2.9 245 kV switchyard with combined instrument transformers in Germany 345 kV combined instrument transformers with SF, insulation in a switchyard in Texas, USA Measuring Transformers in the Switchyardeee eee A ye ee Principle circuit diagram High-voltage terminal Series reactance Transformer Ground terminal Ferroresonance suppression device Damping resistor Carrier (HF) terminal Overvoltage protective device Secondary terminals Link Serenowayna Principle of a Capacitive Voltage Transformer Fig. 2.10relative secondary current 0 2 4 6 8 10 Ih/In relative primary current | Characteristics of CT's with Overcurrent Factors of Fig. 2.11 p= 10 and p =5 for Protection Purposes