c



Areas and Volumes

Triangle

Area: ½ x base x height

base

Pythagoras͛ Theorem:
A

B C

Suppose you have to find out one side of a triangle, with the other two sides given. They you can use the
formula given below.

BC2 = AB2 + AC2

Area of a triangle according to given sides:

a b

మ
ඥ ‫ݏ‬ሺ‫ ݏ‬െ ܽ ሻሺ‫ ݏ‬െ ܾ ሻሺ‫ ݏ‬െ ܿሻ
Where s = ½ x a x b x c

a, b and c are the sides of a triangle

Area of a box

Length x Width x Height

Circumference of a circle

C=2xʋxr or ʋxd

where r is the radius and d is the diameter.

Area of a circle

r  
 

Area = ʋ x r2
Area and Perimeter of Rectangle

Perimeter = 2L + 2W or 2(L + W)

Area = L * W

Area of Parallelogram

Area = b * h

Area of Trapezoid
Area = ½ x (a + b) x h

Volume and Surface Area of a Rectangular Solid

Volume = Lx W x H
Surface Area = 2(L*W + H*W + H*L)

Volume and Surface Area of a Right Circular Cylinder

Volume = ʋ x r 2 x h
Surface Area = 2 x ʋ x r x h

Volume and Surface Area of a Right Circular Cone

Volume = Ы x ʋ x r 2 x h
Surface Area = ʋ x r x я(r 2 + h 2)



Read the ratios section on page 49 (proportional parts). The example will be enough to explain
you the matter. If not, I will show you and clarify you the things.

c  c
Factors
ab + ac = a(b + c)

a2 ʹ b2 = (a ʹ b) (a + b)
a2 ʹ 2ab + b2 = (a ʹ b) (a ʹ b)
a2 + 2ab + b2 = (a + b) (a + b)
a2 ʹ b2 has no factors

Quadratic equation:

When there is a middle term breaking you cannot solve, you can use the following formula to
find the values of x:

Suppose the equation is:

ax2 + bx + c = 0

The formula will be:

െܾ േ ξܾ െ Ͷܽܿ
l
ʹܽ

Example:

3x2 ʹ 5x + 6 = 0

Now we have to determine the value of a, b and c.

a = 3, b = -5, c = 6.
Now put the values in the equation provided and then you will get two values for x. Remember,
there is a ± sign, meaning that there will be a part where u have to add (+) and deduct (-). A
clear example is given in pg. 110 of the ordinary level book.

Log 10 x = y

Middle number = x
Base = 10
Right had side = y

Middle number = base right hand side

Unitary Method:

Example:
Q: It takes 10 boys to build 5 rooms. The next day 2 boys take leave. Thus how many rooms will
the rest of the boys make?

A: 10 boys make 5 rooms

1 boy makes 5/10 rooms = ½
Therefore:
8 boys make ½ x 8 = 4 rooms