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28 x 400= . 2800 x 4 = .

28 x 4000 ::..,." 28000 x 4 = ......

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I'm "tllV UVn~E"t(~1ttoll 1tpUKnKWV 1tPol3),.,l1~(nWV cmo r nv Ku811~EPlV1l ~W1l U1tUl rei rn t tvu~ \ll11AO~l)a8~o~ 611~toUPYlKO"t11"tU~. To o irnuu YW &VOlYI-lU "tOUoxoAdou o rnv «oivcovio tXEl "tllV svvoin on "to 1tEPU::XO~EVO "tll;; OtOaOKUAiu~ KUt YEVtK& Ot OPUO"tllPtO"tllTE'; rrro OXOAEio 1tpt1tEt vc EXOUV &~Eall 0XEall I-lE TU Ku811~EPtV& 1tPOJ)A1lI-lU"tU 1tOU uvn~E"t(j)1ti~Et TO 1tuloi n ~E UUT& 1tOU 8a OUVUVTnaEt ern ~EAAOV"tU(n TOU sun;. H ~Uenl-luTtI(Q1toin011 T11~ 1tPOJ)),.,11IJ.UTtKn;;KaT&crTa011S, 01tW'; Kat K&8E 1tpUYI-lUnKn E(puPlloyn Tn.; J.!a8nJ.!unK1l,; yvwon.;, urtcn rei Eva l)a8J.!o uTOJ.!tKnC; 011J.!toUPytK1lC; 1tUPEIll)aoll';. Btl)aw, w;; EVVOLUn "Ol1lltOuPYIK()"(ma" ai vat OUCJl<OAO va 1tPOOOtoPWTEt n vn nepi ypu<PEl, 8EWPElTUt oxrroco a1t08EKTO 1tW'; IJ.1tOpEi VU UPXii;,Et U1tO TnV U1tAn xpnon UAU(WV, 1t.x. yw TllV KaTUaKEIJn YEWJ.lETPiKWV (JTEPEWV n J.!OV1"tAwv, va 1tpoxwpd crov napaywytKO ouvoucouo 8E80J.l£vWV Kat 1t11YWV yw rn ouvoscn J.lw;; vEu;; EVOTllTUC; KUt vo. l<U"taAnYEl OTO XEtptcrJ.lO EVVDtWV, apxwv xnt tOEWV YW Tll 8tuTunwon IJ.tac; vEa~ 8Ewpia~ n T11Vano8El~11 EVOC;o.YVWOTOU yw TO o.TOIlO SEwpn~aTO;;. npOKEt~B.VOIJ yta rn lJ.aSnlJ.UTtKo. TOU 0111l0nKOU OXOAE10IJ n uccvo-cnro T11C; i1lJ.toUP')'lKOT11TUC; Sa uva1tTux8d o I-lE "tllV UV&8Wll tpywv 1tOU EVWXUOIJV TnV npwwJ)ou),.,iu KUl T11(pUVTUoiu "tOU ~u811"tn. H uvo.8Wll £PYWV npaKHKnC; 1-l0p(pnC;, 01tWC; TO OXE61O TO\) O"1n nov TOU Kat "to npoypuJ.!J.!U ~LtW:; nIJ.Epn01U~ EK6POIl1lC;, n Ou::pEuVnan EVOC;1tpoJ)AnllaTOC; IJ.E Tn ~LE"tuJ)oAn TWV ouv8nKWV Kat (PUOtKo. n OWTU1tWOn 1tpOJ)AnIJ.UTOC;U1tO TO ioto TO 1tatOl, sivru opaOTnp1.()1;nTEe; rrou U VU1tTUOOOUVHe; on~ LOUpytKtC; TOU tKU VOTn"tEe;.

LE evav KOO~LO ortou TU ouvoou KUTapyouvTal uno TU !-ltou !-lu(,u<ne; E1ttK,Ol vwviw;, TU OPW~EVU OTO SVU o.KPO rou nAUVtlT11 E1t11PEo.~OUV o.~wa "tIC; E~EAi~EtC; O'W o.AAO Kat n OUVEXt(,OJ.lEVll KU"tumpO(P1l TOU 1tEPlJ)UAAOVTOS U1tEtAd TO iow IJ1tEu8uvous Kat a8woue;, m 1tEptSWPW a1t0J.lOVWallC; Kat UVTaywVlO!-lOU E~UV't'AOVVTal. Ta 1tUl6lo. 1tPE1tEl VU aVU1tTU~OUV o no vwpiC; Tl1V tKU VOT11TUouvEpyuoias yw TnV E1tt1"uxiu KOt VWV OTOXWV si TE rtooxetrut yw TO nUlXVLOlElTE npOKEtTat I'm Tll lJ.o.8non. H 1tupUOOmUKll UV1"iAn1IJn 1"11C; u't'oIlU(ne; 1tPOO1t&SE1UC;KUt TOU uvrcvcoviouou OE EninEoo l)a8~L08npius otvEl rn Oscn rnc OTnV OIlUOU<1i npoa1t(i8ElU Kat rn OUVTPO(pU'::OTnTU. H Auon 1tpOJ)An!-lams U1tO O!-lUOU sivai aTOxOS crov oxoio OiVETat TWPU ~Eyo.Al1 o nunoin. Ftn rnv UA01tOi110n rou 0IlWS ununEhat KUAn npoerouincln TWV 1tUtOtWV KUt1tPoypUIlJ.lanO~Os a1to TO Oo.Q"l<uAo.

II:TOPIKH ANAAPOMH

TON EMcDAI:EON THI: MA0HMATIKHI: nAIAEIAI:

H l-1a8nIJ.aLtKn 1':1<71:O.i68Oon O-rI1\' Kunpo, OE yEvlKEe; ypaIJ.IJ.Ee;,aKoA.ou8nm: ne;

\lluxonatoaywYU(Ee; aVLtA.nWEle; Kat ru; Ol6W<-rlKEe; xpoosvv ioeu; ztou Ka-ra KatpOUe; EnU(paTOUOav 01:0 ounKO 1<001-10. Onwe; ei vnt YVWo-ro, Ot npooEyyioEle; o-ra lJ.a8nIJ.aLtKa nEpaoav IJ.EOa urto rpeu; <paone;: (a) -rn <paon rnc aKpa-rlle; £~am(none;, (~) rn (po.on -rne; xuruvoncnc TWV£VVOlWVKat (y) Tn <paon -rWV vewv lJ.a8nlJ.anKWV. KaeE <paon avnKaTonTpts£ KUptWe;· ru; £~I':A.i~£le;n Kal £nlOpaO£t',; T11';lllUxoAoyiae; Kat n npW<T1Kn rtou ertucpn-rouoe os Ka8£ (paOn aVTaVaKA.OUO£ ru; lO££e; ztou £K(Ppo.Sov-cav anO xopuqio iot«; \ilUxoAoyouC; Kat EKnalOSULtKOUe;. 1. H q>tiOll 't'11C;E;a.OKll0llC; (drill and practice-Euunepupoptouoc), H 8Ewpia TOU Thorndike, onwe; anoKpuo<aA.A.w8nK£ 0<0 13113A.i0TOU "The Psychology of Arithmetic" (1922), errnpeuoe os nOAu lJ.£YaA.o l3a8~lo rn 6loaOKuAlfJ. rcov lJ.a8n~lanKwv OTnV Konpo ano TO 1930 IJ.ExPt TO 1960. Bocucn Ka1"£u8uvon1"l1e; OU)aOl<aAiae; nrev 0 n:lJ.aXLOI-10e; -rne; UAne; oe IJ.lKpte; aVE~o.p-rnTec; EvoTnT£C;. Ot svornrsc aU1"Ee;tEpapxouv-cav ana ne; mo EUKOA£e; cru; nLO OUO](OAee; «rn OTOxOe; -cne; oloaoKaAiae; nTa v n BI( ~LEpOUe;rcov lJ.a8n-rc;)V EK~lo.8nOll, I-1EOW Tne; nOAAne; E~aO](nOne;, OAWV TWV anapaiLn-cwv o£~LOTnTwv l(a1 yvwOEWV. H Eniopaon TIle; 8swpiw; -rou Thorndi ke ornv I(UnptW<ll EKnaiSwoll (pai vsrnt ana TnV £~t-caon TWV EYX£lPl6iwv nou xpnOlIJ.0nOLOUV1"aVOTa lJ.a8nlJ.un1<a ornv nEpiooo xptv uno rnv aVE~up-rnola rnc Kuxpou OAEC; at oEAiSee; TWV I3tl3Aiwv rorv lJ.a8nlJ.un1<wv 6EV nsptEi.xu v rirtors aA.AO napa CtOl<nOEte;TWV TWOapWV npa~EWV lJ.e OTOXO1"11 ypnyopn EK-rEAEonTWVl3aOlKwv npa~EWV IJ.£OUano ouxvn E~UOKnon. XapW<T11pW-rU(O, En10ne;, TWV~l~Aiwv (l<Ul -rne;8EWpiue; TaU Thorndike) nro.v Kat ro y£')'ovoe; o·n OEVytVOTav Ka~llU oixrrnuccrucn nPOOna8Eta yta evonoi.non Tlle; GAtlC;. napa TOYEyovoe; on o-rOlxEia rnc 8EWpiue; TOUThorndike I3piOKOV<at Kat OnlJ.Epa al<OlJ.a ern EYX£tpiOto. IJ..Ue;,J.ETU rnv UvE~apTlloiu Tlle; Kurrpou I nUp(Hllpn811KE IJ.tU crpoen ern lJ.a8nlJ.uTtI(n eKnai.o8Ooll, ~LE E~L(pUOnrnv KUTuVonon TWVIJ.U811IJ.UTtKWV EVVOlWV.
2, Mti911011 J.LE KU't'UVOll0ll. 'Hen coto to 1940 OTllV AyyAiu KUt TnV Ausoucn, yovEie; KUt EKnatOWTlI<at EiXo.v o.Pxtoet vu o.lJ.(Pt~A.AOUV yta T11 OKOntIJ.O-rnTo.Tne; OUVExOUe; ~am<llOne; nuvw one; -CEoaepte; l3uouo':c; npu~£le;. £ 'Htnv n nEptoooe; av8nonc; Tne; npllOOWTtKne; £l(naio£uone; OTnV A)lEPllO;, rrou snnpEaoE, onwe; nre v <PUOlKO,Wl rn lJ.a8nIJ.o.LtKn sKno.ioEUOn. nOA.A.Ee;(pWVCe; l nxouorrucuv -rOTE yta va o08d totat rspn E)l(po.on crnv xo ro.voncn TWV )la8nlJ.aTll<wv £VV01WV, LnlJ.o.VTu<O pOAo OTn oTpmpn rtpot; T11\' KaTuVOnOn TWV IJ.U8Tl)laTtKWV EVVOtWV ota6palJ.Unm: \i1UX0A.oyoe;I<at El<natOSUTtKOe; Brownell (1959). Ta j)tl3Aia TWV lJ.a8nlJ.aTu<wv non Xpnot~Lonott181lKuv OTl1\'

34 -

fnOOKTtKn reov MIl8nl1anKOOV

Kuxpo ~E'U TO 1960 svcxouc rtooo.v n<;; t08E<;; rou Brownell, cnucnin orn auax.snoll rcov l!a8n~anKC:lV svvouov,
AAJ .. <;;Olll-{aVnKOs O
KaTuvollCJll OlUOtKo.ato. nTUV n

Otvov,ac;

tOWt'tEPll

Bscopin

no.puyov1:o.s nou EnllP8o.aE mpoqn; npor; 1:nV Gestalt, OUI-{(j)wvu ~E rnv ozroin n l-{u8non eivoi utn CJXBaEwv KUt uvunTU~llC; 1:ns

.n

uvayvwpwns

svopconc

reov

~a8n'twv. ME l3uan rn 8EWPi..u aUTn n cSt8aaKuAia TWV ~a8n~UTtKWV EVVOtwv nupUIJ.f:ptclE rn IJ.nXUVtKn EK~u8non anOIJ.OVW~8VWV YVWCJEWV n Kat OE~WTn'tWV Kat S8WOE f:~(paon OTllV UAAnAoouCJXf:TtOn TWV I-{U811~o.TtKWV EVVOtWV. Os Em':KTo.On Kat aUlJ.nAnpwan 1:n<;;B~q>o.on<;;O1:11VKaTo.v6non TWV ~0.8n~o.TU<~WV nA80.v TO. veo. ~0.8n~o.TtKU aTO TSAOS 1:ns OEKo.ETio.s TOU 1960.

3.

NEa J,La9Tllla't'U(u. METu

1"0

TSAO<;;1"OU B' no.YKOOl-{tOU nOASI-{OU at

<pwvs<;; yta TOV avTtnapaywyu«) tporto OtOOOKuAto.<;; TWV ~U8nl-{o.TtKWV EV1"u8nKUV 8te8vwe;. TauToxpova, ot o.VTtAnI.jJEte; yta 1:11 rpuon TWV ~U811~o.Ttl<WV, "rnv apXtTEKTOV1Kn TOO\> ~a8n~aTtKWV", upxwav yo. aUYKAt VOUV. BaOtKU crorxsio ournc; Tns aUYKA LOns 1'\1"0. 0 svortotoq pOAOe; v rnc svvoue; TOU OUVOAOU, zrou npocnpspet 1:118uva T6 '(11 TO. yto. Kat vn YAwooa Kat Tn ouva'(onFa 8EI-{EAlwan<;; rcov KAu8wv T(J)V ~a8nl-{aTl1<wv xm rue ~a811~a't11<ne; oo~ne;, H ava8Ewpnon rrov flVTtAn\llEwv O'X.£1"u<u ~E 1:(1 l-{a811l-{anKU we; EmOTnlJ. ns ouvarai VE o-tnv rcsom Tepw o.~(plol3nTnon 1:WV ~E86owv 1:0U no.pf.A8oVTOs I<at ocStlynOf. O'1:n ouvepvcoin \II UXOAOyWv, nat80.ywywv xm ~a811~anKwv yw TnV ELOaywyn VEWV avaAuT1KwV npoypcuue.rcov. H xivncn nurn, nou EytVE yvwo'(n Ws "VBo. n IJ.OVTepVo. 1-{0.8n~o.nKU", KopU<pw8nKE nEpi 1:0.'(EAn Tne; oeKaeTiae; TOU 1950 Kat J(aTSAn~E O'E OAOKA npcouevec npo ruosu; O'E XWpEe;, onwe; Ot HnA, 11 raAAta 1<(1t 1:0 HVW~BVO BaaiAEto. Kupto xntvorou in nTflV n avunTU~l1 1"WV~a8nIJ.0.1"u<Wv I-{E I3U011 Tll 8Ewpia TWV OUV6AWV. LI<onoc; 1"ne;Ewaywyne; TWV aUVOAWV nrnv 11 EK~u8nan l3aau<wv apxwv rrou O'X.nil:;'OVTo.t IJ.E'(11OOlJ.n 1:Wv~0.8nlJ.aHKWV, TnV nEnoi811on on Ot lJ.a8nTBe;, l-{a8aivonae; rn 80~n TWV aple~lwV, urtopouonv vn avaKaAeaouv ern IJ.vitlJ.n 1"OUe;,o tnv napaaTEi avuYKn, I-{E 80. 6,H

houv ~f.XUOEt. H s(paplJ.oyn Tne; l<o.t vorou ir«; aU1:ne; Etallx8n crnv Auspucn ue TO.EYXEtpi..cSto.rrov lJ.a811lJ.anKWV nou OUVTUKTlll<o.V o no 1:0 School Mathematics Study Group (1965). AUTu 1:(1 i8w I3ll3Ato. XPllOlIJ.0nOln8nKav, as IJ.ETU(ppaan, KunpWKU aXOAsto.. Ot sKnat8w'(u<ot Kat nalooywYOt ztou O'UVEPyUO'tllKo.V OTn OUYYP(l(P11 TWV I3ll3Aiwv TWV VBWV lJ.aElnlJ.anKWV OSV oTnpix.8nKav o.nOKAEw'tll<U OE IJ.la 8Ewpia, ME 1"11 (pUall OI-lWe;aU1"11TWV VBWV lJ.a8nIJ.0.1:1I<wv ouvcSB8nKB OTEVU 1"0 ovoun 1"OU1. Bruner ztou EtOl1yaYE 1:nV svvour Tne; onetpoetooix; aVUn1:U~11C; :0U 1 avaAuTtKou npoypU~l-laTOe; KUl1:n I-lE8ooo Tne; KaTsu8uY()I-lEVne;aVo.KuAU\Jllle;. L1:11V Kurrpo 11 OtOaOl<aA1.a TWV VBWV lJ.a8n~aTtKWV TSPl-laTtOTllKE OUOWHKU ~lS TO YEO o.vaAUTtKO npoypal-ll-la 1"OU 1981. Azto TO 1981 J.lf:Xpt xnt an~spa XP11owonotQuVTat E'YXEtpi8w l-la8nl-lo.HKWV ztou auvouu~ouv KunWe; t n 8EWpiu TWV O'UVOAwV IJ.c BIJ.(paan OIJ.We; rov l<a1:aTSl-{axWlJ.o T11e; A11C; at c U K rnv SKIJ.U811011. TWV rscoopcov npU~EWV, Knrtoin npoonu8ElU o.va8cwP110l1e; TWV KUl ern

I3tl3Aicov tnc; E' Ka1 LT' 1'u~nc; E:.'Y1 1'0 1985, xwpiC; OIJ,WC;KalJ,lU aAAa'Yl] vs qnAO<Jocpiae;. To IJ,OVOnou 01'nV oooiu E'Y1VEIJ,E1'nV ava8Ewpnon 1'OU 1985n1'av n EtOa'Yw'Yn IJ,EP1KWV n:pOI3AnIJ,U1'WV olUo1Kaoiae; OE IJ,EPtKE:C; EAioEc;, xwpiC; O OOIJ, Kat oP'YU VW01]. n H xpnon 1'WV onueptvcov EYXE1P10iwv 1'WV lJ,a8nlJ,a1'lKWV uncruoei KUn:OlU uvrionon, Evdi, 'Ytn n:apuoe1'YlJ,a, OAOl 1ttOTeUOUIJ,E OTnV ava'YKUloTllTa KC(AAtep'YEtac; Tne; kpt rucnc, ()nlJ,lOIJP'Y1Kne; OKE:\j1ne; Kat 1"ne; AUOne; n:poI3AnIJ,UTOc;,aUTO n:OU n:PO(J(PEPOUV 13113AialJ,ae; sivnt n KaAAtep'YEta IJ,OVO 'to. IJ,EP1KWVOE~toTn1'WV one; 1'EooEptC; n:pU~EIC; ua rov 1'pono rtou eixav ewn'Yn8ei npl v 60 XPovla 01 unooTnptKTec; Tne; IJ,1ttXEl3lOpwnKne; SEwpiac;.

H npoonuSElU rtou KUVOUIJ,EO1ilJ,Epa si Vat va 'YE(PUPWOOUIJ,E 0 xuolJ,a 1 IJ,ETa~U 8Ewpiae; Kat npu~ne; icrn va IJ,ETOUCltWOOUIJ,E E npu~n ne; oUYXpOVEe; O IJ,E9000AO'YIKeC; npooE')''YioElC; Kat ElJ,qpo.OEte; OTn oloaOlwAia TWV lJ,aSnlJ,aTtl(Wv. Min avaKEcpaAaiwon OTOV Flivmc« 1, OTnV EnOIJ,EVn OEAtOa,
TWV qpi:r.OEwv lJ,eoa ana ru; oxoicc n:E:pam: n lJ,aenlJ,a1"tl<n Elmo. ioeuon 01"nV Kurtpo ei vm ava'YKaia yta OUYKptOn IJ,E Tn yea <po.on OTnV onoi« EWEpXOlJ,a01"E IJ,E TnV uto8hnon VEWV n:POOE')''YiOEWV OTa lJ,a8nlJ,anKu. H uAonoinon aUTnc; rru; qpuonc; npoun08en:t IJ,ta YEa 8ewpnon 1:ne; lltoaOl«lA.iac;lJ,u9nonc;, OUIJ,(Pwva .IJ,ETnV onoia at lJ,a9n1:ee; O1KOOOI-lOUVru; 'YVWOEIC; TOUC;, OUlJ,lJ,ETexOUv EVEP'YU OTnV epu nvsiu 1"WV lJ,a9nlJ,a1:u<wv oxeOEWV Kat xrrmvoouv TO.~La9nlJ,anKU IJ,EOacoto ne; Otl<Ee; TOUe;EIJ,n:Etpi.EC;. Ln1 (pUm1 aUTll OlacpoponOlOUV1"at 01 ElJ,qpo.OEle; ne; lJ,a9nlJ,a nKne; EKn:aioeuone;. oxox; EXOUV T EKTE9d npOll'YOUIJ,EVWe;, 'YW va OUvo.OOUV .IJ,E1"OV rpono OtouCIlwAiac; 1"WV lJ,a9nlJ,a1"u<wv Kat1"U; aVUYKec; Tne; ouyxpovnc;

xoivrovinc.

4. «pcioTJ. 'tTJ.C; 011(08011 tlOtle; 'ttle; 'YVWOTJ.e;: H \)A.07toi non T(J.)V oU'YxPovwv EIJ,(PUOEWV Kat TWV oieortrhv rtou 9ETOUV TO.VEa 13113A.ia npOU1tOef:-cEt 1"nV \)109ETllOn !3aOtKWV apxwv oloaCllwAiae; n:OU ouvehouv IJ,W A.El'TOUP'Yu<n eEwpia lJ,aenonc; TWV lJ,aenlJ,anKWV EVVOtWV Kat an01"EA.OUV O\)OlUOnKO crorreio rrtc 9Ewpiac; 1"n<;cucooounonc Tnc; yvwonc; (constructivism). Ot apxee; aU'TEe;a vurrruooovrm OE OUVT01J, 01"n OuvEXE1a: in
• Apxn A.EtTOUPyu~OT111:ae;: U~L(pWVa IJ,Errtv apxn aU1"n Evac; lJ,a8nTire; anOKTo. L I-lW lJ,aen~LaTtl<ll svvoic, orov urropai va EVTo.~l':t TnV npo(J(pl':pOIJ,I':V11 evvow ol':l':vunupxouoa • • 1.1':1OUP'Yi.U. T Apxn Tnc; ouvosonc; LUIJ,(PWVU JjE 'TnV apxn Tnc; OUVOW11e; Evac; lJ,a9mne; an:OK'To. IJ, n. svvoto ouvoeovrnc 'T1lYIJ,I':I':vunapxouol':c; 'YVWOEtc; 11EVV01EC;. t Apxn ).LE TaAA.Cl.Yli e;: Maenon ytn TO lJ,a9nTn OI':V cuuuivat avn'YPu(pli OTotXeiWV nou "'COU npoo(pepOVTat ana 1:0 1tEptl3aA.A.ov, aAA.U OUYXWVEUOn 1:(J.)V OTOlX£lWV aUTWV IJ,EurrapXOUOEC; Ka1"aoTaOEte;. Apxn OUIJ,~Le1:0xne;: lJ,a9n'Tnc; unOl<Ta IJ,W yvwon n EvvOla, OWV svepvei us 0 Kanow KU'TaAAnAO rpono yw TnV nAu<ia TOU n:UVW one; napEXOIJ,EVee; YVWOEIC;Kat EVVOlEe;.

Apx,n npo018nonc;: 0 lla8n'n;c; 1lCi.8ai.vELlIla lla8nllCi.LtKn f:VVOlU, orov neTux,cL I3£ATi.won (npow8non) lIlaC; unapx,ououc; f:VVOlUC; O£~lOTnTae; Kat n 0XIOTU V anlwe; LtC;£na valalll3av£1.

ANAAYTIKO nporPAMMA

KAI EMcz,Al:EIl:nEPIEXOMENOY

nf:pa ann ru; Y£VtKf:C; £IlQ>O.O£1e;, onwc; f:XOUVavanTux8d nLO navw, f:va ouyXpovo a valunKo npoypalllla npf:1t£1 va £~UTnlP£Td Kat OUYK£KP11lf:V£C; avaYl<£C; non nnya~ouv 0.110 r«; aVaYK£C; -enc;£11oXne;. I't' au-co onuspn, Ilf:oa ere 11Aaicrta -ene; xotvrovluc HIe; 11 AnpmpOpnonc;, 01 £101Koi o-coxot TWV IlCl.8TlIlCl.TU(WVPEta~OVTal C1.vaOOllnon, coors va av-eavUI<louv OX1 1l0VO ru; X EIl<paO£le; rru; emornu ne; rtov lla8nllCl. TlK01V 0.110. Kat ru; aVaYK£e; rtov lla8n-C01v we; 1101n01v TOU210u nuovu, Oapallt\la, 01 810tKOi. o-eoX,OtTWV lla8nlla-cU(WV npf:11£l va uvtrmoxoi.vovrut ern l3£l-eiwan -cne; lla8none; Kat 01"n usvtoronoincn -ene; noto-rnruc -cne;C1.v8pw1ttvnc;~wne;. rw VCl. nncux8d £ au-co, 1tpS11Elva 008d suecon ce 881la-ca rcov lla8nllanKWV 110Unvnzrruooouv rn OnllLOuPYtl<n Ko.t kpt t"tKn OK8\l/n reov lla8n-e01v Kat roue J)on80uv va a1tOK-cnoOUVtP0110 aK8wne; 110U11pocrtOta~£t ern ouYXpovn £11oxn.
nivaKW; I OL'PUma, ~saa altO

It, QltQiE~ 1l:SPUOEU Mu8UIJ.UIlKTI EKltai8euon

KUPlOl EKltPOOWltOl Thorndike EDxep£ta Ot11v £upean tne; (mu v t11011e;

muv KUnpo

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nApAnOMnEI:
Brown,. M. (1981). Goals as a reflection of the Needs of the Learner. In R. Morris

(Ed.),Studies in .Matheme tics Education, Vo12 UNESCO. Brownell, W.A. (1942). Problem Solving. In N.B. Henry (Ed.), The psychology of Iesrning: Chicago:University of Chicago Press. Davis, P.,& Hersh, R. (1981). The mathematical experience. Boston: Penguin Books. DES (1982). Mathematics Counts: Report of the Committee of1nquiry into the Teaching of Mathematics (the Cockcroft Report) HMSO.
Johnson, D.A. & Rising, G. (1971).Goals and Objectives of Mathematics Education. In D.B. Aichele & R.E. Reys, (Eds.), Readings in School Msthemetics; Pridle. Niss, M. (l981).Goalsas a Reflection of the Needs Of Society. In R. Morris, (Ed.), Studies in Mathematics Education, Vo12 UNESCO. Thorndike, E.L. (1922). The psychology of arithmetic. New York: Macmillan Weber & Schmidt, Inc.

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nAPAnOMnEl:
8egle, E.G. & Wilson, 1.W. (1970). Evaluation of Mathematics Programs. In Mathematics Education,E.G. BegJe, (Eds.), 69th Year book of"the National Society tor the Study otEducetion; USA. Biggs, 1. B. & Collins, K. F. (1982). Evaluating the quality ot teerning: The SOLO taxonomy. New York: Academic Press. Bloom, B.S. (Ed.) (1956). Taxonomy of"Educational Objectives: Cognitive Domain. New York: David Mckay Co. Harrow, A. 1. (1972). A taxonomy of"the psychomotor domain. New York: David Mckay. Kruthwohl, D.R., Bloom, B.S., Masia, B.B. (1964). Taxonomy of Educstionsl Objectives: Affective Domain. New York: David Mckay Co. KoU1;,a, E., Mmcpnc, K. & LoupAac:;, K. (1993). 6JsJ.wra c5u5aKTlKl1q TWV /ta(}17j.tarUauv. L1lc5aKTlKOi OTOXOl, Ta';l voulec; Apaotmnormec; A9nva: Gutenberg. KOUTO<1KOC:;, (1986). D5yxpovn L1lc5aKTlKn. Aeuiccooin, nat<'io.YWY1KO r. Ivan TO .... K uxpou co Romberg, T.A.& Wilson,J. W.(1969). The development of test (NLSMA Reports No. 7) Stanford, CA: School Mathematics Study Group. Simpson, E. J. (1965). The ctsssiticution of"educutionutobjectives: Psychomotor Domain Urbana. Wood, R. (1%8). Objectives in the teaching of mathematics. Educational Research,35-50.

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11upu"CiHsVTUl OUV011LtKa 01 Un:OIIIEle; nov Piuge t KUt Bruner (lVWpOptKa us j3uotKEC; 11U10UYWytKEC; EVVOtSC;, 0S (lvLt11upa8son ue ru; (l:n:O\IIEte; rrov Gagne Kat Ausubel, 110U 8SWPOL>V't(lt we; Ol KUptO"CSPOl EK11POOW:n:Ot twv vso-oounspupoptorcov, A10UKIUS'oi

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11ava11"Cu~n rru; tKUVO"CTl"CUt;"COU11atOlOl) VU (lVU~lna "Ct~ YVWOElt;,. va OKE(p"Cs"CatI(at va lla8aivst Kat oxt va a:n:oKTa Eva onotocnno ee :n:upaywyo 'tne; OlU.01Kaoiae;. H OXETlKTl :n:apaypa<poe; a:n:o "Co f3,tl3Alo TOU "Toward of instruction" 8lVUl xapaK"CTlPto"CtKn.

a theory

'tIl;; OtOaaKaAia;; AaJ.l[jo.vEl U)(0'1111 'to yc'¥ovo;; on ,0 avaAunKo a v,avaKAu OXl J.lOVO 't11 (pUa11 Tn~ iow;; '11;; YVWOll;; aAAo. £n:ta11;; Kal -n (plJCIn rou yvwa'tl1 Kill 't11 omOlKaoia yta JtpOaAl1111l1 'tn~ YVl~all;;. IOaVtKn si vm 11 xsoirrrcocn oxou 11OtaXWpla"C"lKn YPa.J.l~lll aVo.J.lEOa 0,0 m;plEXO~lEVO Kat TIl OluOlKaaia Ka'taAny£t va J.ll1V ~exwpi~£l. 'Eva auvoAo yVt~m;wv, n:ou ouvcotorexoov TO a vrucsluevo evoc n:aven:to'tl1J.ltaKOU KAo.OOU Kat E:VaWJ.laTWVOVTIll ae utn aetpo. aU6eVTlKWV ,0J.lWV, ei vni aJto'tEAeaJ.lU nOAAI1;; n:VWJ.lanKli~ opaaT11ploT11Ta;; n01) npounnp~E. To va oloax8ci. Ko.n:01O;; au't'o. ,a ov'ruceiusv« bev ei vat snT11J.lU cotou vnuovsocnc o.n:O'GAeClJ.lU"CWV.Ei vor ~lO:AAOV SnT11J.la olKnc;; TOU aUJ.lJ.lECOxn;; a'tll olilollmaia n:ou EKavr, ouvaTl; rrtv Ka8lEpwon T11;; '¥vwon;;. 8tOUaKOUJ.lC Eva 8EJ.la 0Xl yta va wno.~OUJ.lE ~lEPtKEc;; I:;,wVTavcc;; [jl[jAL08IiKE~ cn:i TOU 8EJ.laTO;;, aAAo. yta va KaVOWlE TO n:atoi va OKEtPTETIll ~m811~LaTlKo. Yla rovccuro roo, vo aVTtKpiSEL Ta n:paY~LaTa on:wc;; KaVEl 0 icrooucoc, va aUJ.lJ.ll:TaOXE:l aTl1V unoxrncn 'tllc;; YVWOl1C;.H ~la811C1l1ei vat oLa.oLKaaia, OXt n:apo:'¥w'¥o" (a. 72).
rrpovpcuuo.

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(1965)

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a'toxo<; EXOUV npo taputo-trrru EVUvrt 'tOU nupu'Y6IlSvou. Qo'tooo, EVOtU<PEPE'tUt npw'ttcr'ta ytu rn OtOUoKuAia reov xuvovcov 11nV8U~u'ttKWV oe~to'tit'twv nou OXE'ti.~OV'tUt us 'to eE~ct Kat 6xt yta 'tn OtoctaKUA.lU YEVU(WV o'tpa1"n'YU(WV 11 8UPll~UnI(OnHu<; 'Y1a avuKUAUwn. Onw; avwpEpE1 0 Gagne: Flpoeuvcoc, oi 0"tpa"tnY1KE.0; ei vat On~laV"tlKto; Ylll 1"11 AuOil 1tpoI3An~a"tot;. aOXFta us "to 1t8Pl8XOJ.lCVO "tOU 1tpoj3AnJ.la'r;o.; ... Oi <T"tpa"tll)'lKEe;, sm ,cAOUC;, ei Val xovovec 7tOU K(80011)'OUV rnv npooEYYlOll ,ou crrouou orriv oxoocon, TnV avuyvlllClll. Tl1V a7t081iKCUOll 7tAllPO<POptlov. "t"11V avuKA11C111 7tAllPO<POPlIOV nrnv e7tlAU011 npol3A n~aTo,;. A v ,0 U1"O~LO rtou aO%OAci-cal HC rnv cnlAu<Tll ~laenl-H11"lIWU npoI3Anl!a1"o<; uxopci va hCl anOJo·;,nOCl uur 01"pa"tll')'lKn. va C(papl-lOL,el ClxenKou<; unooeECI,epouc; Kavovec; us KanOta m:lpu-aAAu np(;n(;t l>nLone; va eXct 01"11 ola8eOll TaU TOUe; lOLOUe; ,OUe; ~laell~laTlKOUC; l~aVOVf:e;... H YVW<Tn <T"tpaTn'YlK(OV. AOt7tOv. OEV si vat TO ~lOVO rtou XpctuL,£,at rrrn V011C1n.Ll~;v ai vm xnv eva cnuavruco 'J.lli~la uutou nou %peuIL,E"tat. rill vu dvat KunOloC; anoTEAECI~lIlTlI<O'; Alnnc; npoj3A1wunuv. rtpsrtat va eXEL anOl~"t"11(ml. us Kcmoto rporto, ~Lar,ce; urto opvovcousvec nVEuJ.LIlHKE:,; oE~lOTn'Ct; (Shulman, [9700.35). A usubel unoppinn:'l Ka1"n'YOP11~LU't1l<o.l<aeE tMa unoooxne; ono1ao«5linon; ~OP(pits otaouwoiue;; ox; OlOaI<1"u<ou a1"Oxotl, ei rs rrpoxerrut Yla (Hpa'rnYU<r, ci.rs 'Yta Of:~l()'(l1'tU. 0 i.OLOs f:~I~lEVSl OT11 cnuccic rnc ElqLaA110l1e;; KUIvU oPYUV(<J~EW()V OUVOA.WV UA.l1e; nf:pU;xo~Ltvou, tile; ron mo OllJ.lavTUmi) OT(lXOll 'r11e;olouOI<aA icr; To sl<natOW"tlKO oucrnu« unoaTl1pl~El, ~u:Tuoioel, Kuplwr;, npOl<UTUaKwuo~u::VEC; cvvoiec, TU~lVOJ.li8<;; KUt npOTo.m:lC;. Oi ~Lt;floont UVat<UA.uqlll<;; DEV U1to'rEAOUV uzroooeuco ~lCQO 'Yla TIl ~lE1"UDOO1l Tnt> 1tf:Plf:XO~lCVOU uu«; EmonlJ.LlK Km npoofssrst: 8m%Etpli~LIl,a va U7t00"t"llptx8el on ,0 0XOAElO Ev81(l(pi~pe"tal vu a Va7t,0~Cl ,1W t xn vorrrru TOU ~La811"tl1 va AUSt npoj3Alil-w"ta, (11)..a011 rnv ucavornru T(1U vo O'KbpTETU.t <TUClTlll-laTU,U, uvc~&.p""Cn"t"a xnt I\f)t"tll\a 01, OtUlpOpoUe; ·"W~1d.C; u;Ai;Tnc;. AAAu au,n 11ACt roupyiurou <T'XOA1·;iou. Uf1(lA(1 1WU ~ n ano,eAE:l wp' r:au"tnc; Eva VO~llJ.LO0"t0%(1 I;Kna18f:u,LKO. si Vat A1YO"tr:f)O I\EV'f)U\11 coto ,11 OXE"ttr,OJ.LEV11AeL"touPYla ,no; J.WTUOOClllC;YV(OOCt<lv, Oe O,Tl w~of)a "to xpovo 7tOU AOYIKU J.L7tOP£i. vo. KUTavQLn8d O"\~ nurnv, J.lE 13&'011"to!)e; Yl:VtK(1)t; OK07tOU'; 'n.; f.1,7taiOEU<Tl1'; af. ~lla olu<PO(}£TtKli KOLvcoviu Kal w: SUCln 1-:1\ [·:i vo nou AOYLl\a «vcueverm a7to rnv 7tAf:10llllvpi.a rcov ~LU8n""clov (Shulman. IlJ70, 0. J3). ~lOQ.OJ<uAia-Mo.enQn: EKEi rtou Ot btWpOpce; T())V bUD Un()lIIE(uV YlVOV1"at

Mrtopci J.LE: apKc,&'

lOWl TEpa bPU~LUnl<i:C; ei Vat 11oPyo.VW0l11"WV OlUOll<aOlWv ~tae1l011C;. Bruner 0 eivm OQL)'YxPOVoe;;EK(ppuanic; TIlC; EWKpuTu<nc; ~Eeobou Kat 1)nOOT11pi~el1"11V eveovnrucn aUJ.L~LE·WXitTOl)~Lo.811'rit 01"11bWOll<Uoiu YLU va KU'rUA.l1~El 01"11V uVWUIAUII111 TIle; YVW01le; ~tEOa uno OlaOOXll<o. 01"o.Ota wpuipWIlC;. 0 Gagne ai val EVUC; coto 1"OllC; KUPLOUC; exnpooconotx; Tll<;; oloaKTlI<11C; ~LeeOOOU~Le cnUKpt!3we; lWeOpW~u'::vo TO 0'r6xo W<;; n:A.lI<n oounsoupoo« ron ~LUe1lTn. A VUAIHlI<O'"["!::pu :

Bruner uvnAalJ,l3o.ve'tat "tn l-ux8naTl vc bOlJ,ehut IJ,EaUum) Tpiu enineou - em iota. • To s:n:bts80 8paO't11PLO'tTt't(l)V. To
UAlI(o. KU 1 npoeTOt!-LU(JIJ,EVa natOl uvruceiucvo,

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• To

OW tcr8naete; U verpopt K6. us Tte; ouoto trrteq, ne; OtmpOpEe; nne; a v{ll({lAUwet OO!-lE<; <0. 1010T11.e<;. 11

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Tpia e1tine60. n aU!-l!-LETOXn TOU l-la8nTn

zou I-lU8al VETat(Jnu vur npOEPXETUl an' ESW. H yvwa11 npou1tllPXE o.nO 1tponyoUIJ,EVn EIJ,1tE1pia w<; IJ,ta OtWPOpETu<11napo.aTaan - g()W 0 8to.Aoyor; rou LWKpo.Tn 1-l8TO MEVWVU j3piaKETUl npUYI-lU nKo. ae npw"to nAo. YO. H OWqlOPo.

si Vat

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EV(JW!-lo.TWaTlvsrov tOEWVn oxtaEwv. To. enlm:ou TOU Bruner unoTeAouv uto l-leTa!popo. EPl-lnveiu TWV uvunTUStUl<WV crooicov .ou Piaget orn 6twS1Kuaia l-lo.811O'ne;, enESEpyaoia H TWV UALI(WV usccov, TWV elKovwv n TWV tOEWV (Juv"teAei aTOV UVUoxnlJ,anal-lo

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T11<; pXt1(ne; I-lop<pn<; I-lE rn OTl!-ltoupyiu a vscov Otutcr8naewv, dxrrs vn up8el 11 Kat vn KUTaAnset 0 lJ,o.8nT11e; s IJ,W VEU 001-l11nOU 8a13ptaKETat c os rxpuovin I-le TO (PUOl.KOKUt nVEUI-lUTtKO TOU nept!36.AAoV. Gagne 8ewpd we; urtupni crrrn uipnnp1u \';::o.8E810aO'l<UA1ue; TOV

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lKavoT11TU Opi.sETUl aUYKeKpt!-lEVUIJ,E J36.an TnV uVUlJ,eVOIJ,EVll ano TO l-la8TlTn oourteptrpopn, Kat ei Vat a vavxo.io va si Vat t<u80ptcrIJ,EVE<; Kat 01 auv811KE<; Ko.TW nzto ru; onoisc 8a urrcpsi va EmOEU(VUEt 'rn ouunepupopa nurn LTTl (Juvexew npoxwpEi crnv avo.Auan TOU TEAtKOU EPYOU aE unAouaTEpoue; aToXOUe;, npoo nut TOUI-lEVOUe;, unoj3o.AAOVTo.<; TnV socornon "rt XPCto.~ETat Ko.nOtoe; va SEpet, yta va urropsi va Emn:AE(JEt TO n::AtKO EPYO;" H avaAuan o.un; auvEXlsETat wanou va KUTaAnSEt cru; unAEe; IJ,OpqlEe; yvwane; nou UV11KOUVern !-tOP(pr,epE8wl-lu- uVTi8paaTl, E-A. Ornv 11 nupalJ,i60. TWV tepapxnlJ,EVWV EPYWV aU!-l1tA1lPw8ei, 0 Gagne nporai Vet vo Ot VETat Eva 001<l!-lto, ytU va npOabtopwu:l TO ouuaio rue; KAl!-laKw:; aTO onoio I3pi(Jl(ETat 0 I-lU8nTne;. To onusio aUTO 8a unon:AE:aet TIW a!p8Tnpiu ytU TIl OlOUO'I<uAtu, rrou civet IJ,W OI-LaAn noosio [(aTEU8uv0l-leVll uno TO unAo aTO aUv8ETo. H 8t8uO'l<uAta aivo.t uixrrnpn npoypUIJ,!-lanalJ,EVn I-lE !-LlKPU aU"{KEKpll-lEVU j3nl-laTU Ka1 u rropei ve uvaATl(p8d ana ~LlU !-lTlXav1111 vo. yl. vet !-lEj3Uml EVU 13113Aio npoypo.!-llJ,ana!-lEvll<; 1tpOTci vel T11 auv88TlKtl nopsin, Ko..W uno !-lo.8"an<;. 0 Gagne, 011Ao.011, TnV cwaTnpa eAeYXOIJ,EVll

Ka90()}i.YllOll

't"OU OaOKUAOU IH: npOOtaYEypaJ1.J1.f:va u:pap';OU18va

!3t'Ulam. L't"O

cSl(xypaJ1.J1.a rtou !3ptOKE:'t"at ornv E:nOJ1.EVn aEAtfu,n Ktvllan YLVE:'t"at nuv't"a ana Ka't"w rtpoc 't"a. nuvw.I.:'t"n 8Ewpi.a 't"OU OAOJ1.0P<PlK01) ltE;(itou 't"0 onusio sxrcivnonc sivm n uopqrn, n onoio unopsi va avaOWJ1.0pqJ~)vE't"at Kat vc J1.B't"acrxnJ1.a't"i(,B't"atIlB JXzan n<; V8E:<;aUV8nKB<; Ka.l OBOOll8va l(at va cotoxm V8E:<; btataElnOBl<;. LlllAaon, apxiC,El uno 'TO aUVOAlKO Kat Ka't"aAnYBl Of: OlmpOpE:"ttKO aVVOAO - n «ivnon apxiC,Bl ana 't"llV KOPU(Pl; Kat Ka"taAnYEt EKE:t. Ka't"u TOV Gagne n oloaoKaA in si Vat crxBOWOJ1.0<; [(at 8A.B'}'Xo<;, ei Vat oovc vcorucoc OtaKavOvtallO~ Kat pU8J1.tall TWV auV8nKwV yta 't"n ~Lu8non rtou !3piaKovTat 8~W uno TO J1.a8n"tn (Bigge, 1987). 0 oooKaAo<; BV1WBPWVEl TO J1.a8n"tn 1'1' ouro rrou 1tP8ltE:l va ltB"tUXBt, TOU unEvSu~d.C,Bl TO. YVWO'TU, KaTEu8UVEt TnV ltpoaoxn Kat nc; BVEpYE18<; "tOU KU1 [(USobnyEl "tn 0I(8111n 't"OU npoc "tnv B1tt8uJ1. "tn KaTEuSUVOn. n

Ausubel ot VEt rn J1.ByuAV't"Bpn 8J1.(paOn ern OUO"t"llllanKn Ka't"Bu8uvOJ1.EVn napuooan. 8BWPBi KAB1I5i "tn<; Eltll"Uxia<; rnv nooosxrucn OEtpU rtupouo iuonc; "tWV OlOaK"tlKWV O'tOXWV, e"tm WO"tB "to KaElB't"i vti unOTEABl
aUV8XBla TWV npOnyOUJ1.EVWV. Aurn aKpt!3W<; n OUVeXEta aVUJ1.BOaOTO VEO [(at "to yvc.oO"tll(a npounupxov Kat OOKuioouevo 80. owoet vonuo. oro Kat voupto. To YByovor; on 0'tl1 bLOaK"tlKn J1.8S000 "to ltBP1BX0J1.BVO'tn<; VA n<; ltapOumu(,E"taL ornv "tEA1Kn rou 1l0P(Pn, xwpi<; va npounoElhEt onOlaonno"tE uVaJ(aAUllln altO 'TO lla8n1"n, bEV OUVB1tClYE"tUl. on Ela nupuuaivet aTO EntnEOO 1"11<; unoll vnuovsocnc, AJ1.£ow<; J1.E't"U Ela aKOAouSnOBt 11 OWOtKUala Tn<; wpoJ1.oiwan..; Ka1"U 1"nV oxoiun yvwan So. uxoxmoei vonao, 80. a(pO~LOLwSEi.

nxo

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KUeE XPtlon.

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To tOto, UAAc.oOTE, oUJ1.J3aivet KUt KUTU rnv eupnlla't"tKn ~lUSnon. Ornv 0 lla8n"tnc; avaKaAUIIIEt Ka."tl, So. "to aVo.btaTU~Et, 80. TO OUOXniOBt J1.Eru; unupxoum:<; YVWOEt<; n yvwanK£<; J-tOP(P8<;, eooxou vo ltUPBt TllV TEAU<ll TOU ~LOP[Ptlo't"a ITAai.Ota ~lla..; suourspnc OOJ1.1k L\nAaon, 80. KU~let aKpt!3w<; TO ioto ITOUaKoAou8d rnv ltPOOA11111n Tn<; 8TOlJ-tn<;ltAnpo(popiac;; orro TO OUOl<aAo.

H EIQlU(>IllIa: H B"t01J1.0"tn"ta a Va[p8pB"tal YEVtKU 01"0 avan1"U~taKO Kat IO YVWOWAOYU(O BninEl'io 't"OUJ.l.aSn'tn, TO unoj3aSpo oro ozroio ea !3aota8d n via yvWOt] 1111ITEpalJ8pW avun"tu~n. TQ TCWC;; aVIu(piC,ouv rnv natoaywytKl1 aUTt1 napU~lE'tpO 01 rpsu; aUTOl ITa lOOlIlUXOAOY01 OUVOllliC,B"tat OIn OUVEXEta.

o Bruner rrou, orto»; Bioa,-u:, anoOExeTat Kat sounveust ru; an6\llet~ TOU Piaget yta vorrrucn av6.nTu~11, nou f.1tBPxeTUt rltoA.OytK6. Kat al<oAou8el uin om8ep11 u=:papXLl'>:11~EAt~11, ~6.(j)vtaoe TOU~ avayvwoTec; e rou ue T11VnpW"tl1 1tpCHaOn (no oxenKo Ke(p6.Auto TOU rltl3Aiou TOU "The Process of Educa tion" (Bruner, 1960).H eVTU1tWmaK1'! aUTn OTJAW011itmv:
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nAPAnOMnEl:
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Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, Hill, W.F. (1971). Learning-A Sarvey ot psychologicsl in terpretotions Chandler Publ.Co. Kilpatrick. 1. (1987). What constructivism might be in mathematics education. In 1.e. Bergeron et al. (Eds.), Proceedings of the eleveth intemutional

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nAPAnOMnEl:
De Bono, E. (1990). Lateral thinking. London: Penguin Books. Carrol, (1978). On the theory-practice interface in the rneasuremen t of intellectual abilities. In P. Suppes (Ed.), Impact of research on education. Some case studies, (pp.l-Hl), Washigh ton, DC: National Academy of Education. Ennis, R.H. (1962). A Concept of Critical Thinking. Harvard Educstionsl Review, Vol. 32, I, pp. 83-111. Loree, M.R. (1970). Psychology of Education. The Roland Press Co., USA. Fisher, R. (1990). Teaching Children to Think. Oxford: Blackwell.
M(l1:oayyoupo.<;, H. (1994). L1:Po."('llytKe<;OtOa01<o.A1a<;: Azo rrtv 1tAllpo(pap1l011 01:1Wxpt "('lKn OKE.tllll.AElnva. Romberg, T.A. (1991). How one comes to know? Epistemological Issues and Challenges to Assessment II: Models and Theories of The Learning of Ma thema tics.Pre-Proceedi ngs "Assessment in Msthemstics Education

und Its Effect.';'. ICMf Study, Spain.

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