Journal of Applied Sciences 10 (15): 1563-1 ISSN 1812-5654 © 2010 Asian Network for Seientifie Information |. 2010 Power Flow Study Including FACTS Devices ‘AK. Sahoo, °S.S. Dash and °T. Thyagarajan "Department of Electrical and Electronics Enginecring, SSN College of Engineering, OMR, Kalavakkam, TN-603 110, India Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, SRM University, Katankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603 203, India "Department of Instrumentation Engineering, MIT, Anna University, Chennai, India Abstract: The electric power industry is undergoing the most profound technical, economic and organizational changes since it inception some one hundred years ago. This paradigm is the result of the liberalization process, stipulated by politics and followed up by industry. In countries like India with fast growing demand of electric power it is difficult to extend the transmission system in time by either building new lines or by introduction of @ new voltage level, Power is therefore transmitted through weak system leading 10 unsatisfactory quality and reliability of power supply. So, the need for new power flow controllers eapeble of increasing transmission capacity and contolling power flows through predefined transmission corridor will certainly inereate, For this reason, as well known in recent years a new class of contlles, Flexible AC ‘Transmission System (FACTS) controllers have rapidly met with favor. Considering dhe practical application of the FACTS contller, itis of importance to investigate the benefits a8 well as model these devices for power system steady stale operation. We have performed the comprehensive modeling of most popular FACTS devices for power flow study. The effectiveness of modeling and convergence is tested with a five bus study system without any FACTS devices and further analyzed it with different FACTS controllers, The de facto standard Newion-Reptsen inethod is used to solve the nonlinear power flow equation. Also, the sty is extended for IEBE 30 bus and IEEE 118 bus system. Programming of the power flow studies stated above is implemented with MATLAB, Key words: FACTS controller, SVC, TCSC, STATCOM, UPFC INTRODUCTION The electricity supply industry is undergoing a profound tunsformation worldwide. Market forces, scarcer natural resources and an ever-increasing demand for electricity are some of the drivers responsible for such an unprecedented change. Against this background of rapid evolution, the expansion programmes of many utilities are being thwarted by a variety of well-founded, environmental, land use and regulatory pressures that prevent the licensing and building of new transmission lines and clecticity ‘generating units. An in-depth analysis of the options available for maximizing existing wansmission aasets, with high levels of reliability and stability, has pointed in the direction of power electronics. There is general agreement that novel power electronics equipment and techniques are_potential substitstes for conventional solutions, which are normally based on eleetromectianical technologies that have slovr response times and high maintenance costs (Hingorani and Gyugyi, 2000) Until recently, active and reactive power control in [AC wansmission matvosks was exercised by carefully adjusting transmission line impedances, es well os regulating terminal voltages by generator excitation control and by transformer tap changes. At times, series and shunt impedances were employed to effectively change line impedances. The FACTS technolegy is most intresting for transmission planners because it opens up new opportunities for controlling power and enbancing the usable capacity of presont, as well as now and Upgraded, fines. The possibility that current through a line can be controlled at a reasonable cost enables a lage potential of inereesing the capacity of existing lines with large comctors and use of one of the FACTS controllers to enable corresponding power to flow through such lis under normal and contingeney conditions (Hingorani, 1993; Mathur and Varma, 2002) Corresponding Author: Ashwin Kumar Sahoo, Department of Electrical ane Fletronies Enginesring, SSN College of Engineering, (OMR, Kalavakkam, TN-603 110, India Tel/Fax: (+91}044-7747 4844/45/46 1563J-Applied Soi, 1013): POWER FLOW ANALYSIS Planning the operation of power systems under existing conditions, i improvement and also its futwe expansion require the lead flow studies, short circuit studies and stability studies, ‘Through the load flow studies we ean obtain the voltage magnitudes and angles at each bus in the steady sate, This is rather important, as the magnitucks of the tous voltages are required to be held within a specified limit. Once the bus voltage magnitudes and their angles are computed using the load flow, the real and reactive power flow through each line can be computed. Also based on the diflerence between power flow in the sending and receiving ends, the losses in a particular line can also be computed. One of the main strengths of the Newton Raphson method is its reliability towards convergence. Contrary to non Newton Raphson solutions, convergence is independent of the size of the network being solved and the number and kinds of control equipment present in the system, So, this is the most favored power flow method (Acha ef al, 2004; Fuerte-Esquivel and Acha, 1997). ‘The Newton Raphson algorithm: In large-scale power flow studies, the Newton raphton has proved most successfil owing to its strong convergence charncteristies. The power flow Newton Raphson algorithm is expressed by the following relationship (Milano, 2009; Bonert, 1998), [22 Se) © 40)" [saiae aovav avr, ‘It may be pointed out that the correction terms AV’, axe divided by Vto compensate for the fact thatjaccbian terms @P./OV,)V, and GQY/9V,)Vq are multiplied by YTt is shovin in the directive terms that this artifice yields useful simplifying caleulations. Consider the Ist element connected between buses k and m in Fig, 1, for which self and mutual Jacobian terms are given below: Fork +m 1 @ - _ te] Zu" Zy R R Fig. 1: Equivalent impedance 1903-1971, 2010 em Saat Bi Wl -6) Basin, 6) 2) “ 6) For k =m 6 0 6 “VB. ° ‘The munual elements remain the same whether we have one tanimission line or m transmission lines terminating atthe bus k. ‘The sample 5 bus system: In case study we have considered the five bus system as shown in Fig. 2, The input data for the considered system are shown in Table 1 for the bus and Table 2 for transmission line Assuming base quantities of 100 MV and 100 KV. The result for the above system is shown in Table 3. All the nodal voltages are achieved to be within acceptable voltage magnitude limits sao PHO QO 2 Fig, 2: The five-bus network 1564J. Applied Sei, 10. et mb a tea sen) (3): 1563-1571, 2010 comer ae aT pans ge PE oe eee eee esa bow 8 8 mae tt | pin hm f fe ae tt “Table 2: Int rise data for the dy er) Bus Ne Bus ede dm) Impedance R53 Lae drgng aban 1 2 ‘024.05 o¥joce 2 a .08rj0.24 vous 3 2 S008 voor 4 Fa 051018 ovo s bs sono o4jo0s 6 o 0150.03 ovjoue z 45. ‘owj038 jos “Table: Power Now res of sy pte thoi any FACTS dvcee Mou 106 09870981097 VA‘ Su) -206 4610495 POWER FLOW MODEL OF FACTS DEVICES Power flow model of SVC Shunt variable susceptance model: In practice the SVC can be seen as an adjustable reactance with either firing angle limits or reactance limits. The equivalent eizeuit shown in Fig. 3 is used to derive the SVC nonlinear power equations and the liberalized equations required by the Newton's method (Bijwe and Kelapure, 2003). With reference to Fig, 3, the current drewn by the SVC is LjJBrveV and the reactive power drawn by the SVC, which is alto the reactive power injected at bus kis Qae = Q.= -WeBrye At the end of each iteration, the Variable Shunt Susceptance B is updated accceding to ao, ‘The changing Susceptanee represents the total SVC Susceptance necessary to maintain the nodal voltages at specified value Firing angle model: An altemative SVC model, which circumvents the additional iterative process, consists in handling the thyristor controlled reactor (TCR) firing angle « a8 a state variable in the power flow formulation The positive sequence Suiceptance of the SVC. is given Fig, 3: Variable shunt susceptance From the above eon, the Tern SVC ene fo Jo. a) fab [At the cad of iteration (), the variable voi updated according 10 ye 0 0 o an, a 1Q. o Fe leott00.)- 4) ring angle act Ate!) Power flow model of TCSC: Two altemative power flow models ta assess the impact of TCSC eqpipment in network wide applications are presented here, The simpler TCSC model exploits the concept of a variable series reactance. The series reactance is adjusted automatically, ‘within limits, to satisty a specified amount of active power flows through it. The more advanced model uses directly the TCSC reactance-firing angle characteristics, given in the form of a non-linear relation. The TCSC firing angle is chosen to be the state variable in the Nevton-Raphson power flow solution, Variable series impedance power flow model: The ICSC power flow model presented in this section is based on. the simple concept of a variable series reactance, the value of which is adjusted automatically to constrain the power flow across the branch to a specified value Nelson et ai. (1995). The amount of reactance is determined efficiently using Newton's method. The changing reactance Xs. shiown in Fig, 4, represents the equivalent reactance of all the series-connected modules making up the TCSC, when operating either in inductive or in the capacitive regions. The transfer admittance matrix of the variable series compensator shown in Fig. 4 is in (hE: el] For inductive operation, we have: Bk Bie Bae 8, aay 1565J. Applied Soi, 10 (15): 1363-1571, 2010 © yom 7 coat ® ated 7 oro |S A Fig. 4: Thyristor controlled compensator equivalent cireuit, (a) Induetive and (b) capacitive operative regions ay For capacitive operation the signs are reversed, The active and reactive power equations at bus k are: [NB sii, 8) as) VFB Veg 6098, = 85) a6 For the power equations at bus m, the subseripts Ix and m are exchanged in the above equations, The state variable Xvwc of the series controler is updated at the end of each iterative step according to: ea any Xe Firing angle power flow model: The model presented in this section uses the concept of an equivalent series reactance to represent the TCSC. Onee the value of reactance is determined using Newton's method then the associated firing angle ee can be calculated. However, such calculations involve an iterative solution since the TCSC reectance and the firing angle are nonlinearly related. One way to avoid the additional iterative process is to use the allemative TCSC power flow model presented in this section, The fundamental frequency equivalent reactance Xo: of the TCSC module shown in Fig. Sis Nagy =-Ne +6 (2R~ 0) +n[n-0}])~C,c0# (R09 {otanlo(a—a)]-tanix-a)) as) <<) rH Ct Fig. 5: Thyristor controlled series compensator firing angle module where! ‘The TCSC active and reactive power equations at bus kare: P=VAY.B,sim@, 8.) ay B, -VWV,B S06, -8,) 20) where, By over flow model of static synchronous compensator: The Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) is represented by a synchronous voltage source with ‘minimum and maximum voltage magnitude limits. The bus at which STATCOM is connected is represented as a PV bs, which may change to a PQ bus inthe events of limits being violated. In such ease, the generated or absorbed reactive power would correspon tothe violated limit. The power flow equation for the STATCOM aro derived below frm the frst principles and assuming the following voltage source representation (Gyui, 1994). Based on the shunt connection shown in Fig. 6, the following equation may be writer alow tind) ay Sq2 Vale =Vee(e VD) @ ‘where, * represents the complex conjugate 1566J. Applied Sei, 10. Wether Buk + Fig. 6 Static compensator (STATCOM) equivalent cirouits oor nm Mhie A ira L oe df [ | Valen Fig. 7: Unified power flow controller equivalent circuit ‘The following are the active and reactive power equations forthe converter at bus, Pe oO, +VaYiIO.,c088g ~9,)+Bg SG - G1 Og =“VAB a *VeWlG a SB, -6))-B 2s 8] R 0. +VIMelOg 6050, ~8) +B sn, el 1 = Ba YN (S.g in, -8..)-B e050, ~8,)] Power flow model of unified power flow controller: The UPFC equivalent circuit consists of two coordinated symeromous veltage sources for the purpose of fundamental frequency steady state analysis, Such an. equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. 7 ‘The UPFC voltage sourees are: 3) e) Vig 0088 + js Eg =Va(28B + 8g) oy where, Vig and 3, are the controllable magnitude (na © Vin Vine) and phase angle (0 ¢ 8s 62m) of the voltage source representing the shunt converter. The ‘magnitude V., and phase angle 4, of the voltage source (3): 1563-1571, 2010 repretentng the series converter are controlled between Timits (Vesna ® Vee Vana) ad (00, <2n), respectively. ‘The phase angle of the series injected voltage determines: the mode of power flow control (Kannan ef al, 2004, Gyuayi ef al, 1995). If 6. is in phase with the nodal voltage angle &, the UPFC regulates the terminal voltage. 13, is in quadrature with, it contols active power flow, acting asa phase shifter. If, is in quadrature with Tine curren angle then it controls active power fow, acting a8 a vatable series compensator, AL any other value of By, the UPFC operates as a combination of voltage epilator, variable series compensator and phase shifier, The magnitude of the series injected voltage determines the amount of power flow to be controlled Based on the equivalent circuit shown in Fig. 7 the ative and reetive power equations are At bus ke BaVEG +VIVIG, 0818, -8,) +B, SING, 8) WV AIG, cox, ~8,)+B., sit, 8) AVVglg cox, -3,)+ By sil, -8.)] es) 0, =-VER, + YN, sin, -0,)-B. co, FV. [Gin in(0, ~ 3,5) ~By, 6091, 8.) +V.NalC.sin, -8y}-B 040, Be ~e01 26) At bus m: P,=ViQ,, + ViNs[0q, 6040, -0.)+8, S10, 891 (97) Va Viel Gou 005(8,, ~ 3.) + Bo 8G, —B =-VaBm *Va VL 8, -8) By 048, - 81 (28) #V,ValG., 8810, Bg) B,, COME, —B)] Series converter: Pg =ViG,,, *VQYIG,, e585 -8)+B,, sin, 8] NNelgg 21 9 ue = VRB ya tV aI Sg 6.) By 688g 8] AVaN G16, 585 -8,)" B, 6058-8) (30) Shunt converter: Pe = Vag +Vg¥iI 6088 ~8)+ By SIG, 9,1) an a= FB *VaVlG gsi -6))-Bg cosy 6) 2) 1867J. Applied Soi, 10 (15): 1363-1571, 2010 Assuming lossless converter values, the active power supplied to the shunt converter, Py, equals the active povrer demanded by the series converter, P.., ie P,xtPiq= 0. Further more ifthe coupling transformers are assumed to contain no resistance then the active power at bus k matches the active power at bus m, Accordingly. PctPoq = PtP, ~ 0. The UPFC power equations are combined with those of the AC network: CASE STUDIES WITH FACTS CONTROLLERS. Power flow study with SVC: The SVC i included in the tous 3 (Fig. 8) of the sample system to maintain the nodal voltage at] pu. The SVC data: + The initial susceptanee: 0.02 pu For the firing angle modet: +The inital firing angle:1 40 degrees + Inductive reactance: 0.288 pu + Capacitive reactance: 1.07 p.u ‘The result for the vollage magnitude and phase angle obtained for the above aystem for both variable ‘usceptance and Firing angle model is shown in Table 4, Due to the inclusion of SVC in the third bus, is voltage is maintained at | pu Power flow study with TCSC: The original five-bus network is modified to include one TCSC (Fig. 9} t0 compensate the transmission line connected between tous 3 and 4, The TCSC should maintain the real power flow in transmission line 6 as 21 MW. 0410.12 ons | se @ a Po Fig. 8: Study System with SVC ineluded TCSC data: + Initial capacitive reactance: 0.015 px the firing angle model: + Firing angle:145 degrees ‘The result for the voltage magnitude and phase angle obtained for the above system for both variable reactance and firing angle model is shown in Table 5. Due to the inclusion of TCSC, the target power flow of 21 MAW in line 6 is maintained Power flow study with stateom: The SEATCOM is included in the bus 3 (Fig, 10) of the sample aystem to maintain the nodal voltage at | ps Statcom data: + The initial source voltage magnitude: | px + Phase angle: 0 degrees. +The converter reactance: 10 p.u The power flow result indicates that the STATCOM. generates 20.5 MVar in order to keep the voltage magnitude at 1 pu at bus3, Use of STATCOM results in ‘an improved network voltage profile as shown in Table 6 Tablet Re Paneer Bava YM) roy Vad S100) able $:Reh wit TCS ine nine Peaneen Busi Bs? Buss Burd Yow 1 865 0986 Vatdeg) 0 Dost 47 dats 57012 aro fee Pogo oe Noah reac lo 2 joosso24 Torn. 050. Ba 9] Pas oasis @ , Fig 9, Stdy System with TCSC ineluded 1568J. Applied Sei, 10. 004012 © ary Fig. 1: Study System with UPFC included. “Table 6: Rest with STATCOM ined in 3 Presneers Buel Bae? ue Buea \Mow it 1 1 O90 097s VA‘ 5 Ao Ars sigan 4959 “ble: Res ith UPPC ncadd in ine 5 Moo tt T 0997 097 YA 9 __ureo1 651 31905 49787 Power flow study with UPFC: The original five-bus network is modified to inelude one UPFC to compensate the transmission line linking bus 3 and bus 4 (Fig. 11) UPFC should maintain real and reactive power flowing. towards bus 4 at 40 MW and 2 MVar, respectively. The UPEC shunt converter is set to regulate the nodal voltage magnitude at bus 3at | pu. as shown in Table 7 UPFC data: The starting values of the UPFC shunt converter are: (3): 1563-1571, 2010 Voltage magnitude: 1 pu Phase angle: 0 degrees For series converter: Voliage magnitude: 0.04 pu, Phase angle: 87.13 degrees Reactance for both the converters: 0.1 px, RESULTS: ‘The power low for the five bus system was analyzed without and with FACTS deviees performing the ‘Newtom-Raphson method. The largest power flow takes place in the transmission line commecting the two generator buses: $9.3 MW and 74,02 MVar leave busland 868 MW and 72.9 MVar artive at bus2. The operating conditions demand a large amount of reactive power generation by the generator connected at busl (ic., 90.82 MVar). This amount is well in excess ofthe reactive power drawn by the system loads (ie, 40 MVar). The ‘generator at bus2 deavis the excess of reactive power in the network (i. 61.59 MVar), This amount includes the net reactive power produced by several transmission lines, which is addressed by different FACTS devices. Thus SVC upholds its target value and as expected identical power flows and bus voltages are obtained for both Shunt Variable Susceptance Model and Firing angle power flow models ‘The TCSC variable series compensatce model is used to maintain active power flowing from the extra fictions bus 6 towards bus 3 at 21 MW, The starting value ofthe TCSC is set at 50% of the value of transmission line inductive reactanee, The TCSC upholds the target value of 21 MW, which is achieved with 70% series compensation ofthe transmission line 6. In the ease of the firing angle model the initial value of firing angle is set at 145° and the TCSC upholds the target valle of 21 MW. ‘The power flow sesult indicates that the STATCOM. generates 20,5 MVar in order to keep the voltage magnitude at 1 pm, at bus 3, Use of STATCOM resus in fan improved network voltage profile, except at bus 5, which is too far away from bus 3 to benefit from the influence of STATCOM. ‘The original five-bus network is modified to include ‘one UPFC to compensate the transmission line linking, bus 3 and bus 4 The UPFC is used to maintain active and reactive powers leaving UPFC, towards bus 4, at 40 MW. and 2 MVar, respectively. Moreover, the UPFC shunt converter is set to regulate the nodal voltage magnitude at bus 3 at] pu, There is a 32% increase of active power Flowing towards bus3. The increase i in response to the large amount of active power demanded by the UPFC series converter. Thus fiom the above analysis we find 1569J. Applied Soi, 10) (3): 1563-1571, 2010 Fig. 13: that within the framework of traditional power transmission concepts, the UPFC is able to control simultaneously or selectively all the parameters affecting, power flow in the transmission line (voltage, impedance and phase angle) and this unique capability is signified by the adjective unified in its name. To verify the proposed different FACTS steady state model, numerical studies have been carried out on the IBEE 40-bus system (Fig, 12) and IEEE 118-bus system (Fig. 13) In the tests, @ convergence of 1.00-12 pau, it t ingle line circuit dhagram of the IEEE, 118-bus system uused for maximal absolute bus power mismatch, The convergence of result is achieved within 4 to 5 iterations CONCLUSION ‘The model developed for different FACTS devices are used in the 5 bus, IEEE 30 bus and IEEE 118 bus system to perform power The effectiveness of the models developed is reflected in quick convergence during the power flow stu. to flow solutions 1st0J. Applied Sei, 10. ACKNOWLEDGMENT. ‘The authors are thankful to the management of SSN College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Chennai for providing the Computational facilities to carryout this study, REFERENCES: Ache, E, CR Fuerte-Esquivel, H. Ambriz-Perez and (C. Angeles-Camacho, 2004. 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