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C. Advantages
From the literature, we also establish a list of quote
advantages. These advantages aren’t generally validated.
Thus, it is necessary to stay critical towards them. The
advantages found in the literature are:
V. MATHEMATICAL MODELS
Fig. 4. The experimental nozzle
The Navier Stokes equations are discretized by a centered
Volume finite method. The flow is assumed to be steady,
compressible and turbulent. The turbulence model is the
Algebraic Baldwin Lomax model. To accelerate the
convergence, a multigrid method is used with 3 grid levels.
The mesh is a structured multiblock grid. The mesh size is
134.912 cells for the 254 mm model and 228.384 cells for the
152 mm model. The mesh is refined near the walls to capture
the details of the boundary layers and in the transition area.
The mesh between the discs is plotted in fig. 8. The grid is
refined near the disc (1). For the boundary layer, the grid is
also refined near the carter (2). The transition zones are near
Fig. 5. The numerical nozzle
the nozzle (3), the disc holes (4) and at the inlet of the exhaust
pipe.
The length of the exhaust pipe is chosen superior to the
establishment length to stabilize the flow before the numerical
outlet. While the flow leaves the space between the discs, it
must change abruptly its direction. The flow is also influenced
by the shaft movement. The flow is thus highly perturbed (see
annotation 1 in fig. 7.).
Fig.6. The numerical exhaust pipe Fig. 8. Mesh in the disc space
VII. RESULTS
A. Introduction
In this work, we visualize and analyze the flow to
understand the way by which the fluid transfers its energy to
the discs. From this analysis, three types of losses are detected.
The presence of a boundary layer is discussed. The
energetic performances of the turbine are also plotted. The
objective is to give some values of the torque, the rotor power
and the efficiency.
B. Energetic performance
The angular velocity and the total pressure ratio between the
inlet and the outlet of the turbine are chosen as parameters.
For a defined total pressure ratio, the torque, the power and
the efficiency are computed for different angular velocities.
Then, these values are computed for a defined angular velocity
and different total pressure ratio. These curves are plotted for
the 152 mm turbine.
In both cases, the nozzle angle is constant too and one
nozzle is used.
Fig. 9. Grid refinement The torque is obtained from the numerical simulation. The
rotor power and the efficiency are defined as:
VI. BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
At the inlet, a flow angle (represented by the normalized Definition 1 Rotor power ( Pr ) and efficiency ( η )
0.05
Torque C (Nm)
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
Fig. 10. Location of the boundary conditions
0
0 5000 10000 15000
angular velocity N (t/m)
Fig. 11. Torque evolution
increased, the fluid velocity, the viscous effect and thus the
torque increases.
Rotor power (Watt)
The nozzle angle (as above) and the angular velocity (2500
t/m) are constant.
The torque versus the total pressure ratio is plotted in fig.13
To decrease these losses; the fluid must stay longer between Fig. 17. Profile near the nozzle
the discs.
The fluid path can be increased with the angular velocity. If When the fluid moves away from the nozzle, the boundary
the angular velocity is increased, the centrifugal forces layer grows up and ends to be thicker than the space between
compensate longer the radial pressure gradient. the discs (see Fig. 18.). The external flow doesn’t exist any
more. The flow is purely viscous.
3) Friction losses between fluxes
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank Pr B. Leduc to have proposed this
subject of work and to have accommodated me in its service. I
would also like to thank Mr O. Berten and E. Lenclud to have
supervised this work.
On average, the stress level and the torque are superior with
the second nozzle. The windage losses are more localized but
the presence of the second nozzle drive the fluid from the
other nozzle out the space between the discs. The exhaust
losses increase. The second nozzle is thus interesting when the
windage losses are preponderant in the one nozzle
configuration and must be misadvised when the exhaust losses
are already preponderant.
VIII. CONCLUSIONS