DRUG STUDY:

Drugs Indiccation/Contraindications Mechanism of Action Side Effects Nursing Consideration

Drug: Lactulose Indication:
Treatment of chronic constipation in
Dose: 300L adults and geriatric patients. Adjunct
in the management of portal-
Route: systemic (hepatic) encephalopathy
(PSB).
Frequency: OD/ @HS
Contraindication:
Clasiffication: Patients on low galactose diets.
Use cautiously in:
Diabetes Mellitus, excessive or
prolonged use (may lead to
dependence); pregnancy, lactation, or
children (safely not established).
Increases water content and softens
the stool. Lowers the pH of the colon
which inhibits the diffusion of
ammonia from the colon into the
blood, thereby reducing blood
ammonia levels.
Therapeutic Effects:
Relief of constipation, decreased
blood ammonia levels with improved
mental status in PSE.
Adverse reactions: • Assess patient for abdominal
GI:belching,cramps, distention, presence of bowel
distention,flatulence, diarrhea function.
• Assess color, consistency, and
Endo: hyperglycemia amount of stool produced
• PSI: Assess mental status
(orientation, LOC) before and
periodically throughout course
of therapy.
May cause increased blood glucose
levels in diabetic patients.

Drugs Indiccation/Contraindications Mechanism of Action Side Effects Nursing Consideration

Drug: Losartan Treatment of hypertension; Blocks vasoconstriction and Cardiovascular • This should be taken with
nephropathy in type 2 diabetic aldosterone-secreting effects of Hypotension (7%); orthostatic food if GI upset occurs
Dose: 50mg, 1 tab patients; reduce risk of stroke in angiotensin II by selectively hypotension (4%). • Can’t be used by women
patients with hypertension and left blocking the binding of angiotensin CNS who are pregnant
Route: ventricular hypertrophy. II to the angiotensin II receptor (AT 1 Asthenia/fatigue (14%); hypesthesia • Advise to take the
receptor) in vascular smooth muscle (5%); dizziness (3%). medication the same time
Frequency: OD and the adrenal gland. Dermatologic each day
Cellulitis (7%).
Clasiffication: Angiotensin I EENT
Antagonist Cataract (7%); nasal congestion
(2%).
GI
Diarrhea (15%); gastritis (5%);
dyspepsia (4%).
Genitourinary
UTI (16%).
Hematologic-Lymphatic
Anemia (14%).
Hepatic
Hepatitis (postmarketing).
Hypersensitivity
Anaphylactic reactions, angioedema
(including swelling of the larynx and
glottis, swelling of the face, lips,
pharynx, and tongue), vasculitis
(including Henoch-Schönlein
purpura) (postmarketing).

Drugs Indiccation/Contraindications Mechanism of Action Side Effects Nursing Consideration

Drug: Kalium Durule For hypokalemia Replace potassium and maintain • Arrhythmia In preparing Kalium Durule, make
 Prophylaxis during treatment with potassium levels • Heart block sure that it is fully dissolved before
Dose: diuretics • Hypotension administering.
• Cardiac Arrest
Route: Contraindications: • Hyperkalemia
Oliguria, anuria, with untreated • Respiratory paralysis
Frequency: TID Addison’s, with acute DHN and heat
• Nausea
cramps
Clasiffication: Potassium chloride ; • Vomiting
Belongs to the class of potassium- • Abdominal pain
containing preparations. Used as
dietary supplements.

Drugs Indiccation/Contraindications Mechanism of Action Side Effects Nursing Consideration

Drug: Levothyroxine Treat low thyroid activity and certain Levothyroxine sodium increases the • headache; • Before taking
types of goiter. basal metabolic rate (BMR) of • sleep problems (insomnia); levothyroxine, tell your
Dose: 12.5mg,1tab carbohydrates, fats and proteins. It is doctor if you have heart
Contraindications: also involved in the regulation and • nervous or irritable feeling;
disease, coronary artery
Route: differentiation of cell growth. These • fever, hot flashes, disease, anemia (lack of
effects are mediated at the cellular sweating; red blood cells), diabetes,
Frequency: OD
• you are allergic to any
level by the thyroxine metabolite, tri- • changes in your menstrual problems with your
ingredient in periods;
iodothyronine. pituitary or adrenal glands,
Levothyroxine
Clasiffication: Thyroid Hormones • appetite changes, weight or a history of blood clots
• you have untreated adrenal changes;
gland problems or high
thyroid hormone levels
• you have had a recent heart
attack

Drugs Indiccation/Contraindications Mechanism of Action Side Effects Nursing Consideration

Drug: Omeprazole Short-term treatment for active Suppresses gastric acid secretion by • Headache, dizziness,  Instruct patient to take each dose
duodenal ulcer blocking acid (proton) pump within nausea, abdominal pain, on an empty stomach, at least 1 h
Dose:20mg/cap, 1cap gastric parietal cell. alopecia, dry skin, rashes before eating.
 Instruct patient to swallow
Route: capsules whole and not to open,
crush, or chew the capsule.
Frequency: pre breakfast  Advise patient having difficulty
swallowing the capsule to open it and
Clasiffication: Proton Pump gently mix the pellets with 1 Tbsp of
Inhibitors cool or cold applesauce and then
immediately swallow the mixture
without chewing. Remind patient not
to crush or chew the pellets and not
to prepare the pellet/applesauce
mixture ahead of time or store for
future use.
 Remind patient that omeprazole
is to be taken every day and not as
needed or only when symptoms are
present.
 Drugs Indiccation/Contraindications
Drug: Clonidine Treating severe pain. Clonidine is
used with opiates in cancer patients
Dose: 75mg/tab, 1 tab for whom opioid (narcotic)
analgesics alone have not been
Route: SL adequately effective.
Contraindications:
Frequency: PRN for BP 160/90 Hypersensitivity. Disorders of
cardiac pacemaker activity and
Clasiffication: conduction. Pregnancy and lactation.
Therapeutic: Laxatives
Pharmacologic: Osmotic
Drugs Indiccation/Contraindications
Drug: Calmoseptine Cream Preventing and treating minor skin
irritations (eg, caused by cuts,
Dose: scrapes, minor burns, perspiration,
itching, wound drainage).
Route: Topical
Contraindications:
Frequency: as needed on affected • you are allergic to any
areas
ingredient in Calmoseptine
Ointment
Clasiffication:
• you are treating a deep
wound or puncture wound
Drugs Indiccation/Contraindications
Drug: Paracetamol Relief of fever
For minor aches and pains
Dose: 500mg/cap
Contraindications:
Route: Anemia, cardiac & pulmonary
disease. Hepatic or severe renal
Frequency: PRN for Temp 38°C disease.
Clasiffication: Anti-pyretic
Mechanism of Action
Clonidine is an alpha agonist
analgesic. It works in the spinal cord
by preventing pain signal
transmission to the brain.
Clonidine stimulates alpha-2
receptors in brain stem which results
in reduced sympathetic outflow from
the CNS and a decrease in peripheral
resistance leading to reduced BP and
pulse rate. It does not alter normal
haemodynamic response to exercise
at recommended dosages.
Mechanism of Action
Calmoseptine Ointment is an
analgesic, antiseptic, antipruritic, and
skin protectant combination. It works
by temporarily relieving itching and
pain. It also decreases moisture in the
affected area.
Mechanism of Action
a pain reliever and a fever reducer.
The exact mechanism of action of is
not known. Paracetamol is used to
treat many conditions such as
headache, muscle aches, arthritis,
backache, toothaches, colds, and
fevers.
Side Effects
Chest pain, confusion, constipation,
weakness, headache, nausea, ringing
of the ears, sweating
Side Effects
evere allergic reactions (rash; hives;
itching; difficulty breathing;
tightness in the chest; swelling of the
mouth, face, lips, or tongue).
Side Effects
• Hepatotoxicity
• Allergic skin reactions &
GI disturbances.
Nursing Consideration
• May be taken with or
without food
 Instruct to not suddenly stop
taking Clonidine. One may have an
increased risk of side effects (eg,
excessive elevations in blood
pressure, nervousness, headache,
confusion). If you need to stop
Clonidine or add a new medicine,
your doctor will gradually lower your
dose.
Nursing Consideration
for external use only. Do not get it in
your eyes, nose, or mouth. If you get
it in any of these areas, rinse at once
with cool water.Do not use
Calmoseptine Ointment to treat deep
wounds or puncture wounds.
PREGNANCY and BREAST-
FEEDING: If pregnant, contact the
doctor. One will need to discuss the
benefits and risks of using
Calmoseptine Ointment while
pregnant.
Nursing Consideration
• May be taken with or
without food