‫بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم‬

University of Khartoum
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
  Fourth Year

 
Communication Systems I
Lecture (7)

Angle Modulation
 Angle Modulation
 There are three parameters of a carrier that
may carry information:
 Amplitude
 Frequency
 Phase


 Frequency and Phase modulation are closely

related and grouped together as angle
modulation.


2
 Angle Modulation
Ge ne ralize d  sinuso idal func tio n is give n by:

ϕ (t ) = A cos θ (t )
 (t) = instantaneous Angle
(radians)
        The   angle    (t) o f  the   c arrie r  A  c o s (t) is 
mo dulate d  ac c o rding   to   the   mo dulating  signal 
sm(t):

• The amplitude A remains constant. 3

• This modulation type is called Angle modulation 
 Frequency Modulation
 FM is a form of modulation which represents
information as variations in the
instantaneous frequency of a carrier.
 FM is commonly used at VHF radio,
frequencies for broadcasting of music and
speed. Normal TV sound is also broadcasted
using FM.
 The instantaneous frequency is related to θ(t)
by:


4
 Frequency Modulation
 From definition of FM, fi is a linear function of
sm(t).


5
 Single Tone Frequency Modulation
 Here sm(t)= cos ωmt [Am=1]

where:

6
 Single Tone Frequency Modulation
 For single tone modulation:


 β is known as the modulation index.

 Considering the instantaneous frequency for
single tone modulation:


 Δf is the peak frequency deviation (Δf =kf .

Am) which represents the maximum shift
away from fc in one direction. 7



8
 Power in FM Wave
 In general, average power:



 In single tone case, average power:

9
 Bandwidth of FM Wave
 The bandwidth of FM wave with small β is
equal to 2 fm (single tone), but for large β
the BW is much wider than 2 fm.


 For this reason the case of small β is known as

Narrow Band Frequency Modulation (NBFM),
and for large β is known as Wide Band
Frequency Modulation (WBFM).

10
 Generation of NBFM


 If kf is small:

11
Generation of NBFM

­ NBFM
+
X
+

12
Spectrum of  Single Tone NBFM
SNBFM (f)

A/2 A/2
Aβ/4 Aβ/4

≈
­(fc+fm) ­fc ­(fc­fm) fc­fm fc fc+fm

­Aβ/4 ­Aβ/4

13
 Assignment(1)

Transmission Channels



Due to 21/11/2010


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 ND
E
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