Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(LCIV 3051
اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ :
ﻳﺘﻨﺎول هﺬا اﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺧﻮاث اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻠﺰم اﻹﻟﻤﺎم ﺑﻬﺎ و ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ و اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت
اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ ،ﺧﺎﺻﺔ و أن اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت ﺳﻮف ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﻄﺮق ﻟﻬﺎ ﺧﻼل هﺬا اﻟﻔﺼﻞ.
إن ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﻏﻴﺮهﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاد ،ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﺎدة ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼث ﺣﺎﻻت ،و هﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ Solid
اﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎﺗﻬﺎ اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ،و اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ Liquidو ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎت أو ﻣﺎ
ﻳﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﺎت ،و اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزﻳﺔ Gasﻣﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﻮاء أو أي ﻏﺎزات أﺧﺮى ﻣﻮﺟﻮدﻩ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ
ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﺎء.
Definitions
Void ratio (e) is defined as the ratio of the volume of voids to the volume of
solids.
Vv n
e= e=
Vs 1− n
Porosity (n) is defined as the ratio of the volume of voids to the total
volume.
Vv e
n= n=
V 1+ e
The degree of saturation (S) is defined as the ratio of the volume of the
water to the volume of the voids.
Vw
S=
Vv
Mw
• Moisture Content (w) w=
Ms
W
• Unit Weight (γ) γ=
V
• Dry Unit Weight (γd) γ
γd =
1+ w
See
e Table (3..1) page 53
5
Solution
.
a γ 15.88
.
. .
b . .
.
c 0.393
.
. .
(d) . %
.
(e)