ZL 1.1. Verify the dimensions, in both the FLT and MLT systems, of the following quantities which appear in Table 1.1: (a) vol- tume, (b) acceleration, (e) mass, (2) moment of inertia (area), and (e) work (a) volume tb) acceleration 2 time rate of change of velocity = La. ca ote. M it) mass or with F2MLT? amass ELT? (A) moment sf inertia (area) = second moment of Area 2 Lt)t) 2 bt (e) work = fore x distance Ss Fk or with Famer? works pL? T7?1.2. Determine the dimensions, in both the FLT system and MALT system, for (a) the product of force times volume, (b) the product of pressure times mass divided by area, and (e) moment of a force divided by velocity (0) dtorce x volume = (F)(L9) + ELE Since Fo amir . ¢ force x lame = (MLT*) (13) = AIL _ (ee2m) . (eumee'r®) (rerio) . (FN T IT Pressure x mass () area _ ie 2 pees re (yet )(e)( T= = Male (¢) frement of a force . FL ~ T velocity a = (ait)(r)* fetfo Verify the dimensions, in both the FLT system and the [MALT system, ofthe following quantities which appear in Table 1.1: (a) acceleration, (b) stress, (e) moment of a force, (d) vol- ume, and (e) work ie eek ee ) acceleration te Fa = LT (L) stress = force = £ 2 FL? area L Since FS MLTS . MET = ML ri =— stress = ce) brement of a ‘force = force x ditance lair dl = Aer A) volume = Cength) ie force x dstince = EL Oat DL = mite? Ce) work a I 2Aes] 1.4 If Pisa force and x a length, what are the dimensions (in the FLT system) of (a) dP/ de, (b) d’P/dx’, and (c) fP dx? wa) 222 Ff = ee? ak z 7 () Ge ee dx? L3 aa 2 [eu 3 FL LS 15 If p is a pressure, V a velocity, and p a fluid density, what are the dimensions (in the MLT system) of (a) p/p, (b) Vp, and (©) p/pV?? (a) mole (6) pVp= Gac'r-)(ut') (a?) = mL re 2 ee ) © BV la Nr) oe Melele (dimensenlss)L6 16 If Visa velocity, Ca length, and va fluid property having dimensions of L?T-!, which of the following combinations are dimensionless: (a) Vly, (b) Velv, (ce) V2v, (d) Vil? ca) VAV = (Lt Ye\er) = LIT + (pot dimensionless) Vas mG) 5 () w= orm LLrhr——eSOSOOs 2 ~ te) V2 = fer (L277) = LT? Coot dimensionless) @) a = a = > (not dimensionless) 17 1.7 Determine the dimensions of the coef ficients A and B which appear in the dimen- sionally homogeneous equation ex | a Br aGsar=0 where xis a length and 1s time 2 dx +A a + Bx =0 dt* é r+ ed + Ciel =0 Since each term must have the same dimensions : [4]{ir“} 4 [fir] so that Ae “felt =(r]) - Bet?18 1.8 The volume rate of flow, Q, through a pipe containing a slowly moving liquid is given by the equation _ ARtAD eye where is the pipe radius, Ap the pressure drop along the pipe, ja fia propery called viscosity (FL~"7), anu € the length of pipe. Wha ae the dimensions ofthe constant 1/8? Would you classify this equation as @ general homogeneous equation? Explain. merle ees ‘Veer The Constant The is dimensionless, and the eguation 13 & general homogeneous Cfuation that is valid tm any Consistent Unt system. Yes.[27 7 book, the energy loss per unit weight of fluid flowing through nozzle connected to a hose can be estimated by the formula hi = (0.04 t0 0.09)(D/d)'V?/2g ‘where i is the energy loss per unit weight, D the hose diameter, d the nozzle tip diameter, V the fluid velocity in the hose, and ¢ the acceleration of gravity. Do you think this equation 1s valid in any system of units? Explain. R= (0.04 4 0.09) Gs [é]- [o.oH too of [HE] ELE] [1] 2 [+04 + 0.09) [LL] Since each term in The eguation must have the Same dimensions, the Constant term (0.04 0.04) must be dimensiialess. Thus, The egaatiin Is @ general homogeneous ep uation That 1s Valid jn any system of anits. Yes. 710 1.10 The pressure difference, Ap, across a partial blockage in an artery (called a stenosis) is approximated by the equation cosity (FLT), p the blood density (ML~), D the artery diameter, Ay the area of the unob- structed artery. and A, the area of the stenosis. Determine the dimensions of the constants K, and K,. Would this equation be valid in any sys- tem of units? =x ‘Ao _ 1)’ py ao = KE ow, (4 1) ov Ap= ky Oe + eal TP oT [rea] fc, ENE) Le] ES -) ET] fe?) = [ky] [re] + (kre) Since each term must have the same dimensions, K, and K, are dimensionless. Thus, the equation is a general homogeneous equation that would be valicl fn ang Consistent system ef units. Yes. I-7Assume that the speed of sound, c, in a fluid depends on an elastic modulus, £,, with dimensions FL~?, and the fluid density, p, in the form ¢ = (E,)'(p)”. If this is to be a dimen- sionally homogeneous equation, what are the values fora and bs your result consistent withthe standard formula for the speed of sound? (See Eq. 1.19.) c= (E,)*@) Sime cat! £,2 FL p= Fer? [3]: [$2] [25°] a) For a diinensionally homogeneous eguakion each term ta the eguation must have the same dimensions. Thus, the right hand side of £3 (1) must have the dimensions of LT! There fre, a+bh=0 (te elimnate F) 2h=-1 Cto sahisty condition onT) Zat¢b=-! Che absty cndcten on L) It fillows Tht az4 and be So het This result is Consistord with the standart dhrmula hr the Speed ef sound. Yes.W277 1.14 Make use of Table 1.3 to express the following quantities in SI units: (a) 10.2 in./min, (b) 4.81 slugs, (¢) 3.02 Ib, (d) 73.1 ft/s*, (e) 0.0234 Ibs/te. @) 10.2%, = (a2%,) (2s 22) ( Le) = -3 ym 4%3an xo” = 432 em (6) #81 slagsz (481 slags) oe /f)- 70.2 44 (¢) 3.02 Ib = (30218) (4 449 #)= 34H 7314+ (73/4) ve Zi )s 223 % (bes (€) 0.023% : ) seLIE 1.15 Make use of Table 1.4 to express the following quantities in BG units: (a) 14.2 km, (b) 8.14 N/m’, (c) 1.61 kg/m’, (d) 0.0320 N-m/s, (e) 5.67 mm/br. (0) 142 bm = (142.20'm) (3201 )= #66 x 10° ib a) 8m By = (814%) (6 20he0? Be). sexi? fe Mw SSE aE 2 om? “3 shu ce) 16) 44, = (Les 42) (9000? FEY. 312 cio? sas ee iB ame Mem : - (d) 0.0320 =" = (0,030 %") (1.310410 = 23bxK10" as (2) 5,67 SH = (S07 «10 =) (3281) a) = saxo Ft ell“lo 1.16 Express the following quantities in ST units: (a) 160 acre, (b) 15 gallons (U.S.), (c) 240 miles, (d) 79.1 hp, (e) 60.3 °F. ft? oa ae (a) 160 acre = (160 acre)(4 35b x 108 HE )(4-a%0 x ta) = 647x105 m* (b) 15 gallons = (15 gallons \(2. tas See) (5 ‘m3 ) = 5b9 x18" on ed C2) 240 mi = (240 mi)(5280 2% )(3.048 xii" (A) 74.1 hp = (741 hp)(s50 8 = = )(u ay): saxo’ 2 and 12> \W se "vet 74.1 p= 5.90 x1 cel Ter (b0.39°F -32) = 15.7°C =19,7°C 4273 = 28dlv (12,1.17 Clouds can weigh thousands of pounds due to their liguid water content, Ofien this content is measured in grams per cubic meter (g/m*), Assume that a cumulus cloud occupies € volume of one cubic kilometer, and its liquid water content is 0.2 g/m’, (a) What is the volume of this cloud in cubic miles? (b) How much does the water in the cloud weigh in pounds? (aH lume = I Cem)? = 10m? Since (m= 3.281 L4 3 id Cotm?) (3.281 & ) HYslume = (5290x103 #) Ime = 0.240 ri (6) W = ¥x Yolume r= pg = (0.2%)? ) (941 F)= | 161408 so 4p = (1.262 KF X, )(1o%m?) = (92 x10" N = (1.92 x10 W )(2.248 10 ) = 441 x" |b 1-13118 1.18 For Table 1.3 verify the conversion re- lationships for: (a) area, (b) density, (¢) velocity, and (d) specific weight. Use the basic conversion relationships: 1 ft = 0.3048 m; 1 Ib = 4.4482 N; and 1 slug = 14.594 kg. (2) / #t*= (140 fo soee) 2a} 0.09290 am Thus, raultiply #t* by 9.240 E-Z to convert 2 tom b) 1 Sug = ([ het) (yy, Ay ) Lf Uae (/ a ) (4 5% 53) la oe ae = S/S.4 Fa Thus, multiply slug te? by S1S¥ Et2 to convert to ke /m? «ey &. (| Et) (0.3049 @)- 03049 @ Thus, multiply ft/s by 3.048 E-| te convert to m/s. ts lft? | a) 1 Be (l ga) 8) eae = stl Thus, multiply Ib/f3 by L571 Et2 to convert to N/m,[4/7 J 1.24” For Tate 14 verify the conversion re lationships for: (a) acceleration, (b) density, (c) pressure, and (d) volume flowrate. Use the basic conversion relationships: 1 m = 3.2808 ft; 1N = 0.22481 Ib; and 1 kg = 0.068521 slug. (a) 1% (1% )(3.2809 #)= 3.20) & Thus, raltiply m/s? by 3.281 to convert to Ft/s, &) | ha. : (1 Bs, )(c.ov#5a1 2) ts ~3 = |. G4o x10 aoe Thus, multiply Ay /m3 by L.4#0 E-3 £0 convert to slugs/t3. Noo aN 0. Ty) ce ) iL (I NY ¢ 22481 | eesearhe = 2,089 x0 BL Thus, mulkiply N/m? by 2.084 E-2 to convert bo Ib/ Fe, w - ee (d) | 28 () 2 2) [Garee) | 35.31 Thas, multiply m/s by 353, E+] to convert to FLY. re »%1.20 1.20 Water flows from a large drainage pipe at a rate of 100 gan What stn wens rate of wn) ms () liters/min, and (c) ft/s? (a) flowrate = (1222 9a! ) (6,309x10> ) tin Gal fin = 757 2 a3 / 10% & () Since | lider = 107 m3, a2 a 3), Flowrate = (757 £10 a ig ters ) 62s) = ¥540 Liters | $t3 2) flowrate = (7.57x10 2) (2531 x10 3_) oF oad s = 267 as ers _ Ilo1.21 A tank of oil has a mass of 25 slugs. (a) Determine its weight in pounds and in new- tons at the earth’s surface. (b) What would be its mass (in slugs) and its weight (in pounds) if lo- cated on the moon's surface where the gravita- tional attraction is approximately one-sixth that at the earth's surface? ca) weight = mass x J = (25 slags) ( 22.2 ££) 5054 4 ] 7 (25 slugs ) (4.59 5h ) (4.81 %)= Ss80w (6) mass = 25 slugs — (rmass dots not depend on gravitetions| attraction ) weight = (25 slugs ) (222 #) = 134 bb o& Lad _ 1.22 _ A certain object weighs 300 N at the earth's surface. Determine the mass of the object (in kilograms) and its weight (in newions) when located on a planet with an acceleration of sravity equal t0 4.0 fi/s?, 4 See Na = 306 kg fa ae Br q= #0 hehe, (30.6 4g ) (40) (0.3048 Z) 323 N mass = & . > % i u Ik 2%23 1.23 An important dimensionless parameter the Froude number using SI units for V, g, and in certain types of fluid flow problemsis the Froude _¢. Explain the significance of the results of these number defined as V/Vgl, where V isa velocity, calculations. g the acceleration of gravity, and (a length. De- termine the value of the Froude number for V = 10 ft/s, g = 32.2 fist, and ¢ = 2 ft. Recalculate Ln 86 units, lo _ = = V#% 22 EAR) In SI units: V= (io € ) (e300 Bz 5.05 F Pal 24314 Q= (24) (03048 a 0.bIO m 125 he ; . OS vw. ge VGa1 4) (0.6100) The value of @ dimensionless parameter 1s independent of the unit system, Ig“2¢ In 1.24 The specific gravity of mercury at 80 °C is 13.4. Determine its density and specific weight at this temperature, Express your answer in both BG and SI units. 0 = 54 Foe yee Ge BG units [ shgs) 2 slugs Pa 194 C194 huss ) 26,0 sts x= (20.0 seas ) (222 37 2, SI units: p= 13. (1000 42) 13,4 410" 4a, | (i3.4.«10° #2, ) (991 %)= 131 ae 25 1.25 A hydrometer is used to measure the specific gravity of liquids. (See Video V2.6.) For a certain liquid a hydrometer reading indicates a specific gravity of 1.15. What is the liquid’s density and specific weight? Express your answer in SI units a SG= Gio @4C a te /ooo 2%. me p= (115) (1000 ¥2,) = 1150 4s 7m & & ye pg = (1150 BGs = 11.354L26 An open, rigid-walled, cylindrical tank contains 4 10° of water at 40 °F, Over a 24-hour period of time the water ‘temperature varies from 40 °F to 90 °F. Make use of the data in Appendix B to determine how much the volume of water will change. For a tank diameter of 2 f1, would the corresponding change in water depth be very noticeable? Explain, mass of water = *P where 7 ts tne volume and 2 The density. Since the mass mast vemarn Constant @5 The temperature © hanges Wry : yo © - sh From Table B.1 Zo 1940 Se = La fis ® ren = 10 SE Therebre, fron £4.) A ’ ~ tN 1.90 a) = £oith #2 n° 193) 28, Thus, The increase ta volume 1% 3 4 pigl -#ooo= © 01 fb ft The change 14 water dep, AL, ul b _4¥ _ oof 442 oO area ™ @Ft)* % This mall change 11 depth would not be very Noticeable, No. ~3 a = 5,92xI0 AL= 0.07/0in Mote: 4 slightly differed value fr AL wilt be obtained if specific weight of water Is used reTher Than density This 13 due to the feck qhot there is some ancertunt, In the feurte Significant Figure of these, Awo values, and fhe solution + Sensitive to Ths uncerteinty I-20Lad 1.28 A beaker contains 10 in.’ of pure glyc- erin, If 2 in. of water is added to the glycerine, What is the specific gravity of the mixture? Piz = volume), + 2 x (volume,,, density of micbure = (89 ala Wao TP Colume} y+ “wolene)y, (42 [love a Ne nde ine Ne wD) psri) 3f/ Fe (lon? + 2 ind (TER :) = 2.34 sluas ft? slugs eee Figo 84°C ay Tae . I-72]127 ‘The information on a can of pop indicates thatthe can contains 355 ml. The mass of a full can of pop is 0.369 kg while an empty can weighs 0.153 N. Determine the specific weight, density, and specific gravity of the pop and compare your results with the corresponding values for water at 20 °C. Express your results in ST units. Wwerght of Flurdl a) Y= Plame of Flacd tobe! weight = mass x go = (0.364 by (981% ) = 2b2v weight ef can= 0.153N : y Volume of Fluid = C5542 1) (109-28 )= 255.X10 “om Thus, fron Bg. (1) . - 0/53N ye 242N - O153N _ 9779 4, a PSE X10 am? eM p= $ = 270m © ggg HE. G44 HE ale a 44 see & = 7 ms = 0.996 Fo @¥°C sony A For weber af 20°C (‘see Table B.2 1h Kopendic B) Vee 77897-®, 5 (IE 5 SG 09e A. comparison of These Values br Wetey with These for The pep shows Thal The gpeciht Weight, SU Te Ta Be coresentny lt lr ae1.30 * “1.30 The vatiation in the density of water, p, with tem: perature, 7, in the range 20°C = T= 50°C, is given in the following table Deity ha/m’) | 9682 | 9972 | 9957 | 0961 | 9922 | 902 | 988 Temenwreql 20 fas lwo las bao bas | Use these data to determine an empirical equation of the form p= c; + caT + cxT? which can be used to predict the density lover the range indicated, Compare the predicted values with the data given. What is the density of water at 42.1 °C? Fit the deta to a second order pelynomial Using a standard curve-tittids progrim such @s found in EXCEL, Thus, A= (2el = 0.0599T ~ 0.00%) T* a) As shown in the table below, p (predicted) Fron Eyl) 18 14 geod agremeat with p (gin). T.°C p,kglm"3_p, Predicted 20 9982 "998.3 25 997.1 997.1 30 9957 995.7 35 994.1 994.1 40 992.2 992.3 45 9902 9903, 60 988.1 988.1 AL Ts #21 °C 2 i pe (eel ~ 20835 (aaj) ~ 0.0041 C21) = FAS s+ 1-23“Sl 1.31. IF cup of cream having a density of 1005 kg/m’ is turned into 3 cups of whipped cream, determine the specific gravity and specific weight of the whipped cream, Mass of cream, om = G oor Se )x ie ) where WY ~ volume. ee nee eves ae ee (lose BE Hin eee a ¥, rs 3 cups | oo5 SF, 73 bane Co @ Ye a SG & Vabipnt = Prien 8 (335 in) ¢Yeam cream N = 324073 1-24EFA 1.32 The density of nitrogen contained in a tank is 1.5 kg/m? winen the temperature is 25°C. Determine the gage pressure of the gas if the atmospheric pressure is 97 KPa “p= RT = (is) (ane )[C8¢ +273)k ] = 1332 (abs) 4 G9)= Bar e 1332 Pa-FIkR = 2LkR 1.33 The temperature and pressure at the surface of Mars during a Martian spring day were determined to be ~50 °C and 900 Pa, respectively. (a) Determine the density of the Martian atmosphere for these conditions if the gas constant for the Martian atmosphere is assumed to be equivalent to that of carbon dioxide. (b) Compare the answer from part (a) with the density of the earth's atmosphere during a spring day when the temperature is 18°C and the pressure 101.6 kPa (abs). 900% +s aCe, (Tia, )[ewremy | 0b) p= +>. lol. x10" RT (40692) [Care vm)X) an3 Lonars oor BE = 0.0115 = Peactn 22 a) Thus,LBE 1.34 A closed tank having a volume of 2 fis filled with 0.30 tb of a gas. A pressure gage attached to the tank reads 12 Psi when the gas temperature is 80 “F. There is some question as to whether the gas in the tank is oxygen or helium. Which ddo you think itis? Explain how you arrived at your answer. _ a - waght , @30h° i aCe 3 sh GS = 466K 0 ie Since p= z ity p= (rari?) po Catmosphene pressure assumed ty be % 47 pote) and with T= (00°F + 4b0)°R rt pllous thet _ ero) 212 shes oy) R (S¥OR) a From Table 7 = R=LSESkXIO? for oxygen ana R= 124%2xt 44 Ly helam. Slug °R Thas, From Fg.) & the gas is oxygen = 72 shas 2 sexy slu e 1554103 fF £63 ana ter Feluim 72 Ze a n2y¢2.xlo* slugs ft? A Comparison of These Values with The actual densjty of the gas ta the tank inducetes That The gas rust be OX ygen. I-20EA 1.36. A tire having a volume of 2.5 ft° contains air at a gage pressure of 30 psi and a temperature of 70 °F. Determine the ‘density of the air and the weight of the air contained in the tite & fe = Tos xjo? eee weight = par volume = (108 6" sles) (322£) (ss) = 0.570 IL137 1.37 A rigid tank contains air at a pressure of 90 psia and 1 temperature of 60 °F. By how much will the pressure increase as the temperature is inczeased to 110 °F? ~p= PRT (&q. 1.8) Por a@ rigid Closed tank The ath mass and Volume are tonstant go p= Constant. Thus, From 3.1.8 (wits R constent) tr - fe a) oe Te where ps Wopsia, T= b0F +4b0 = F20°R, and Ty = U0°F +460 = STOR, From EF.) ne Bg = (Gog) pas) = $b) pin 1-28138 * Develop a computer program for calculating the density of an ideal gas when the gas pressure in pascals (abs), the temperature in degrees Celsius. and the gas constant in kg K are specified, For an sdeal gas pF PRT so that ?* RT where p is absolute pressure is absolute temperature. Th 4 in °C Then Fs 264292818 A. spreadsheet (EXCEL) program tor caleulating ~ follows . R the gas constant , and T dis, 1f The kempe ra ture [This program calculates the density of an ideal gas | __ lwhen the absolute pressure in Pascals, the temperature lin degrees C, and the gas constant in Jka-K are specified. | To use, replace current values with desired values of lemperature, pressure, and gas constant = = ae Bo | “0 Pressure, | Temperature, Gas constant, Density, | Pa °C JikgK | _kgim? 4.01E+05/ 15 — 286.9 | 1.23 | Row 10 { A | I Formulas a ~|zaton(610+273.15¢10)_| | I I 4 Example. Caleulate A hr ps 2004 Pa, temperature ) and R=L87 Tidy kK, enAgs (Camel) aan. Pressure, |Te sas constant,| Density, | Pore wig | gi” = 2.00E+05 | . 287 2:38 | Rowi0 | [- AqL37* °39 Repeat Problem 1.38 for the case in which the pressure is given in psi (gage) the temperature in degrees ‘Fahrenheit, and the gas constant in ftb/slug°R. For an tdeal gas p=PRT so thet Pp C* a where p is absolute pressure, and T 1s absolute temperature. Thus, £ Cemperature tn °F and pressure im psi, Ther | T= + 45967 ana pal Pld) + by Cpsia) |xiteg, A spreadsheet (EXCEL program for caleuleting follows. and gas constant. E_| Density, | slugs/ft "0.00238 | Row 12 vl = Formula =(A12+D12)"144)((C12)*(812+459.67)) I a Example: Calculate ~ for p= 4opsi, temperature= /00F Rin = 147 psva, ana R= /716 Fb lb/sluge"R . c Gas constant,L4¢O. 1.40 Make use of the data in Appendix B to determine the equation for the pouring time in seconds was f= 1 +9 x 10% + 8 X 10%? with v in ms. (a) Is this a general ho- ‘mogeneous equation? Explain. (b) Compare the time it ‘would take to pour 100 mi of SAE 30 oil from a 150 ml beaker at 0°C to the corresponding time at a temperature of 60°C. Make use of Fig. B.2 in Appendix B for viscosity data. (1) d= GeO T+ Bew'[E] +e] [ZI] Since each term in the eguation must have the same dimensions The tonstents appearing in The eguation Must have dimensons, £.8, C]sEr} exw] (E) ber] [8] Thus, with a change ta Units The value of The general Constants would change nd This 18 net a@ homogeneous eguation, No. (5) From Table B.2 1a Appendix B: Chor SES vi1 @ OC) Ve 2.3% 1 als (for SHER oi) @ 00°C) V te x [0° m/s Thus, Frem £3.07) 2(2,34 03)" @ oc d= [+ x0? (2.34107) + 8x 107 (2.3% [0 = oles. A @ ore be 1+ Get ltox0 + 9x13 (40x10) = Lo#s pod 1-34L4G 1.44 The viscosity of a certain fluid is 5 x 10-* poise. Determine its viscosity in both ST and BG units. From Appendiz E10’ “3, = | poise, Thus, fe (5 210" peise ). (oe #2) = Sujo® Aes Pelse ee ana From Table L4 i Pea (BxIe MS) (4,078 x10 ye a = LS = Jono es | 2 * LAS 1.45 The kinematic viscosity of oxygen at 20 °C and a pressure of 150 kPa (abs) is 0.104 stokes. Determine the dynamic viscosity of oxygen at this temperature and pressure. Ao up b_ 150x107 4 ee if C= Ry (908.8 7 Pe r [ream 197 er VL 0/04 stokes = 0.)0% & Je (0.104 & *) (10 me \ (497 #2) “5 - = gos] Ak = gos nw? MS, Ms 2 1-35L¢G™ "1.46 Fluids for which the shearing stress, r, is not linearly related to the rate of shearing strain, 7, are designated as non- Newtonian fluids. Such fluids are commonplace and can exhibit ‘unusual behavior as shown in Video V1.4, Some experimental data obtained for a particular non-Newtonian fluid at 80 °F are shown below. “Tso ct | ° | [212 | yo) 10 200 Pilot these data and fit a second-order polynomial tothe data using a suitable ig program. What is the apparent viscosity of this fluid when the rate of shearing strain is 70s"? Ts this apparent viscosity larger or smaller than that for water at the same temperature? Rate of Shearing — shearing stress, co =e 1 strain, 1s Ib/sq ft jo 0098 +9.0033, ° 0 g ] st £07 0 12 | 150 185 je 200 317 2 0 50 100 150 200 250 Rate of shearing strain, is From the graph t= 0.000987 4 0.00353 where T 13 the shearing stress Ma Wb/$t* and ¥ 13 the rate of shearing strain in sé Part dt. (2) (p-o00e) 8 + 0.0035 At = Tos! apparent 4 bes*) 0.0036 Hee (2) (0.0008 “Fee )(Tos') + 5 Ibs Olle Be 0 4 . —F Ibes From Table B.] 1a Appeadx B, Puzo @sorr = \TUKIO Fee, and since water is a Newtonian fluid This value is inde pendent of & + Thus, The 4nknown non-Newtonan flurd has a much larger value, 1-36LET 1.47 Water flows near a flat surface and some measure ‘ments of the water velocity, u, parallel to the surface, ae heights, y, above the surface are obtained. At the surface y = After an analysis of the data, the lab technician reports that fie velocity distribution in the range 0 < y < 0.1 ft is given by the equation u= 081 + 9.29 +41 x 109 with u in fs when yi inf. (a) Do you think that this equation ‘would be valid in any system of units? Explain. (b) Do you think this equation is correct? Explain. You may want to look at Video 1.2 to help you arrive at your answer, Cal us 0844924 + AI KIY? [ir [asi]+ fat] + fixe [2] Each term ra the eguation ust have the same ol mensions. Thus, The teastant ors Cust have dimensions of LT G2 dimensions of T', ana 41X10 dimensens of L-* a Since The Constants jn The eg uation have dimensions Tele Values will change with a change tn units. No- (6) Equation Cannot be correct siice at Yy=o us 0.8/F#5, a non-zero Value which would viglate the ‘no-slip* Condition. Mot Correct. 1437L4S 1.48 Calculate the Reynolds numbers for the flow of water ‘and for air through a 4-mm-diameter tube, if the mean velocity is 3 m/s and the temperature is 30 °C in both cases (see Fxample 114), Assume the air is at standard atmospheric pressure. Fop water at 30°C (From Table 8.2 sm Appendix BY? f= 95.7 42, BF 7.975 x10" oa VD = + 5G va (9951 22) (3 2) (2.004 m) De 7.975 x jot NS rae For air at 3o'¢ ( From Table B.4 in Appendis B) = Ae 7 pe eee m3 J 1 & x10 ae a pve | (1.105 4 5) (3 F) (each om), 7 752 N86 cio? MS a aaL494 1.49 Forair at standard atmospheric pressure the values of the constants that appear in the Sutherland equation (Eq. 1.10) are C = 1.458 x 10-* kg/(m-s-K'") and 5 = 110.4 K. Use these values to predict the viscosity of air at 10°C and 90 °C and compare with values given in Table B.4 in Appendix B. 3 S 2 OT? (iase xt At, ) Tt 2 S ae = Ts) Ke Tr lio#k For T= /0°C = (0°C + AT3 IS = 283IS5K, - 34 ase x10") (283,18k) * Ag3ISK + 110.4 From Table B.# , = Le nso * Ms For T= 70°C = 90°C + ATBIS = 363,15K, . Hw (1.458 x 107°)( 363 16%) * 5 = 2,/3L10 MS 363,15 K+ NO4 ar Pi / = aa es ‘rom Table 8.4, Zeno” ee 1-391.50 ¥* 1.50* Use the values of viscosity of air given in Table B.4 at temperatures of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100°C to determine the constants C and S which appear in the Sutherland equation (Eq. 1.10). Compare your results with the values given in Problem 1.44. (Hint: Rewrite the equation in the form and plot 7°*/j1 versus T. From the slope and in- tercept of this curve C and S can be obtained.) fe = 3 EN (tyre § and with the deta trom Table BY: Equation 1-10 can be written in The form a) The [i *Mag/n-s)] a Pe (sla) a7 IS 11 210°. 2.640%? ao A436 LBZ X10 2758x108 313 IS 87X10 a Isci08 bo 33315 497 X0 3.087% 10 80 35815 1.07 X /O™ 2. 206X10 [00 373.15 2474107 3B. 322. X10 A plot of Me vs. T 1 shown below: i 35x0 — | f I : sxe ato (cont) (-40150” (Con't) Since The deta plot as an approxmede straight Ine, £4.01) can be represented by an eguetion of The form yr orta wnere yu TY, kwT, b~ Vo, and aw SIC, Frt the data to a linear eguahion using a Standard eurve~fiHing program Such as found In EXCEL. Thus, Y= b.%9x 10% 4 7. yu) x18" and gabe 6.969% 0% ~6 Y, so that Ge 3 x10 bs fim K*) and = Seas T44s xo c and therefore S= /07 K These values fr Cand S are in good agreement with values given in Problem [47 . 1-41LST 151 The viscosity of a fluid plays a very important role in determining how a fluid flows. (See Video V1.1.) The value of the viscosity depends not only on the specific fluid but also on the fluid temperature. Some experiments show that when a liquid, under the action of a constant driving pressure, is forced with a low velocity, V, through a small horizontal tube, the velocity is given by the equation V = K/. In this equation K is a constant fora given tube and pressure, and is the dynamic viscosity. For a particular liquid of interest, the viscosity is given s/ftt by Andrade’s equation (Eq. 1.11) with D = 5 x 10-7It and B = 4000 °R. By what percentage will the velocity inc as the liquid temperature is increased from 40 *F to 100 “I Assume all other factors remain constant. an cz) Se | and from F4.t el) eh imevease tn V = {iL — ew = | Awe 1} x10 & K [Pact From Andrades equation ffo00 Par? sxiole CBrtte A“ Yooo and VaR = 5K e Weerthe) Thus , From Bg. (3) a, $e 5x\ eC 5% _ 1] x 120 ee 2) exnge ae = 136% I-Y¥2A Ls2 1.52% Use the value of the viscosity of water given in Table B.2 at temperatures of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 °C to determine the constants D and B which appear in Andrade’s equation (Eq. 1.11). Calculate the value of the viscosity at 50 °C and compare with the value given in Table B.2. (Hint: Rewrite the equation in the form Ing = (B)F+ nD and plot In yz versus 1/7. From the slope and intercept of this curve B and D can be obtained, If a nonlinear curve fitting program is available the constants can be obtained directly from Eq, 1.11 without rewriting the equation.) Eguation bi can be written in the form In -lalz +InD a) and with the dala trom Table BZ Tet) TK) Wt) (usm) In oO ATBIs B.Lbl £10" L787 x0" ~ 6.327 Zo 93.15 aus? — oon? —- — 6.906 yo 31315 Zax > ogagxpt =~ 7.33% bo 33315 goo2xw? = bag * =~ 7.60 90 3531S wesgaw? feat’ ~ Ta 100 3735 eget? zelegort ~ allt A plot of Inn vs. /T & shown below :152 * Ceen't ) Since the deta plot as an approximate shrargyt line, Eg.) Can be used to represent These deta. To obtain B anaD, fit the data tO an exponentia/ Lguation of the form Y=2ée such as fund 14 EXCEL. bx Thus, : and 3 Bz b= h8IOX K so That 1870 ~6 fea bI7 He At 50°C (323.15), 1870 Pow bITa! eR = 6.76 «18 ns From Table 8.2, m= 5 H8X 10" W.5 /on® I-4415S 1.53 For a parallel plate arrangement of the type shown in Fig. 1.3 it is found that when the distance between plates is 2 mm, a shearing stress of 150 Pa develops at the upper plate when itis pulled at a velocity of 1 m/s. Determine the vis- cosity of the fluid between the plates. Express your answer in ST units. =u U4 TK Gy du U dy b | {80 jo = Mes. : = = 0,300 la (2) iF) ee Q00Lm 145454 1.54 As shown in Video V1.2, the “no slip” condition means that a fluid “sticks” to a solid surface. This is true for both fixed and moving surfaces. Let two layers of fuid be dragged along by the motion of an upper plate as shown in Fig. Is4 The bottom plate is stationary. The top Dud puts a shear — sleoad a th# ups pla, andthe lower Huid putea shear cree fon the botton plate, Determine the ratio of these two shear a Fluid 1 0.02 m Fria 2 mW FIGURE P1.54 For fluid | Te (8 ana By -2s 5 ep sr (6.45) am For fluid %A(S) Thus, = U top surface G bottom surfece N oe om” I-46=—-Wa—_——— 1.55 ‘There are many fluids that exhibit non-Newtonian behavior (see for example Video V1.4). For a given fluid the distinction between Newtonian and non-Newtonian behavior is usually based on measurements of shear stress and rate of shearing strain. Assume that the viscosity of blood is to be determined by measurements of shear stress, 7, and rate of shearing strain, du/dy, obtained from a small blood sauuple tested in a suitable viscometer. Based on the data given below determine ifthe blood is a Newtonian or non-Newtonian fluid, Explain how you arrived at your answer. xN/m?) | 0,08 | 0.06 | 0.12_| 0.18 | 0.30 | 0.52 1.12| 2.10 du/dy ~') 12.25] 4.501 11.251 22.5] 45.01 90.01 225 1 450 For a NWeubonan Fluid the ratio of t te da/dy 1s Constant. For the data given’ 2 Cus/ut) dafty The ratio ts net a Constant but decreases as the rate of shearing Strein mereases. Thus, This Fluid Cbleed) 1 & pon-Nedtonan Fluid. 4 plot of the data & shown below. For « Wewbonren Plurd “the curve would be a straight line with «& slope of | to a 0.0133 |0. 9/07 | 2.0080] 0.0067 | 0.0058 \2.cn50 | 0.0047 \0. 0178 Kate of sheonng stra, GH /dy , 5 1-471356 6 The sled shown in Fig. P1.S6 slides along on a thin horizontal layer of water between the ice and the runners. The horizontal force that the water puts on the runners is equal to 1.2 1b when the sled's speed is 50 fs. The total area of both runners in contact with the water is 0.08 f?, and the viscosity of the water is 3.5. 10-Ib s/f, Deteimine the thickness oF the water layer under the runners, Assume a linear velocity distribution in the water layer BFIGURE P156 F : Av. Mo where d=-thideness of water lay Thus, FoR ga ana =5 tes\i > £)/o.08 $e) ds MUA ~ (254° Bille F) (008 #0) E Wa Wb I-48457 1.57 A25-mm-diameter shatis pulled through «a cylindrical bearing as shown in Fig. P157, The lubricant that fils the 0.3-mm gap between the shalt and beating is au oil having a kinematic viscosity of 8.0 x 10-' m’/s and a specific gravity of 0.91. Determine the force P required to pull the shaft at a velocity of 3 m/s. Assume the ve- locity distribution in the gap is linear. —— FIGURE P157 p Sec Shatt pa — | ae eo Thi “ps tA where Az 1D « (shatt length in bearing) = wOA and L (velocity of shaft) _ Vv Caen so that p: £) (woz) Since = VP =v (NA, @ ye ) D mt P: (3.02012? Naas x 10° 84 3 FNt) (0, 025m)(0.5m) (0°.0003m ) = asbn8 ond and meters, respectively. 1.5% —ANewtonian fluid having a specific gravity of 0.92 and a kinematic viscosity of 4 X 10™* m’/s flows past a fixed surface, Due to the no-slip condition, the velocity at the fixed surface is zero (as shown in Video V1.2), and the velocity profile near the surface is shown in Fig. P158. De- termine the magnitude and direction of the shearing stress developed on the plate. Express your answer in terms of U and 8, with U and 6 expressed in units of meters. per sec- weak a8) aT 0,561F Ma® dchig te lel om ple 1-50459 1.59 A layer of water flows down an inclined fixed surface with the velocity profile shown in Fig. PL.54. Determine the magnitude and direc- tion of the shearing stress that the water exerts on the fixed surface for U = 2 m/s and h = Om, T2 % FIGURE PLT a“.y(2-4 % : u(% #') Thus, at the tited surtece (y20) d - ww 29) 26 FP so thet : a T= #(4E)= diaew* #4 Va) mes = 4YRK wo? M, acting in direction of tow 1-511.60% Standard air flows past a flat surface and (a) Assume the velocity distribution is of the form velocity measurements near the surface indicate u=Cy+Gy eee Seba eon: 0.06} 0.08 and use a standard curve-fitting technique to de z termine the constants C, and C;. (b) Make use u (ft/s) 10.211 14.43 of the results of part (a) to determine the mag- ‘The coordinate y is measured normal to the sur- nitude of the shearing stress at the wall (y = 0) face and w is the velocity parallel to the surface. and at y = 0.05 ft. (a Use nonlinear regressien progrm, such as SAS-WLIN, te obtain coeMbrcients C, and Cz. Thi's program preduces least Squares estimates “Ot The parameters of a nonlinear motel. Fer the data given, C= 1535 oe = G+ $350 FES! eon ane 3) Sun nce, fs te it follows that rep (G4 34K) Thus, ot the wall (y=0) To AG = (3.7¢x 107 BS S (st) = S7axi0" Ze At y= 0.05 ft te(a 06" 4 )[asd + 3 (4360 5, + oesse)'| ~s |b = bt xi ge /-5Z1.61 — The -viscosity of liquids can be measured through the use of a rotating cylinder viscometer of the type illustrated in Fig. P1.61. In this device the outer cylinder is fixed and the inner cylinder” i rotated with an angular velocity, «. ‘The torque required to develop « is measured and the vis- ity is calculated from these two measurements Develop an equation relating j., «, 5, &, Rp and R,. Neglect end effects and assume the velocity distribution in the gap is linear. Torgue, 17, due +e shearing shess on saner cylinder 13 egual a7: RTA where dh=(k:de)L, Thus, a7: RL T do and torque veguired to rotate inner cylinder is ge RL r[ = aR ht For a linear velocity distribution in the gap Reo ee that oT an Rh pw R,- Ry eylinder ZEZIZIZIIIZII —| en FIGURE P1.61 ZOD NT 46 bop view (L~ eghnder length )1.62. The space between two 6-in. long concentric cylinders is filled with glycerin (viscosity = 85 x 10~? Ib-s/ft?). The inner cylinder has @ radius of 3 in, and the gap width between cylinders is 0:1 in. Determine the torque and the power required to rotate the inner cylinder at 180 rev/min. The outer cylinder is fixed. Assume the velocity distribution in the gap tobe linear, From Problem 1.61, T= ark LAO RoR and with w= (180 Te ar cea ) ee = br bad then 4 One n $3 fhe red 7 (B42) (8 #)(2.5x16 es Nor ya ee (3! ##) ae Since power = Jxw td fellows That power = (0.994 fh-b) lor “) = 178 FE titi463 a0 toa 1.63 A conical body rotates at a constant angular velocity of (600 rpm in a container as shown in Fig. P1,63, A uniform 0.001-f gap between the cone and the container is filled with Wh -o.001 oil that has a viscosity of 0.01 Ib -s/ft. Determine the torque exozt required to rotate te eone. = FIGURE P16 The force, dE, actmg on the surhce Tne of the cone 13 egual +o qr: TdA = tlanradx) 1 and te Aer Thus, torgue a rar fr (42) arras) s = Anh [rex “ Als, Ret 5. mt xzty L - R and dx= 4dr From Eg.(1) LR 2 a 3, = TOM One rd a oO and with Ibe flzo.2fe, Reoite, 4. = 0.001 Ft, G+ boorpm, fA=0.01 Te TW (ooo Hh NG aw $8 (0.01 : 2) (0.2 #4) (o.18)* 2 (0.001 ft) = 0,197 ft-lbLOY¥* 1.64* The following torque-angular velocity data were obtained with a rotating cylinder vis- cometer of the type described in Problem 1.61. Lf Torque (ft-lb) | 13.1 | 26.0 | 39.5 | 52.7 | 64.9 | 78.6 “Angular velocity (rad/s) | 1.01 2.01 3.01 401 sol 60 For this viscometer R, = 2.50 in., R, = 2.45 in., and = 5.00 in, Make use of these data and a standard curve-fitting program to determine the viscosity of the liquid contained in the viscometer. The torgue, ZT is related +o the angular velocity, 3, Through The guation , 3 ak Sk ” B- 2k; (see solution fo Problem bl). Thus, hy « tried geomehy and a gwen viscosity, £9.01) is of The form yabx (9eD and x~w) Where b 1s 4 Constant tgual to 3 ze be 2AM 4) Be Re Ts obtain b ft the data to & linear 2gustion of the frm y=bx using & shandard eurve-fittin's Program such as found ih EXCEL. Thus, trom £2) _ (6) (Fo Re) and with the chia. gwen, b 3.08 fhlb's (2:50. =aNe tw) = (3.08 Ftlbis 50 that i a5 Les ar (246. fe)? (E22 #2) ee [-56Les 4.65 A 12-in-diameter circular plat is placed over a fixed Rotating sate Dontou plate with a 0.1 in, gap between the wo plates filled With glycerin as shown in Fig. PI,65. Determine the torque Tequited to rotate the circular plate slowly at 2 rpm. Assome that the velocity distribution in the gap is Tinear and that the Shear stress on the edge of the rotating plate is negligible 60 FIGURE P1.65 Tangut, AT, due to shearsig stresses on plate 1x egual +2 te > da7T=+ fdA fi » I whee dhs 2rrdr, Thus, Me aT: + T2rrdr ana R taf rT dp lo i—> Vz Fw Sine T= Hane hr a % ‘ail Minear Velocity distr butren Csce hgure) . a Tiare Stresses acting on bottom of plate a Va tw 7 a Veloctty distri buhon of Th Rk 45, x: amp [rap : amye(g') s ana with the dete given 6 .)t %: ay Coan gs ier aN 4) (22 2904) 1-57147 Estimate the increase in pressure (in psi) required to decrease a unit volume of mercury by 0.1%. =f C£g.112) = -(¢mxpt AML 2,001) x ~~ R 44 x10 : pse 163 1.63 A 1-m* volume of water is contained in ‘rigid container. Estimate the change in the vol- ume of the water when a piston applies a pressure of 35 MPa . dp - = a . z te (£4.12) Thus, 4 Ch m3 oe, 2 Av -% = — Nm 35) og sigan? v BIG x 1D) H. or - decrease in volume x 0, 0163 m> |-581.69 1.@ Calculate the speed of sound in m/s for (a) gasoline, (b) mercury, and (6) seawater. cs (3.419) | e (a) For gasoline: eg 2 ft3x10°#, Rim Z aye SE G30 #8, on eg eee Lib x10" 8B, io isn (e) For seawater: ¢ faaexiotBe! 5) bm N03 x 107 kg —— & Fn 1-54170. 1.70 Airis enclosed by a rigid cylinder con- taining a piston. A pressure gage attached to the cylinder indicates an initial reading of 25 psi. De~ termine the reading on the gage when the piston has compressed the air to one-third its original volume. Assume the compression process t0 be isothermal and the local atmospheric pressure to be 14.7 psi. For isothermal compression, 2. = cwnstant 30 thet e Where tw Initial state and £~ final state. Si mass hihdl whine ince px Mase , # = Binal Wile’. 5 (roy consent mes) and therelore Be (3)((A5 + 14.7) psi Gbsy]= 119 psé Gabe) or & (gage) =(/17- Mi. T)pee = (04 psé (gage) “ooLVL 1.71 Often the assumption is made that the flow of a certain ‘uid can be considered as incompressible flow ifthe density of the fluid changes by less than 2%. If air is flowing through a tube such that the air pressure at one section 189.0 psi (gage) and at a downsteam section it is 8.6 psi (gage) at the same temperature, do you think that this flow could be considered an incompressible flow? Support your answer with the necessary calculations, Assume standard atmospheric pressure. fa tee | aia Cee heh A 4 so Tat A: t a ff The percent change th ait densities Lehuten sechons 1) Flr) 1s of change ace x 100 . (i- & ) «100 = Ge B) «eo Thus , 38, be M7 )psca x 100 Change = 7 ~ CRorie7)psca = 169% Since 16546 2% the Flow could be Considered imeorpressible, Yes - I-61172 1.72 Carbon dioxide at 30 °C and 300 kPa absolute pressure expands isothermally to an absolute pressure of 165 kPa. Deter- ‘mine the final density of the gas. For /sotvermal expansion, g = constant so that e~ initial state and where f~ final state. Thus, 2 a. zy CA Al: 2 ] sox 2, oe J 2 ae (198.1 MG crat)k] so that los 4% be) = 293 48 4° | 300 dhe lee on) = FEFB 1.73 Natural gas at 70 °F and standard atmospheric pressure 014.7 pi (abs ib compressed isentopicaly 1 a new absolte pressure of 40 pol Betz the final density and emperture othe ps For /sentropie compression , 4 = Constant 50 That ty Loe a x where in inihal state and o a fx #ina/ state. y hus, A 2 4‘ If Be i a (2 : &) . A: (BPA Also , p> A, ah. 9 ez ) oe eR a CUmrrS—sSse 3,094 x10 7 4) [a ote ae] fer so that 1 : “Bt 3 Ge Leip Ge) (124 «10? see) = 425 x10” slugs L7 pst labs) 3 Fee and ‘> pe fe = (rots Mme) eR yas x10? sluas V/s, o9g.x 10° FM ( Ei Nlaorexte Slug" = 765 °R er Ge TOS R~ Yoo = 305 FF 1-63[27¥ | 1.74 — Compare the isentropic bulk modulus of air at 101 kPa (abs) with that of water at the same pressure. For air (8,417) Ep: 4p = (h40) (101 x wR) = 141 «10° R. For water (Table bb) Ey= 215 «10° R Thus ) E, (water) 2.16 x 10"Pe Ey, Gar) L¥1X 10° 1-64175 * 1.75* Develop a computer program for cal- culating the final gage pressure of gas when the initial. gage pressure, initial and final volumes, atmospheric pressure, and the type of process (isothermal or isentropic) are specified. Use BG units. Check your program against the results ob- tained for Problem 1.70. (7 For compression or expansion, A, = constont where =! for Isothermal process, and #= specific heat vati fer sentropic process. Thus, te: oe where tn inital state, £~ ting! stabe, so That :(@)* 4 (B)*R w Since [fas = volume Then A. Me a % where Ve, Ve, are The inital and tiie! volurnes, vespectively Thus, trom By U1) “2 4 * bin = (E) (44+ them ) 2 Where the subscnpt g refers te gage pressure . Ejuation 2, can be written as a thy BY" (ty tem) - fb co A spreadsheet (Excel) program fr Caleulating the final gage pressure Follows . (cont ) (-051L75* CCont? [This program calculates the final gage pressure of an ideal gas when the initial gage pressure in psi, the initial volume, the final volume, the [atmospheric pressure in psia, and the type of process (isulfermal or isentropic) is Specified. To use, replace current values and let k= 1 for isothermal process or k = specific heat for isentropic process. A B Cc D E F jritial gage| Initial | Final__| Atmospheric Final pressure | volume | volume | pressure pressure Pa(Psi) Mi My Pam(Psia) k Pa(Psi) 25 7 0.3333 147 7 1044 | Row 10 4 Formula [=((B10/C10)%E10)"(A10+D10)-D10 Date from Problem 1.70 ave included si The above table, giviig a final gage pressure of 104.4 ps . I-66476 1.76 An important dimensionless parameter concerned with very high speed flow is the Mach number, defined as Vic, where V is the speed of the object such as. an airplane or projectile, and c is the speed of sound in the fluid surrounding the object. For a projectile traveling at 800 mph through air at 50 °F and standard atmospheric pressure, what is the value of the Mach number? Mach number = ¥ From Table 8.3 in Appendix B C. = Hoe & alr @ 50° 7 Thus G0 mph oreo $2) (se ) MW bey = Mach number ioe Es 4-67[Z27 1 Jet airliners typically fly at altitudes between approx- imately 0 to 40,000 fi. Make use of the data in Appendix C to show on a graph how the speed of sound varies over this range. c= ART Eq. hz0) Br k=l ¥0 and R= 176 sug c= $20 VR From Table C1 in Appendix C at an altitude of O F4 T= S7.00+ 4605 SIVGR 30 het cs #80 \51%R = 1110 Similar caleulatins tan be made tor other altitudes and The resulting qreph is shown below. 120 1100 as — 2 | Sono | | g E060 { - = 5 5 Brose — 3 i020 - E Bs000 |__| e a i 90 | I | © s000 10060 15000, 20000 25000 0000 25000 40000 Altitude, ft 960 /-6878 1.78 When a fluid flows through a sharp bend, low pres- sures may develop in localized regions of the bend. Estimate the minimum absolute pressure (in psi) that can develop without causing cavitation if the fluid is water at 160 °F. Cavitation may occur when the local pressure eguals the vaper pressure. For water at 10°F flhom Teble 6.1 va IpptrdicB) B= 474 pss (abs) Thus, minimum pressure = 474 psc labs) mar 1.79 Estimate the minimum absolute pressure (in pascals) that can be developed at the inlet of a pump to avoid cavitation if the fluid is carbon tetrachloride at 20 °C. Cavitation may eccur when the suction pressuve at the pump inlet eguals the vapor pressure. For carbon betachbrde at 20°C p= 13 BR (abs). Thas, minimum pressure = 13 &P (abs)1.80 ‘When water at 79°C flows through a converging sec tion of pipe, the pressure is reduced in the direction of flow. Estimate the minimum absolute pressure that can develop with- ‘out causing cavitation. Express your answer in both BG and SI units, Cavitation may occur th The converging sectién of pipe when The pressure eguals the vapr pressure. trom Table B2 tn Append B tr water at 70°C, Be 31.22R Cabs). Thus, (minimum pressure = 31.2 #R Cabs) Ln 86 units 3 = PSL romimum pressare = (3:20, Vi ys0.410" ) x = 452 psta. wn 8D unrts, A8t | 1.8] _Atwhat atmospheric pressure will water boil at 35 °C? Express your answer in both ST and BG units. The vapor pressure of weter of 35°C Us 591 4B (abs) (trom Table 8.2 in Appendis B using Vinear interpolation). Thus, if water beils ak this temperature the atmospheric pressure must be egual to 5. 8/ 4Ri labs) tn SL units, En BG wits, (se1 x1? H,)(u4sono" Bx ) = 0. bbe psi lbs) Tat 1.2 Small droplets of carbon tetrachloride at 68° are formed with a spray nozzle. If the av- erage diameter of the droplets is 200 jam what is the difference in pressure between the inside and ‘outside of the droplets? ao CE. 1.21) Cae o Since 0 29X10" Bat b8'F (220° pe a (2.0100 "ZS ) 530 Pa 100 x10 * am I-10L&S A 12-mm diameter jet of water discharges vertically into the atmosphere. Due to surface tension the pressure inside the jet will be slightly higher than the surrounding atmospheric pressure, Determine this difference in pressure, For equilibrium (see figure ), 4 fleet: o(2 SL) So That pe = a 7 734 xn A Z xio? m p2rst pe excess pressure = 22K surface Htnsion forces 7252 71Lge wy 1.84 As shown in Video V1LS, surface tension forces can be strong enough to allow a double-edge steel razor blade to “float” on water, but a single-edge blade will sink ‘Assume thatthe surface iension forces act at an angle @ rel- ative to the water surface as shown in Fig. P194. (a) The mass of the double-edge blade is 0.04 X 10 °kg, and the total length of its sides is 206 mm. Determine the value of @ required (o maintain equilibrium between the blade weight and the resultant surface tension force. (b) The mass of the mt FIGURE P1.34 single-edge blade is 2.61 X 10™*kg, and the total length of its sides is 154 mm, Explain why this blade sinks. Support your answer with the necessary calculations. Surface tension te - ae ' Ww = Tsin6 Ww where W=rm,, «4 and T= Ox length of sides, blade : o (0.b4 x10 kg) (4.81 om/ga)= (34 nit) (0 20b m ) sin sing = OWS ee2hs° (b) For single-edge blade Dm gaae® (2.61 x10 bg) (4.31 mys) = 0,.0Z25bN nd and sing = (Ox lengh of blade) sin & = (1.34107? Np) (0.154 1m) sin B = 0.0113 sinB In order for blade +o “float” W< Tsine Since maximum value for sine 1s |, r+ follows that W>Tsine and single-edge blade will sink (-72LEE ca) 1.85 To measure the water depth in a large open tank with ‘opaque walls, an open vertical glass tube is attached to the side of the tank. The height of the water column in the tube is then used as a measure of the depth of water in the tank. (a) For ‘true water depth in the tank of 3 ft, make use of Eq. 1.22 (with @ = 0°) to determine the percent error due to capillarty as the diameter of the glass tube is changed. Assume @ water temperature of 80 F. Show your results on a graph of percent error versus tube diameter, D, in the range 0.1 in. < D < 1.0in. (b) If you want the error to be less than 1%, what is the smallest tube diameter allowed? The excess height, h, caused be the surface tension és A agtae Cg. 1.22) For OF O° with D=2R he a) From Table B.{ tn Appendix 8 for water at 30°F = 49) 0107 Mbfet and = 62.22 1b Jf Thus, from Bg. C1) h@ey= 4 (44x03) = 24a (zy de 2.22 Fs) BEY DCin, oe oh error = Ge) x oo (with toes depth = 3 ft) (t follows from Eg (2) that 3 eh erroy = 217 x! yigo 3 DGin.) = 0.126 (3) Diin.) A plot of error versus tube chameter 1s Shown en the ntet page. (cont) {37378ST Clone? Diameter % Error of tube, in ‘ (ee) 015 0.84 02 063 03 042 04 =~ 0.32 | 05 025 06 = 021 07 018 08 (0t6 0 02 04 06 08 1 12 ae Tube diameter, in. 1 0.13 [Values obtained Irom Eq. (3) (bh) Por I error from £%.(3) ya bBe hia.) D = ©.126 in 1-74Under the right conditions, itis possible, due to surface tension, to have metal objects float on water. (See Video V1.5.) Consider placing a short length of a small diameter ste! (sp. wt = 490 Ib/ft?) rod on a surface of water, What is the ‘maximum diameter that the rod can have before it will sink? ‘Assume that the surface tension forces act vertically upward ‘Note: A standard paper clip has a diameter of 0.036 in, Partially unfold a paper clip and see if you can get it to float on water. Do the results of this experiment support your analysis? rh wh In order for rod to float (see figure) vt follows tnat aoh>=W =E)oy re ey Thus, for The limiting case Q= red leng ee ee ite rm (EYE Estee) Osten Wy ~3 = ou xid so Tat 385. o3xio # ) ar (490 7, ) Dmax : = Q.06)4 In. Since a standard steel paper clip has 4 diameter of 0.036 in, Which 1s less than 6. 0b/4 In, 1€ shoula Float. A simple experimat will verify this. Yes. In75137 1.87 Anopen, clean glass tube, having a diameter of 3 mm, is inserted vertically into a dish of mercury at 20 °C. How far ‘will the column of mercury in the tube be depressed? As 200056 ie ee (23. ) For @= 130" Bad Opec co HE ) Cos /30° (123 x10°¥, )(o. co1s m) Thus, column will be depressed 3.00 man -3 = — 3,00 x10 mm Loe 1.88 An open, clean glass tube (@ = 0°) is inserted vertically into a pan of water, What tube diameter is needed if the water level in the tube is to tise one tube diameter (due to surface tension)? Oe peat (€ 4.1.22) for 4=2R and 020° ana Re 8.99 x17 fh diameter = ZR = 1.80 x00" Le187 * 1.87% The capillary rise in a tube depends on the cleanliness of both the fluid and the tube. ‘Typically, values of h are less than those predicted by Eq. 1.22 using values of and 0 for clean fluids and tubes. Some measurements of the height, h, to these data and estimate the value of the prod- uuct-¢ cos 4. If it is assumed that ¢ has the value given in Table 1.5 what is the value of 0? If itis assumed that 0 is equal to 0° what is the value of ° a water column rises in a vertical open tube of : diameter, d, are given below. The water was tap d (in.) 10.3 10.25 {0.20 {0.15 [0.10 |0.05_ water at a temperature of 60 °F and no particular hi (in.) 10.133 0.165 10.198 10.273 10.421 10.796 effort was made to clean the glass tube. Fit a curve From Eg. |.ar a ie Tt 4-2 (se (2) 4 ces 8/4) ” with d=2R. Thus, €g.(1) 1 of the frm 7 fz bd! (2) Where: - ¥OCOsO a on a The constent,b, can be obtained by a linear least Squares fit of the gen deta CK and Ya). i/4 (e') 4 ft) fo 00/108 48 0.01395 bo 0.01650 Bo 0. 02275 120 0.03508 40 0, 06633 A plot of tha deta shows a good Lt witn a linear Carve and a fit of the date usyig & standard Curve- fitting Program such as found In EXCeL gives A= 2.79410 “(i/4) b= 2.749K10-* fe~ (cont) so that a7LEG Ceen't ) Thus, i ~ T cose = | / oe co 799 x10 Ft No # He! «gg xs 4 te SSS & th os 5:03 x0” WME , Then «#31 R © 0.969 Fr iE SF bBA10 # 7 oe: any Tf 020° Then cos@=0 and 3 ue 3 os 4STXIO fe 2 37 xD vO 0.07 es —- ht) ama — Loo 1 71 0 50 100 150 200 250 vid (ft")Lo 1.90 Fluid Characterization by Use of a Stormer Viscometer Objective: As discussed in Section 1.6, some fluids can be classified as Newtonian flu- ids; others are non-Newtonian. The purpose of this experiment is to determine the shearing stress versus rate of strain characteristics of various liquids and, thus, to classify them as Newtonian or non-Newtonian fluids. Equipment: Stormer viscometer containing 2 stationary outer cylinder and a rotating, concentric iner eyliner (see Fig. P1.90); stop watch; drive weights forthe viscometer; three different liquids (silicone oil, Latex paint, and corn syrup). Experimental Procedure: Fill the gap between the inner and outer cylinders with one of the three fluids to be tested, Select an appropriate drive weight (of mass m) and attach itt the end of the cord that wraps around the drum to which the inner cylinder is fastened. Release the brake mechanism to allow the inner cylinder to start to rotate. (The outer eylinder remains stationary.) After the cylinder has reached its steady-state angular velocity, measure the amount ‘of time, i, that it takes the inner cylinder to rotate N revolutions. Repeat the measurements us- ing various drive weights. Repeat the entire procedure forthe other fluids to be tested, Calculations: For each of the three fluids tested, convert the mass, m, of the drive weight to its weight, W = mg, where g is the acceleration of gravity, Also determine the angular ve- locity of the inner eylinder, w = N/t Graph: For each fluid tested, plot the drive weight, W, as ordinates and angular velocity, 9, a8 abscissas. Draw a best fit curve through the data. Results: Note that for the flow geometry of this experiment, the weight, W, is propor- tional to the shearing stress, x, on the inner cylinder. This is true because with constant an- gular velocity, the torque produced by the viscous shear stress on the cylinder is equal to the torque produced by the weight (weight times the appropriate moment arm). Also, the angu- lar velocity, w, is proportional to the rate of strain, du/dy. This is true because the velocity gradient in te fluid is proportional to the inner cylinder surface speed (which is proportional tots angular velocity) divided by the width ofthe gap between the eylinders. Based on your graphs, classify each of the three fluids as to whether they are Newtonian, shear thickening, or shear thinning (see Fig. 1.5). Data: To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and click here to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem Rotating lat eyinder utr eylinder Drie waht Fa @ FIGURE P1.90 (cont ) CaelLo (Cont ) Solution for Problem 1.90: Fluid Characterization by Use of a Stormer Viscometer mkg N, reve Silicone Oil Data 0.02 4 0.05 2 0.10 24 0.15 20 0.20 24 0.25 30 0.30 20 0.35 25 0.40 40 Corn Syrup Data 0.05 1 0.10 2 0.20 4 0.40 8 Latex Paint Data 0.02 2 0.03 2 0.04 5 0.05 19 0.06 10 0.07 10 0.08 10 0.09 10 0.10 20 tes 59.3 66.0 64.2 35.0 317 31.0 174 188 26.0 28.2 275 272 25.7 327 20.2 32.2 473 37.2 29.8 246 201 34.0 o,revis WN From the graphs, Silicone oil is Newtonian Corn Syrup is Newtonian 007 = 0.20 Latex paint is shear thinning 018 0.49 037 0.98 os7 1.47 o=Nt 076 = 1.96 097 2.45 W=mg 1152.94 1333.43 1543.92 004 = 0.49 0.07 0.98 015 1.96 031 3.92 006 = 0.20 o10 © 0.29 016 = 0.39 021 049 027° (0.89 034 069 0410.78 050 © 0.88 059 = 0.98 (coat ) /~ 30L Go (cont) Problem 1.90 Weight, W. vs Angular Velocity for Silicone oi! Weight, W, ve Angul Problem 1.90 Velocity. « | Pt 0 wah in Ys, o | Latex Paint 1.20 —- 1.00 0.80 z = 060 0.40 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.40 $l1.91 Capillary Tube Viscometer Objective: The flowrate of a viscous fluid through a small diameter (capillary) tube is a function of the viscosity of the fluid. For the flow geometry shown in Fig. P1.91, the kine- atic viscosity, v, is inversely proportional to the flowrate, Q. That is, v = K/Q, where K is the calibration constant for the particular device. The purpose of this experiment is to deter- ‘mine the value of K and (o use it to determine the kinematic viscosity of water as a function of temperature. Equipment: Constant temperature water tank, capillary tube, thermometer, stop watch, graduated cylinder. Experimental Procedure: Adjust the water temperature to 15.6°C and determine the fowrate through the capillary tube by measuring the time, , it takes to collect a volume, V, of water in a small graduated cylinder. Repeat the measurements for various water temper atures, 7: Be sure that the water depth, h, in the tank is the same for each trial. Since the flowrate isa function of the depth (as well as viscosity), the value of K obtained will be valid for only that value of fh. Calculations: For each temperature tested, determine the flowrate, Q = V/t, Use the data for the 15.6°C water to determine the calibration constant, K, for this device. That is, K = vQ, where the kinematic viscosity for 15.6°C water is given in Table 1.5 and Q is the measured flowrate at this temperature. Use this value of K and your other data to determine the vis- cosity of water as a function of temperature. Graph: Plot the experimentally determined kinematic viscosity, v, as ordinates and tem- perature, 7, as abscissas, Results: On the same graph, plot the standard viscosity-temperature data obtained from Table B2. Data: To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and click here to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for Fr Capa tube lo Graduated oyinder @ FIGURE P1.91 (cont ) (8214 CCon't ) Solution for Problem 1.91: Capillary Tube Viscometer From Table 8.2 V,ml ts T.degc Qmis —v,m*2is T.degC v,m*2/s 92 198 156 0.465 1.12E-06 10 1.316-06 97 188 263 0614 8.49E-07 20 1.00E-06 92 168 21.3 0548 © 9.S1E.07 30 8.01E-07 91 213 123 0.427 1.22E-06 40 6.58E-07 92 131 343 0.702 © -7.42E-07 50 -5.53E-07 94 101 504 0.931 5.60E-07 60 © 4.75E-07 91 89 584 4.022 5.10E-07 v=KIQ KK, m'2mllst2 v (at 15.6 deg C), m*2/s 5216-07 1.126-06 K=vQ= 1.12E-6 m'2/s * 0.465 ml/s = 5.216-7 m*2 mis'2 Problem 1.91 Viscosity, v, vs Temperature, T 1.86-06 $$$ ] 1.0€-06 +— v, mA2is 5.0€-07 | 0.0E+00 /- 83LGL 1.92. (See “A vital fluid,” Section 1.6) Some measurements ‘ona blood sample at 37 °C (98.6 °F) indicate a shearing stress of 0.52 Nim? for a corresponding rate of shearing strain of 200s", Determine the apparent viscosity of the blood and compare it with the viscosity of water at the same tem- perature. deny Th a5 N 052% =F ues Hatood = + . mr = 240x102 a 2oo ———$——— From Table 8.2 1h Append’x 8: ° _ <4 Nes -.DLr~C~C~™”r—C—CSCisCzsK;s ° : ot Ns @ ore My? 524 x0 TP Thus, with linenr inberpolaton Puli? * 6.46 x10 Ms : and ~¥ NS Moles = 2b0XI0 ee 274 Piro 6.9 xio* Ns ae 143 1.93 (See “This waterjet isa blast” Section 1.7.1) By what percent is the volume of water decreased if ils pressure is Increased to an equivalent to 3000 atmospheres (44,100 pi)? Soe 2 (Eg. 12) Ey= ath. «By. : AY. db 2 4100 pata - 147 peg yy ¥ Ey Bla x10% psca Thus, ch decrease 1 velume = IK 1% |-34144 1.94 (See “Walking on water,” Section 1.9.) (a) The water strider bug shown in Fig, P1.94 is supported on the surface of ‘pond by surface tension acting along the interface between the water and the bug's legs. Determine the minimum length of this interface needed to support the bug. Assume the bug weighs 10"N and the surface tension force acts vertically upwards. (b) Repeat part (2) if surface tension were to support «person weighing 750 N. BFIGURE P1904 oh For equilibrium , We oh WwW W : a ae We weight o~ surface tension = 1.36x1D om Dw length of interface = (ab xWirm) (loma) = 1.30 oma e) a p. TN = Lon cit (6.34mi 1-35