a' i.

THE FRONTIER BETWEEN ARMENIA AND TURKEY

AS DECilDED BY

PRESIDENT WOODROW WILSON

NOVEMBER 12. 1920

A.RMENIAN NATIONAL COMMITTEE

THE FRONT'IER BETWEEN ARMENIA AND TURKEY

AS 0 ECIDED BY

PRESIDENT WOODROW WILSON

NOVEMBER 22. 1920

ARMENIAN NATIONAL COMMITTEE

INTRODUCTORY NOTE

PRESIDENT WILSON'S LETTER TO THE SUPREME COUNCIL OF THE ALLIED POWERS

DECISION OF PRESIDENT WILSON

I ntroductory Note

On April 26, 1920, the Supreme Council 01 the Allied Powers, iB conference at San Remo, addressed to the President of the United States 01 Anzerica an invitation to act as arbitrator in the question. of the boundary be,ween Turkey and Armenia; to be /i:ted within the four "il~ye" 01 Erzerum; Trebizond, Van and Bitlis.

On May the 17th, 1920, President Wilson accepted the invitation 0/ the upreme Council.

On August 10, 1920 a Treaty of Peace '1003 signed at Seures by Plenipotentiary RepresenJatives 0,1 the Britislt Em.pire, France, Imly and Japan., and 01 Armenia;; Belgium. Greece. Poland, Portugal. Roumania and C:z:echo·Slovakia, 0/ the one part; and 0/ Turkey, of the other part, lohich Treaty contained, among other provisions, dte following:

ARTICLE 89: Turkey and Armenia, as well as the other High Contracting Powers agree to mbmit to thearbitratwn 101 the Presiden.£ of the United States 0/ America the question 0/ the frontiers to be fixed between Tur/"y and Armenia in. the V ilayets of Erzerum; Trebizond, Van and Bitlis. and to accept hi.s decision thereupon. as t4JeU as any . tipula~ tions he may prescribe as to eccess for Armenia to the sea, and as to the demilitarization of any partwn 0/ Turldsh Ua"itory adjacent to the said frontier.

On October 18J 1920, the S cretariat General of the Peace Confer~ ence, acting under the instructions of the Allied Powers, transmitted to Prellidenl Wilson an authenticated ClJpy of the above mentioned Treaty.

On November 22, 1920 President Wilson affixed his seal to his decision delineating the boundaries between. Turkey and Armenia.

Thu decision wil" (I covering letter to the President of the Supreme Cou~il was communicated under dale of November 24. 1920, Ihrough the American Ambassador in Paris to the SecretarUJt Gener,al 0/ the Peace Council.

Presiden: Wilson's Ietter and decision was os follows:

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PRESIDENT WILSON'S LETTER

PRES~DENT WILSON

To TIlE PRESIDENT OF THE SUPREIE COITNCIL OF TilE ALLIED POW-EnS

MR. PRESJDENT:

By action of the Supreme Council taken on April 26th of this year an invitation was tend red to me to arbitrate the question of the boundaries betw en Tur ey and the new state of Armenia. Representatives of the powers signatory on Au~st 10th of thi year to the Treaty of Sevres have acquiesced in conferring this honor upon me and have signified their intention of acceptin,g the front.iers which are 'to he determined by my dedBio~as well as any stipulation which I may prescribe as to access for Armenia to the sea and any arrangement for the demilitarieation of Turki It territory lying along the frontier thus estahli hed. e· cording to the terms or the arhitral refer nee el forth in pad III, S ction 6, Article 89. of the Treaty of Sevres, the soope of the arbitral competence assigned to me is 1e8rly limited to the determination of the frontiers of Turkey and Armenia in the Vilayet of Ersernm, Trebieond, Van and Bitlis. With full con ciousnes of the re pon ibility placed upon me by your request, I have approached this difEieu1t task with eagerness to serve the best interests of the Armenian people 0.8 well 08 the remaining inhabitants. of whatever race or religious belief they may be, in this tricken country. attempting to exerci e also the strictest possible justice toward the populations, whether TW'kish, Kurdish, Greek 01' Armenian, living in the adjacent areas.

In approaching this problem it was obvious that the existing ethnic and religieu di tribution of the population in the four vilayets could not, lIB in other parts of the world, be r garded as the guiding element of the decision. The ethnic consideration, in the ease of 8. popu1ation

1

originally so complexly intermingled, is further beclouded by the terrible results of the massacres and deportations of the Armenians and Gr eks, and by the dreadful 10 see 81 0 uB'ered by the moslem inhabitants through refugee movements and the scourge 0·£ typhus and other diseases. The limitation of the arbitral a ignment to the four ilayets named in Article 89 of the Treaty mad it seem a duty and an obligation that 8S large an area within the e vilayeta be granted to the Armenian state Il!l could be done, while meeting the ba ic requirements of an adequate natural frontier and of geographic and economic unity for the nes tal. It wu essential to keep in mind that the new stale of Annenia, inc uding 88 it will B large Be tion of the form r Armenian provinces of Tran - eanea ian Ru ia, will at the outset have a population bout qually divided between Mo lem and Christian lements and of diverse racial and tribal r lation hip. The hiz n hip [the Armenian Republio will. by th t ts of Ianguag and r ligion he compo ed of Turks, Kurd , Greeks, Kisilhashis, Lazes andother ,a well as Armenians_ The conflicting territorial desires of rm Dian Turks, Kurd and Greeks along the boundariea as igncd to my arhitra] decision could not always be harmonised, In such cases it \ as my belief that coneiderati n of healthy

couo.rm life Cor the future state of Armenia should be decisive. Where, howe er,tlle requirements of a correct g ograplric boundary permitted all mountain and valley district along the border wh.i h were predominantly Kurw b or Turki II ha e been left to Turkey rather than a igned to Annenia, unl s trade relation witb definite market towns threw them n c saeil into the Armenian tate. Where,1cr informaion npon tribal relations andseasonal migration wa obtainable the attempt was made to reape t th integrity 0 trihal grouping and nomad pa toral roo ementa.

From the Persian border outhw t oIme to, of Kotur the boundary line of Armenia i 0 t rmined by a rugged naturalbarrier of great height, xtending south of Lake Van and lying outhwe t of the Armeninn cities of Bitlia and Muab. This boundary line lea a a part of the Turki h tate the entire Sllndjak of Hakkiari or about one-hall of the Vilsyet of Van, and almo t the entir Sandjak of airt. The onnd phy iographie rea on which seemed to jU!tUy this decision was further strengthen d by the ethnographic con ideration that Hakkiari and. Sairt are predorniuently Kurdish in population and economic r lotion. It did

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not seem to the hest interest of the Armenian state to include in it the upper valley of the Great Zab River. largely Kurdish and estorian Christian in population and an ell ential element of the great Tigris river irrigation system of Turkish Kurdistan and Mesopotamia. The control of these beadwat ra should be kept, wherever po ihle, within. the domain of the two interested states, Turkey and !Iesopotamia. For the e rea ons the Armenian claim upon the upper valley of the Great Zab could not be Batisfied.

The boundary upon the west from Bitli and Mush nortbward to the vicinity of ErzingQU lies well within Bitli and Erze:rum vilayebl. It foHows a natural geographic barrier, which furnishes Armenia with perfect security and lea es to the Tnrki h state an area which is etrongly Kurdish. Annewan villages and village nuclei in this section, such as Kighi and Temran, necessarily remain Turkish because of the strong commercial and church ties which connect them with Kharput rather (than?) with any Armenian market and religious centers which lie within Bitlis or Erseruei ilayets. This deci ion seemed an unavoidable consequence of the inclusion of the city and district of Kharput in the Turkish state' aa determined by Article 27 n (4) and Article 89 of the Treaty of Sevres.

From the northern border of the Denim the nature and the direction of the frontier decision was primarily dependent upon the vital question of supplying an adequate access to the sea for the tate of Armenia. Upon the correct olution of thi problem depend in my judgment, the future economic wen-being of the entire population, Turki h, Kurdish, Greek, Armenian. or Yezidi, in tho e portions of the vilayets of Erzerum, Bitlis and Van which He within the state of Armenia. I was not unmindful of the desire of the Pontic Greeks, submitted to me in a memorandum similar, DO d.ouht, in argument and content to that presented to the Supreme Council last March at its London Conference, that the nnity of the coastal area of the Black sea inhabited by them be preserved and that' arrangement be made for an autonomous admini tration for the reo gion stretching from Riza to a point we t of Sinope. The arbitral jurisdiction as igned to me by Article 89 of the Treaty of Sevres does not inelude the po sibility of decision or recommendation by me upon the question of their desire £01' independence, or faiHog that, for autonomy. Nor does it include the right to deal with the littoral of the independent

9'

Sandjak of Djanik or of the Vilnyet of Kastamuni into which extends the region of the unity and autonomy de ired by the Pontic Gree .

Three possible courses lay open to me: to so delimit the boundary that the whole of Trehizood ilayel would lie within Turkey, to grant it in its entirety to Armenia. or to grant a part of it to Armenia and J a e the remainder to Turkey.. The majority of the population of Trebizond Vilayet is Ineontestahly Mo lew and the Arm· wan element, according to aU pre-war estimates, as undeniably inferior uumerieall to the Greek. portion of the Christian minority. gain tad eiaion so clearly indicated on ethnographic grounds weighed heavily the future of Armenia. I could only regard the question in the light of the needs of a new political entity, Armeni~ with mingled Mo lem and Chri tian populations, rather .than as a questiou of the future of the Armenians alone. It has been and is now increasingly my conviction that the arrang ments pro iding lor Armenia's access to the sea must he such as to offer every pas ihility for the development of this state as one capable of r a nming and maintaining that useful role in the commerce of the \ orld which its geographic position, athwart a great historic trade route, a igned to it in the put. The civilization and the happine of i mingled population will largely depend upon the building of nih aY8 and the increased acce slbiJity of the hinterland of the three vilayets.to European trade and cultural influences.

Ea tward from the port of Tr bizond along the con t of Luzistan no

dequate harbor facilitie ar to b found and ill rum; d character of the Pontic range separating Lasistan andja hom the ViJayet of Erzerum is such as [0 isolate the hinter1and from the coa t so far a practicable railway construction is concerned. The exi ting caravan route from Persia acress the plain f Bayazid aod rserum, which pa through the towns of Baihurt and Gumu h·khn.na and debouches upon the Black Sea at Trebizond has behind it a long record of peraistent usefulnes .

These were the consideration which have forced me to re ert to my original conviction thn.t th town and. harhor of Trebizond must become, an integral part of Armenia, Beeam e of the till greater aclaptability of the route of the Kar Illlt aUey,ending at the town of Tireholi, for ,RUC' cessful railway construction and operati n I have d emd al 0 e ential to include this alley in Armenia with enough territory lying west of it to insure its adequate protection. I am not unaware that the leaders of

10

the Armenian delegations have expressed their willingness to reaounce claim upon that portion of Trehizond Vilayet lying west of Surmena, Commendable as i their desire to avoid the assumption of authority over a territory 0 predominantly Moslem. I am confident that, in acquiescing in their eag me to do ju lice to the Turks and Greeb in Trebizond I lrould be doing an irreparable injury to the future of the land of rmenia and its entire population, of which they will be a part.

It was upon BUch a basis, Mr. President, that the boundaries were so drawn 8S to follow mountain ridges we t of the city of Erzingan to the Pontic range and thence to the Black Sea, in such a way I1S to include in Armenia the indentation called Zephyr Bey, The decision to leave to Turkey U]6 harbor towns and hinterland of Keraaun and Ordu in Trebizond andjak as dictated by the fact that the population oftrus region i trongly Ioslemaad Turki h and that these towns are the outlets for the ea ternmo t ections of the Turkish vilayet of Sivas. The parts of Erz rum and Trehizond Vilayets which. by reason of this delimitation, remain Turkish rather than become Armenian comprise approximately 12.120 squll1'e kilometers.

In tile maLLer of demilitarization of Turkieh territory adjacent to the Arm.enian border as it has been broadly described above, it seemed both impracticable and unnecessary to establish a demilitarized sone which would require elaborate pre cripticus and complex agencies for their execution. Fortunately, Article 177 of the Tr aty of Sevres prescribes the disarming of all existinglorts throughout Turkey. Articles 159 and 196·200 provide in addition agencies entirely adequate to meet all the dangers of disorder which may ari e along the borders, the former by the requirement that a proportion of the officers of the genda.rmerie shall be supplied by the various Allied or neutral Powers, me latter by the estab· HS]lDlcntoI a Military Inter-Allied C mmiuion of Control and Organization. In these circumstances the only additional prescriptions which seemed nece ary and advisable were that the Military Inter-Allied CottJmiSsion of Control and Organization honld, in conformity with the powers he towed upon it by Article 200 of the Treaty, select the uperior officer of the gendarmerie to be stationed in the vilayets of Turkey lying contiguous to the frontiers of Armenia solely from those officers who will he detailed by the Allied or neutral Powers in accordance with Article 159 of the Treaty; and thatthese officers. under the supervision of the

n

Military Intee-Allied Commie ion .of Orga.nization and Oontrol. should be e pecially charged with the dnly of preventing military preparations directed against the Armenian frontier,

It is my confident expectation that the Armenian refugees and their leaders, in the period DE their return into the territory thus a ianed to them, will by refraining from any and all form .of reprisal gi to the world an example of that bigh moral courage whieh must alwa 8 be the foundation oE national strength. The world expects of them that they give every encouragement and help within their power to tho e Turki h refugees who may desire to r turn to their former homes in the district!! of Trebizond, Erzeru.m, Von and Bitlis remembering that these p ople , too. have suffered greatly. It is my Iurther expectation that they ;will .offer such con iderate treatment to th Las and th Gre inhabitants of the coastal region of the Black Sea surpa ing in the liberality .of their administrative arrangements if neees ary, e en the ample provisions for non·Armenian racial and religious groupemhodiecl in the Minorities Treaty signed by them upDn August 1 th of thi year, that tb people will gladly and willingly work in completest harmony with the Armenians in laying firmly the foundation of the new Republic of Armenia.

I have the honor to uhmit herewith the teo t of my decision. Accept [ete.},

WOODROW WILSON

W ASHINCTON. NOVE1JIBER 22, 1920.

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DECISION OF PRESIDENT WILSON

Respecting the Frontier Between Turkey and Armenia, Acc.ess lor Armenia to the eo, and tile Demilitarization of Turkish Territory Adjacent to the Armenian Frontier.

-.-

WOODRO WILSO. PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATE

TO WHOM IT HALL CO CER:'V,

GREETING:

Wherea on April 26 1920, the upreme Council of the Allied Powers, in conCereDC at an R mo, addressed to the Preaideat or the United States oC America an inviation to act 8B arbitrator in the queation of the boundary between Tarkey and Armenia. to be fixed within the four Vilaye'b! of Erzerum, Trebizond, Van, and Bitlis;

ADd whereas, on Mlly 17, 1920, my acceptaneeof this invitation was t Iegraphed. to the American AmbM8lldor in Paris, to he oonve,yed to the Powers repr~ted On the upreme Council.

And whee a on Augtl 1 10, 1920,(1 Treat of Peace was aigned at Sevree by Plenipot ntia.ry Repr tati ell or the Britiah Empire. France. Italy and Japan. and of Armenia. Belginm, Greece, Poland, Portugal, ROllman;a, 8Dd Cz choSlovakia, oC tb on part; and oC Turkey, of the other part, which Txeaty contained, among other previsione, th Iollcwing:

"ARTICLE 89. Turkey cmd Armenia IU well WI th.e other High Conrracting Panie$ agree w rubmit '0 ,he Clrbit,rQl.i{1n. oJ the PrlMi.dent of the Uniled State. of America tile qUe.!tion. o/the frontier to be li.'"Ce4 between Turkey and A.rmen.i,a iRene Vi/ayeu 0/ Erzerum; Trebizond, Van and Bid;;,. and to ae<;ep£ his decision thereupon; m well WI any !lipulatWlU he may pte&Crib CIII to acceu lot A.rmenitl to 'Ile sea, and CI.'I' to the demilitarization oj any portion of Turkish territory ruIjaCJ!.llt to the aid frontier";

And whereas, on ctobe.r 18, 1920, tb Secretariat General of we Peace Conrerence. acting 1lD.der th instmctione of the Allied Powers, trallB1l1itted to me. through the Embll y of the United States of America in Paris, an authenticated copy of the above mentioned Treaty, drawing attention to the said Article 89 i

Now, therefor I, Woodrow Wi190D. Preaident of the United States of America, upon who.m bas thus been 'conferred the lIutbority of .ubitrntor. having

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examined the qUem.OD in the light ·of the mOlSltrustwortby inCormutioD. avail. able, and with a mind to the bigbeet interesl.8 of jnstloe, do hereby declare the fono-wiug decision:

I

Tho frontier between Turkey and Armenia in the Vilayeta ,0C Erzel1.lm, T:rebizond, V!!in, Q!Dd Bitlli, IlWill be fixed as follows:

1. The initial point'" ilbaU he ehosenon the ground! at the junction of the Tuikiflh-Pemian frontlet with the Ilutem termination of theadminislrative boundary between. the Sandjo.ks of an and Hakkiari. of the V.ila.yet of Van, as this ad.miniRlraUve houndD.l'Y appears upon the Bllahkrualbeet oithe Turkish map. seale 1 :200;000, editions published .in the Turkish financial. Yea.r81330 aud n:n (1914-15). From thia initial point the boundary shall extend southwestward. to the western peak of lIIerkez!.rt' Dash, situated about ,6 kilometers I\'eat· w~u:d from point 3350 (10,990 reet)" about 2 kilometerfl southeastward £.001 the rillageoC Yokuy Ahvalan,mcl approximatoly 76 kilometers soulhesslward from the city of Van.

the &m:cljak bound.a.ryspecified nhove,then the ad'min.i!trntivo bOWldlllY between the Kasas of MlUllurel-w·Hamid and iElba~ then the slUDe sandjak boundary speci.fied above" ill modified,. where neCCIIBuy. to follow the main water.partinghetween the Zap Su (Great Zab River) and tile Khoshab Sa, and dividing equably the sumJnits of the pa88e8 Krdes <ridikan.d Chokh Gedik;

then northwe!ltward about 28 kilometerB to IOeriry Dash,

Q 1.ine lobe fixed on the gl'01J!Dd,. fonowing the main water-partmgsbetweeu the Khoahah Su and the stream.allowing into the Shain So, and tr.averaing lhe pa88 south of the village of Yokary AhvaJan,and paMing. through Shko[am Dagh (3100 meters or 10,170 feet) mul the Belereshukpasa;

thence eouthwe tward to the junction of an tm.Ilamed stream witb the Shatak Su at o. point about 10 Idlometera 60uthward CJ.lom the village oC Shaak.

n linelo be bed on the ground, following the mam Willer-partings, and

+1£ is myunder&tamlmg r.hllt rhi" iniriGI poim will lie upon'h-e forme Turkish-Pemon. Iron.tier refured to in Ihe Article 27 II (4) 0/ the Trooty 0/ SevrCSi bu£40 maes of the said frolni-er, within. whi,e/' the mitw point 0/ the Armenian. f.rortner Ij included,. were. left undemarcated by tile Turlw-PerJi41l Frontier Commiuwn in 1914. The initial poin' oontemplaled lieJ abO!d I kilometer 1l0uI1utyud from the mIlage 01 Kara His.mand approximately 25 kilometers southwestward from the village of Kotur. and may be fi~ed on the grOlmd as netl1' lh~ location as th e Boundary Commissionl shall delel'7nin.e, provided illiu QJ; the junction 01 the .Van-8Clkkiari Sandjak bourukry with the /rOTlUf!l'of Perwia.

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l

passing through Kob Kiran. Daghl:u:., Sari Dagb (3150 meters Dr 10,335 feet). KeYIDetau, Tepa (3,500 meterll or 1l,4BO feet, point 3,540 (ll.tilS feel). in BUch o wayu to leave to Armenia the villil;ge of Eyreli, and to Turkey the villa.ge £If Ar~and LO cross the Shatllk Su. at Ieast 2 kilometers lIonlhwHl'd from the vil. lag:e £If DiI' Mouem Kilisa.;

thence westward to the point where the Bitlis- Vo.o Vilayet houndary reaches the Moles Su b·om the west, situated nhcut 18 kilomelen southward Crom the village of MDka,

a line La b bea 00 the ground.. £oUowiog the mllin waler.pa.rtinga,. leaving to Armenia the villageaof Le.bel., Sinpass, and Ozim, POBBing through Ka.nisar Tepa (3.245 meters or 10,645 f et}, an uanamed peak about 3 kilometers lOoth· wa.td from Axnm Dagh (3.,550 metera or n,645 {eel), crosaing an unnamed Bueam MaUL 2kiLDmeters 800Jhward fr6m the village of SinpWlll,. pa.ll.llwG. tbzough pain' 3.000 (9,840 feet.)., foDowmgthe hOIm.tLuy betweenlhe Vilayeta oC V.fIll and Bitlie for about 8 kilomerera &<Iuthw [waId from 'lhiB point and ,oontmuing southwestward on tile same ridge' to an UU!1llDlW peak sboQt .2 kiJ.ometera, eastwmra from. Mob Su, and. tlren de&eending La this stream;

!heDe nDrthward 10 an unnamed peak 011 the houndary between. the ViInyeb of an and Bitlieabout 3 kilometers westward Crom the paM at. M· til Gedik.

the ad.mJniall'ative bOWldary between tb Vilayetaof VIUl IllldBitlie, modi· fied lIOulh of Vankin Dagh (3,200 meter80T 10,500 Feat) to fonow them.ai.m water-parting;

thence westward to the peak Meidan Chen.iilinni, situated on thebounda.r:y between the Sandjaks ·0£ Hillis and Sn:i.rt about 29 kilometers ,&Qtlthea81.ward from the city of Bitlis,

a line to be6..'\l.ed en the ground, (onowing the main water-partings.,. pllMing through Veberhon Dagh (3.ll0 meters or 10,200 feet) •. croseing the Kesan Deze o,bout 2 kilomelel1l southward. from the village or Khoros" leaving to Turkey the villages of Semhajand Nevaleyn as well as tho bridge or ford DO the trail between tlIem. and leaving Lo Armenia the villageot Chcpane and the Il'all leading to it fromlhc northeast;

thence we twar,d to th 'Guzel Dele So at a point nhout 23 kilometera !!Cuthward from the cilY of Uitli andllhout 2 .kilometers southwasd [rom Nwi S81' peak (2.,150 meters or 7,050 foot),

th.e .achninislraLive boundary be\we n the Sandjaks of Bitlli nnd Sallt, IIDd then, II line to be fUcd am the ground, foUowing the main water-partings" .and possillg tllrough peints 2,.750 and 2,700 £If Kur Dagh (9'.020 and! 8860 feet reo spel!lively). Biluki Dagli (2,,230 metersoe 7,315 reel), aod Sihlloor Tepe (2,250 mete:r& or 7,3aO feet) ;

15

thence westward to lhe junction of me Bitlli Su and the unnBllledBtream near the village of Deshtumi, about 30 kilometen southwestward from the city of B i t.l:ia.

a line to be fixed on the ground, following the main water·partinga. 1eaving to Turko)· the villages ofLered and Damni, and to Armenia the vill(lge of Enbu and all portions of the b:allieading ucrtheastward to the Bitlis Su from Mergelu peak (1,850 m ten! or 6070 feet), and pall8ing through Mergelu Tepe and Sbikh Tabar ridge;

thence westward to the Zuk (Gharzan) Su at the point about 11 kilometers northenstward Crom the village of Hazo and appro~tely I kilomete:r upstream from the village of Zily,

II. line to h fixed on the ground, following the maio water-p rtings, le ving to Armenia the village of Deahtumi, paaaing through the eastern p ak of Kalmen Dagh, (2.710 meteEs or 8,890 feet) and continuing in such a manner 118 to leave to Armenia til upland dol ina. or basin of interior drainage, to traverse the pass about 3 kilometers w Iward from the village of Avesipy, puaing through ShelasL Dagh (1,944 meter or 6,380 feet) •

thence WesLlya.rdto the SlI.S8Ull Dere nt a point about 1& kilometer!! south· weIJtW rd from the village of Kohil Jevi:!; and appro:pmo.tely 47 kilometers BOUth. ward Crom the city of Mush,

aIine to be :fixed on I.hegrounrl, foJ]mvWg the main wnter-partinga through Ch yardnah peak (2,001 meters or 6,565 feet), Keupeka pea (1,931 meters or 6,335 feet), an unnamed peak on tile S888U.D Dagh about 4 kilometers BOUth· westward from Malato Dagh (2,967 meters or 9,735 Ceet). point 2,229 (7.310 Ceet) , and leaving to Turkey the village of Gundrum;

thence northwestward to the 'ralury Dere al a point about 2 kilometers upstream. from the village or Ka 'r and approximately 37 kilometers ;oorth· eastward from tbe village of Se,ylevaD (Farkin).

a line to be fixed on the ground, following the main waler-pacting&nd pa88i:ng througb an unnamed peak about 2 ki}ometem e lward Crom 'the vill ge oC S yluk, and through point 2,073 (6,800 (eel)., Ieaving to Armenia. the village of H yshtirem;

thence northwestward to the western tributary of the Talury Dere at a point about 2 kilomet.er eatltwnrd Cr'Om the village of Helin andnpproximntely 42 kilometers southw stward from the city oC Mush.

a line to be :fixed on the ground, following the main water-partings, and p88l!ing thrOl1gh point 2,251 (7,385 feet).

thence northwestward to the junction of the KuJp Boghazy (Kulp Su) 16

L

and Aakar Der , appmaimately 42 Jci]ometera aouthweslWard Crom city of Musb, a line to be med on the grollDd. following the main wa.ter-parting$ leaving to Turkey the village of Helin IIDd to Armenia th villag of Kebirvanik;

thence northweetward to II point on the administrative boundary between the S djaks of Gendj and Mush northeast of Mir Ismail Dagh, und situated about 5 kilometers we.etw rd from the village DC Pelekoz and approximately 19 kilometers &OuthwlIl'd from the viIJa.ge of Ardushin,

a line to be fixed on the ground, foUowin the main water-partings, and Pll88il1g through the Komis.a Dagh;

theaee norlhw twacd to the Fr t ehri ( Iurad So, or Euphrat 8) at a point to he determined On the groun.d about 1 kilometer up teeam from the village of Dome and approximat 1 56 kilometer: westward from the ity of fum,

tlle administrative boundary between the Sandjuks of Gendj and Mmh northward for abont 2 kilometers. then a lin to be fixed on the ground, following the main water-partings westward to lin unnamed peak approximately 6 ki10mel 1'8 east oC Chote1a (Akeh Kara) Dagh (2,940 m ter or 9,645 reet), then northward paing through Hadije Tepe 00 AI: hik Dagh, lea"ing to Turkey the village of Kulay and lo Armenia the village ,of IOuluuan:

thence noriliwelJtward to th Gu.nik So at II point about midway b tween two trails c:rosaing tlLill riYer nbout h 1f way betweenth villag B of Elmaly and Chenajki, and approximatel 26 kilometer northeastward from the 'rillag DC Cholik (Cheve1ik).

line to be fixed on the ground, fol1m in We main wat r-partings, paMing tluougll an unnam .d p ak about 2 kilometer wtward from the village of Sbaughar. long SolkhBu Dash, Ill1d lhrough point 2,200 (7,220 feet), 1euviD' to Turkey th villag of hnnghar and Chenajky. and 10 Arm nia the viLlag of Kumist:m Liehinak, and ElmalYi

th nee northwestward to the boundary between the Vilayets of Erzerum and Bitli at an unnam d peak near W)lcre a traight line b tween the villag of F)rcbek and Agha Keui wonld intersect ao.idvilayet boundary,

a line to be fixed on the ground, following the main water-paremga, paaain through point 2,050 (6,725 feet);

thence northward to an unnamed peak on Mid vilayttt bOllD_duy ebont 8 kilcmeters nortbw !'Ward from Kartalik Tepa on the Chons Dash,

the adminUtratie boundary b tween th vi! ets of Erzenun ana Bitlis; 17

thence westward to the Buyuk Su (Kighi Su) at a point aboot 2 kilo.meten upstream. Crom the junction of the Ghabzu Dere with it. and approximately 11 kilometers northwestward from tho village of Kighi,.

a line to be fixed on the ground. foDowingthe maiD wlltel'.plll1inga of the Sbeitan Daghlar, po.asing through pointe 2,610 (8565 reet), Shehan Dagh (2.906 meters 0 .. 9,535 feet). Hakstun Dagh. and leaving to Armenia the village oC Dinek and the fori! or bridge 8Quthwen of this village;

thence westward to the Dar Bogbaz (Kuttn Del' ) at Ii point &bout 3 kilometers southward from the village of Chardaklar (Palumor).

a line to be fixed on the ground, following the main water-partings, leaving to Arm nia the villages ,of Shorakh and F rhadin, paBBingl.hrough Ghabarti Dagb (2,550 met f8 or 8.365 fe t), Sian Dagh (2,750 meters Of 9,020 feet), the 2,150 meter p on the Palumor-Kighl trail near Mu8taphn Bey Konaghy. Femia Tepe (2,530 meters or 8,300 feet), point 2.244 (7,3GO feet}, and point 2,035 (6.675 feet);

thence w tward to the point common to the bonndariea of the Sandjnka of Erzingan and Erzernm and the Vilayel of Mamuret-ul-Aziz, situated at a sharp angle in the viluyet boundary,app oximaLely 24 kilometers weatward from the villag of Palumor and 32 kilometer8 southeastward (rom the city of Erzingao,

D line lobe fixed on tbe ground, fono~9i:ng the main water-parnngs, and passing Dorthwestward through an unnamed p ak ubour 2 kilom tees 8011lhwestward f r om Palumor, through Sil (Kerainod) Dagh (2.,405 meters or 7,890 feet) to an unnamed peak on the 80uth 1'1) boundary of the San dj ak of Erzingan aboul 8 kilometers southw tward hom the Palumor-Erzinan pI!. then turning eoutbwestward long said Sandjak boundary (or nearly 13 kilometees, passing through Kanja Kaleb (3,100 meters or ]0,170 feet) ;

thence wel!twQrd to an u.nnamed peak on the boundary betwelW the Vilayets of Erzernm and Mamur "t-uI·Aziz about 3 kilolU ters northeastward Crom the pa on the trail llerolhe MODzur Silsilesi between Kennakh. on the Euphrates lind Pelurin the Il6re:im, the peak being approximately 40 kilometen southwestward from tJle aity of Erzingan,

the a.dl:ninistrative boundary between the vila l8 of Erzerum and Mamnrel. ul-Aziz, modified·".in eaM of a majority of the voting members of the Boundary

• At the l<JCali.y named. tile vilayet boundary (according to Kkozat.DerJlim meet oj the Turkim Gen.eral Staff map, scale 1 :200,000) deue~ the norehern ,lope of the lI!on:mr.sil&il~i lor abOUl- 7 kilometer" The junclion of tl~e boundary between the KlIZM of Erring(ll'l. and Kemt;l.kh ill Er:rinBrm Sandjak of Enerum

18

Vilayet with the boruuIary 0/ Dersim. Sandjak oJ Mam.urct-ul-Aziz; Vilayet lies within 14 kilome, r oj th. Euphrates Riuer. ThiJ leave! to Turkey a military bridsehead north of an 11,000 !oo£ mOlllUam range ·and· only 20 kilometerJ $Outh oJ the Cil)' 0/ Erringan_ I am. not empow red to clumse [he admini.sullti e boundary at this point, and these 40 quare kilometer! 0/ territory lie Qut!ide the four viloyet .pecijiiJ in. A.rricle 89 of the Tretlty 0/ Sellra.

Howet;er,I v ntufc to call tlu: attcnnon 0/ tfle BowuJ.ary Corn.mis i:on '.0 the de5irabiJ.ity o] oonsulting tile local inhabitasus wich a view to poMibl nwdi/icarion 0/ the lliIayet boruulary at thi.s point.

]9

Commi ion deem it wille. to follow the maiD water-parting along the ridge between an unnamed peak about 2 kilometers BOUthW 1 oC Merjnn Dagh1ar (3,449 meters or 11,315 feet) and Kater Tepe (3300 meters or 10,825 Ieet) ;

th nee northward to the Frat Nehri [Kara Su, or Euphrates) lit a point. to be d tennined on the ground about 6 kilom t rs etllrtwnrd from me village of Kemagh and pprorimat If 35 kilometers soutbweerwurd from the city of Eninga:tL,

II line to be fixed OD the ground, following th main water-partings, lea.ving to Turkey the trail from Pelur in the D raim to Kemakh on the Euphrates, and to Armenia the village oC Koja Arbler;

thence, northward to the boundary between the viloyet8 of Erserum and Trebizond at point to be detennin d about 1 kilometer west of p ak 2.930 (2,.630 Or 8,625 (e r) and about 4 kiJometeEi southward Crom the village of Metkut, or approximately 39 kilom tees northwestward hom the city of Erringan,

a line to be fixed OD the ground, (onowing the main water-parting lellving to Turkey the village8 of Clllllghy Yady, Toms, and A1amlik, and to Armenia til Yin ge of Erkghan and the road and col BOuth of th villa e or .felkut, paeaing through Utch Kardnah Tep Kelek Kirnn (Tekke T b, 2,800 meters or 9.185 feet). Kehnnm Dagh (or Kara Dagh, 3,030 meters or 9,940 r r), dividing equably h tween Armenia and Turk y the summit of the p woul2 kilometers weuward [rom th villag of Zazker and, similar] , th summit of the p of Kra1 Kbam Bogba~y near tit villag of Chaedakli, p in through point 2760 on Kara Dagh. (9,055 reeL),. point 2,740 (8,990 feel), Bnd a. point to he determined on the ground, situated Dellt the Iky Sivry tr am] than 2 kilom t rs w tward from th ChimeD Dagh paas.. and Ic ated in sa h a mann r a to 1 ave to Turk y the junction of the lWo roads leading wWltward to th viUag of Kudli Keui and Kura Yayrllk, and to Armenia the junction of two' 01),& roads lending to 'the villa ell of fetlmt and KirmllDlI; th Boundary ommi ion sh I det rmine in the 6 ld th moat quahle diepo ition of tile highway b tw pointe 2760 and 2,'140;.

thence Dorthweatward to the KeIkit Chai, (Kelkit Irmak) at dl,e point whereth boundary between the Vilayets of Trebizond and Sivasreaches it from the south,

the admini8trative boundary between the Vilayeu of Trtlhizond and Erze:rwn. and then die administrative houndary between the Vilayet8 of Trehnond and Si,vaa;

thence nortbward to an unnam d peak on the boundary between the Vilayets or Trehizond ODd iVIl about 4 kilometers southwestward (rom Borghs Paya (2,995 meters or 9,825 feet) the latter bein sltuat d pproximately 38 kilometers 8OIlthwestwlll'd from the city of Gnmush.Khana

a line to be fixed on the ground, [oIlowing the main Wilt r-par-dng leaving to ArnleWa the villages of Rnlkit, Sirumli, Klliktin, and Kirtano ; and to Turk y the villllg of.Kar Kishla. adik, !Carll Ki • and Ara, crosaing the pn hetw~n the w 'tern tributaries or the lli:ran hai and the en tern headwaters of the Bereak D re (KilTS Chili) about 43 Jri]omete:rs eastward Crom the city of KarahjBSru'Sharki (Shehin Kamhisanr] ;

thence north stw rd, northwa.rd, and w t rd to an unnam d peak on the boundary hetw n the ViI reta oC Trebizond and Sivas situated about 7 kilometers northweatward from Yerchi Tepe (2.690 meters or 8,825 feet) and approximately 47 kilometers 800lh 80udlcIlstwarU rrQnl the city of Kel'08UD,

theodmin:i8trlltivebound[uy between the Vilnyetll of Trebizond and SiVIlS; thence northward, from the pojqt Iast m ntioned, on the crest of the Pontic Range, to th Black Sea, at a point to b determin d on the seacoast. abont 1 kilometer westward from the village of Keahah, and approximately 9 kilomete:n ell8tward from die city or Kel'nson.

a line to b fi.ed on th ground., following the main wuter-partlnge leaving to Turkey tho fi Ids, paBlurCt!, forestB and villageR within the drainage basin DC the Komit D r (Ak u) and its tributari ; and to Armenia the field paaruree, for t. and villag 8 within the drainag - hll8ln or the Yaghaj Dere (Espiya Dere) and the Venazit Den (I{ 1mb Dere) and their trihUlariell, and drawn in auch II manner a8 'to ntilize the boundary between. the Knzas of 'Tripoli (Tireboli) and Keral!llIl in the 7 kilomeleJ"ll just south of Kara Tepe (1,696 meters or 5,565 Ieei}, and to provide the roo t convenient reiaLio01!bipa hetween the new frontier and the trails along the ridg s, all th relationsltipa mJlY be d termined by the BoundJlry Commissio» in the .6eltl after conaultntion with the local inhabitants.

2. In en e of any discrepanci b tween the text of thls Deci.aion and the mapa on the ell) a of 1 :1,000 000 ODd] :200,000 annexed. the text will b final.

20

The limite o( the four vilayets epeciAediD Article 89 of the Treaty of Sevree are taken sa of O(:tob .r 29, 1914.

The frontier, a8 described above, is drawn in red on an authenticated map on the scale of 1 :1,000,000 which is annexed to the present Froutier D ciaion. The geographical Dam here mentioned appear upon the mapa accompanying this ten

Th chief authoriti a used for the namee of Geographical (CO rurea, and of elevations oC mountains" and the location of vilayet, eandjak, and kus hound. aries, are the Turkish G uernl Staff map. scale 1 :200,000, and, in part, the Britiab map, aeole 1 :1,000,000.

The mapa on til scale of 1:200,000 are r commended to the BOlwdllry Com. miaaion, provided in Article 91. COL their use in tracing on the pot the portion of the frontiers of Armenia established by this Deeiaion,

n

The frontier described above., by aeigning lit bubor of TrebizondaDd the valley of Karahut Su to Armenia, prec1udes the necessity of further proviaiOD for Oooel!8 for Armenia to the &ea.

m

In addition to lhe geJ1 ral provi jom for the limitation of armaments, embodied in the frtilitu[y, 'avullllld Airltllll!e8, Part of the Treaty or Sevres, the demilitarization of Turki h territor adjacent to the frontier of Annenia a8 above eetabliihed IUll1 be eff ct d as {O.uOWI:

The liIitar Imer-Allied omm.iss:ion of Control and Organization pmvid.ed for in Arlie 196-200 of the Treaty of Se rea 8l1all appoint tile auperlcr officers of the endarmerie stationed in those vilayets of Turkey lying contiguoul to the frontiers of the state of Armenia c. clu iv ly [rom the officer to he supplied by the variou Allied or neutral POWe.rB acco.:diog to Article 159 oC the aaid Treaty.

These officers !!hall, in addition to their other duties, be etlpecially charged with the task or ob erving and reporting to the 1llitary Inter-Allied ommission of Control and Organization upon. any tendencies within these Turkish vilnyeta toward military ggr ion again t the Armeni rom tier. such a building

21

IIlrlltegi.c railways and highways, tile el!tablieluncut or depots of military sllpl)lics. lh creation of military colonies, and the use of propaganda dangerous to the peace and quiet of the adjacent Armenian territory. The Military Inter-Allied Commission of Control and Org3ni%alion shall thereupon take uch action os i U Ce&8IlIY to pre ent the ceneentratione and other aggresaive activili enumerated above.

1,. te3limony wlu~reol 1 ha. her unto sel n~y lumd and cawed rhe ,eal of the United Suue.s fa' be affixed.

Done in. duplicate al tbe ciLy of Wa.shin.gton. on the twenty."econd day 0/ November, one thousand. nine hundred and [lOelHY. and ,0/

( ML) Ehe Jndependeru:e 0/ tile United Suue« the one J1Undred and lorty·fifth.

By ,he Praidenl:

BAI llRJDC& COLIn.' eeretn.ry of State,

WOODROW WILSON