Heinemman English Grammar-1992

The Heinemann ELT
English Grammar
Digby Beaumont & Colin Granger
Progress Tests written by Digby Beaumont & Ken Singleton
Русская редакция: проф. БехП.А.
MACMILLAN
HEINEMANN
Engfeh Language Teaching
УДК 802.0 - 5 /075/
ББК81.2/АНГЛ-2я75/
В34
Macmillan Heinemann English Language Teaching, Oxford
A division of Macmillan Publishing Limited
Companies and representatives throughout the world
ISBN 0 435 292188 (with answers)
0 435 292196 (without answers)
Text © Digby Beaumont and Colin Granger 1989, 1992
Design and illustration © Macmillan Publishers Limited 1998
Heinemann is a registered trademark of Reed Education and Professional Publishing Limited
First published 1989

This edition published 1992
All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or
by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written
permission of the Publishers.
Designed by Mike Brain
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank all those people whose suggestions and comments have helped with this book,
especially Gibson Ferguson at the University of Edinburgh's Institute of Applied Language Studies. Hazel Barker
at the English Language Centre, Hove, Sussex, Lynn Smart at the Eurocentre, Brighton, Sussex, and Michele Cronick
at Heinemann International, Oxford.
All authors of grammars owe a debt to the corpus of published materials which has influenced them.
In this respect, we would like to acknowledge the following in particular
A Communicative Grammar of English, G. Leech, J. Svartvik (Longman, 1975); Meaning and the English
Verb, G. Leech (Longman, 1971); Practical English Usage, M. Swan (OUP, 1980): Л Bcsic English Grammar,
). Eastwood, R. Mackin (OUP, 1982); Advanced English Practice, B. D. Graver (OUP. 1965 : Cassell's Student's
English Grammar, J. Allsop (Cassell, 1983); Longman English Grammar, L. G. Alexander Longman, 1988);
English in Situations, R. O'Neill (OUP, 1970); and finally, English Grammar in Use. R M-n*> -CUP, 1985) for its
exemplary treatment of grammar reference and ргасисг
Digby Beaumont, Colin Granger

B34 The Heinemann ELT English Grammar: Учебное пособие. - К.: Методика, 2000. - 352 с.
Русская редакция: проф. Бех П.А.
ISBN 966-7269-23-Х
ISBN 966-7269-23-Х © Методика, Киев.

Contents
38 Obligation and necessity (1): must, have to,
Introduction have got to
39 Obligation and necessity (2): mustn't, don't
Verbs have to, don't need to, haven't got to, needn 't
1 Present continuous 40 Review of permission and obligation: can,
2 Present simple can't, must, mustn't, needn't, be allowed to,
3 Present continuous and present simple have to, don't have to
4 Past simple 41 Needn't have and didn 't need to
5 Past continuous 42 Obligation and advice: should, ought to, had
6 Present perfect simple better, be supposed to, shall
7 Gone and been 43 Possibility: may, might, could
8 Present perfect with just, yet and already 44 Possibility: can
9 Present perfect continuous 45 Probability: should, ought to
10 Present perfect continuous and present per- 46 Deduction: must, can't
fect simple 47 Review of possibility, probability and de-
11 Present perfect with for and since duction: may, might, could, should, ought
12 Present perfect and past simple to, must, can't
13 Present perfect and present tense 48 Requests: can, could, may, will, would
14 Past perfect simple 49 Offers: will, shall, can, could would
15 Past perfect continuous 50 Suggestions: shall, let's, why don't we, how/
16 Future: will what about, can, could
17 Future: going to 51 Habits: used to, will, would
18 Future: will and going to 52 Refusals: won't, wouldn 't
19 Present continuous for the future 53 Promises and threats: will
20 Future: present continuous and going to 54 May/might as well
21 Present simple for the future 55 Other uses of should
22 Present simple for the future after when if, etc 56 Wish and if only
23 Future continuous: will be + -ing form 57 Would rather
24 Future perfect: will have + past participle 58 It's time
25 Future in the past: was/were going to
26 Continuous forms with always The passive and have something done
27 Verbs not normally used in the continuous 59 The passive: general
28 Review of the present and the past 60 The passive: infinitive and -ing forms
29 Review of the future 61 Using get instead of be in the passive
30 Imperative and let's 62 Verbs with two objects in the passive
31 Be 63 The passive with by and with
32 There is, there are 64 It is said that he... /He is said to... etc
33 Have and have got 65 Have something done
34 Have for actions
If sentences, conditionals
Modal verbs and related structures
66 When and if
35 Modal verbs: general 67 Conditionals: introduction
36 Ability: can, could, be able to 68 Open present or future conditionals
37 Permission: can, could, may, might, be al- 69 Unreal present or future conditionals
lowed to
in
70 Open and unreal present or future condition- 109 Talking in general: no article and a/an
als 110 Talking in general: the
71 Unreal past conditionals 111 Common expressions without articles
72 General conditionals 112 Place names with and without the
73 Conditionals without if 113 Review of a/an and the
74 Review of conditionals 114 Quantity: general
115 Some and any
Reported speech 116 Much, many, a lot of, (a) little, (a) few
117 No and none
75 Direct and reported speech: introduction 118 All, every, everybody, everything, whole
76 Say and tell 119 Both, either, neither
77 Reported statements
78 Reported questions Pronouns
79 Using the to infinitive in reported speech
80 Review of reported speech 120 Personal pronouns
121 Possessive adjectives and pronouns
-ing form and infinitive 122 Reflexive pronouns
123 Review of personal pronouns, possessive
81 -ing form: participle or gerund adjectives and pronouns, and reflexive
82 Verb + -ing form or infinitive: introduction pronouns
83 Verb + -ing form 124 One (s)
84 Verb + to infinitive 125 Something, anything, somebody, anybody, etc
85 Verb + question word + to infinitive
86 Verb + object + to infinitive Adjectives
87 Verb + -ing form or to infinitive (1)
88 Verb + -ing form or to infinitive (2) 126 Form, position and order of adjectives
89 Be used to + -ing form and used to + infini- 127 Comparative and superlative adjectives
tive 128 Av... as
90 Need + -ing form or to infinitive 129 Review of comparatives, superlatives and
91 Infinitive without to as... as
92 Preposition + -ing form
93 Person + -ing form Adverbs
94 -ing form and to infinitive as subjects
95 To infinitive of purpose 130 Adjectives and adverbs of manner
96 Noun/Pronoun/Adjective + to infinitive 131 Adverbs of manner, place and time
97 See someone doing and see someone do, etc 132 Adverb position with verbs
98 Review of-ing form and infinitive 133 Time: still, yet, already
99 Participle (-ing and -ed) adjectives 134 Time: any more, any longer, no longer
100 Participle (-ing) clauses 135 Adverbs of frequency
136 Adverbs of probability
137 Fairly, quite, rather and pretty
Nouns, articles and quantity
138 Too and enough
101 Singular and plural nouns (1) 139 So and such
102 Singular and plural nouns (2) 140 Comparison: adverbs
103 Compound nouns
104 Possessive 's (genitive) Negatives, questions and answers
105 Possessive 's or... of... ?
106 Double possessive 141 Negative statements
107 Countable and uncountable nouns 142 Yes/No questions
108 Articles: a/an and the 143 Wh- questions
IV
144 Subject and object questions Contents
145 Question words
146 Negative questions 168 Other prepositions of place and movement
147 Question tags 169 Time: at, in, on
148 Reply questions 170 On time and in time
149 Indirect questions 171 At the end and in the end
150 Short answers 172 Time: in, during, for, while
151 So/neither am I, so/neither do I, so/neither 173 Time: by, until, from, to, before, after
can I, etc 174 For, since, ago and before
152 / think so, 1 hope so, I expect so, etc 175 Means of transport: by, on, in
176 Like, as and as if
Relative clauses 177 With (= having) and in (= wearing)
178 Adjective + preposition
153 Defining relative clauses with who, that and 179 Noun + preposition
which 180 Preposition + noun
154 Leaving out who, that and which in defining 181 Verb + preposition
relative clauses 182 Verb + object + preposition
155 Defining relative clauses with whose, where, 183 Review of prepositions
when and why/that 184 Indirect objects with or without to and for
156 Defining and non-defining relative clauses
157 Non-defining relative clauses with whose, Phrasal verbs
whom, where and when
158 Relative clauses with prepositions + which 185 Phrasal verbs: introduction
and whom 186 Types of phrasal verbs
159 Which referring to a whole clause
Pronunciation and spelling of endings
Linking words 187 Pronunciation of endings: -(e)s and -ed
160 Time: when, as, while, as soon as, before, 188 Spelling of endings: -(e)s, -ing, -ed, -er, -est,
after, until -ly
161 Contrast: although, even though, though, in
spite of, despite, while, whereas, however General
162 Reason and result: because (of), as, since, so, 189 Contractions
as a result, therefore, so/such... (that) 190 Irregular verbs
163 Purpose: to, in order to, so as to, for, so that
164 Purpose: in case Progress Tests
Prepositions Appendix: American English
165 Place: at, in, on Glossary
166 Place and movement: in, into, out of, on,
onto, off, inside, outside Index
167 Place and movement: above, below, over,
under, underneath, on top of
Предисловие
Предлагаемое учебное пособие - The Heinemann ELT English Grammar - предназначено для лиц, изу-
чающих английский язык. Цель пособия состоит в том, чтобы помочь изучающим овладеть грамматикой
и использовать ее на практике. Главным образом, пособие рассчитано на тех, кто работает самостоятель-
но. Однако его материалы могут использоваться и для работы под руководством преподавателя. Пособие
рассчитано для лиц, имеющих средний уровень подготовки по английскому языку. Вместе с тем его
можно с успехом использовать и на продвинутом этапе обучения для повторения и закрепления изучен-
ного материала.
ОБЪЯСНЕНИЕ
Грамматические пояснения изложены в простой и доступной форме. В общем используется английский
язык повседневного обихода. Хотя, где это необходимо, используются отдельные грамматические тер-
мины (например, adjective - имя прилагательное, noun - имя существительное, subject - подлежащее).
Эти термины объясняются в Глоссарии (Glossary) на страницах 324 - 327.
СТРУКТУРА ПОСОБИЯ
Пособие состоит из 190 разделов. Как правило, каждый раздел посвящен одной из грамматических тем
(например, the present continuous - настоящее длительное время, will или артикли a, an и the). Раздел
начинается с объяснений и примеров, после чего следует одно или несколько упражнений.
Кроме того, в некоторых разделах делается сравнение грамматического материала с материалом,
изложенным в предыдущих разделах (например, в разделе 2 сравнивается the present continuous (настоя-
щее длительное время) и present simple (настоящее простое время).
В обзорных разделах объединяются и отрабатываются на практике некоторые материалы предыдущих
разделов (например, в разделе 28 оттренировываются the present - настоящие и past tenses - прошедшие
времена). В этих разделах содержатся лишь упражнения и отсутствуют объяснения.
Некоторые разделы (например, 35 и 67) носят лишь справочный характер и не содержат упражнений. На
страницах 294 - 322 помещены 88 учебно-контрольных тестов. Они предназначены для проверки степе-
ни овладения грамматическим материалом пособия. Тесты можно использовать для выявления отдель-
ных проблем, поскольку каждый из них ориентирован на определенную область грамматики.
На страницах III - V содержится Оглавление (Contents).
На страницах 328-335 помещен Алфавитный указатель (Index), который приводит подробный перечень
грамматических структур (например, articles - артикли, present continuous - настоящее длительное время)
и ключевых слов (например, a/an, enough). Здесь также помещены рубрики, касающиеся того, как ис-
пользуется язык для выражения, например, возможности, долженствования.
В квадратных скобках [ ] иногда приводятся переводы некоторых примеров, используемых как иллюст-
ративный материал.
Ответы к упражнениям размещены на страницах 336 - 348, а ответы к тестам - на страницах 348 - 353.
В Приложении на странице 323 приведены некоторые сведения об американском варианте английского
языка.
ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ПОСОБИЯ В КАЧЕСТВЕ САМОУЧИТЕЛЯ
Найдите желаемую тему по Оглавлению (Contents) - страницы iii - v или по Алфавитному указателю
(Index) - страницы 328 - 335. Прочитайте объяснения и ознакомьтесь с примерами. Затем выполните
предлагаемые упражнения. Сверьте ваши ответы с Ключами к упражнениям (Key to exercises) - страни-
цы 336 - 348*. Если у вас возникают какие-либо затруднения, снова обратитесь к объяснениям и приме-
рам. Затем найдите тест по изучаемой теме в Оглавлении учебно-контрольных тестов (Progress Tests) -
страницы 294 - 296. Выполните тест. Затем сверьте ваши ответы с Ответами к учебно-контрольным
тестам (Answers to Progress Tests) - страницы 348 - 353*.
* в издании, содержащем "ответы на ключи".
VI
1 Present continuous (Настоящее длительное время)
Form (Образование)
Present continuous образуется с помощью be + ... -ing.
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE QUESTION
(УТВЕРЖДЕНИЕ) (ОТРИЦАНИЕ) (ВОПРОС)
I am I am not am I
you are you are not are you
he he he
she is working she is not working is she working?
it it it
we we we
they they they
Эта форма иногда называется 'present progressive'.
CONTRACTIONS (СТЯЖЕНИЯ)
'т = am
're = are aren 't = are not
s = is isn t = is not
При присоединении окончания -ing иногда происходят изменения в написании,
например: have —> having. См. 188.3-6.
Use (Употребление)
Present continuous употребляется для выражения действия, которое происходит в момент

речи.
'Where are the children ?' 'They're playing in the garden.'
'What are you doing at the moment?' 'I'm writing a letter.'
You can switch off the TV. I'm not watching it.
Look, there's Sally. Who is she talking to?
We're leaving now. Goodbye.
2 Present continuous
Present continuous употребляется также для выражения действия, которое происходит в

настоящее время, но не обязательно в момент речи.
You're spending a lot of money these days.
Sue is looking for a job at the moment.
Present continuous употребляется для выражения действия, которое происходит в
настоящее время в течение определенного периода.
Robert is on holiday this week. He's staying with his sister in Bournemouth.
Present continuous употребляется для выражения изменяющихся или развивающихся
действий и ситуаций в настоящем времени.
Your children are growing up very quickly.
Computers are becoming more and more important in our lives.
EXERCISE 1A
What are the people in the
pictures doing?
Make sentences.
Example:
1 He's reading a newspaper.
EXERCISE IB
Complete the sentences. Use the verbs in brackets in the present continuous.
Example:
'Where are Ken and Kate?' They're waiting (wait) outside.'
1 ' (Sally | have) a shower?' 'No, she (wash) her hair.'
2 You. (not | watch) the TV at the moment. Why don't you switch it off?
3 ' (you | enjoy) yourself?' 'Yes, I (have) a great time.'
4 'What. (Maria | do) these days?' 'She (study) English at a school
in London.'
5 Ben and Patty are in London on holiday. They (stay) at a small hotel near
Hyde Park.
6 Prices (rise) all the time. Everything (get) more and more expensive.
Note (Примечание)
-Смотрите также 3. Present continuous и present simple.
-Некоторые глаголы, например like, know, обычно употребляются для образования форм
continuous. См. 27.
-Always может употребляться с формами времени continuous в значении 'слишком часто',
например: He's always saying stupid things. См. 26.
-Present continuous может употребляться для выражения действия в будущем времени,
например: I'm meeting Sue on Saturday evening. CM. 19.
2 Present simple (Настоящее простое время)
Form
/ work I do not work do I
you you you
he he he
she works she does not work does she work?
it it it
we we we
you work you do not work do you
they they they
CONTRACTIONS
don't = do not
doesn 't =does not
После he, she и it глаголы в утвердительной форме заканчиваются на -s/-es, например,
/ work —» he works; you play —» she plays; we finish —> it finishes.
При присоединении к глаголам окончания -s/-es иногда происходят изменения в написа-
нии, например, study/studies. См. 188.1,4. Относительно произношения -s/-es, см. 187.1.
Use
Present simple употребляется для выражения повторяемых и привычных действий.

/ have a shower every morning.
Most evenings my parents stay at home and watch TV.
Do you go to the cinema very often ?
What time does Kate finish work?
Present simple употребляется для выражения постоянных ситуаций (непрерывных в
течение длительного времени).
Mr and Mrs Shaw live in Bristol. [Господин и госпожа Шоу живут в Бристоле].
(Это их постоянное место жительства.)
2 Present simple
Present simple также употребляется для выражения общепринятых истин.

The River Amazon flows into the Atlantic Ocean.
Vegetarians don't eat meat or fish.
EXERCISE 2A EXERCISE 2B
Complete the sentences. Use the present simple Complete the questions in the present simple.
of the verbs in brackets.
Example:
Examples:
'What time do you get up every morning?' 'I
The President of the USA lives (live) in the normally get up at 7 o'clock.'
White House.
1 ' to the radio every morning?' 'I listen
I don't go (not | go) to the theatre very often.
to it most mornings.'
1 Jet engines. (make) a lot of noise. 2' in Manchester?' 'No, he lives in
2I (not | live) in London. I (live) in Newcastle.'
Brighton. 3 'What time _ . work every day?' 'She
3 The sea _ (cover) two thirds of the world. usually finishes at 5.30.'
4 Loud music (give) me a headache. 4 'How often swimming?' 'I go about
5 We (not | come) from Canada. We once a week.'
(come) from the USA. 5 ' TV every evening?' 'They watch it
6 She (work) from Mondays to Fridays. most evenings.'
She (not | work) at weekends. 6' the guitar?' 'Yes, she plays the
7 Andrew and Les (not | go) to school by guitar and the piano.'
bus every day. Most mornings Andrew 7 'How much money ___ a month?' 'We
(go) by bicycle and Les (walk). earn about £800.'
8 You (not | write) to your penfriend very 8 ' much in your country?' 'Yes, it
often, but he (write) to you every week. snows a lot during the winter.'
Note
-См. также 3. Present continuous и present simple.
- What do you do? - это вопрос о чьем-то занятии, например: 'What do you do?' Т т a doctor.'
-Когда who, what или which является подлежащим в вопросе в present simple, то do/does не
употребляется. Например: Who lives in that flat? См. 144.
-Такие слова, как usually, often, every day, часто употребляются с present simple для
обозначения регулярности действия, например: / usually have a shower every day. См. 135.
-Present simple также употребляется для выражения будущего действия, например: The train
leaves at 7.30 tomorrow morning. CM. 21.
-Относительно настоящего времени глагола be (am, are, is) CM. 31.
10
3 Present continuous and present simple
(Настоящее длительное и настоящее простое время)
Compare (Сравните):
PRESENT CONTINUOUS PRESENT SIMPLE
He watches
the news on
TV every
evening
Present continuous употребляется для Present simple употребляется для выражения

выражения действия в развитии или повторяемых или привычных, а также
происходящего в момент речи. общеизвестных действий.
Are you working now? Do you work every Saturday afternoon?
Don't forget your umbrella when you go out. It rains a lot in Britain in March and April.
It's raining outside.
Present continuous употребляется для выражения временных, а present simple - для
постоянных ситуаций. Compare:
I'm sleeping on a sofa these days because my I always sleep eight hours every night.
bed is broken.
EXERCISE ЗА
Choose the correct form.
Example:
Look outside! It's snowing!/It snows!
1 It's snowing/It snows quite often in Britain 5 There is something wrong with Lynne's car at
during the winter. the moment so she's going/she goes to work
2 I'm going/I go to bed now. Goodnight. by bus this week.
3 Normally, I'm going/I go to bed at around 6 The River Thames is flowing/flows through
11.30 every night. London.
4 'Where's Simon?' 'He's cooking/He cooks 7 Sarah has got an exam soon, so she's
the dinner.' working/she works very hard at the moment.
Note
-Некоторые глаголы, например like, want, обычно не употребляются в формах времени
continuous. Так, нельзя сказать: I'm liking this music. См. 27.
-Present continuous и present simple также употребляются для выражения будущего действия.
См. 19,21.
11
4 Past simple (Прошедшее простое время)
Form
Форма Past simple одна для всех лиц (/, you, he, she, etc).
I I
you you you
he he he
worked work work?
she she she
did not did
it it it
came come come?
we we we
you you you
they they they
CONTRACTION
didn 't = did not
Некоторые глаголы являются 'правильными' или 'стандартными' ('regular'), другие -
'неправильными' или 'нестандартными' ('irregular'):
• Правильные глаголы в утвердительном предложении в past simple заканчиваются на
-ed, например, work —» worked; play —» played; live —> lived. Когда к глаголам
присоединяется -ed, иногда происходят изменения в написании, например, stop —>
stopped. См. 188.3,4, 6. Относительно произношения -ed см. 187.2.
• Неправильные глаголы в утвердительном предложении в past simple имеют различные
формы, например, соте —» came; see —> saw; go —> went. См. 190.
Use
Past simple употребляется для выражения действий и ситуаций, имевших место в прошлом.
I played football yesterday.
Не lived in London from 1970 to 1973. Then he moved to Manchester.
'Did you see Sarah yesterday ?' 'No, I didn't.'
We didn't go out last night. We stayed at home and watched TV.
They went to Italy on holiday last summer.
Marie and Pierre Curie discovered radium.
12
4 Past simple
EXERCISE 4A
Complete the text about James Dean. Use the past simple.
American actor James Dean was born in 1931. Dean's mother died when Dean was die
only 8 years old and he. .1. . on his aunt and uncle's farm. He. _2 grow up, study
acting for two years. Then he 3 a career in films and the theatre. He also start
_4 in some TV commercials, including one for Pepsi-Cola. In 1954, he appear
_in a play called The Immoralist in a New York theatre. Bosses from a act
Hollywood film studio 6 the play. They 7 Dean and 8 see, like, offer
him a film contract. Dean 9 in three films, East of Eden (1955), Rebel star
without a Cause (1955) and Giant (1956). During his short career, he
10 extremely popular with teenagers. His death in a car crash in 1955 become
11 great sadness in young people all over the world. cause
EXERCISE 4B EXERCISE 4C
What did Simon and Sally do yesterday? Correct these statements, as in the example. Use
the words in the box.
Complete the conversation. Use these verbs:
win, meet, go, cost, stag, watch, buy, do, play. radium the Eiffel Tower John F. Kennedy
detective stories the radio 1962
Sally: What did you do yesterday? Did you go
to the Sports Centre?
Example:
Simon: Yes, I went there with Andrew.
Sally: 1 tennis? 1 Не didn 't invent the telephone.
He invented the radio.
Simon: Yes, we did.
Sally: Andrew is good, isn't he? 2 the 1 Marconi invented the telephone.
game? 2 Gustave Eiffel built the Statue of Liberty.
Simon: Yes, he won easily. 3 Marilyn Monroe died in 1990.
Sally: What 3 in the evening? 4 Marie and Pierre Curie discovered penicillin.
4 at home? 5 Lee Harvey Oswald killed Martin Luther
Simon: Yes, I stayed in and watched TV. King.
Sally: What 5 ? 6 Agatha Christie wrote children's stories.
Simon: A film of a rock concert. It was really
good. What about you? 6 Peter
yesterday?
Sally: Yes, I met him in town. We went
shopping. Peter wanted to look for some new
clothes.
Simon: 7 anything?
Sally: Yes, he bought a pair of jeans in Kings.
Simon: Kings? That's a really expensive shop,
isn't it? How much 8 ?
Sally: £42.
Note
-Иногда did не употребляется в вопросах в past simple. См. 144.
-Относительно прошедшего времени глагола be (was, were) см. 31.
13
5 Past continuous (Прошедшее длительное время)
Form
Past continuous образуется с помощью was/were + ... -ing.
/ was I was not was I
you were you were not were you
he he he
she was working she was not working was she working?
it it it
we we were we
you were you were not you
they they they
Эта форма иногда называется 'past progressive'.
CONTRACTIONS
wasn 't = was not
weren 't = were not
При присоединении к глаголам окончания -ing иногда происходят изменения в
написании, например, write —» writing. См. 188.3-6.
Use
Past continuous употребляется для выражения действия, продолжавшегося в прошедшем
времени. Действие или ситуация началась, но еще не завершилась в то время.
'At eight о 'clock last night I was watching TV.'

More examples (Другие примеры):
/ saw you last night. You were waiting for a bus.
Was Sue working at 10 o'clock yesterday morning?
Compare the uses of the past continuous and past simple:
PAST CONTINUOUS PAST SIMPLE
/ was writing a letter. [Я писал письмо] / wrote a letter. [Я написал письмо]
(= I was in the middle of writing it. - Я еще (= I started and finished it. - Я начал и
продолжал писать письмо.) закончил его.)
14
5 Past continuous
Past continuous и past simple часто употребляются в предложении одновременно.

Обратите внимание, что происходит в таких предложениях:
/ was driving along when suddenly a child ran across the road,
When Kate was watching TV the telephone rang.
We were walking in the park when it started to rain.
Past continuous обозначает продолженные действия или ситуации, которые длились в

прошлом; past simple обозначает недлительное действие, которое произошло в середине
более длительного действия или прервало его.
Past continuous
Past Future
Present
Past simple
Но для обозначения следования одного действия за другим можно употреблять past
simple.
When the telephone rang, Kate answered it.
We sheltered under a tree when it started to rain.
Compare:
When Kate came home Ken was making some When Kate came home, Ken made some tea.
tea. [Когда Кейт пришла домой, Кен [Когда Кейт пришла домой, Кен заварил
заваривал чай.] чай.]
(Ken was in the middle of making some tea. (Kate came home. Then Ken made some
Then Kate came home - Кен еще заваривал tea.- Кейт пришла домой, а тогда Кен
чай, когда Кейт пришла домой) заварил чай.)
В разговоре часто употребляется past continuous для описания фоновых обстоятельств, а
past simple - для описания событий и действий.
/ was standing outside the bus station. It was Suddenly, a woman came round the comer
getting late and I was feeling tired. I was and walked right up to me. 'Are you Mr
waiting for a man called Johnny Mars. Marlowe?' she asked.
EXERCISE 5A
Join each idea in A with the most suitable idea В
in B. Make sentences using when and the past
11 (drop) my bag I (drive) to work
continuous or past simple of the verbs in
21 (cut) myself I (eat) a sandwich
brackets.
3 My car (break down) I (run) for a bus
Example: 41 (see) a shark I (shave)
5 My clothes (get) dirty I (swim) in the sea
1 / dropped my bag when I was running for a bus.
6 I (break) a tooth I (clean) the attic
15
5 Past continuous
EXERCISE 5B
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form: the past continuous or the past simple.
Examples:
When she came (come) into the room I was listening (listen) to the radio.
When my car broke down (break down) I phoned (phone) a garage.
1 We (go) down in the lift when suddenly it (stop).
2 (they | have) dinner when you (call) to see them?
3 When the doorbell (ring) I (get) up and (answer) it.
4 When I (open) the door, a friend (stand) there.
5 'When I (arrive) back at the car park, my car wasn't there!' 'Oh, no!
What (you | do)?' 'I (report) it to the police.'
EXERCISE 5C
These paragraphs begin three stories: a love story, a western and a horror story.
1 Complete the paragraphs using the past continuous or the past simple of the verbs in brackets.
(i) It was midnight and I was alone in the house. Outside it was raining (rain) very
hard. I 1 (get) ready to go to bed when I suddenly heard a strange noise
outside my room in the corridor. Then, when I looked at the door, I noticed
that someone 2 (turn) the handle! I 3 (rush) over to the door and
quickly 4 (turn) the key in the lock. Then I 5 (ask) in a trembling
voice, 'Who is it?'
(ii) It was early evening and it 1 (begin) to get dark in the surgery of Doctor
Nigel Harris. The young, handsome doctor 2 (stand) looking sadly out of
the window when there was a quiet knock at the surgery door. The door
3 (open) and Dr Harris 4 (turn) round to see the young girl who
had just entered the room. She was very beautiful. With a sad smile the doctor
5 (ask), 'Are you the new nurse?'
(iii) I 1 (sit) in the big chair in Henry's barber's shop at the time. Henry
2 (cut) my hair with his big pair of scissors when we heard the sound of
horses outside. The noise was so loud that we 3 (go) over to the window
to look. Through the window we could see at least twenty gunmen riding into
town. Henry immediately 4 (go) over to his desk and 5 (put) on his
gun and Sheriffs badge.
2 Which paragraph begins which story?
Note
- Некоторые глаголы, например like, own, обычно не употребляются в формах времени
continuous. Так, нельзя сказать: / was liking the film. См. 27.
-Always с формами времени continuous имеет значение 'слишком часто'. См. 26.
16
6 Present perfect simple (Настоящее совершенное простое время)
Form
Present perfect simple образуется с помощью have/has + причастие прошедшего времени
(past participle).
/ have I have not have I
you you you
he worked he worked he worked?
she has she has not has she
it come it come it come?
we we we
you have you have not have you
they they they
CONTRACTIONS
've = have haven't = have not
's = has hasn 't = has not
Некоторые глаголы являются 'правильными' (some verbs are 'regular'); другие -
'неправильными' (other verbs are 'irregular'):
• Past participle времени правильных глаголов заканчиваются на -ed, например, work —>
worked; live —> lived. При присоединении к глаголу -ed иногда происходят изменения в
написании, например, stop —> stopped. См. 188.3,4, 6. Относительно произношения -ed
см. 187.2.
• Неправильные глаголы имеют различные формы past participle, например, соте —>
come; be —> been. См. 190.
Use
В предложениях, содержащих present perfect, всегда имеется связь между прошлым и
настоящим:
Present perfect употребляется для выражения действия, начавшегося в прошлом и
продолжающегося в настоящем времени.
I was here at 3.00. I am still here now - at 4.00.
Past Present
Present Perfect
I've been here for an hour.
17
6 Present perfect simple
More examples:
She has worked in London for six months. [Она живет в Лондоне в течение шести месяцев.]
(= She still works in London now. - Она еще работает сейчас в Лондоне.)
How long have you lived here? [Сколько вы там живете?]
(= You still live here now. - Вы еще живете здесь сейчас.)
Kate and Ken have been married for 20 years. [Кейт и Кен женаты 20 лет.]
(= They are still married now. - Они женаты сейчас.)
Относительно for и since, см. 11.
Present perfect также употребляется для выражения действий, имевших место в течение
определенного периода, продолжающегося до настоящего времени.
I've been to Africa and India. (= in my life, up to now)
Have you ever eaten Chinese food? (= in your life, up to now)
Present perfect часто употребляется таким образом со словами 'неопределенного'
времени, например, ever [когда-либо; когда бы то ни было], never [никогда], yet [еще]
(см. 8) и before [раньше, прежде].
What's the best film you 've ever seen ?
I've never seen a ghost.
She's been there before.
Present perfect не употребляется со словами 'определенного' прошедшего времени
(yesterday, last night, in 1985 и т.д.). Например, нельзя сказать: She's been there yesterday.
Present perfect употребляется со словами today, this morning, this afternoon и др., когда
период времени не завершился на момент речи.
I've written six letters this morning. [Я написал шесть писем этим утром.] (= Сейчас все
еще 'сегодняшнее утро'.)
Present perfect также употребляется, когда результат прошедшего действия связан с
настоящим временем.
Someone has broken the window. [Кто-то

разбил окно] (= Окно разбито и сейчас.)
More examples:
The taxi has arrived. [Такси подано] (= Такси сейчас здесь.)
We've cleaned the flat. [Мы убрали квартиру] (= Квартира сейчас чиста.)
Present perfect часто употребляется таким образом для сообщения (передачи) 'новостей'.
My brother has grown a beard.
I've found a new job.
18
6 Present perfect simple
EXERCISE 6A
Complete the sentences using the present perfect simple of the verbs in brackets.
My name is Lynne Carter. I work for a travel company called

Timeways Travel. I've been (be) a travel agent for six years now.
I'm the manager of Timeways Travel London office. I
1 (have) this job for three years. I've got a new flat in
London. I 2 (live) there for six months. My boyfriend's
name is Bruno. We 3 (know) each other for two years.
Bruno is Italian, but he 4 (live) in England for over five
years. He works for BBC Radio. He _____5 (have) this job
for a year. Lynne Carter
EXERCISE 6B
Lynne is meeting two clients, Ben and Patty Crawford.
Ben and Patty are on holiday in London
Complete the conversation using the present perfect simple.
Lynne: How is your hotel?
Ben: Great! It's the best hotel I've ever stayed (ever | stay) in.
Patty: Yes, Ben is really pleased. He 1 (never | slept) in such a big bed before.
But he won't be so pleased when we get the bill. It's also the most expensive
hotel we 2 (ever | stay) in!
Lynne: 3 (you | be) to London before, Ben?
Ben: No, I 4 (not | be) here before, but Patty 5 (be) a number of times.
Haven't you, Patty?
Patty: That's right. But the last time was ten years ago and London 6_ .(change)a
lot since then.
Lynne: And what are you going to do this afternoon?
Patty: Well, I 7 (never | see) Madame Tussaud's. We 8 (hear) a lot
about it from friends, so we thought we'd go there.
Lynne: I see. And what about dinner tonight? I know a very good Japanese restaurant.
9 (you | ever | eat) Japanese food, Patty?
Patty: No, I haven't. Is it good?'
Lynne: It's delicious.
Ben: I 10 (not | try) Japanese food before either, so let's go there.
Patty: Yes, why not?
19
7 Gone and been
EXERCISE 6C
Every Saturday morning Simon SIMON AND SALLY SALLY SIMON
and Sally clean the kitchen. 1 do the washing up 2 clean the cooker 3 empty the rubbish bin
Here are the jobs that they do: 4 clean the windows 5 de-frost the fridge 6 clean the floor
Look at the picture. It is ten to

eleven on Saturday morning.
What jobs have Simon and
Sally done? What haven't they
done yet?
Examples:
1 They 've done the washing up.
2 Sally hasn 't cleaned the cooker yet.
7 Gone and been
Compare gone и been:
Mr Jones isn 't here at the moment. Mr Jones is back now. He has been
He has gone to the hairdresser's. to the hairdresser's.
(= Он еще не вернулся.) (= Он уже вернулся.)
20
8 Present perfect with just, get and already
EXERCISE 7A
Complete the sentences with gone or been.
'Where's Kate?' 'She's gone to the cinema.'
1 I'm sorry I'm late, everyone. I've to the dentist's.
2 There's nobody at home. I think they've away for the weekend.
3 You look very brown. Have you on holiday?
4 Simon isn't here at the moment. He's to a football match.
5 'Have you ever to Scotland.' 'Yes, I've there quite a few times.
8 Present perfect \rithjust, yet and already

(Настоящее совершенное время с just, yet и already)
Present perfect часто употребляется с наречиями just, yet и already:

Just употребляется для совсем недавних действий, just следует после вспомогательного
глагола have.
The taxi has just arrived.
They 'vejust finished.
Yet употребляется, когда ожидается выполнение какого-то действия; yet обычно следует в
конце предложения.
It's nearly 10 o'clock. Has Andrew woken up yet?
They haven't finished dinner yet.
В этом случае yet употребляется лишь в вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях.
Already употребляется в том случае, когда что-то произошло ранее, чем ожидалось;
already обычно следует после вспомогательного глагола have.
"Where's Kate?' 'She's already left.'
'Could you do the washing up?' I've already done it.'
Already может также ставиться и в конце предложения, выражая эмфазу.
She's left already.
I've done it already.
EXERCISE 8A
Put the words in brackets in the correct place in the sentences. Sometimes two answers are possible.
Example:
Has Ken come home from work? (Just) Has Ken just come home from work?
1 Have you done your homework? (yet) 4 Have you spoken to your parents? (just)
2 I haven't worn my new coat, (yet) 5 It's quite early. Has Jack gone to bed? (already)
3 'Is Sally here?' 'No, she's gone out.' (just) 6 I've cleaned the windows, (already)
21
9 Present perfect continuous (Настоящее совершенное длительное время)
Form
Present perfect continuous образуется с помощью have/has been + ... -ing.
have have not have '
you you you
he he he
she has been working she has not been working has she been working?
it it it
we we we
you have you have not have you
they they they
Эта форма иногда называется 'present perfect progressive'.
CONTRACTIONS

написании. Например, have —» having. См. 188.3-6.
Use
В предложениях с present perfect всегда присутствует связь между настоящим и
прошедшим:
а Present perfect continuous употребляется для выражения действия, начавшегося в
прошлом и продолжающегося до настоящего времени.
Past Present
Present Perfect Continuous
She has been waiting for an hour.
More examples:
I've been working all day.
How long have you been sitting there?
22
9 Present perfect continuous
Present perfect continuous также употребляется, когда действие происходило до недавнего

прошлого, особенно, когда это действие имеет результат в настоящем.
It's been snowing.

It's been snowing. [Выпал снег.] (Именно сейчас снег не идет, но он лежит на земле).
Have you been painting? [Вы рисовали?] (Сейчас вы не рисуете, но у вас на волосах
краска).
Present perfect continuous можно употребить для выражения повторяемых действий или
ситуаций в течение периода до настоящего времени (или недавнего прошлого).
I've been having driving lessons for six months.
How long have you been living in Manchester?
EXERCISE 9A
Complete the sentences. Use the present perfect continuous.
Example:
1 We 're tired. We 've been working hard all day.
1 We're tired. We hard all day. work
2 Sue's French is good. She the language for ten years. study
3 I'm sorry I'm late you long? wait
4 I don't know London well. I here for very long. not | live
5 Simon is a good driver. How long he ? drive
6 I must go and see the doctor. I well lately. not I feel
EXERCISE 9B
Look at the people in the pictures.
What have they been doing?
Example:
1 She's been repairing the car.
paint onions
chop on the beach
repair some shelves
lie in the garden
put up — the car
play the kitchen
Note
- Некоторые глаголы, например know, want,
обычно не употребляются в формах
времени continuous. См. 27.
23
10 Present perfect continuous and present perfect simple
(Настоящее совершенное длительное и настоящее
совершенное простое время)
Compare:
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
I've been cleaning my car. I've cleaned my car.

Present perfect continuous употребляется, Present perfect simple употребляется для
когда действие может быть или не может обозначения завершившегося действия.
быть завершено.
More examples:
She's been doing her homework. She's done her homework. [Она выполнила
[Она выполняет домашнее задание.] домашнее задание.] (= Она закончила его.)
(= Возможно, она выполнила домашнее
задание, возможно, нет.)
Present perfect continuous употребляется Present perfect simple употребляется для
для выражения действия в течение какого- выражения того, что было достигнуто за
то периода. определенный промежуток времени.
I've been walking all morning. I've walked six kilometres so far this
morning.
How long have you been having driving How many driving lessons have you had?
lessons?
Present perfect continuous употребляется в Present perfect simple употребляется в
ситуациях, более временных ситуациях, более длительных
(продолжающихся в течение короткого (продолжающихся в течение более
времени). длительного времени).
He's been living there for just a few weeks. He's always lived there.
I've been working very hard recently. You've worked hard all your life.
Иногда бывает незначительная разница между этими двумя формами.

I've been living/I've lived in this flat for ten years.
How long has she been working/has she worked for the company?
24
11 Present perfect with for and since
EXERCISE 10A
Example:
Can I have a look at your newspaper?' 'Certainly. You can keep it if you like.
/'vc been reading/I've read it.'
1 They've been repairing/They've repaired the road all this week, but they haven't finished it yet.
2 I'm very sorry, but I've been breaking/I've broken this chair.
3 Sally has been saving/has saved nearly two thousand pounds so far this year.
4 What's the matter? Have you been losing/Have you lost something?
5 I've always been working/I've always worked in the music industry.
6 Someone has been eating/has eaten my chocolates. There aren't many left.
Note
- Некоторые глаголы, например know, own, обычно не употребляются в формах времени
continuous. Например, нельзя сказать I've been knowing him for years. CM. 27.

(Настоящее совершенное время с for и since)
For и since часто употребляются с present perfect для выражения действий,

продолжающихся в течение периода времени до настоящего (или недавнего прошедшего
времени).
Compare:
It's been snowing for four days.
I
I I
MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY
I
It's been snowing since Monday.
For употребляется, когда указывается длительность периода действия (например, four
days [четыре дня]); since употребляется, когда указывается начало периода (например,
Monday [понедельник]).
for + length of time since + starting point

four hours 2 о 'clock
three weeks 10 April
for nine months since July
twelve years 1961
a short time I was a child
I've been here for four hours. I've been here since 2 o'clock.
He's been living in Paris for nine months. He's been living in Paris since July.
25
12 Present perfect and past simple
EXERCISE 11A
Complete the sentences using/or or since.
Example:
I've been interested in jazz since I left school.
1 Lynne has been the manager of Timeways Travel in London . . three years.
2 I've lived in Rome I was two.
3 Mr Woods hasn't been feeling well over a month.
4 Sally and her boyfriend Peter have been going out together _ . last winter.
5 I've only been waiting a few minutes.
6 He's been in Japan 1986.

(Настоящее совершенное простое и прошедшее простое время)
1 Present perfect всегда предполагает связь между прошедшим и настоящим; в past simple
речь идет лишь о прошедшем:
а Present perfect употребляется для Past simple употребляется для выражения
выражения действия, начавшегося в действия, начавшегося и закончившегося
прошлом и продолжающегося до в прошлом.
настоящего времени.
10 years 10 years
Past • Present Past Present
I've lived in London for ten years. [Я живу в / lived in Manchester for ten years. [Я жил в
Лондоне 10 лет.] (= Я все еще живу в Манчестере 10 лет]. (= Я не живу в
Лондоне.) Манчестере сейчас.)
More examples:
Не has worked in a shop for five years. [Он Не worked in a factory for ten years. [Он
работает в магазине в течение пяти лет.] работал на фабрике 10 лет.] (= Он не
(= Он еще и сейчас работает в магазине.) работает на фабрике сейчас.)
How long have you been here? [Сколько How long were you there? [Сколько вы там
вы там находитесь?](= Вы еще здесь были?] (= Вас там уже нет.)
сейчас.)
26
Present perfect также употребляется, когда Past simple употребляется, когда

результат прошедшего действия связан с результат прошедшего действия не связан
настоящим временем. с настоящим временем.
I've lost my wallet. [Я потерял бумажник.] I lost my wallet, but I've got it back again
(=У меня сейчас нет бумажника.) now.
Present perfect часто употребляется для Past simple употребляется для уточнения
сообщения (передачи) 'новостей'. новостей.
Someone has stolen my motorbike. / left the bike outside for a few minutes and
when I came back, it wasn't there.
Когда речь идет об определенном прошедшем времени, например yesterday, last week, six
weeks ago, всегда употребляется past simple и никогда present perfect.
Host my wallet yesterday. (Not: I've lost my wallet yesterday.)
Someone stole my bicycle last week. (Not: Someone has stolen my bicycle last week.)
Present perfect употребляется, когда речь идет о неопределенном времени,
продолжающемся до настоящего периода, например, ever, never, recently. Compare:
PRESENT PERFECT PAST SIMPLE
Have you ever seen a ghost? Did you see your friend yesterday?
I've never been to New York. I went to London last week.
I've started taking driving lessons recently. I started taking driving lessons six weeks
ago.
В повседневной речи разговор часто начинается неопределенно с употребления present
perfect, а затем, когда имеется в виду определенное время, употребляется past simple.
'Have you ever been to the United States?' 'Yes, I went there in 1985.' 'Did you go to New
York (= когда вы были там в 1985)?'
I've seen that film. I enjoyed it (= когда я его смотрел) very much.
Можно употреблять такие слова, как today, this morning, this afternoon и др.:
с present perfect, если указанный период с past simple, если указанный период
времени не завершился. времени завершился.
I've spoken to Peter this morning. [Сегодня / spoke to Peter this morning. [Сегодня
утром я разговаривал с Питером.] утром я разговаривал с Питером.]
(Сейчас еще утро.) (Сейчас может быть полдень, вечер или
ночь.)
4 Обычно употребляется past simple, а не present perfect, в вопросах, касающихся того, когда
произошло действие.
When did you arrive home last night? (Not: When have you arrived home last night?)
27
13 Present perfect and present tense
EXERCISE 12A
Lynne Carter, the manager of the Timeways Travel company, is interviewing a young man called
Paul Morris for a job.
Lynne: Your present company is Sun Travel, isn't it? How long have you worked/did you work
there?
Paul: (1) I've worked/I worked for them for two years.
Lynne: I see. And what were you doing before that?
Paul: (2) I've worked/I worked for a student travel company in Spain.
Lynne: Oh, really? How long (3) have you been/were you in Spain?
Paul: For nearly a year. (4) I've moved/1 moved back to London from Spain two years ago to join
Sun Travel.
Lynne: I see. And do you drive, Paul?
Paul: Yes, I do. (5) I've had/1 had a driving licence for five years.
Lynne: And have you got your own car?'
Paul: No, not at the moment. (6) I've had/I had a car in Spain, but (7) I've sold/I sold it before (8)
I've come/I came back to Britain.
EXERCISE 12B
Complete the conversations using the present perfect simple or the past simple of the verb in
brackets.
1 'I know Sally Robinson.' 'Really? How long have you known (you | know) her?' 'Oh, for
quite a long time now.' 'When (you | first | meet) her?'
2 ' (your husband | ever | have) pneumonia?' 'Yes, he (have) it twice. He (had)
it ten years ago, and once when he (be) a child.'
3 (It's 10 o'clock in the morning.)' (you | see) Mrs Carter this morning?' 'Yes, I
(saw) her when I (arrive) in the office, but she (go) out soon afterwards.'
4 (It's the middle of the afternoon.) I'm really hungry. I (not | have) any breakfast this
morning and I (not | have) time to go out for anything to eat this afternoon.
13 Present perfect and present tense

(Настоящее совершенное и настоящее простое время)
Для обозначения длительности действия можно использовать present perfect, но не present

continuous или present simple.
She has been waiting for an hour. (Not: She is waiting for an hour.)
I've lived here since last year. (Not: I live here since last pear.)
28
14 Past perfect simple
EXERCISE 13A
Example:
We've been working/ We 're working since 9 o'clock.
1 I've been cleaning/I'm cleaning my flat for the past two hours.
2 Look. Can you see Simon over there? He's been sitting/He's sitting in the corner.
3 'How long have you been/are you ill?' 'Since yesterday.'
4 Have you known/Do you know Sarah for very long?
5 I've been learning/I'm learning English since last year.
6 They've lived/They live in London now. They've been/They're there for the last six months.

(Прошедшее совершенное простое время)
1 Form
Past perfect simple образуется с помощью had + past participle.
I I
you you you
he he he
worked worked worked?
she had she had not had she
it it it
come come come?
we we we
you you you
they they they
CONTRACTIONS
'd = had hadn 't = had not
Some verbs are 'regular', other verbs are 'irregular':
• Past participle of regular verbs заканчиваются на -ed, например, work —> worked.
При присоединении к глаголам окончания -ed иногда происходят изменения в
написании, например, stop —> stopped. См. 188.3,4, 6. Относительно произношения
-edcM. 187.2.
Irregular verbs имеют различные формы past participle, например, соте • соте;
see —»seen. См. 190.
29
2 Use
a Когда речь идет о прошедшем времени, иногда мы обращаемся к более раннему времени.
Earlier Past Past Present

t
When I telephoned Sue,
she had gone out.
Past perfect (например, she had gone out) употребляется для выражения действия,
состоявшегося перед другим действием в прошедшем времени (например, when I
telephoned}.
More examples:
We arrived at the cinema at 8.00, but the film had started at 7.30.
When I spoke to the woman I realized 1 had met her somewhere before.
Past perfect - это прошедшая форма present perfect. Compare:
PRESENT PERFECT PAST PERFECT
/ haven't eaten all day today, so I was very / hadn 't eaten all day yesterday, so I was
hungry now. very hungry when I got home.
Сравните употребление past perfect и past simple:
We got to the station at 8.00, but the train We got to the station at 7.20 and the train
had left at 7.30. left at 7.30.
When Sue arrived, we had had dinner. When Sue arrived, we had dinner. [Когда
[Когда прибыла Сью, мы уже Сью прибыла, мы поужинали.] (Сью
поужинали.] (Мы поужинали, а затем прибыла, а затем мы поужинали.)
прибыла Сью.)
Peter arrived late at different places yesterday.

What had happened when he arrived at each place?
Example:
1 When he arrived at the station, his train had already left.
1 the station his train | already | leave
2 the theatre the play) already | start
3 the post office it | already | close
4 the furniture shop they | sell | the table he wanted
5 his friend's house his friend j go out
6 the football stadium the game | nearly | finish
30
15 Past perfect continuous

Choose the correct form. Put one verb in each sentence into the past
perfect simple and the other verb into the past
Example:
simple.
The office was empty when the police arrived.
Example:
The robbers had left/left.
Mario felt (feel) very nervous when he first
1 We had just started lunch when the telephone
drove in Britain because he hadn 't driven (not |
had rung/rang.
drive) on the left before.
2 When I opened the safe, the money had
disappeared/disappeared. 1 Andrew (do) the test before, so he.
3 Andrew was late for school yesterday. When (find) it very easy.
he got to the classroom, the lesson had 21 (not | laugh) at the joke because I
started/started. (hear) it before.
4 They waited until everyone was ready and 3 We (leave) the restaurant when we
then they had started/started the meeting. (have) dinner.
4 When I found my wallet I (discover) that
somebody (took) the credit cards out of
it.

(Прошедшее совершенное длительное время)
1 Form
Past perfect continuous образуется с помощью had been + ... -ing.
/ I I
you you you
he he he
she she she
had been working had not been working had been working?
it it it
we we we
you you you
they they they
Эта форма иногда называется 'past perfect progressive'.

CONTRACTIONS
'd - had hadn't = had not

написании, например, stop —> stopping. См. 188.3-6.
31
2 Use
a Когда речь идет о прошедшем времени, иногда мы обращаемся к более раннему времени.
Earlier Past Past -Present

t
t
Dave had been driving for an hour when his car broke down.
Past perfect continuous (например, Dave had been driving for an hour) употребляется для
выражения действия, которое происходило в течение определенного времени в прошлом
(например, when his car broke down).
More examples:
I'd been walking for about half an hour when it suddenly started to rain.
Mr Woods had been working for 50 years when he finally retired in 1 965.
Past perfect continuous - это прошедшая форма present perfect continuous.
Compare:
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
I've been working hard all day, so I'm very I'd been working hard all day, so I was
tired now. very tired last night.
EXERCISE ISA
Complete the sentences using the past perfect continuous of the verbs in brackets.
Example:
I'd been standing (stand) there for nearly a half an hour when 1 realized I was at the wrong
bus-stop.
1 Maria's sister (study) at university for eight years before she finally passed her exams.
2 'I'm really sorry I was so late last night.' 'That's OK. We (not | wait) long.'
3The strange thing was that we (just | talk) about ghosts when we heard the noise
upstairs.
4 'Robert moved from Manchester to London in 1988.' 'How long (he | live) in
Manchester?'
32
16 Future: will
EXERCISE 15B
Join each idea in A with an idea from B. Make sentences using the past perfect continuous of the
verbs in brackets.
Example:
1 1 felt very cold because I had been standing outside for over two hours.
А В
11 felt very cold because they were lost
21 (play) tennis so they were very tired
3The children's hair was wet because I finally went to see the doctor
41 (not | feel) well for weeks before I (stand) outside for over two hours
5 They (travel) all day so they (swim) in the sea
6 They (drive) for about half an hour when they I was feeling hot and sticky
realized
Note
-Некоторые глаголы, например know, want, обычно не употребляются в формах времени
continuous. См. 27.
16 Future (Будущее время): will
1 Form
will + infinitive without to (but see b below)

/ / I
you you you
he he he
she will work she will not work will she work?
it it it
we we we
you you you
they they they
CONTRACTIONS
'11 = will won 't = will not

Will употребляется со всеми лицами (/, you, he, they и др.). Можно также употреблять
shall вместо will с / и we, например, I/we shall work (но в повседневной речи обычно
используются стяжения I'll and we'll). Отрицательная форма от shall - shall not (стяжение:
shan't).
2. Английская грамматика 33
16 Future: will
2 Use
a Will употребляется для выражения будущего действия.
Tomorrow will be another cold day in all parts of the country.

More examples:
In the future, machines will do many of the jobs that people do today.
Who do you think will win the football match on Sunday?
We won't arrive home before midnight tonight.
В будущем действии, часто употребляется will со следующими глаголами и
выражениями:
think expect believe be sure be afraid hope
I expect they'll be here at around 10 o'clock tomorrow morning.

I'm sure you'll enjoy the film if you go and see it.
Will также употребляется с наречиями вероятности, например, probably, perhaps, certainly.
Martin will probably phone us this evening.
Perhaps I'll see you tomorrow.
Will также употребляется в том случае, когда собираются что-то сделать в момент речи.
Oh. thank you.

I'd have some
orange juice
С Moutd you Like

Something to drink ?
'Would you like something to drink?' 'Oh, thank you. I'll have some orange juice.'
'There's someone at the door.' 'Is there? Oh, I'll see who it is.'
'I'm going out shopping.' 'Oh, are you? I'll come with you, then. I need to get some
things myself.'
34
16 Future: will

Derek is 18 years old now. Complete the sentences using I'll or / won't and
What will he be like in 10 the verbs in the box.
years from now?
go answer not go put on not have
How will his life be different
lend wait
then?
Complete what Derek says using will/won't.

Example:
11 hope I'll have a job in 10 years' time. Example:
I'm tired, I think /7/ go to bed early tonight.
11 hope 11 have a job in 10 years time.
2 Perhaps 11 have a good job. 1 'I haven't got any money.' 'Haven't you?
3 I probably | not | be very rich. Oh, you some if you like.'
411 not | look the same as I do now. 2 'The telephone is ringing.' 'Oh, it.'
5 I think 11 be married. 3 I'm a bit cold. I think on a sweater.
6 1 1 probably | have children. 4 'Would you like something to eat?' '
anything at the moment, thank you. I'm not
Are these things true for you?
very hungry.'
5 'I'm going out for a walk.' 'It's raining.'
'Oh, is it? Well, _ out now, then,
until it's stopped.'
EXERCISE 16C
Peter wants to see Sally. He is talking to her on the telephone. Complete the conversation using
will/won't.
Peter: Will you be at home this evening, Sally? be
Sally: Well, I'm working late. I don't expect I _ .1. until after 9.00, finish
so I 2 home until quite late. not | be
Peter: Oh, I see. What about tomorrow? _ (you) free for lunch? be
Sally: No, I'm afraid I 4 in a meeting at lunchtime. be
Peter: What time do you think 5 (the meeting) ? end
Sally: I'm not sure, but it probably . before 2.00. Listen, Peter. not | finish
Why don't we meet for a coffee after work tomorrow evening?
Peter: What time 7 (you) finished tomorrow? be
Sally: I 8 free by 6.00. be
Peter: All right. I 9 you at your office at 6.00, then. meet
Sally: Right. I 10 you then. see
Note
- Will также употребляется для выражения: предложения, например: I'll post this letter for
you. (CM. 49.1); просьбы, например: Will you post this letter for me? (CM. 48.3); отказа,
например: The window won't open. (CM. 52); обещания, например: I will be careful, I
promise. (CM. 53); приказа и угрозы, например: Stop making that noise or I'll scream!
(CM. 53).
35
17 Future (Будущее время): going to
Form
be + going to + infinitive
/ am I am not am I
he he he
she is going to work she is not going to work is she going to work?
it it it
we we we
they they they
CONTRACTIONS
'm = am
're = are aren 't = are not
's = is isn 't = is not
Use
В предложениях с going to присутствует связь между будущим и настоящим временем:
Going to употребляется для выражения действия в будущем, результаты которого можно
наблюдать в настоящем.
Look at those black clouds in the sky. It's going to rain.

Those people are going to get wet.
More examples:
Hurry up! It's getting late. You're going to miss your train.
Look out! That ladder is going to fall!
В связи с этим в предложениях с going to часто речь идет о недалеком будущем.
Going to также употребляется для выражения намерения в будущем. Going to
употребляется в том случае, когда уже решено что-то сделать.
Гт going to have a shower.

36
17 Future: going to
More examples:
'Why have you moved all the furniture out of this room?' 'I'm going to clean the carpet.'
'Lynne has just sold her car.' 'Is she going to buy a new one ?'
EXERCISE 17A
What is going to happen in the pictures?
Example:
She's going to answer the phone.
a_
EXERCISE 17B
Complete the sentences using going to and the verbs in brackets.
Example:
'I've made up my mind I'm going to change (change) my job.' 'What are you going
to do (you | do) ?' 'I'm not sure yet.'
1 'What (you | wear) at the party on Saturday?' 'I haven't decided yet.
What about you? (you | wear) your new black dress?'
2 'Why have you bought all that wallpaper? What (you | do)?'
'I (decorate) the living room.'
3 He's decided that he (not | leave) school this summer. He (stay) on for another year.
4 'I (buy) a new motorbike.' 'How (you | pay) for it? You haven't got enough money.'
'I (ask) my bank to lend me the money.'
Note
-См. также 18 Future: will и going to.
-Форма прошедшего времени was/were + going to употребляется для выражения 'будущее
время в прошедшем', например: / was going to stay at home last night, but I decided to go out
instead. CM. 25.
37
18 Future: will and going to (Будущее время: will и going to)
Will и going to употребляются для выражения будущего действия, но между ними

существуют отличия:
Will употребляется для выражения Going to употребляется для выражения
действия, которое, как считается или действия в будущем, предпосылки
предполагается, произойдет в будущем. которого имеются в настоящем.
That boat doesn 't look very safe. It'll sink Look at that boat! It's going to sink.
in that heavy sea.
Don't climb up that tree. You'll fall and Look out! You're going to fall!
hurt yourself.
Will и going to употребляются для выражения действий, которые мы намереваемся
выполнить, но здесь существуют различия:
Will употребляется в том случае, когда Going to употребляется в том случае,
принимается решение что-то сделать в когда уже принято решение что-то
момент речи. сделать.
'Oh dear! I've spilt some wine on my 'Why have you moved all the furniture out
jacket.' 'Don't worry. I'll clean it for of this room ?' 'I'm going to clean the
you.' carpet.'
What shall I do tomorrow? I know! I'll 'Why are you putting on those old clothes?'
paint the kitchen. 'I'm going to paint the kitchen.'
38
18 Future: will and going to
EXERCISE ISA
Complete the sentences using will or going to and the verbs in brackets.
Example:
'What can I do this evening? I know! I'll go (go) and see Sue.'
1 'Someone told me that you're moving from London.' 'That's right. I (live)
in Manchester.'
2 'Would you like to come to my house this evening?' 'Yes, all right. I
(come) at 9 o'clock.'
3 I don't feel very well. I think I (faint).
4 'It's Simon's birthday soon. I've decided to buy him the new Blues Brothers
record.' 'Oh, he doesn't like the Blues Brothers any more.' 'Oh, really? Well,
I (get) him something to wear.'
5 Oh, no! Look at those cars! They (crash)!
6 'I could lend you some money if you like.' 'Could you? I (pay) you back
on Friday.'
. 9 Present continuous for the future

(Настоящее длительное время для выражения будущего действия)
Present continuous употребляется для выражения действия, которое уже спланировано или
намечено выполнить в будущем.
what ore you doing

on Saturday evening?
I'm
meeting Sarah
' What are you doing on Saturday evening ?' 'I'm meeting Sarah.'
Sarah is taking an exam on Monday.
We're visiting some friends in Scotland next weekend.
Когда с этой целью употребляется present continuous, то часто выражается будущее время
(например, on Saturday evening, on Monday, this afternoon, next weekend).
39
19 Present continuous for the future
EXERCISE 19A
Look at Sally's diary for next week.

Then complete what she says she is doing next week.
Use the words in the box.
work meet do go see
53®. On Monday evening I'm going to a disco

л* with my friend Louise. On Tuesday evening I
1 late 2 (not) anything on
Wednesday evening. On Thursday evening I
3 my friend Julie at 7 o'clock. I've
got an appointment with the doctor on Friday
evening. I 4 him at 6.30. Then on
Saturday I 5 to the cinema with
Peter. We 6 at the Espresso Cafe at 7.30.
What about you? What 7
(you) next week? 8
(you) anything special?
•U*
/, 1
Note
-Относительно формы present continuous CM. 1.1.
20 Future: present continuous and going to

(Будущее время: настоящее длительное время и going to)
Когда речь идет о действиях, которые уже намечены или спланированы для выполнения в
будущем, можно использовать present continuous (см. 19) или going to (см. 17).
I'm having lunch with Lynne tomorrow.
I'm going to have lunch with Lynne tomorrow.
Когда делается прогноз относительно будущего, можно использовать going to (или will),
но не present continuous.
It's going to rain tomorrow. (Нельзя сказать: It's raining tomorrow.)
40
21 Present simple for the future
EXERCISE 20A
Complete the sentences using the present continuous or going to. Sometimes either structure is
possible.
Examples:
I (see) Sarah this afternoon. I'm seeing Sarah this afternoon. /I'm going to see Sarah this
afternoon.
Hurry up! We (miss) our bus. Hurry up! We're going to miss our bus.
1 It (snow) later tonight.
2 She (meet) them tomorrow morning.
3 What (you | do) this afternoon?
4 Be careful! You (break) that glass.
5 He (not | come) next Saturday.
6 Look out! You (hurt) yourself with that knife.
21 Present simple for the future

(Настоящее простое время для выражения будущего)
Present simple употребляется для выражения событий в будущем, которые являются

частью расписания или программы.
Here are some of the programmes on TV tomorrow evening.
TOMOMIOWSTV
I
6.6 TENWSfamWMBiaON
7.30 ПШ An* Ml
900 DC NEMCmi WEATHER
'What time does the tennis start tomorrow evening ?' 'At 6.15.'
The film starts at 7.30 and finishes at 9.00.
More examples:
What time does your plane leave tomorrow?
Next summer the school holidays begin on July 25th and end on September 10th.
Present simple употребляется таким образом, когда речь идет о чем-то в будущем как
факте, плане или договоренности, которые не подлежат изменению.
41
22 Present simple for the future after when, if, etc
EXERCISE 21A
Complete the sentences using the present simple of the verbs in brackets.
Example:
Our boat leaves (leave) Dover at 2.00 on Friday and arrives (arrive) in Calais at 6.00.
1 The conference (start) on June 3rd, and (finish) on June 10th.
2 We've got plenty of time. Our plane (not | take off) until 9 o'clock.
3 Tonight's concert (begin) at 8.00 and it (not | end) until 11.00.
4 When (the next train | leave) for Bristol?
22 Present simple for the future after when, if, etc

(Настоящее простое время для выражения будущего после when, if n др.]
Present simple употребляется для выражения будущего времени в придаточных

предложениях времени и условий после when, while, as soon as, after, before, until, if,
unless, as/so long as и provided/ providing (that).
will/won't present simple
I'll buy a newspaper when I go out.

We won't go out until it stops raining.
We 'II go to the beach if the weather is nice.
I'll go to the party provided you go too.
EXERCISE 22A
Put one verb in each sentence into the present simple and the other verb into the will/won't form.
Example:
If I fail (fail) the exam, ГII take (take) it again.
1 When I (see) him I (give) him your message.
21 (buy) a new car as soon as I (have) enough money.
3 If the weather (be) nice tomorrow, we (go) sailing.
4I (look after) your cat while you (be) on holiday.
5 He (not | do) anything until he (hear) from us.
6 The door (not/open) unless you (push) it hard.
7 We (play) tennis this evening as long as it (not | rain).
81 (lend) you the money provided you (pay) me back tomorrow.
Note
-Present perfect может также употребляться после when, if и др. в том случае,
когда первое действие завершится перед вторым, например: I'll lend you the newspaper
when I've finished it.
42
23 Future continuous (Будущее длительное время): will be + ... -ing
Form
a will be + ... -ing (but see b below)

I I
you you you
he he he
she she she
will be working will not be working will be working ?
it it it
we we we
you you you
they they they
Эта форма иногда называется 'future progressive'.

CONTRACTIONS
'II = will won't = will not

написании, например, live —> living. См. 188.3-6.
Shall может употребляться вместо will с I и we, например, I/we shall be working (но в
разговорной речи обычно используются стяжения /7/ и we'll). Отрицательная форма от
shall - shall not (стяжение: shan 't).
Use
Will be + ... -ing употребляется для выражения действия, которое будет в развитии в
определенное время в будущем.
Past Present -Future
I'll be having dinner at 7.00.

Don't phone me at 8.00. I'll be doing my homework then.
What will you be doing this time next week?
43
23 Future continuous: will be + ... -ing
Will be + ... -ing также употребляется для выражения действий в будущем, которые уже
спланированы или которые являются частью обычного распорядка.
I'll be driving into town later on. Do you want a lift?
'Would you like me to give Peter a message for you ?' 'Oh, I don't want to trouble you.'
'It's no trouble, really. I'll be seeing Peter tomorrow anyway.'
Will be + ... -ing часто употребляется как вежливая форма вопроса о чьих-либо планах,
особенно, при желании что-то сделать для кого-то.
'Will you be going out this morning?' 'Yes, why?' 'Oh, could you get me a newspaper?'
Will you be using your camera at the weekend?' I wondered if I could borrow it.
Когда will be + -ing употребляется с этой целью, то часто предполагается, что отсутствует
желание вносить изменения в чьи-то планы.
EXERCISE 23А
Lynne Carter is going from London to
Manchester on business tomorrow.
Look at Lynne's plans.
Ю. 00 - U. 00 ABC fraud гмприу
What will Lynne be doing at these times
tomorrow?
- 16 4T -tbtiu. airport.
17.1?-If- pf? f\u bfl/Jt."to Land/an.
Example:
8.30
At 8.30 tomorrow she 'II be flying to Manchester.
1 11.00 2 13.30 3 15.30
4 16.30 5 17.30
EXERCISE 23B
Complete the sentences in A using the will be + -ing form. Find a question in В to go with each
sentence.
Example:
1 /'// be going past the post office. Shall I post your letter?
А В
II . (go) past the post office. Would you like to borrow it?
2 (you | speak) to Robert? Shall we get one for you?
31 (not | use) my car tonight. Can you give her something?
4 We (get) some concert tickets. Could I have a lift?
5 When (you | visit) Sue again? Shall I post your letter?
6 (you | drive) into town today? Can you give him a message?
44
24 Future perfect (Будущее совершенное время): will have + past participle
1 Form
will have + past participle (but see b below)

/ I I
you you you
he finished he finished he finished?
she will have she will not have will she have
it gone it gone it gone?
we we we
you you you
they they they
CONTRACTIONS
'II = will won't = will not
Some verbs are 'regular', other verbs are 'irregular':

• Past participle of regular verbs заканчиваются на -ed, например, finish —> finished. Когда
к глаголу присоединяется -ed, иногда происходят изменения в написании, например,
stop —> stopped. См. 188.3,4, 6. Относительно произношения -ed см. 187.2.
• Irregular verbs имеют различные формы past participle, например, go —> gone; be —»
been. См. 190.
Shall может употребляться вместо will с / и we, например, I/we shall have finished (но в
разговорной речи обычно используются стяжения I'll и we'll). Отрицательная форма shall
• shall not (стяжение: shan 't).
Use
Will have + past participle может употребляться для выражения действия, которое
завершится к определенному времени в будущем (но не позже этого времени).
'II hove finished

dinner by 8.00.
Past -Present Future
45
25 Future in the past: was/were going to
Когда употребляется эта конструкция, речь идет о будущем времени, и наши взоры как
бы обращены с точки зрения будущего времени, чтобы выразить завершение действия.
I'll have finished dinner by 8.00.
I'll have worked here for a year next September.
EXERCISE 24A
What will life be like in the year 2100? Complete the sentences using the will have + past
participle form.
Example:
By 2100, the world's population will have increased (increase) to around 30,000 million.
1 Life (become) more automated by then.
2 Computers (take over) many of the jobs that people do today.
3 The earth's supplies of oil, coal and gas (run out).
4 (scientists | find) other sources of energy?
5 How education (change) ?
6 (we | find) a way to feed all the people in the world?
Note
-Возможна также форма continuous: will have been + ... -ing, например: They'll be tired when
they arrive. They'll have been travelling all day.
25 Future in the past (Будущее время в прошедшем): was/were going to
Was/were going to + infinitive можно употреблять для выражения действия,

спланированного в прошлом для будущего.
Present Future
They were going to get married, but in the end they changed their minds.
Обратите внимание, что когда используется эта конструкция, то часто имеется в виду,
что спланированное будущее действие не произошло.
/ was going to stay at home last night, but I decided to go out instead.
We were going to eat at the Italian restaurant, but it was full, so we ate somewhere else.
46
26 Continuous forms with always
EXERCISE 25A
Join each idea in A with an idea from B. Make sentences using was/were going to and the verbs
in brackets.
Example:
1 / was going to take a taxi home last night, but I didn 't have enough money, so I had to walk.
А В
11 (take) a taxi home but it rained all afternoon,
last night, so we stayed at home.
2 We (write) to them when \ but my boss offered me more money,
we were on holiday, \ so I decided to stay.
3 She (drive) to Scotland ^- but I didn't have enough money,
last weekend, so I had to walk.
4 We (play) tennis but she had seen it before,
yesterday afternoon, so she went to bed early.
5 She (watch) the film on but her car broke down,
TV last night, so she went by train.
61 (change) my job last but we changed our minds and
year. phoned them instead.
Note
- Иногда можно также выразить future in the past с помощью would, например, / was very
surprised you failed the exam. I thought you would pass easily.
26 Continuous forms with always (Формы длительного времени с always)
Always может употребляться с continuous или past continuous в значении 'слишком часто'.
He's always saying stupid things.
Our neighbours are always having arguments.
She was always crying when she was a baby.
С помощью такого употребления always выражается гнев или раздражение (то, что
случается слишком часто).
Always обычно обозначает 'во всех случаях'. В этом значении always употребляется с
формами простых, а не длительных времен. Compare:
always with simple forms always with continuous forms
She always comes to work at 8.30. She's always coming to work late.
I always pay my rent by cheque. I'm always paying for you when we go out.
Why don't you pay sometimes?
They always had dinner at 8 о 'clock. They were always having arguments.
Обратите внимание, что always следует перед смысловым глаголом (например, she always
comes), но после вспомогательного глагола be (например, she's always coming).
47
27 Verbs not used in the continuous
Когда форма continuous употребляется для выражения чего-то, что происходит слишком
часто, вместо always можно употреблять слова forever и continually.
You're forever losing things.
He's continually saying stupid things.
4 Always не употребляется лишь с формой continuous с отрицательным оттенком (для

выражения очень частых действий). Эта конструкция также употребляется, когда что-то
происходит чаще, чем ожидается.
She's always helping other people.
I'm always meeting Maria in the park, (by accident)
EXERCISE 26A
Complete the sentences using always and the present continuous or past continuous of the verbs
in brackets.
Examples:
He's a really miserable man. He's always complaining (complain) about something.
When I was a child, my sister was always teasing (tease) me.
1 Simon is very untidy. He (leave) his clothes lying on the bathroom floor.
2 When we were children, my brother was bigger than me and he (hit) me.
3 My sister really makes me angry. She (borrow) my things without asking me.
4 My memory is getting very bad these days. I (forget) things.
5 Our old car was very unreliable. It (break down).
6 My parents are very lucky. They (win) prizes in competitions.

(Глаголы, не употребляющиеся в формах длительного времени)
Некоторые глаголы (например, like, understand) обычно употребляются лишь в формах

простых, а не длительных времен. Можно сказать / like or she didn't understand, но нельзя
сказать I'm liking or she wasn't understanding.
Ниже приведены некоторые из наиболее важных глаголов, которые обычно не
употребляются в формах continuous:
а Глаголы мышления
think [полагать] believe understand know
see [понимать] recognize suppose remember
imagine forget mean realize
I think you're right. (Not: I'm thinking...)

Do you know Billy Palmer? (Not: Are you knowing... ?)
She didn 't understand what you said. (Not: She wasn't understanding...)
48
"Чувственные" глаголы
like dislike hate love prefer want wish
Hike this music. (Not: I'm Wang...)

Do you want to go now? (Not: Are you wanting... ?)
Глаголы восприятия
see hear smell taste feel
We heard someone outside. (Not: We were hearing...)

This spaghetti tastes delicious. (Not: This spaghetti is tasting...)
Другие глаголы
have [обладать] own belong to owe need

include cost contain weigh
sound be seem deserve
How long has Sally had her motorbike? ("Not: How long has Sally been having... ?)
/ weigh 70 kilos. (Not: I'm weighing...)
We were at home last night. (Not: We where being...)
Но обратите внимание, что некоторые из вышеперечисленных глаголов имеют более

одного значения; эти глаголы можно употреблять в формах continuous, когда они
описывают действия. Compare:
SIMPLE USES CONTINUOUS USES
I think you're right, (think = считать, Ssh! I'm thinking, (think = думать)
полагать)
I've had my car for six months, (have = I've been having lunch, (have =
иметь, обладать) принимать)
Do you see what I mean? (see = Are you seeing the doctor tomorrow? (see
понимать) = посещать)
Сравните также употребление be с формами simple и continuous tenses:
He's stupid, (вообще) He's being stupid. [Он сейчас ведет себя
глупо.]
Сап и сои Id часто употребляются с глаголами восприятия: see, hear, smell, taste, feel и
некоторыми глаголами мышления, например, understand, remember.
I can see you.
We could hear someone outside.
49
Сравните hear, see и listen, look, watch.

Когда мы слышим (hear) или видим (see), то это не всегда преднамеренные действия и
обычно эти глаголы не употребляются в формах continuous.
When I was in the garden I heard the telephone ring.
Когда мы слушаем (listen), смотрим (look) или наблюдаем (watch), то это преднамеренные
действия и эти глаголы можно употреблять в формах continuous.
Ssh! I'm listening to the radio.
They were watching TV last night.
Глаголы физического чувства, например feel, ache и hurt, могут употребляться и в формах
simple и continuous tenses.
/ am feeling/1feel ill.
My head is aching/My head aches.
EXERCISE 27 A
Example:
She says she didn't take the money, but / don't believe/I'm not believing her.
1 You're very quiet. What do you think/are you thinking about?
2 What do you think/are you thinking about my idea?
3 How long has Simon known/tias Simon been knowing Maria?
4 What does this word mean?/is this word meaning?
5 Did you hear/Were you hearing the news?
6 You don't watch/You aren't watching the TV at the moment. Why don't you switch it off?
7 I'm sorry, but / didn 't remember/I wasn 't remembering to get your newspaper when I went
shopping.
8 Do you like/Are you liking this painting?
9 She has always wanted/She has always been wanting to be a doctor.
10 The man was a stranger to me. / had never seen/I had never been seeing him before.
Note
- Глаголы, которые не употребляются в continuous, могут иметь окончание -ing и
выступать, например, как подлежащее: Knowing how to drive is very useful и после
предлогов, например: I'm looking forward to having a car of my own.
50
28 Review of the present and the past
(Обзор прошедших и настоящих времен)
EXERCISE 28A
Complete the sentences using a suitable present or past form of the verbs in brackets.
(i) Maria Fernandez is Spanish. She lives (live) in Madrid, where she 1
(work) for an export company. She 2 (be) with this company for two
years now. At the moment she 3 (study) English on a one-month
intensive course in London. She 4 (be) in London for one week now. She
5 (arrive) there last Saturday. This is not Maria's first time in Britain. She
. (be) there twice before.
(ii) I woke up when I .1. . (hear) a noise downstairs. I (get) out of bed
quietly because my wife _3 (still | sleep) and . (go) to the top of the
stairs. It was dark, but I could see two men downstairs in the living room. They
___5. (try) to open the safe. When I 6 (switch on) the light, the two
men 7 (run) into the kitchen and .8 (escape) out of the back door.
Then, before I 9 (have) a chance to do anything, I 10 (hear) a
police car pull up outside the house. A neighbour of mine 11 . (see) the
men breaking into my house and 12 (phone) for the police.
EXERCISE 28B
(i) It's 6.30 in the evening and Sally has just come home. 'Simon is in the kitchen.
Sally: Hi, Simon. Something smells/is smelling nice. What (1) do you cook/are you cooking?
Simon: (2) / make/I'm making some onion soup. Would you like some?
Sally: No, thanks. I'm not hungry at the moment. (3) I've just had/I just have something to eat in
town.
Simon: Oh? What (4) did you have/do you have?
Sally: I (5) I've те1Я met Peter at 5.00 and (6) we were going/we went to Alfredo's for a pizza. Can
I just taste the soup? (7) It's looking/It looks delicious. Umm! Very good. I think it's the best onion
soup (8) I've ever tasted/I've ever been tasting!
51
29 Review of the future
(ii) Andrew's friend, Les, has bought a new bicycle.

Les: Hi, Andrew. (1) Do you like/Are you liking my new bike?
Andrew: Yes, very much! I didn't know you'd bought a bike. How long (2) have you had/did you
have it?
Les: Oh, (3) I've only had/I've only been having it for a few days. (4) / bought/I've bought it last
weekend.
Andrew: How much (5) did it cost/has it cost?
Les: £120. (6) I'd been saving/I'm saving for over a year to buy it.
(iii) Mrs Wood has hurt her arm. She is at the doctor's.
Doctor: Does your arm hurt when you move it, Mrs Woods?
Mrs Woods: Yes, a little. (1) It's hurting/It's been hurting me for about a week now. (2) IfeWl was
falling off a ladder when (3) / cleaned/I was cleaning the windows at home last Tuesday. (4) Are
you thinking/Do you think that (5) I've broken/I've been breaking my arm, doctor?
Doctor: No, (6) you aren 't breaking/haven't broken it, Mrs Woods. But I think you should go to
hospital for an X-ray.
29 Review of the future (Обзор будущих времен)
EXERCISE 29A
Example:
I can't go to the beach this afternoon. I'll play/I'm playing tennis.
1 It's raining/It's going to rain tomorrow.
2 Do you do/Are you doing anything this evening?
3 I'll write to you when / arrive/I'll arrive in Brazil.
4 I feel terrible. I think I'll be/I'm going to be sick.
5 'I've got wine or beer. Which would you like?' 'Oh, thank you. I'll have/I'm
going to have beer, please.'
6 If the weather is/will be nice this afternoon, we'll have a picnic.
7 'What are you doing with that ladder?' 77/ repair/I'm going to repair the roof.'
8 'It's raining outside. Would you like to borrow an umbrella?' 'Oh, thank you.
I'll bring/I'm going to bring it back tomorrow.'
9 We're going on holiday next Monday. This time next week we'll
be lying/we'll lie on a beach in Turkey.
10 Ben and Patty Crawford are on holiday in Europe. They'll have visited/They'll be
visiting seven countries by the time they get home to Canada at the end of the month.
52
30 Imperative and let's (Повелительное наклонение и let's)
1 Повелительное наклонение
a Imperative употребляется для различных целей, например, отдавать приказы, делать
предложения, запросы и предупреждения.
Stop!
Have some more coffee.
Tell your boss you can't work late tonight.
Help me with these bags, please.
Look out! Be careful.
Imperative имеет ту же форму, что и инфинитив без to.
Sit down.
Open the window.
Отрицательная форма imperative образуется с помощью don 't/do not.
Don't sit down.
Don't open the window.
Do not feed the animals, (например, надпись в зоопарке)
Для создания более усиленной формы imperative нужно перед ним поставить do. Это
делается, например, когда необходимо быть вежливым или когда подчеркивается
нетерпение, нетерпеливость.
Do sit down.
Do stop making that noise!
Imperative обычно не имеет подлежащего, но можно использовать существительное или
местоимение, для того чтобы уточнить, к кому обращаются.
Andrew shut the door, please.
Have some more coffee, Kate.
Sit down, everybody.
После imperative можно употреблять краткие общие вопросы will/won'tAvouldyou? и
can/can 't/could you ?
Shut the door, will you?
Sit down, won't you ?
Help me with these bags, could you?
Let's
Let's (= let us) + infinitive без to употребляется в качестве первого лица множественного
числа повелительного наклонения для внесения предложений.
We're late. Let's hurry.
'What shall we do this evening?' 'Let's stay at home.'
Отрицательную форму можно образовать с помощью let's not или don't let's.
Let's not wait. /Don't let's wait.
Некоторые считают, что форма let's not является более 'правильной'.
53
30 Imperative and let's
Do перед let's можно употреблять для эмфазы.

Do let's hurry.
После let's можно употреблять краткий общий вопрос shall we?
Let's go to the cinema, shall we?
EXERCISE 30A
What are these people saying? Find the words in the box.
Example:
Put that! It's hot.
Take off —-^ me the spanner.
Do turn — your shirt, please.
Please take that music down, Andrew!
Don't touch a seat, Mr Woods.
Pass this in the fridge, could you?
Take off your shirt, please.
EXERCISE ЗОВ
You are with a friend. Reply to your friend by making suggestions, Use Let's and
the words in the box.
Example: have —-v a taxi
buy \ in this evening
Friend:'I'm hungry.' You: 'Let's have something to eat.' take ^- something to eat
1 'I'd like to see a film.' light her a present
2 'I don't feel like waiting for the bus.' go a fire
3'I'm cold.' stay to the cinema
4 'It's Sue's birthday soon.'
5 'It's raining hard outside.'
54
1 Be (Быть)
Form
Present form of be
/ am I am not am I?
you are you are not are you ?
he he he?
she is she is not is she?
it it it?
we we we?
you are you are not are you?
they they they?
CONTRACTIONS
'm = am
're = are aren t = are not
's = is isn 't = is not
Past form of be
I was I was not was I?
you were you were not were you ?
he he he?
she was she was not was she?
it it it?
we we we?
you were you were not were you?
they they they?
CONTRACTIONS
wasn 't = was not
weren 't = were not
Use
Be употребляется для получения и предоставления информации о людях и предметах.
My name is Maria. I'm from Spain.
Is Ken ready No, he isn't.
'Were you at home last night?' 'No, I wasn't. I was at the cinema.'
Anna Pavlova was a famous Russian dancer.
55
31 Be
EXERCISE 31A
Complete the conversations using the words in the box.
am ('m) am not ('m not)

are ('re) are not (aren't)
is ('s) is not (isn't)
(i) James is at a party. He has just seen his friend Rosie.
James: Hello, Rosie. How are you?

Rosie: Oh, hello, James. I _ 1 _ fine, thanks. How 2_ you?
James: I _ 3 _ too bad, thank you.
(a few moments later)

James: Who _ 4 that girl over there? Do you know her?
Rosie: Yes, her name 5 _ Carla. She _ 6 _ Italian.
James: 7 she a student at the college?
Rosie: No, she 8 .
(ii) Sally is waiting outside the bus station. Her friend Peter is late.
Peter: Hello, Sally. Sorry 1 I very late?
Sally: Yes, you 2
Peter: What 3 the time?
Sally: It 4 almost half past seven.
Peter: Really? Oh, I 5 sorry, Sally 6 you angry?
Sally: No, I 7 angry, but I 8 very hungry. Let's go for something to eat.
(iii) Mr and Mrs Ash are from Canada. They have just arrived in England. They are speaking to a
customs officer at Heathrow Airport in London.
Officer: Where. .1. _ you from?
Mrs Ash: We _ from Canada.
Officer: 3 you here on holiday?
Mrs Ash: Yes, we 4
Officer: 5 this your first visit to England?
Mrs Ash: Well, it 6 my husband's first visit, but I've been here before.
Officer: I see. . these your suitcases?
Mrs Ash: Yes, they 8.
Officer: And what about this bag?. . this yours, too?
Mrs Ash: No, it 10
56
32 There is, there are
EXERCISES IB
There was a robbery in London at 10 o'clock last night.
A police inspector is interviewing Eddie Cooper about the robbery.
Complete the conversation. Use was and were.

Inspector: Were you in London last night, Cooper?
Cooper: Yes, I 1
Inspector: Where 2 you at 10 o'clock last night?
Cooper: At 10 o'clock? I 3 in a pub called The Bell.
Inspector: And what about your friends Jack Callaghan and Frankie Dobbs?
4 they in the pub with you?
Cooper: No, they 5 n't, Inspector.
Inspector: Where 6 they, then?
Cooper: I don't know where they 7 , but they 8 n't with me.
Inspector: 9 you on your own in The Bell?
Cooper: No, I 10 n't. My girlfriend Diana 11 with me.
Inspector: And 12 she with you all evening?
Cooper: Yes, she 13
Note
-Относительно there + be, eg, There's a bank in West Street, CM. 32.
-Be также употребляется как вспомогательный глагол в формах continuous, например: He's
working (present continuous), He was working (past continuous); и с going to, например: He's
going to work. Относительно форм continuous см. 1, 5, 9, 15, 23; относительно going to
см. 17, 20. Be также употребляется как вспомогательный глагол в страдательном залоге,
например: It was made in Japan. См. 59-60.
32 There is, there are (Конструкция There is, there are)
Когда речь идет о чем-то существующем, обычно предложение начинается с there + be, a
подлежащее ставится после be.
There is a bank in West Street. (We do not normally say: A bank is in West Street.)
Эта конструкция употребляется с 'неопределенными' подлежащими (eg, a man, some
letters, anybody).
There's a man at the door.
There are some letters for you.
'Is there anybody at homer' 'No, there isn 't.'
57
32 There is, there are
Эта конструкция может употребляться с различными формами be. Например:

There is a bank in West Street, (present tense)
There was a telephone call for you last night, (past tense)
There has been an accident, (present perfect)
There will be a lot of people at the party, (will form) etc (и др.)
Обратите внимание, что если подлежащее во множественном числе, be также принимает
форму множественного числа. Compare:
There's a man at the door. There are some men at the door.
There was a telephone call for you last There were two telephone calls for you last
night. night.
There has been an accident. There have been a lot of accidents
recently.
Compare there is/are and it is/they are:
There + be употребляется для выражения того, что что-то существует; личное

местоимение eg, it, they + be (или другой глагол) употребляется для сообщения больших
подробностей.
There's a letter for you. It's from Australia.
'There's a man at the door.' 'It's Mr Davis.'
There are some biscuits in the kitchen. They're in the cupboard.

Complete the sentences using there and the Complete the sentences using the words in
verb forms in the box. the box.
is are was were has been will be there it they is are
Example: Example:
There was a terrible accident in Western 'Is there a police station near here?' 'Yes,
Road yesterday. there is. It's in East Street.'
1 Look a policeman over there. Can 1 a good programme on TV this
you see him? evening about the history of pop
2 How many people at the party last music.
night? 2 ____ some envelopes in my bedroom.
3 I think some snow later this evening. on my desk.
4 Excuse me a post office near here? 3 ' any beer in the kitchen?' 'Yes,
5 six hotels in this street ten years ago, in the fridge.'
now only two. 4 ' a man waiting outside. Who ?'
6 a lot of cold weather recently. ' Jim Brown.'
5 'Look! . a light on in my bedroom!'
' somebody in there.'
58
53 Have and have got (Иметь)
1 В британском варианте английского языка часто употребляется have got вместо have в
значении 'иметь, обладать'.
I've got a new camera. I have a new camera.
I haven 't got any paper. I don 't have any paper.
Have you got a pen ? Do you have a pen ?
He's got brown eyes and black hair. He has brown eyes and black hair.
В этих случаях have got имеет точно такое же значение, как и have; got здесь - 'пустое'
слово. Have got более неформальное; оно очень часто употребляется в разговорной речи
и, например, в письмах к друзьям.
Form
Present form of have got

have6got have not got have

you you ° you
he he he
she has got she has not got has she got?
it it it
we we we
you have got you have not got have you
they they they
CONTRACTIONS
've got = have got haven 't got = have not got
's got = has got hasn't got = has not got
Present form of have (1)

have do not have do

I
you you you

he he he
she has she does not have does she have ?
it it it
we we we
you have you do not have do you
they they they
CONTRACTIONS
don 't = do not
doesn 't - does not
59
33 Have and have got
Present form of have (2)

В отрицательных формах и вопросах have может также употребляться без got и без
do/does:
/ have
I
have not have
I?
you you you?
he he he?
she has she has not has she?
it it it?
we we we?
you have you have not have you?
they they they?
CONTRACTIONS
Но это не очень распространено в разговорной речи.
Когда речь идет о чем-то повторяемом, обычно употребляется have (с употреблением

do/does в отрицательных формах и вопросах), а не have got. Compare:
/ often have headaches. I've got a terrible headache at the moment.
I don't usually have much time for lunch. I haven't got much time today.
Have (got) не употребляется в формах continuous в значении 'иметь, обладать'.
Например, нельзя сказать: I'm having got a new camera.
Когда речь идет о прошлом, обычно употребляется had, а не had got.
I had a headache last night. (Not: I had got a headache...)
Did употребляется в отрицательных формах и вопросах в прошедшем времени.
/ didn 't have a pen.
Did you have a key?

Got не употребляется в кратких ответах.
'Have you got a pen?' 'Yes, I have.' (Not: 'Yes, I have got.')
60
34 Have for actions
EXERCISE 33A
Complete the sentences using have got where possible. If a form of have got is not
possible, use the correct form of have.
Example:
'Excuse me, have you got (you) the time?' 'Yes, it's twenty-five past six.'
1 'Let's have meatballs for supper (we) any potatoes?' 'No, we but we some rice.'
2 My brother dark hair now, but when he was a child he fair hair.
3 Til phone you tomorrow.' ' (you) my telephone number?'
4 ' (we) any aspirins?' 'Yes, there are some in the bathroom cupboard.
Why? (you) a headache?' 'No, I'm fine, but Andrew a terrible toothache.'
5' (your sister) a car at the moment?' 'Yes, she .'
6 I couldn't get the concert tickets yesterday because I (not) enough money.
Note
-Have to и have got to употребляются для выражения необходимости или долга, например:
/ have to go/have got to go now. CM. 38-39.
-Have (не have got) также употребляется как вспомогательный глагол в формах perfect
например, Ihave worked (present perfect). Относительно форм perfect см. 6, 9, 14, 15, 24.
4 Have for actions (Have для обозначения действий)
Have может употребляться в ряде выражений для обозначения действий. Например:
have breakfast/lunch/dinner/a meal/a drink/a cup of tea/

some coffee/a beer/a cigarette
have a bath/a shower/a wash/a shave/a sleep/a rest/a dream
have a swim/a walk/a game of tennis, a game of football, etc
have a holiday/a day off work/a party/a good time, a bad time, etc
have a conversation/a talk/a chat/a quarrel/a row/a fight/
a disagreement/an argument
have a baby (= give birth to a baby)
have a look (= look)
have a try/a go (= try)
Have got в этих выражениях не употребляется.

/ usually have lunch at around 1 о 'clock. (Not: / usually have got lunch...).
Have может употребляться в этих выражениях в формах continuous (поскольку

описываются действия).
Sally is having a shower at the moment.
Are you having a good time?
We were having dinner when Peter arrived.
61
35 Modal verbs: general
Отрицательные формы и вопросы образуются с помощью do/does в present simple и did в

past simple.
/ don 4 normally have a bath in the mornings.
When does Lynne usually have her holiday?
Did you have a good time at the zoo yesterday?
Стяжения have ('ve, '$) и had('d) обычно не используются.

I have a look at the newspaper every morning. (Not: I've a look...)
They had an argument about money. (Not: They'd an argument...)
EXERCISE 34A
Complete each sentence using the correct form of the most suitable expression in the box. Use each
expression only once.
have a look have a rest have a shave

have breakfast have a game of tennis have a cigarette
have a swim have a baby have a good time
Example:
'Are you hungry?' 'No, I've just had breakfast (just), thank you.'
1 'Have you stopped smoking?' 'Yes, I (not) since the beginning of the New Year.
2 Can I at that photo?
3 'Simon and I yesterday.' 'Who won?'
4 She usually in the sea every morning before breakfast.
5 What was the party like last night? (you) ?
6 'My sister (Just)-' 'Is it a girl or a boy?'
7 'I'm tired.' 'Let's for a few minutes, then.'
8 Are you going to today, or are you growing a beard?
35 Modal verbs: general (Модальные глаголы: общие положения)
К 'модальным вспомогательным глаголам' или 'модальным глаголам' относятся: сап,

could, may, might, will, would shall, should, ought to, must, need и dare.
Use
Modal verbs употребляются для выражения, например, возможности, готовности,

вероятности, способности, обязанности, долга, обязательства, уверенности, разрешения.
It might rain, (возможность) You must be home by 11 о 'clock, (обязанность)
Will you help me? (готовность) You haven't eaten all day. You must be hungry, (уверенность)
Can she swim? (способность) May I borrow your car? (разрешение)
62
35 Modal verbs: general
Form
Утвердительное предложение образуется с помощью modal verb, расположенного между
подлежащим и смысловым глаголом.
/ can swim.
We should go now.
Modal verbs имеют одну и ту же форму для всех лиц. В третьем лице единственного
числа отсутствует окончание -s.
She can swim (Not: She cans...}
He should go now. (Not: He shoulds...)
После всех modal verbs (кроме ought) употребляется infinitive без to eg swim, go. После
ought употребляется to + infinitive eg to swim, to go.
We ought to go now.
Отрицание образуется с помощью добавления п 't/not после modal verb.
She can't swim.
We shouldn 't go.
It might not rain.
Вопросы образуются с помощью перестановки подлежащего и modal verb. Compare:
She can swim. —> Can she swim?
We should go. —> Should we go?

Обратите внимание, что do не употребляется в вопросах и отрицательных формах.
Например, нельзя сказать: Docs she can swim? She doesn't can swim, etc.
Может употребляться конструкция modal verb + be + ... -ing.

It's getting late. We really must be going now.
I may be working late tomorrow.
Иногда вместо modal verbs употребляются такие выражения, как be able to, be allowed to и
have to. Эти выражения имеют определенные значения и формы, которые не характерны
для modal verbs.
I'd like to be able to play the piano. (Can не имеет инфинитивной формы;
нельзя сказать: I'd like to сан play...)
She had to go to the doctor's yesterday. (Must не употребляется в прошедшем времени;
нельзя сказать: She must go ... yesterday.)
Когда речь идет о прошедшем времени, можно употреблять modal verb + have + past
participle. Эта конструкция употребляется, например, для выражения действий, которые,
вероятно, имели место, или действий, которые не произошли.
'Peter is late.' 'Не may have missed his train.' (= Вероятно, он опоздал на поезд.)
If eel really tired today. I should have gone to bed earlier last night. (Но я не уснул очень
рано прошлой ночью.)
- Относительно подробностей о модальных глаголах см. 36-55.
63
36 Ability (Способность, возможность): can, could, be able to
Can
Can употребляется для выражения способности или возможности. Отрицательная форма
сап - cannot (стяжение: can't).
Can you swim?
Не can play the guitar.
I can't open this bottle.
Can you meet me tomorrow evening?
Be able to может употребляться вместо can eg Are you able to swim ? Ho can более
употребительный модальный глагол.
2 Could and was/were able to

а Could может употребляться для выражения того, что у кого-то была общая возможность
что-то сделать в прошлом.
/ could swim when I was 4 years old.
My sister could talk when she was 15 months old.
Was/were able to также употребляется в этом значении.
/ was able to swim when I was 4 years old.
Но когда необходимо сказать, что кто-то имел возможность что-то сделать и что это было
сделано в определенной ситуации, необходимо употреблять was/were able to (could не
употребляется).
Even though I'd hurt my leg, I was able to swim back to the boat. (Not: ... / could swim back....)
The manager wasn 't in the office for very long, but we were able to speak to him for a few
minutes. (Not: ... we could speak to him... J
Вместо was/ were able to в этом значении можно употреблять managed to (+ infinitive) или
succeeded in (+ -ing форма).
Even though I'd hurt my leg, I managed to swim back to the boat/I succeeded in swimming
back to the boat.
Обычно managed to или succeeded in употребляется в том случае, когда действие было
трудно выполнить.
Существует исключение с глаголами восприятия: see, hear, smell, taste, feel и некоторыми
глаголами мышления, например, understand, remember. Could употребляется с этими
глаголами, когда фактически действие происходит в конкретной ситуации.
We could see a man in the garden.
I could hear a noise outside my bedroom door.
Could not (стяжение: couldn't) употребляется как для выражения общей возможности, так
и конкретной ситуации.
My grandmother couldn 't dance.
He tried very hard, but he couldn't swim back to the boat.
64
36 Ability: can, could, be i
Could have...
Could have + past participle употребляется для выражения способности или возможности
выполнения чего-то в прошлом, но фактически не выполненного.
You could have helped me. Why didn 't you ?
I could have gone to China on holiday last year, but I decided not to.
Выражение способности или возможности другими формами: be able to.

Сап не имеет формы infinitive, -ing формы или participle. Таким образом, когда
необходимо, соответствующие формы можно образовывать с be able to.
I'd like to be able to play the piano. (We cannot say I'd like to сан play...)
In the future, people will be able to live on other planets. (We cannot say... people will can
fl\_*/* \
HW ***/
She enjoys being able to speak foreign languages. (We cannot say She enjoys canning...)
I've been able to drive since I was 18. (We cannot say I've could...)
EXERCISE 36A
Complete the sentences using can or could where possible. If can or could is not
possible, use a form of be able to.
Examples:
He has been living in France for 6 months. He can speak French very well now.
I'll be able to go shopping later today.
1 When Robert was younger he run quite fast.
2 Look! You see the mountains from this window.
3 Kate dance really well when she was a young girl.
4 How long have you play the guitar?
5 Look! I lift this chair with one hand!
6 I'm sorry, but I won't come to the party on Saturday.
EXERCISE 36B
Complete the sentences using could or was/were able to.
Sometimes either form is possible.
Example:
Simon could/was able to read music when he was 7.
1 We put out the fire before much damage was done.
2 My daughter walk when she was only 11 months old.
3 I finish all the work you wanted me to do yesterday.
4 ' (you) speak French before you went to live in Paris?'
'I (not) spec very well.'
5 They were talking quite loudly. I hear everything they said.
37 Permission: can, could, may, might, be allowed to
EXERCISE 36C
Robert Wells is 52 years old. Sometimes he feels that he has wasted his life.
Read about Robert. Replace the words in italics with could have... , as in the example.
Example:
When Robert was 26 he had the chance to get married, but he decided not to.
When Robert was 26 he could have got married, but he decided not to.
1 Robert had the ability to go to university, but he didn't want to go.
2 He had the intelligence to pass his final exams at school, but he didn't take them.
3 A lot of people thought he had the ability to be a professional footballer when he
was younger, but he didn't try.
4 He had the opportunity to start his own business once, but he didn't want to.
5 He had the chance to emigrate to Australia a few years ago, but he decided not to.
Note
-Относительно форм модальных глаголов сап и could см. 35.2.
-Can/could (= 'ability') употребляется в просьбах, например: Can you help me? (см. 48) и
предложениях, например: I could lend you some money (см. 49.3).
-Couldтакже имеет сослагательное значение 'смог бы, смогла бы, смогли бы', например:
I could repair the car if I had the right tools. (= Я смог бы отремонтировать автомобиль ...)
См. 69.3,71.3.
37 Permission (Разрешение): can, could, may, might, be allowed to
Обращение за разрешением
Can I borrow your dictionary?

Can, could и may употребляются для обращения за разрешением.
Can I use your pen for a moment?
Could I ask you a personal question ?
May 1 make a suggestion?
Здесь could - менее прямая и более вежливая форма, чем can. May - более официальная
(и некоторые считают, что более 'правильная'), чем сап или could, но сап и could- более
употребительные.
Might может также употребляться для обращения за разрешением в менее прямой и более
официальной форме.
Might I make a suggestion ?
66
36 Ability: can, could, be able to
Разрешение
Когда дается разрешение, употребляется сап или may (но не could или might).
'Can I use your pen for a moment?' 'Yes, of course you can.'
You can borrow my camera if you want to.
'Could I make a suggestion ?' 'Of course you may.'
Выражение разрешения
Когда речь идет о вещах, на которые уже есть или еще нет разрешения (например, когда
существует закон или правило), употребляется сап ('t) или be (not) allowed to.
NO SMOKING
You can't smoke/aren't allowed to smoke in this room.
More examples:
You can get married/are allowed to get married in Britain when you are 16. (Это закон.)
The children normally go to bed at 9 o'clock, but they can stay up/are allowed to stay up later
on Saturdays. (Так решили их родители.)
Could и was/were allowed to

Could употребляется для выражения общего разрешения что-то сделать в прошлом.
When I was 18, I could borrow my parents' car whenever I wanted to.
Was/were allowed to также употребляется в этом значении.
When I was 18,1 was allowed to borrow my parents' car whenever I wanted to.
Но когда необходимо сказать, что кому-то разрешили что-то сделать и это было сделано
в определенной ситуации в прошлом, необходимо употребить was/were allowed to (could
не употребляется).
/ was allowed to borrow my parents' car last night. (Not: I could borrow...)
Эти различия подобны тем, которые существуют между could и was/were able to (см. 36).
67
37 Permission: can, could, may, might, be allowed to
EXERCISE 37A
What are these people asking?
Find their questions in the box.
Example: May I sit in?
Do you think I could close/-a look at your magazine?
Could I have this on?
Can I try here?
May I come your bike for half an hour?
Can I borrow the window?
Could I have a look at your magazine?
EXERCISE 37B
What do these notices mean? Make sentences using the words in the box. Make two sentences for
each notice, as in the example.
Example:
take -N in this street,
park \ in this room,
can ('t) feed \ on the grass,
You
are (n't) allowed to smoke ^photographs,
turn the animals,
walk left.
You can't take photographs.
You aren 't allowed to take photographs.
NO SMOKING
68
38 «Jut i
EXERCISE 37C
Complete the sentences using could or was/were allowed to.
Sometimes either form is possible.
Example:
I was allowed to see him for a few moments yesterday.
1 Andrew leave school early yesterday because he wasn't feeling well.
2 Until the 19th century, people travel freely between most countries without
a passport.
3 Sue's children watch the film on TV last night.
4 Her son has to wear a uniform in his new school, but in his old school he
wear whatever he liked.
Note
-Относительно форм modal verbs can, could, may и might CM. 35.2.
38 Obligation and necessity (Обязанность и необходимость)

(1): must, have to, have got to
Must и have to
Must и have to употребляются для выражения обязанности или необходимости, но иногда

между ними могут существовать различия:
You must
be home by Ihovetobe
Ю o'clock. home £>y 1O o'clock
Must обычно употребляется, когда Have to обычно употребляется, когда

полномочия исходят от говорящего. полномочия исходят не от говорящего.
You must be home by 10 o'clock. / have to be home by 10 o'clock.
(Я настаиваю на этом.) (Мои родители настаивают на этом.)
I've got a terrible pain in my back. I must go / have to go and see the doctor at 9.00
and see the doctor. tomorrow morning.
(Я считаю это необходимым.) (У меня назначена встреча.)
You must drive carefully. You have to drive on the left in Britain.
(Я настаиваю на этом.) (Это - закон.)
69
38 Obligation and necessity (1): must, have to, have got to
Must (+ infinitive) употребляется только в настоящем и будущем времени. Когда речь

идет об обязанности или необходимости в прошлом, употребляется had to.
I had to work late yesterday. (Not: / must work late yesterday.)
Must не имеет формы infinitive, -ing формы или participle. Таким образом, когда
необходимо, соответствующие формы можно образовывать с have to.
I'll have to work late tomorrow. (We cannot say I'll must...)
He hates having to get up early. (We cannot say Ho hates rousting ...)
She's had to work hard all her life. (We cannot say She's mustcd ...)
Обратите внимание, что в вопросах и отрицательных формах с have to употребляется
do/does в present simple и did в past simple.
What time do you have to start work?
We don't have to hurry. We've got plenty of time.
Did you have to walk home last night?
Have got to
Have got to часто употребляется вместо have to для выражения обязанности и
необходимости. Have got to - более неофициальная форма.
/ have to hurry. I've got to hurry.
Do you have to go? Have you got to go ?
Have to, а не have got to обычно употребляется в том случае, когда речь идет о том, что
происходит неоднократно, особенно, когда употребляется однословное наречие частоты,
например, always, often. Compare:
I always have to work late on Wednesday I've got to work late this evening.
evenings.
Do you often have to get up early? Have you got to get up early tomorrow?
Got употребляется, главным образом, в present tense. Для выражения действия в past tense,
обычно употребляется had to, а не had got to.
I had to work late last night. (Not: / had got to work late last night.)
Эти различия подобны тем, которые существуют между have и have got, употребляемые
для выражения 'владения, обладания' (см. 33).
EXERCISE 38A
(i) Mrs Woods isn't very well. The doctor is speaking to her.
Complete what the doctor says using must и глаголы drink, take, stay и continue. Use each verb
only once.
Doctor: Well, Mrs Woods, your temperature is a little high, so you 1 in bed for the next
few days. You can eat whatever you like, but you 2 plenty of liquids. And I'll give you
some medicine. You 3 it three times a day after meals. And you 4 to take it for
the next ten days.
70
39 Obligation and necessity (2): mustn 't, don't have to, don't need to, haven't got to, needn't
(ii) Now Mrs Woods is explaining the doctor's instructions to Mr Woods.

Complete what Mrs Woods says using have to и глаголы drink, take, stay и continue.
Mrs Woods: The doctor gave me some medicine. I. .1. it three times a day after meals. And
I 2 to take it for the next ten days. I'm not allowed to get up at the moment. I,
in bed for the next few days. Oh, and I'm allowed to eat whatever I like, but I 4 . plenty of
liquids.
EXERCISE 38B
Complete the sentences using must or a form of have to. Sometimes two answers are possible.
Examples:
I couldn't go to the party last night because I had to babysit for my sister.
I have to/must get up early tomorrow morning.
1 You get a visa to visit the United States.
2 Annie will do her homework tomorrow.
3 It's getting very late. We go now.
41 stay in bed yesterday because I wasn't very well.
5 Mr Mason _ wear glasses since he was a child,
61 don't like. _ work at weekends.
Note
-Относительно формы модального глагола must см. 35.2.
- Относительно отрицательных форм mustn't, don't have to, haven't got to, needn't и don't
need to CM. 39.
Obligation and necessity (Обязанность и необходимость)

(2): mustn't, don't have to, don't need to, haven't got to, needn't
1 Compare mustn't and don't have to:

Annie has got a bad cold. Sally is on holiday.
[Энни очень простужена] [Сэлли на каникулах.]
You mustn't I don't have to get up

Set up today today.
Mustn't употребляется в том случае, Don't have to употребляется в том
когда существует необходимость не случае, когда нет необходимости что-то
делать чего-то. делать.
71
39 Obligation and necessity (2): mustn 't, don't have to, don't need to, haven't got to, needn 't
You mustn't get up today. (= He вставай.) / don't have to get up today. (= Her
необходимости вставать..)
You mustn't wash that sweater. It has to be You don't have to wash that shirt. It isn 't
dry-cleaned. (= He стирай его.) dirty. (= Нет необходимости стирать.)
Don't need t, haven't got to или needn't может также употребляться для выражения
действия, которого нет необходимости выполнять.
/ don't need to get up today.
I haven't got to get up today.
I needn't get up today.
Обратите внимание, что needn't часто употребляется в случае, когда говорящий дает
разрешение что-то не делать.
You needn't pay me back the money you owe me until next week. [Вы можете не возвращать
мне деньги, которые должны, до следующей недели].
EXERCISE 39A
Example:
You've been late for work twice this week. You mustn't/needn't be late again tomorrow.
1 You mustn 't/don 't have to open the door before the train stops. You could fall out.
2 We mustn 't/don't have to hurry. We've got plenty of time.
3 We mustn't/haven't got to make any noise going into the house. It's very late and
everybody is asleep.
4 You mustn't/needn't tell Nicki about the party. I've already told her.
5 You mustn 't/don't need to phone the station about the time of the trains. I've got
a timetable.
6 I mustn 't/haven 't got to go now. I can stay a bit longer if you want me to.
Note
-Относительно формы модальных глаголов must и needn't см. 35.2.
-См. также 41 Needn't have и didn't need to.
72
-f > Review of permission and obligation (Обзор модальных глаголов,
выражающих обязанность и необходимость): can, can't, must, mustn't,
needn't, be allowed to, have to, don't have to
EXERCISE 40A
Complete these sentences using the modal verbs in the box. Sometimes two
answers are possible.
must mustn't can can't needn't
Examples:
You needn't wait any longer, You can go now.
We mustn't make a noise. We must be quiet.
You must move your car. You can't/mustn't park here.
1 You mustn't leave the door unlocked. You. . lock it.
2 You can only smoke in the canteen. You _ smoke in this room.
3 We needn't do the washing up now. We . do it tomorrow.
4 We can stay a bit longer. We go now.
5 You can't keep on using my tennis shoes. You. . buy your own.
6 You can keep those magazines. You give them back to me.
EXERCISE 40B
What do these signs and notices mean?
Find the explanations in the box.
Example:
swim here.
allowed to
aren't allowed to overtake.
You walk here.
have to be a member to get in.
donЧ have to park here.
You have to stop. be quiet.
' *-*?__.-rtf^ -д^*-^
SILENCE!
*лг a off fa -**у^->-лц1|/ж.у/ irm.
NO SWIMMING
73
41 Needn 't have and didn't need to
С помощью needn 't have + past participle выражается выполненное действие, которое не
следовало бы выполнять - это было пустой тратой времени.
/ needn't have made so much food for the party. Nobody was very hungry. [Мне не следовало
бы готовить так много блюд на вечеринку.] (= Не было необходимости готовить так
много блюд, но я приготовил.)
I needn't have told Kate what happened. She already knew. [Мне не следовало бы говорить
Кейт, что случилось.] (= Не было необходимости рассказывать об этом Кейт, но я
рассказал.)
С помощью didn't need to + infinitive выражается действие, в выполнении которого не
было необходимости (но не говорится, выполнено это действие или нет).
Compare:
She needn't have waited. [Ей не She didn't need to wait. [Ей не было
следовало бы ожидать (но она ожидала)] необходимости ожидать (мы не знаем,
ожидала она или нет.)]
They needn't have worried. [Им не They didn't need to worry. [Им не было
следовало бы беспокоиться (но они необходимости беспокоиться (мы не
беспокоились.)] знаем, беспокоились они или нет.)]
Когда употребляется didn't need to, то это часто означает, что кто-то что-то не выполнил
(потому, что в этом не было необходимости).
I didn't need to unlock the door because it was already unlocked.
I didn't need to write to you so phoned you instead.
Ho didn't need to (с ударением на need) может также употребляться, когда не было
необходимости что-то сделать, но кто-то это сделал.
/ didn't need to write to you, but I wrote to you anyway.
EXERCISE 41A
Complete the sentences using needn't have where possible. If needn't have is not
possible, use didn't need to.
Examples:
Did you water the garden?' 'Yes, but I needn't have done (do) it. Just after I'd
finished it started to rain!'
I didn't need to wake (wake) her up because she was awake before me.
1 She (get up) early last Saturday, so she stayed in bed until 10 o'clock.
2 I didn't wear my coat when I went out. I wear) it. It wasn't cold.
3 He was very anxious before the exam, but he (worry). It wasn't as difficult
as he'd expected.
4 She (pay) the man, but she gave him some money anyway.
5 She (pay) the man, so she didn't give him any money.
6 Thank you very much for the flowers, but you really . (buy) them for me.
74
42 Obligation and advice (Обязанность и совет):
should, ought to, had better, be supposed to, shall
1 Should и ought to
a Should и ought to может употребляться для выражения обязанности и долга, обращения за
советом и выражения совета и, вообще, для оценки, что правильно или хорошо.
You should learn to swim. /You ought to learn to swim.
You shouldn't tell lies. /You oughtn't to tell lies.
What do you think I should do?/What do you think I ought to do?
Should и ought to очень близки по значению, но часто предпочтение отдается ought to для
выражения компетенции, которая исходит не от самого говорящего, а существует,
например, в соответствии с законом или правилом.
Обратите внимание, что после should употребляется infinitive без to, например, learn, tell,
а после ought употребляется to + infinitive eg to learn, to tell.
Should have/ought to have + past participle употребляется для выражения того, что кто-то
сделал что-то неправильно в прошлом.
I should have posted this letter yesterday, but I forgot. (Я не отправил его.)
I'm really tired this morning. I shouldn 't have stayed up so late last night. (Я засиделся
допоздна.)
Haven't you finished your homework yet? You ought to have done it last night. (Вы не
выполнили его.)
Had better
Had better (+ infinitive без to) выражает настоятельную рекомендацию в определенной
ситуации.
I'm going to an interview tomorrow. I'd better iron my shirt.
It's going to be cold tonight. We'd better turn on the heating.
('d better = had better)
Had (не have) с better всегда употребляется в этой конструкции, но значение соотносится
к настоящему или будущему, но не к прошедшему времени.
Отрицание образуется следующим образом: had better not.
We'd better not be late.
Had better часто может иметь оттенок угрозы или предупреждения и сильнее, чем should
или ought to.
Be + supposed to
Supposed to может употребляться для выражения действия как результата долга,
предварительной договоренности или существующих правил.
You're supposed to start work at 8.00 every morning.
I'm supposed to see Maria this afternoon.
75
42 Obligation and advice: should, ought to, had better, be supposed to, shall
Not supposed to употребляется для выражения запрещения.

You know you 're not supposed to eat in the classroom.
Часто существует разница между тем, что по предложению должно произойти, и тем, что
происходит на самом деле.
I'm supposed to see Maria this afternoon, but I'm not going to have enough time.
Put those sweets away! You know you 're not supposed to eat in the classroom.
He was supposed to phone me yesterday, but he didn 't.
Обратите внимание, что supposed to также употребляется в значении 'said to' [говорят],
например, I'd like to read that book. It's supposed to be very good. CM. 64.2.
Shall
Shall I? может употребляться в том случае, когда необходимо знать чье-то мнение или
когда нужен совет или указание.
I've missed my last bus. What shall I do?
I'm not sure what to do. Shall I apply for the job or not?
How long shall I cook this spaghetti?
EXERCISE 42A
Complete the advice using should or ought to; find the advice for the problems.
Example: 1 'I've lost my credit card.'
'You should report it to the credit card company immediately. 7
'You ought to report it to the credit card company immediately.'
PROBLEMS ADVICE
1 'I've lost my credit card.' 'I think you | sell it.'
2 'I can't wake up in the mornings.' 'Perhaps you | look for another job.'
3 'I'm bored with my job.' 'Don't you think you | apologize to them?'
4 'I've got a terrible headache.' 'Perhaps you | buy a new alarm clock!'
5 'I was very rude to my parents.' 'You | report it to the credit card company immediately.
6 'My car keeps on breaking down.' 'Perhaps you | take some aspirin.'
EXERCISE 42B
Make sentences using should (n 't)..., ought (n 't) to.... should (n 't) have... or ought (n 't) to have...
and the words in brackets.
Example: My car is always dirty. (I | clean | it more often.)
/ should clean it more often. /I ought to clean it more often.
1 You think your friend works too hard. You tell him/her:
(You | not work | so hard.) (You | relax | more.)
2 Your friend overslept this morning and was late for work. His boss said to him.
(You | buy | an alarm clock!)
3 Kate didn't feel well yesterday, but she went to work and now she feels really
terrible. (She | not go | to work yesterday.) (She | stay | in bed.)
4 Mr Woods walked straight out into the road without looking. He was nearly
killed by a bus. (He | not walk | into the road without looking.) (He | look | first.)
76
42 Obligation and advice: should, ought to, had better, be supposed to, shall
EXERCISE 42C
Complete the sentences using had better and the verbs in the box.
Example: The phone is ringing. I'd better answer ii.
park stay hurry answer put out be not leave
1 This knife is very sharp. You careful when you use it.
2 Oh no! Look! There's a 'No Parking' sign here. We somewhere else.
3 You're not very well. I think you in bed today.
4 We're late. We
5 There's a lot of crime in this area. We any doors or windows unlocked.
6 The plane is just going to take off. You that cigarette.
EXERCISE 42D
Complete the sentences using the correct form of be + supposed to and the verbs in the box.
Example: I'm on a diet, so I'm not supposed to eat cream cakes.
arrive not eat go not open not park have
1 What are you doing with your birthday presents? You them until your birthday!
2I to work yesterday, but I couldn't because I was ill in bed.
3 You your car here at any time.
4 We in Manchester at 6 o'clock this morning, but our plane was delayed.
5 Peter a one-hour lunch break, but he sometimes takes a bit longer.
EXERCISE 42E
Complete each question using shall 1 and the most suitable verb in the box.
Example: How much money shall I get from the bank?
paint invite get tell put
1 Who to my party, do you think?

2 Where all these dirty plates and glasses?
3 What do you think? my parents what has happened?
4 What colour my bedroom? Have you got any ideas?
Note
-Относительно формы модальных глаголов should, ought to и shall см. 35.2.
77
43 Possibility (Возможность, вероятность): may, might, could
Present and future possibility

May, might и could употребляются для выражения возможности и вероятности в
настоящем и будущем времени.
There's someone
at the door.
It may
be Sarah.
'There's someone at the door.' 'It may be Sarah.' [Возможно, это Сара.]
We aren't sure what we are going to do tomorrow. We might go to the beach. [Вероятно, мы
пойдем на пляж.]
' Where's Simon ?' 'He could be in the living room.' [Может быть, он в гостиной.]
Might обычно выражает меньшую уверенность, чем may. Could обычно выражает
меньшую уверенность, чем may или might.
+ + + may + + might + could
Отрицательные формы may not и might not (contraction: mightn't), но не could not,
употребляются в этом значении.
Simon may not be in the living room. [Вероятно, его нет в гостиной.]
We might not go to the beach. [Вероятно, мы не пойдем на пляж.]
Обратите внимание на форму: may/might/could + be + ... -ing.
They may be having dinner at the moment. [Вероятно, они ужинают.]
Possibility in the past
May/might/could + have + past participle может употребляться для выражения
возможности и вероятности в прошлом.
'Where was Sally last night?' 7 think she may have been at the cinema.' (= Я полагаю,
что она могла быть в кинотеатре.)
'Peter is late.' 'Не might have missed his train.' (= Вероятно, он опоздал на поезд.)
7 can 'tfind my wallet anywhere.' 'You could have left it at home.'
(= Может быть, вы оставили его дома.)
'She walked straight past me without saying hello.' 'She might not have seen you.'
(= Вероятно, она вас не увидела.)
78
44 Possibility: can
Could и might (но не may) с have + past participle также употребляется для выражения
чего-то возможного в прошлом, но не произошедшего.
'Iforgot to lock my car last night.' 'You were very lucky. Someone could have stolen it.'
You were stupid to try to climb that tree. You might have killed yourself.
EXERCISE 43A
Rephrase these sentences using the modal verbs in brackets.
Examples:
Perhaps she is ill. (may) She may be ill.
Perhaps they went out. (might) They might have gone out.
1 Perhaps you're right, (could) 6 Perhaps they left early, (could)
2 Perhaps she'll win the race, (might) 7 Perhaps he isn't coming now. (might)
3 Perhaps she forgot about the meeting, (may) 8 Perhaps I'll see you tomorrow, (may)
4 Perhaps they were asleep, (might) 9 Perhaps they're going on holiday, (could)
5 Perhaps he doesn't know the address, (may) 10 Perhaps she didn't catch the bus. (may)
Note
-Относительно форм модальных глаголов may, might и could см. 35.2.
- Could также употребляется для предположения возможных действий. Например: We
could go out tonight. См. 50.3.
-Might также имеет значение сослагательного наклонения 'вероятно', например: Ifl won a
lot of money, 1 might stop working. [... Я бы, вероятно, прекратил работать]. См. 69.3, 71.3.
44 Possibility (Возможность и вероятность): сап
Сап употребляется для выражения 'теоретической возможности или вероятности'.

Anyone can learn to swim. [Каждый может научиться плавать.]
В этом случае сап часто имеет значение близкое 'иногда'.
My brother can be very nice. [Мой брат иногда очень красив.]
May, might или could (не сап) употребляется для выражения того, что что-то, вероятно,
произойдет в будущем, или того, что, вероятно, что-то справедливо в момент речи (см. 43).
It may rain later. (Not: It сан rain later.)
'Where's Ken?' 'He could be outside.' (Not: 'He can be outside.')
Compare:
It can be cold in England. [Иногда в It may be cold tomorrow. [Вероятно,
Англии холодно.] завтра будет холодно.]
Could употребляется для выражения теоретической возможности или вероятности в
прошлом.
My brother could be really horrible when he was a child.
79
45 Probability: should, ought to
EXERCISE 44A
Complete the sentences using can or could and the verbs in the box. Use each verb only once.
grow ее make reach live survive cross
Example:
Tigers can be dangerous.
1 Elephants for up to 70 years.
2 Temperatures near the South Pole minus 43 degrees centigrade.
3 A hundred years ago ships the Atlantic in 10 days.
4 Camels for up to 17 weeks in the desert without water.
5 Dinosaurs. up to 5 metres long.
6 Anyone . mistakes.
Note
-Относительно формы модального глагола сап см. 35.2.
- Сап также употребляется для выражения предполагаемого действия. Например: We can
have dinner now if you like. CM. 50.3.
45 Probability (Вероятность): should, ought to
Should или ought to может употребляться для выражения чего-то вероятного в момент
речи или в будущем.
Sboula
by now.
normaUy
at this
Sally should be at work by now. She's normally there at this time. [Сэлли, вероятно, сейчас на
работе.]
/ should finish work early today. I haven't got much to do. [Я, вероятно, закончу работу
сегодня рано.]
Не ought to pass his driving test easily. He's a very good driver. [Он, вероятно, легко сдаст
экзамен по вождению.]
80
46 Deduction: must, can't
Should have... and ought to have...
Should have/ought to have + past participle употребляется, когда ожидалось, что действие
должно произойти, но не известно, произошло ли оно.
They should have arrived by now. (Но: Я не знаю, приехали ли они.)
7 wonder if he passed his driving test this morning.' 'He ought to have passed it
easily.' (Но: Я не знаю, сдал ли он экзамен.)
Эта конструкция также используется, когда ожидается, что действие должно произойти,
но оно не произошло.
They should have arrived by now, but they aren 't there yet.
He ought to have passed his driving test easily. I was surprised that he failed.
EXERCISE 45A
Complete the sentences using should or ought to and the correct form of the verbs in the box. Use
each verb only once.
pass fee win not take

sell arrive receive
Example:
I've only got £15, but that should be/ought to be enough. We won't need to buy
very much.
1 You my letter first thing tomorrow morning. I posted it early today.
2 I was surprised Liverpool lost the football match. They easily.
3I my car easily. I only want £950 for it and it's in very good condition.
4 Andrew the exams last week. He worked very hard for them.
5 'How long will it take to drive to the park?' 'Well, it long. It isn't very far.'
6 I'm still waiting for the 7 o'clock bus. It half an hour ago.
Note
- Относительно формы модальных глаголов should и ought to см. 35.2.
Deduction (Вывод): must, can't
1 Must, can't
J Must употребляется в выводах для выражения уверенности в чем-то.

It's not very warm and you're not wearing a coat. You must be cold. [Вам, должно быть,
холодно.]
Mrs Woods must know London very well. She has lived there all her life. [Госпожа Вудз,
должно быть, хорошо знает Лондон.]
81
Can't (не mustn 't) употребляется в качестве отрицательной формы от must в этом
значении. Can't употребляется для выражения невозможности чего-то.
Peter was here a moment ago, so he can't be far away. (= Невозможно, чтобы он был уже
далеко.)
Annie can't be asleep. There's a light on in her bedroom. (= Невозможно, чтобы она уже
спала.)
Обратите внимание на форму: must/can't + be + ... -ing.
You've been working hard all day. You must be feeling tired. [Должно быть, вы устали.]
Simon has bought two tickets for the concert, so he can't be going on his own. [He может быть,
что он пойдет в кино сам.]
Сап также употребляется в вопросах, выражающих возможность или вероятность.
The telephone is ringing. Who can that be?
Sally is late. Where can she be?
Must have... and can't have...
a Must/can't + have + past participle употребляется для выражения выводов относительно

прошедшего времени.
Those shoes you bought are very nice. They must have been expensive. [Должно быть они
дорогие.]
You can't have been at the swimming pool yesterday! The swimming pool was closed all day
yesterday! [Вряд ли вы были в плавательном бассейне вчера!]
Couldn't have ... здесь может употребляться вместо can't have....
You couldn't have been at the swimming pool yesterday! The swimming pool was closed
all day yesterday!
Can have... и could have ... употребляется в вопросах, касающихся вероятности в
прошедшем времени.
Where can they have gone?
Sally is very late. What could have happened to her?
EXERCISE 46A
Answer the questions in A using must or can't, give a reason from B.
Example:
1 They can't be Greek. They're speaking Italian.
А В
1 Are they Greek? -—-___^^ It's very cold in here.
2 Is he ill? ~~^^^ He's too young.
3 Is the heating on? ^\^^ She's just passed her driving test.
4 Are they asleep? They're speaking Italian.
5 Is she happy? Their bedroom lights are off.
6 Is he a doctor? He's got a high temperature.
82
EXERCISE 46B
There was a robbery at the Central Art Gallery in London yesterday. A detective is
questioning Billy Palmer about the robbery. The detective knows that Palmer is lying to him.
Look at what Palmer says on the left. Then look at the clues on the right.
/. I STAYED IN ВЕЬ ALL ММММб VlfftKW.

j. I НЛО LUNCH AT LUI6IS RESTAURANT.
3. / WENT ПК А МШ NW GVf VESttXMf AH&NOON.
U. I STAYED AT HOME LAST fJIQHT.
5. / V£ HEVIK KtNINUK
Make deductions using must have ... or can't/couldn't have.... Give the reason for each deduction.
Example:
1 Palmer can't I couldn 't have stayed in bed all morning yesterday. Someone saw him in
town at 10.00 yesterday morning.
Note
-Относительно формы модальных глаголов must, can('t) и could(n't) см. 35.2.
83
47 Review of possibility, probability and deduction (Обзор выражения
возможности, вероятности и выводов): may, might, could, should,
ought to, must, can't
EXERCISE 47A
He might be
in his office,
fm not sure.
Look at the examples:
Find the correct place in the table for the words in the box.
Saying how sure we are:
might should must ГТТОСТг
ought to can't could YES definitely

I probably should;
т possibly may;
NO definitely not
EXERCISE 47B
Rephrase the sentences using the correct form of the words in brackets.
Examples:
I'm sure she is in bed. (must) She must be in bed.
We'll probably arrive before 11 o'clock, (should) We should arrive before 11 o'clock.
Perhaps he was ill. (may) He may have been ill.
It's impossible that they missed the plane, (can't) They can't have missed the plane.
1 Perhaps she'll phone later, (might)
2 I'll probably be at home by 6 o'clock, (should)
3 Perhaps they went home, (could)
4 It's impossible that he's telling the truth, (can't)
5 I'm sure you've heard the news, (must)
6 Perhaps I won't go out this evening, (may)
7 It's impossible that she saw us. (can't)
8 I'm sure the bus has left, (must)
9 Perhaps he didn't apply for the job. (might)
10 She'll probably be here soon, (ought to)
84
48 Requests (Просьба): can, could, may, will, would
Попросить что-то
С помощью can, could и may можно
попросить что-то.
Can I have a glass of water, please?
Could I have the bill, please? (например, в
ресторане)
May I have some more coffee?
Could - менее прямая и более вежливая
форма, чем can; may - более официальная
форма, чем can/could.
Попросить разрешение
Can, could и may также употребляется для обращения за разрешением (см.: 37.1).
Can I borrow your dictionary?
Could I ask you a personal question?
Excuse me. May I have a look at your newspaper?
Попросить кого-то что-то сделать

Can you? [не можете ли вы?] часто употребляется для обращения к кому-то с просьбой
что-то сделать для кого-то.
Can you post this letter for me please?
Can you switch on the light, please?
Could употребляется как менее определенная и более вежливая форма сап в этом значении.
Could you pass me that newspaper please?
Could you give me some advice?
Will you? [не хотите ли вы?] также употребляется для обращения к кому-то с просьбой
что-то сделать.
Will you switch on the light, please?
Would употребляется как менее определенная и более вежливая форма will в этом значении.
Would you post this letter for me?
'The phone is ringing.' 'Wouldyou answer it?'
Would с глаголом mind (= 'возражать' или 'быть против') также употребляется для
выражения вежливой просьбы.
Would you mind switching on the light?
Иногда просьба может выражаться с помощью would like как вежливой формой того, что
мы хотим.
I'd like a glass of water, please.
I'd like to ask you a personal question.
85
48 Requests: can, could, may, will, would
EXERCISE 48A
What are these people asking? Find their questions below.
Example:
Can I close the window ?
Could you tell the TV for me, please?

Would you mind changing the window?
Would you answer the menu, please?
May I have the phone, please?
Can I close me where the hospital is, please?
Will you switch on me the cloth, please?
Can you pass places with me?
Note
-Относительно форм модальных глаголов can, could, may, will и would CM. 35.2.
-Обратите внимание на значения yes и по после просьбы с mind, например: 'Wouldyou mind
waiting?' 'No, that's all right.' [Ничего, все нормально.] 'Yes, I would!' [Да, я против.]
86
49 Offers (Предложение): will, shall, can, could, would
Will употребляется для выражения желания или предложения что-то сделать.
I'LL help you

uith your suitcase.
/'// help you with your suitcase.

I'll lend you my bicycle if you want.
Are you hungry? I'll make you something to eat.
(I'11 = I will)
Will you? также употребляется в предложениях

и приглашениях.
What will you have to drink?
Will you have dinner with us?
Shall /? (= не хотели бы вы, чтобы я?) употребляется для выражения предложения сделать
что-то для кого-то.
Shall I help you?
Shall I open the door for you?
Shall I post this letter for you ?
Can/could (= 'возможность') также употребляется для выражения предложения сделать
что-то для кого-то.
/ can post this letter for you.
I could lend you some money if you want.
Иногда, когда can или could используется для обращения за 'разрешением', на самом
деле предлагается что-то сделать.
Can I make you something to eat?
Could I carry that bag far you?
В этом случае could - менее прямая и более вежливая форма, чем сап.
Would с такими глаголами, как like, prefer и rather, также употребляется для выражения
вежливой формы предложения и приглашения.
Would you like to go to a party on Saturday?
Would you like me to help you?
Would you prefer to stay in or go out this evening?
87
50 Suggestions shall, let's, why don't we, how/what about, can, could
EXERCISE 49A
Make offers in these situations using the words below.
Example: Shall I switch off something to drink?
I'll help you an umbrella if you like.
Would you like me to phone your coat?
Can I take the light?
Would you like some bags for you?
Could I carry for the doctor?
I can lend you do the washing up.
Would you like something to drink?
Note
-Относительно форм модальных глаголов will, shall, can, could и would CM. 35.2.
50 Suggestions (Предложение): shall, let's, why don't we, how/what about,

can, could
Shall.we? употребляется для выражения просьбы или предложения.

Where shall we go?
What time shall we leave?
Shall we stay at home?

Shall we play tennis tomorrow?
50 Suggestions: shall, let's, why don't we, how/what about, can, could
Предложение можно также выразить следующим образом:
1 Let's (+ infinitive without to)
Let's watch TV.

Let's go for a swim.
' (Let's - Let us)
Л Why don't we (,-*- mfmitive without to) *>
Why don't we go for a swim?

Why don't we play tennis?
How/What about (+ -ing form/noun) ?
How about playing tennis/a game of tennis?
Can и could употребляется для предложения возможных действий.

We can watch TV if you like^
We could go to the cinema tomorrow.
В этом случае, could - менее прямая и более вежливая форма, чем сап.
EXERCISE 50A
Peter and Sally are trying to decide what to do this evening.
Complete the conversation using the words in the box. Use some words more than once.
Why don Ч we Let's shall we How about could
Peter: So, what shall we do this evening?

Sally: Well, we haven't got much money 1 staying in and watching TV?
Peter: Oh, no! I'm fed up with watching TV.
Sally: 2 go out for a drink, then. We can afford one drink each.
Peter: All right. Where 3 go?
Sally: 4 go to The Tropical Bar? They have really good music there.
Peter: Yes, but the drinks are very expensive.
Sally: That's true. Well, we 5 go to the pub on the corner.
Peter: Yes. They have very good videos 6 go there.
Sally: I thought you said you were fed up with watching TV!
Note
-Относительно форм модальных глаголов shall, can и could, см. 35.2.
89
51 Habits (Привычные действия): used to, will, would
1 Used to
a Use
Used to + infinitive употребляется для выражения привычных действий в прошлом,
которые сейчас завершены.
Robert when he was younger Robert today
Robert used to play football when he was younger, but he stopped playing 20 years ago.
[Роберт регулярно играл в футбол в прошлом, но сейчас он не играет.]
More examples:
Kate used to go swimming a lot, but she never goes swimming now.
When I was a child, I used to suck my thumb.
Used to также употребляется для описания состояния и ситуаций в прошлом, не
существующих сейчас.
Robert used to be very slim when he was younger.
I used to live in London, but I moved in 1980.
Used to употребляется только для выражения в прошлом. Когда речь идет о настоящих
привычных действиях или состояниях, употребляется present simple.
Robert never plays football now.
Kate goes sailing quite often nowadays.
I live in Manchester.
Robert is quite fat.
Used to не употребляется для выражения длительности действия, т.е. как долго что-то
происходило.
/ worked in Rome for six months. (Not: / used to work in Rome for six months.)
90
51 Habits: used to, will, would
Form
Used to + infinitive принимает одну и ту же форму во всех лицах.
You play football.

He used to live in London.
She be very slim.
etc
Обычно отрицательная форма от used to - didn 't use to (= did not use to).
I didn't use to live in London.
You didn't use to like classical music.
Может также употребляться never used to, например: You never used to like classical music.
Вопросительная форма обычно образуется с помощью did... use to ... ?
Where did you use to live?
Did you use to like classical music?
Обратите внимание на отличительное произношение used /ju:st/ и use /ju:z/ в этой
конструкции.
Will и would
Will может употребляться для выражения обычного или привычного поведения,
свойственного кому-то.
Simon loves music. He'll sit for hours listening to his stereo.
Kate is very kind. She'll always help people if she can.
Would употребляется в том же значении для выражения действия в прошлом.
When I was a child my father would sometimes take me fishing.
My grandmother was very absent-minded. She would often buy something and then leave the
shop without it.
Will и would в этом случае не ударны.
Если на will или would падает ударение ('), то это предполагает критику.
Не 'will slam the door when he comes in. It really makes me angry.
'She borrowed my camera without asking.' 'She 'would do a thing like that. She's always
borrowing things without asking.'
Used to и would
Когда речь идет о привычных действиях в прошлом, могут употребляться used to или
would.
When we were children, we used to/would play Cowboys and Indians together.
When I was a child, my elder brother used to/would take me to the cinema every Saturday
morning.
Когда речь идет о состоянии в прошлом, может употребляться used to, но не would.
My grandfather used to be a policeman. (Not: My grandfather would be ...)
I used to have a moustache, but I shaved it off. (Not: I would have ...)
91
51 Habits: used to, will, would
EXERCISE 51A EXERCISE 5 IB

Put one verb in each sentence into the used to Complete the sentences using will or would and
form and the other verb into the present simple. one of the verbs in the box.
Examples: Example:
When Margot first became a doctor, she used to Robert has got a very bad memory. He'// often
work (work) in a small hospital in Brighton, but forget (often) where he's parked his car.
now she works (work) in a large hospital in
London. carry on spend lend go throw forget
1 Robert (be) interested in football, but he
1 Kate is very generous. She (always) you
(not | be) very interested in it any more.
money if you need it.
2 Nowadays Kate (never | go) dancing, but
2 Ken's grandfather was very mean. He
she (go) a lot before she was married.
(never) anything away if he could use it again.
3 That shop (be) a grocer's when I was a
3 Mr Woods is a real chatterbox! He
child. Now it (be) a supermarket.
talking for hours and hours if you give him a
4 Britain (have) military service, but it
chance.
(not | have) it any more.
4 When Simon was a child, he (often)
5 France (be) a republic now, but it
hours just looking out of the window.
(be) a monarchy.
5 Tm always tired these days.' 'Well, you
6 ' (you | like) history when you were at
to bed so late every night, it isn't
school?' 'No, I didn't, but now I. (find)
surprising!'
it quite interesting.'
EXERCISE 51C
Which of these sentences can be completed with either used to or would? Which of them can only be
completed with used to?
Examples:
We used to live in a village in the North of England.
When Robert was younger, he used to/would go running every morning.
1 When Andrew was a small baby he cry a lot.
2 When I was little, I be afraid of the dark.
3 When we were children, we visit my grandmother every Sunday afternoon.
4 When Mrs Woods was younger, she play tennis every weekend.
5 Years ago I have a motorbike.
6 There be quite a lot of cinemas in the town, but now there aren't any.
Note
-Относительно форм модальных will и would см. 35.2.
-He смешивайте used to + infinitive, например: Не used to get up very early и
be used to + -ing форма, например: He's used to getting up early. CM. 89.
92
52 Refusals (Отказ): won't, wouldn't
Won 't(= will not) употребляется для выражения отказа что-то выполнить или сделать со
стороны людей или предметов.
Annie won't do her homework. [Энни отказывается выполнить домашнее задание.]
This machine won't work. [Эта машина не хочет работать (не работает).]
Wouldn 't (would not) употребляется для выражения отказа что-то выполнить или делать со
стороны людей или предметов в прошлом.
This machine wouldn't work yesterday. [Эта машина не хотела работать вчера (не рабо-
тала).]
EXERCISE 52A
Replace the words in italics with ... won't... or ... wouldn't..., as in the examples.
Examples:
I asked my father, but he refused to lend me the money.
1 asked my father, but he wouldn't lend me the money.
I've decided to take the job and I refuse to change my mind.
I've decided to take the job and I won't change my mind.
11 pushed hard, but the window refused to open.
2 He's proposed to her, but she refuses to marry him.
3 I switched on the machine, but it refused to work.
4 I've warned her several times about leaving the windows unlocked, but she refuses to listen to me.
5 We've asked him, but he refuses to help us.
6 We couldn't drive to the country last weekend because my parents refused to let me use their car.
55 Promises and threats (Обещания и угрозы): will
Will может употребляться для выражения сильного намерения, как, например, в

обещаниях и угрозах.
I will be careful with the car, I promise.

I promise I won't be late tomorrow.
Stop making that noise or I'll scream!
93
54 May/might as well
EXERCISE 53A
Complete each sentence using will or won't and a verb from the box. Then say if the sentence is a
promise or a threat.
leave do tell hit throw pay speak
Example:
Don't touch my camera or I'll hit you! a threat
1 Don't worry. I you the money tomorrow.
2 It's getting late. If you don't hurry up, I without you.
3I anyone what you said. Don't worry.
4 I'm very sorry I shouted at you. I it again.
5 Get out of my room or I you out!
6 If you don't help me, I to you ever again.
54 May/might as well
May/might as well (+ infinitive without to) употребляется для выражения того, что должно
быть выполнено, поскольку нет достаточных оснований не выполнить.
'Shall we get a taxi or wait for the bus?' 'We might as well wait for the bus. We're not in a
hurry, are we?'
'Why don't we go out for a walk?' 'We may as well, I suppose. We haven't got anything else
to do.'
EXERCISE 54A
Make sentences from the table to go with these ideas.
Example:
You may as well switch off the TV. Nobody is watching it.
1 . It's not very far.
You may as well switch off - to the station.
2. . I'm too ill to go on holiday.
We might as well stay the table.
3. . It isn't going to stop raining.
We may as well walk the hotel bookings.
4. . No one wants any more to eat.
I might as well apply the TV.
5 . There's a chance I'll get it.
You might as well cancel at home today.
I might as well clear for the job.
94
55 Other uses of (Другие случаи употребления) should
1 Verb + should
Сочетание that... should может употребляться после глаголов suggest, insist, recommend,
agree; в неофициальном стиле that часто опускается.
/ suggest (that) he should see the doctor.
She insisted (that) I should take the money.
I agreed (that) we should tell the police.
Другие конструкции также возможны после этих глаголов. Например:
/ suggest (that) he sees the doctor, (the present)
She insisted (that) I took the money, (the past)
Adjective + should
Сочетание (that)... should может употребляться после прилагательных, которые
выражают чувства, например, surprised, sorry, shocked, interesting.
I was surprised (that) she should fail the exam.
I am sorry (that) he should feel so unhappy.
It is interesting (that) you should say that.
Сочетание (that)... should употребляется также после таких прилагательных, как
important и essential.
It is important (that) we should arrive on time.
Подобное значение может также быть выражено и без should.
I was surprised (that) she failed the exam.
It is important (that) we arrive on time.
EXERCISE 55A
Report these ideas using the verbs in brackets followed by (that)... should, as in the example.
Example:
You must visit us,' they said to me. (insist)
They insisted (that) I should visit them.
1 'Why don't you apply for the job?' she said to me. (suggest)
2 'Stay in bed for a few days,' the doctor said to him. (recommend)
3 'You must help me,' he said to me. (insist)
4 'Let's go to the cinema,' they said to us. (suggest)
5 Til pay for the damage,' I said to him. (agree)
6 Try the new Greek restaurant,' my friend said to us. (recommend)
95
56 Wish and if only
EXERCISE 55B
Complete each sentence using should and the most suitable verb in the box. Use
Example:
The situation is very difficult, but it is important that everyone should stay calm.
come give up pass stay feel
1 The doctor suggested that I smoking.

2 It's essential that Sarah the exams if she wants to go to university.
3 It was embarrassing that Simon into the room just as we were talking about him.
4 I'm sorry that you so angry. I didn't mean to upset you.
Note
-Should может употребляться после if, если возможность выражена не совсем определенно,
например: If I should see Maria, I'll give her your message. Should может также употребляться
вместо if, например: Should I see Maria, I'll give her your message. CM. 68.3, 73.4.
-Should в этом значении также употребляется после in case, например: /'// take an umbrella
with me when I go out in case it should rain. CM. 164.4.
56 Wish and if only
1 Wish и if only + past tense
Wish и if only могут употребляться с прошедшим временем и выражать сожаление

относительно настоящего времени (для выражения желания, которое на момент речи не
сбытЬчное).
/ wish I had a car. [Я хотел бы иметь автомобиль.]
/ wish he wasn 't so horrible to me. [Я хотел бы, чтобы он не был столь жесток ко мне.]
She wishes she could play the guitar. [Она хотела бы играть на гитаре.]
If only we knew Maria's address. [Если бы только мы знали адрес Марии.]
If only более эмфатично, чем wish.
Were вместо was часто употребляется после wish и if only, особенно в официальном стиле.
/ wish he weren 't so horrible to me.
If only I were better-looking. •
96
56 Wish aid if onto
Wish и if only + would
I wish you would stop making that noise.

Would употребляется после wish и if only в том случае, когда необходимо что-то
предотвратить или сделать по-иному.
/ wish you wouldn't slam the door when you come in. It makes me angry.
I wish he wouldn't leave his clothes lying all over the bathroom floor.
If only you would stop complaining!
Wish и if only + past perfect
Для выражения сожаления по поводу случившегося или не случившегося в прошлом
может употребляться wish и if only с past perfect (had + past participle).
Oh, I'm tired. I wish I'd gone to bed earlier last night. [Жаль, что вчера я не лег спать
раньше.]
/ wish I hadn 't stayed out so late. [Жаль, что,я так долго отсутствовал.]
If only you had explained the situation to me. [Если бы вы объяснили мне ситуацию.]
EXERCISE 56A
Read what this man thinks about himself on the left.
Complete what he says on the right.
I'm so shy. I wish I weren 't so shy.

1 don't know what to say to people. If only I knew what to say to people.
11 get embarrassed so quickly. I wish
2 I can't relax. I wish
31 find it so difficult to make friends I wish
4 I'm not good-looking. I wish
5 My ears are so big. If only
4. Английская грамматика
97
56 Wish and if only
EXERCISE 56B
Some people are complaining about the things they would like other people to do or to stop doing.
Complete what they are saying. Use would/wouldn't and the words in the box.
Example:
A zoo keeper: 'I wish people wouldn't feed the animals.'
take their litter home 1 A teacher: 'I wish my students '

pick the flowers 2 A hotel chambermaid: 'If only guests.
clean the bath after they've used it 3 A park keeper: 'I wish people '
do their homework on time 4 A street cleaner: 'If only people
feed the animals 5 A travel guide: 'I wish people '
keep together on a tour
EXERCISE 56C
Each of these people did something yesterday which they now regret.
What does each person wish?
Use Не/She wishes... and the words in the box.
Example:
(try) to lift a heavy table on her own

(go) out in the rain without an umbrella
(eat) less
(drive) more carefully
(stay) in the sun so long
Mrs A has caught a bad cold.

She wishes she hadn 't gone out in the rain without an umbrella.
Miss В has got Mr С has got an Mr D has hurt his Mrs E has hurt
very bad awful leg in a car crash. her back.
sunburn. stomachache.
98
57 Would rather (Предпочитать)
1 Would rather означает 'предпочитать'. После would rather употребляется infinitive без to.
would rather + infinitive without to
'Would you like to go on holiday in June ?' 'I'd rather go in July.'

Would you rather meet on Monday or Tuesday?
Отрицательная форма образуется следующим образом с would rather not:
I'd rather not lend him any money.
Обратите также внимание на конструкцию would rather (do something) than (do something
else).
I'd rather take a taxi to the station than go by bus.
2 Would rather + past tense может также употребляться для выражения того, что одно лицо
предпочитало бы, чтобы другое что-то сделало.
would rather + subject + past tense
I'd rather you didn 't open that window. I'm cold.
'Do you want me to go home ?' 'I'd rather you stayed here.'
I'd rather John didn't borrow my car.
Здесь употребляется прошедшее время, например, you didn't open, you stayed, John didn't
borrow, однако значение относится к настоящему или будущему времени, но не к
прошедшему.
EXERCISE 57 А
Complete the sentences using would rather and the verbs in the box. Use each verb only once.
Example:
What would you like to drink? Would you rather have (you) wine or beer?
listen do not play go have stay
1 'Shall we go out this evening?' 'I think I at home.'

2 It's a beautiful day. Shall we go to the beach or (you) to the country?
3 'Would you like to watch TV?' 'I to some music.'
4 We could wait for the next bus or walk home. What (you) ?
5 The weather is too hot for me. I tennis this afternoon.
99
58 It's time
EXERCISE 57B
You are speaking to a friend. Complete the sentences using I'd rather you and the past form of the
verbs in the box. Use each verb only once.
come not open stay phone not turn on
Example:
You could go now if you want to. but I'd rather you stayed a bit longer.
1 the window. I'm rather cold.
21 could phone the restaurant if you like, but them.
3 the TV if you don't mind. I've got a terrible headache.
4 'Shall I come and see you tomorrow morning?' ' in the afternoon. I'll be quite busy in the
morning.'
58 It's time (Пора, время)
1 После конструкции it's time (for someone [для кого-то]) может употребляться to infinitive.
It's time for us to leave. It's time to go to bed now.
2 It's time + past tense может также употребляться, когда речь идет о том, что кто-то должен
был что-то уже сделать.
Your bedroom is in a terrible mess. Don't you think it's time you cleaned it?
I'm tired. It's time I went to bed.
Здесь употребляется past tense, например, you cleaned, I went, однако значение
соотносится с настоящим или будущим временем, но не с прошедшим.
Можно также употреблять it's about time.
Your bedroom is in a terrible mess. Don't you think it's about time you cleaned it?
EXERCISE 58B
Complete the sentences using it's time and a past tense.
Andrew's hair looks awful. He hasn't washed it for a long time. He says: It's time I washed my hair.
1 Simon received a bill two weeks ago, but he still hasn't paid it. His friends asks
him: Don't you think ?
2 You're taking an important exam next month, but you haven't started studying for it yet.
You say:
3 Sally promised to phone a friend, Mike, two weeks ago, but she still hasn't
phoned him. Her mother says: Don't you think ?
4 There is something wrong with your car. You've been thinking of taking it to
the garage for weeks now! You say:
100
The passive: general (Страдательный залог: общие положения)
1 Form
Страдательный залог глаголов в различных временных формах образуется с помощью be
(например, is, was, is being, have been) + past participle.
Present simple: am/are/is + past participle
The office is locked every evening.
Present continuous: am/are/is + being + past participle
The house is being painted at the moment.
Past simple: was/were + past participle
My car was stolen last night.
Past continuous: was/were + being + past participle
The bridge was being repaired last week.
Present perfect simple: have/has + been + past participle
Sarah has been invited to the party.
Past perfect simple: had + been + past participle
/ thought that you had been told the news.
Past continuous passives (have/has/had + been being + past participle) употребляется очень
редко.
The past participle of regular verbs ends in -ed eg locked, painted. Irregular verbs have different
past participle forms eg steal —> stolen, tell —> told (CM. 190).
When we add -ed to verbs, there are sometimes changes in spelling eg stop —> stopped. CM.
188.3,4, 6. Относительно произношения -ed см. 187.2.
3 Compare these active and passive sentences:
Active: Лimeone locks the office every evening.
Passive: The office is locked every evening.
Active: S 'omeone has invited Sarah to the party.
Passive: Sarah has been invited to the party.
Обратите внимание, что дополнение глагола в действительном залоге (например, the

office, Sarah) становится подлежащим в страдательном залоге.
Правила выбора времени в страдательном залоге те же, что и в действительном.

Например, если речь идет о том, что находится сейчас в развитии, употребляется present
continuous.
The house is being painted at the moment.
101
59 The passive: general
2 Use
a Passive часто употребляется в том случае, когда неизвестно, кто или что является
производителем действия.
My car was stolen last night. [Мой автомобиль был угнан прошлой ночью.] (Мне не
известно, кто угнал автомобиль.)
b Passive употребляется также в том случае, когда производитель действия не представляет
интереса.
The factory was painted during the war.
Sarah has been invited to the party.
В этих предложениях для нас интерес представляет фабрика и Сара, а не то, кто покрасил
фабрику или кто пригласил Сару.
Passive также употребляется в том случае, когда нет необходимости указывать конкретно,
кто или что производит что-то. Compare:
Active: I made a mistake.
Passive: A mistake was made.
EXERCISE 59A
What is being done in these pictures? Complete the sentences using the present continuous
passive of these verbs: paint, feed, milk, count, repair, cut, clean.
Example:
1 The road
2 The fence
3 The cows
4 The windows.
5 The cats
6 The money
The grass is being cut.
102
EXERCISE 59B
Compare the two pictures. Picture A shows a room some time ago in the past. Picture В shows the
same room as it is now. What is different? Complete the sentences using the present perfect simple
passive of these verbs: repair, paint, take out, put up, clean. Use some verbs more than once.
Example: A
In picture В ...
The door has been repaired.
Some new curtains have been put up.
1 The window.
2 The carpet _
3 The walls
4 The light.
5 Some posters
6 The old fireplace.
EXERCISE 59C
Complete the sentences.
(i) Use the present simple passive of the verbs in the box.
use play destroy speak export make
Example:
Bread is made from wheat.
1 Football all over the world.
2 Millions of cars from Japan every year.
3 A compass for showing direction.
4 How many languages in Switzerland?
5 Millions of trees by pollution every year.
103
(ii) Use the past simple passive of the verbs in the box.
discover invent play assassinate paint build
Example:
President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas in 1963.
1 The 1990 World Cup for soccer in Italy.
3 The first pyramids of Egypt around 3000 BC.

4 Penicillin by Alexander Renting in 1928.
5 The Mona Lisa (La Gioconda) by Leonardo da Vinci.
(iii) Use the past continuous or past perfect passive of the verbs in the box.
not invite eteaa sell repair interview steal
Example:
I couldn't wear my suit last Saturday. It was being cleaned.
1 When I got back to the car park, my car wasn't there. It
2 We couldn't use the photocopier this morning. It
3 By the time I arrived at the concert hall, there were no tickets left. They
4 We didn't go to the party on Saturday because we
5 The man admitted stealing the money while he by the police.
EXERCISE 59D
Choose the correct form: active or passive.
Example:
A valuable painting stele/was stolen from the Central Art Gallery late last night.
The thieves entered/were entered the gallery through a small upstairs window.
1 Walt Disney created/was created the cartoon character Mickey Mouse.
2 This problem discussed/was discussed at the last meeting.
3 In 1964 Martin Luther King won/was won the Nobel Peace Prize. In 1968 he
assassinated/was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee.
4 The president arrived/was arrived in Rome yesterday afternoon. Later he
interviewed/was interviewed on Italian TV.
5 Teachers have given/have been given a new pay rise by the government. The news
announced/was announced earlier today.
Note
-Относительно страдательного залога см. также 60-64.
104
т«0 The passive: infinitive and -ing forms
(Страдательный залог: инфинитив и -ing формы)
1 Существует форма passive infinitive: be + past participle. Она употребляется после

модальных глаголов (must, can, will, etc) и ряда других конструкций (например, going to,
have to, want to и would like to).
This door must be kept locked.
The job can't be done.
He's going to be interviewed next week.
The new motorway will be opened next summer.
I don't want to be disturbed.
Существует форма passive perfect infinitive: have been + past participle. Она может упот-
ребляться для выражения прошедшего времени.
The newspaper may have been thrown away last night.
We should have been told about the dangers.
Существует также -ing форма в страдательном залоге: being + past participle.
/ don't like being cheated.
He remembers being given the book.

Put these sentence into the passive (leaving out Complete the sentences using the passive per-
someone, they, we). fect infinitive.
Example: Example:
Someone might steal the car. The car might be Why doesn't Kate know about the meeting? She
stolen. should have been told (tell) ages ago.
1 Someone will clean the room. 1 'Sally is late this evening.' 'She might
2 They had to cut down that tree. (delay) at work.'
3 Someone should tell Sally what happened. 2 Why is all this rubbish still here? It ought to
4 They're going to build a new hospital. (throw away) yesterday.
5 We can solve the problem. 3 The sweater I wanted to buy isn't in the shop
6 Someone has to finish the job. window any more. It must (sell).
7 They may send the man to prison. 4 It was lucky that you didn't fall off the ladder.
8 We must do something now. You might (kill).
5 You shouldn't have left all that money in your
hotel room. It could (steal).
105
61 Using get instead of be in the passive
EXERCISE 60C
Put these sentences into the passive, as in the example.
Example:
I don't like people shouting at me. / don't like being shouted at.
I1 don't like people staring at me.
21 can't stand people telling me what to do.
3 I don't like people interrupting me.
41 dislike people making jokes about me.
51 enjoy people praising me.
61 Using get instead of be in the passive

(Употребление get вместо be в страдательном залоге)
Иногда для образования страдательного залога глаголов употребляется get (+ past

participle) вместо be (+ past participle). Это происходит, например, когда речь идет о
вещах, просходящих случайно или неожиданно.
My flat got burgled when I was on holiday.
I was surprised that I didn 't get invited to the party.
My parents' fence got blown down in the storm.
Get употребляется главным образом в неофициальном стиле.
EXERCISE 61 А
Billy Palmer was a burglar once. He is speaking about a night some years ago when every-
thing went wrong for him.
Complete Palmer's story using the past simple passive with get.
'It was terrible. First of all, my jeans got ripped (rip) as I was climbing over the
garden wall. Then I 1 (stick) climbing through the bathroom window. Then I
2 (bit) by a dog inside the house. The dog made so much noise that everyone
in the house woke up and I 3 (hit) over the head with an umbrella. Then,
when I finally got out of the house, there was a police car waiting there. But, to my
surprise, I 4 (not | caught) that night. Although it wouldn't really have
mattered if I had. Two weeks later, I 5 (arrest) burgling another house and I
6 (sentence) to three years in prison.'
106
2 Verbs with two objects in the passive
(Глаголы с двумя дополнениями в страдательном залоге)
Некоторые глаголы, например give, могут иметь два дополнения.

Someone gave Jimmy the money. (Jimmy и the money - два дополнения.)
В подобных случаях можно образовать два разных предложения в страдательном залоге.
1
; Jimmy was given the money. The money was given to Jimmy.
\
Вообще, для предложений в страдательном залоге более обычно, когда их начинают с
лица.
Вот некоторые глаголы, которые могут иметь два дополнения: send, offer, show, pay,
teach, promise и tell.
I was sent a telegram.
She will be told the news.
EXERCISE 62A
Put these sentences into the passive, beginning with the words given.
Example:
They promised Robert an interview for the job. Robert was promised an interview for the job.
1 They showed Sarah the photographs. 4 I hope that someone will give Sally the mes-
Sarah sage. I hope that Sally
2 Normally, they pay me my salary every 5 They didn't ask me for my address. I
month. Normally, I 6 I thought that someone had told you about the
3 I think that they have sent us the wrong tick- meeting. I thought that you
ets. I think that we
3 The passive with by and with (Страдательный залог с by и with)
By + agent (агенс)
Compare:
Active: Marconi invented the radio.
Passive: The radio was invented by Marconi.

Active: The strong winds blew down a number of trees.
Passive: Л number of trees were blown down by the strong winds.
Иногда подлежащее в предложении в действительном залоге (например, Marconi, the

strong winds) употребляется как 'агенс' в предложении в страдательном залоге. Когда это
имеет место, для введения агенса в страдательном залоге употребляется by.
By + агенс употребляется лишь только в том случае, когда важно знать, кто или что от-
ветственно за выполнение чего-то.
107
64 It is said that he... /He is said to... etc
With + instrument (орудие)

With употребляется в сочетании с орудием, которое выступает как агенс и что-то
выполняет. Compare:
/ was hit with an umbrella. I was hit by an old lady.
With + material (вещество)

With также употребляется, когда речь идет о веществе или составных частях.
The room was filled with smoke.
Irish coffee is made with whiskey.

Complete the sentences using the past simple Complete the sentences with by or with. Exam-
passive of the verbs in the box and by. ple:
paint write compose and sing My desk was covered with papers.
invent discover direct
1 These photos were taken a very cheap
Example: camera.
2 These photos were taken my sister.
The Old Man and the Sea was written by Ernest
3 The cake was made dried fruit.
Hemingway.
4 The cake was made my aunt.
1 Radium Pierre and Marie Curie. 5 The garage was painted. . a new kind of
2 The Goldrush Charlie Chaplin. paint.
3 Imagine John Lennon. 6 The garage was painted . a friend of mine.
4 The safety razor King Camp Gillette. 7 The safe was blown open. _ the robbers.
5 The Chair Vincent van Gogh. 8 The safe was blown open. _ dynamite.
64 It is said that he... /He is said to... etc (Говорят ... и др.)
Когда речь идет о том, что другие люди говорят, считают и т.д., можно употреблять две
формы в страдательном залоге. Compare:
Active: People say that Mr Ross is a millionaire.
Passive (1): It + passive + that-clmse

It is said that Mr Ross is a millionaire.
Passive (2): Subject + passive + to infinitive

Mr Ross is said to be a millionaire.
108
64 It is said that he... /He is said to... etc
Эти формы в страдательном залоге часто употребляются в официальном стиле со

следующими глаголами:
say think believe consider understand know
report expect allege claim acknowledge
It is believed that they own a lot of land in the north.
They are believed to own a lot of land in the north.
It is reported that the president is seriously ill.
The president is reported to be seriously ill.
It is expected that a new law will be introduced next year.
A new law is expected to be introduced next year.
Когда мнение и т.д. относится к более раннему действию, употребляется 'perfect
infinitive' (to have + past participle). Compare:
It is believed that the fire started late last night.
The fire is believed to have started late last night.
It was thought that two prisoners had escaped.
Two prisoners were thought to have escaped.
Be supposed to
Supposed to может употребляться в значении "говорят, считают".

I'd like to read that book. It's supposed to be very good. [Считают, что она очень хорошая.]
He's supposed to have been married before. [Полагают, что он был ранее женат.]
Supposed to иногда предполагает некоторое сомнение относительно истинности или
неистинности чего-то.
Обратите внимание, что supposed to употребляется также для выражения ожидаемого
действия как результата долга, предварительной договоренности или существующих
правил, например: I'm supposed to see Maria this afternoon. CM. 42.3.
EXERCISE 64A
Read each sentence. Then make two new sen- 1 People say that the monument is over 2000
tences in the passive, beginning with the words years old.
in brackets. (It) (The monument)
P , 2 People expect that the president will resign.
bxample:
(It) (The president)
People expect that taxes will be reduced soon. 3 People think the fire started at about 8 o'clock.
(It) (Taxes) (It) (The fire)
It is expected that taxes will be reduced soon. 4 Journalists reported that seven people had been
Taxes are expected to be reduced soon. injured in the fire.
(It) (Seven people)
109
65 Have something done
EXERCISE 64B
1 People say that the new film is very violent.
Read each sentence. Then make a new sentence
2 People say that those cars are rather unreliable.
with be + supposed to, as in the example.
3 People say that he moved to New York last
Example: year.
4 People say that the new restaurant is very ex-
People say that Whitby is a very nice town.
pensive.
Whitby is supposed to be a very nice town.
5 People say that the concert was very good.
Form
have + object + past participle
/ am having a garage built at the moment.
How often do you have your hair cut?
We had our computer serviced last week.
Simon has just had a suit made.
You should have your eyes tested.
Are you going to have new carpets fitted in your flat?
The past participle of regular verbs ends in -ed eg painted, serviced. Irregular verbs have
different past participle forms eg build —»built, cut —> cut (see 190).
When we add -ed to verbs, there are sometimes changes in spelling eg fit —»fitted. See 188.6.
For the pronunciation of -ed, see 187.2.
2 Use
a Конструкция have something done употребляется для выражения ситуации, в которой для
выполнения чего-то для одних привлекаются другие лица.
I'm having a garage built at the moment.

Compare:
I'm building a garage at the moment. [Я сейчас строю гараж. (Я строю гараж сам.)]
I'm having a garage built at the moment. [Мне строят сейчас гараж. (Я нанял кого-то,
чтобы это сделали для меня.)]
More examples:
We had the carpet cleaned by a professional carpet cleaner. We didn 't do it ourselves.
I usually have my car serviced at a garage in East Street.
110
Have something done может также употребляться в ситуациях, когда никто не привлекает-
ся для выполнения чего-то.
/ had my leg broken in a football match.
We had our fence blown down in a storm last week.
Have something done часто употребляется таким образом, когда с кем-то происходит что-
то неприятное или неожиданное.
Обратите внимание, что get something done может часто употребляться вместо have
something done, особенно, в неофициальном стиле, например: / must get this jacket cleaned.
EXERCISE 65A
What are these people having done? Make sentences using the words in the box.
Example: a photograph (take) their flat (decorate)
1 They're having their flat decorated. a tooth (take out) her windows (clean)
a suit (make) her hair (do).
EXERCISE 65B
Complete the sentences using the correct form of have something done.
Example:
I haven't had my central heating serviced (my central heating | service) since last autumn.
1 Are you going to (these shoes | repair) or shall I throw them away?
2 My neighbours are (an extension | build) onto their house at the moment.
31 must (my glasses | mend). They keep falling off.
4 Where do you (your hair | do)? It always looks very nice.
5I (four new tyres | fit) on my car last month.
6 I've just (my suit | dry-clean).
Ill
66 When and if
EXERCISE 65C
Something unpleasant happened to each of these people last week. Make sentences
using have something done.
Example:
Kate had her wallet stolen (her wallet | steal) from her bag while she was out shopping.
1 Peter (his flat | burgle) while he was out at work.
2 Mr and Mrs Woods (the roof of their house | damage) in a storm.
3 Lynne (the radio | steal) from her car.
4 My brother (his nose | break) in a football match.
66 When and if
Compare:
If употребляется в том случае, когда нет When употребляется в том случае, когда
уверености в том, что что-то произойдет. есть уверенность в том, что что-то
произойдет.
I f l see Sarah, I'll invite her to the party. When I see Sally, I'll invite her to the party.
[Если я увижу Сару, я приглашу ее на [Когда я увижу Сэлли, я приглашу ее на
вечеринку. (Вероятно, я увижу Сару, вечеринку. (Я уверен, что увижу Сэлли.)]
вероятно, нет.)]
I'll visit Martin if I go to Manchester. [Я I'll visit Martin when I go to Manchester.
навещу Мартина, если поеду в [Я навещу Мартина, когда поеду в
Манчестер. (Вероятно, я поеду в Манчестер. (Я уверен, что поеду в
Манчестер, вероятно, нет.)] Манчестер.)]
EXERCISE 66A
Cindy lives in Brighton. She is going to visit her friend Sarah in London on Sunday. Complete the
telephone conversation using if or when.
Sarah: What time are you coming on Sunday, Cindy?
Cindy: I'm not sure yet. There's a train from Brighton at 9.00. Ifl take that one, I'll arrive in Lon-
don at 10.20. The next train is at 9.35 1 I catch that one, I won't be there until 11.25.
Sarah: Will you phone me 2 you know which train you're catching? I'd like to meet you
at the station 3 you arrive.
Cindy: Yes, all right. I may phone you tomorrow. But 4 I don't, I'll phone you on Friday
evening. OK?
Sarah: All right. What would you like to do _ 5 you're here on Sunday?
Cindy: Shall we go for a walk 6 the weather is fine?
Sarah: Yes, all right. We could go to the zoo 7 you like!
Note
-Иногда if= when (ever). CM. 72.
-Относительно предложений с if см. также 67-74.
112
67 Conditionals: introduction (Условное наклонение: введение)
If может употребляться со многими различними конструкциями. Ниже представлены

наиболее употребительные:
Open present or future conditionals (see 68)
If+ present simple + will + infinitive
If he asks me, I'll help him. [Если он меня попросит, я ему помогу. (Возможно, он
попросит меня.)]
Unreal present or future conditionals (see 69)
If+ past simple + would + infinitive
If he asked me I would help him. [Если бы он попросил меня, я бы ему помог. (Но он не
попросит меня или он, возможно, не попросит.)]
Unreal past conditionals (see 71)
If+ past perfect + would have + past participle
If he had asked me, I would have helped him. [Если бы он попросил меня, я бы ему помог.
(Но он не попросил меня.)]
General conditionals (see 72)
If+ present simple + present simple
If he asks me, I always help him. [Если он меня попросит, я всегда ему помогу. (Когда бы
он меня ни попросил ...)]
Придаточное предложение с //может находиться как перед главным предложением, так и

после него.
If it rains, I'll stay at home.
I'll stay at home if it rains.
Часто после придаточного предложения с //, когда оно стоит перед главным предложени-
ем, ставится запятая (,).
Сослагательное наклонение может употребляться и без //(см.: 73).

Unless we hurry, we'll be late.
Suppose you won a lot of money, what would you do?
113
68 Open present or future conditionals
(Открытое настоящее время или будущее условное наклонение)
Basic form (See also 3 below.)

/F-CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE
(ПРИДАТОЧНОЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЕ С IF) (ГЛАВНОЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЕ)
If I go out, I'll buy a newspaper,
If you don't study, you won't pass your exam,
If they offer you the job what will you do ?
if+ present simple + will + infinitive without to
Эта конструкция часто называется 'первое сослагательное наклонение' ('first conditional').
Use
Эта конструкция употребляется в том случае, когда существует предположение, что
действие в придаточном предложении с //произойдет в будущем.
Iflgo out, I'll buy a newspaper. [Если я выйду, я куплю газету. (Возможно, я куплю
газету, возможно, нет.)]
If we have enough time, we'll visit Robert. [Если у нас будет достаточно времени, мы
навестим Роберта. (Возможно, у нас будет достаточно времени, возможно, нет.)]
Эта конструкция также употребляется в том случае, когда существует предположение,
что действие в придаточном предложении с if реально в настоящем времени.
If you're hungry, I'll make you something to eat. [Если вы голодны, я приготовлю вам что-
то поесть. (Возможно, вы голодны, возможно, нет.)]
Other forms
Можно также употреблять shall вместо will с I и we в главном предложении.
If I fail the exam, I shall take it again.
В этой конструкции может употребляться модальный глагол, например, can, may вместо
will в главном предложении.
If we have enough time, we can visit Robert.
В главном предложении может также употребляться повелительное наклонение.
If you see Maria, give her a message for me, please.
В придаточном предложении с if может употребляться present perfect или present continu-
ous вместо present simple.
If you have finished the letter, I'll post it for you.
I'll come back later if you're working now.
Можно также употреблять should после г/в случае, когда существует меньшая
уверенность в возможности действия. Compare:
I f l see Maria, I'll give her your message. I f l should see Maria. I'll give her your message.
(Возможно, я увижу Марию.) (Я менее уверен, что увижу Марию.)
Когда существует меньшая уверенность в выполнении действия, предложение может на-
чинаться с should.
Should I see Maria, I'll give her your message.
69 Unreal present or future conditionals

Put the verbs into the correct form: will/won't or Complete the sentences using the words in the
the present simple. Are these things true? box.
Example: Example:
If we keep on (keep on) using more and more If I don't leave now, I might be late.
cars, we'// run out (run out) of oil.
have finished can lend might be should need
llfwe (run out) of oil, we. - (need)
are feeling may go should phone
other kinds of energy.
2 Pollution (increase) if we (use)
1 If you need any more money I. you some.
more oil and coal.
2 You can go now if you
3 If pollution (increase), more and more
3 If the weather is fine tomorrow, we _ _for a
trees (die).
picnic.
4 The climate (change) if more trees
4 Just ask me if you any help.
(die).
5 If anyone for me while I am out, tell them
5 If we (try) to control pollution, it
I'll be back at 4 o'clock.
(be) very expensive.
6 Go to bed now if you tired.
6 If we (not control) pollution soon, it
(be) too late!
Unreal present or future conditionals

(Нереальное настоящее или будущее сослагательное наклонение)
1 Basic form (See also 3 below.)

! /F-CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE
If 1 had a lot of money, I'd travel round the world,
If he got up earlier, he wouldn't be late for work.
If you didn't pass the exam, would you take it again?
if+ past simple + would + infinitive without to

Эта конструкция часто называется 'второе сослагательное наклонение' ('second condi-
tional').
Use
Эта конструкция употребляется для выражения нереальных настоящих или будущих си-
туаций.
If I had a lot of money, I'd travel round the world. [Если бы у меня было много денег, я бы
путешествовал по всему свету. (Но у меня денег немного.)]
If I didn't feel so tired. I'd come out with you. [Если бы я не был столь уставшим, я бы по-
шел с тобой. (Но я чувствую себя очень уставшим.)]
If the weather was nice, I'd go to the beach. [Если бы погода была прекрасной, я бы пошел
на пляж. (Но погода не прекрасная.)]
115
69 Unreal present or future conditionals
Такие предложения также употребляются для выражения маловероятных настоящих или

будущих ситуаций.
If she really loved you, she wouldn't be so horrible to you.
If I won a lot of money, I'd take a long holiday.
Форма past tense, например had, loved, не имеет значения прошедшего времени в этих
предложениях; она имеет гипотетическое настоящее или будущее значение.
Other forms
Часто после if употребляется were вместо was, особенно в более официальном стиле.
If the weather were nice, I'd go to the beach.
I'd come out for a walk with you if I weren't so busy.
Часто if I were you употребляется для выражения совета.
If I were you, I'd apply for the job.
В главном предложении вместо would могут употребляться модальные глаголы might или
could.
Ifl won a lot of money. I might stop working. (= ... Я бы, вероятно, прекратил работать.)
/ could repair the car, if I had the right tools. (= Я бы смог отремонтировать
автомобиль...)
EXERCISE 69A

Example:
What would this woman do if she knew the boy was there? do, know
1 If she he was there, she him to go away. know, tell
2 She her purse and perhaps she the police. move, call
3 What the boy if he the two policemen were nearby? do, know
4 If he , he to take the woman's purse. know, not | try
5 Perhaps he away if he. . them. run, see
116
70 Open and unreal present or future conditionals (Открытое и нереальное
настоящее или будущее сослагательное наклонение)
'Открытое' сослагательное наклонение (см.: 68) употребляется для выражения

возможных настоящих или будущих ситуаций.
If you need the money, I'll lend it to you. [Если вам нужны деньги, то я вам одолжу (Веро-
ятно, вам нужны деньги.)]
If we leave at 1.30. we'll arrive at 2.30. [Если мы уедем в 1.30, то прибудем в 2.30. (Веро-
ятно, мы уедем в 1.30.)]
'Нереальное' сослагательное наклонение (см.: 69) употребляется для выражения нере-
альных или маловероятных настоящих или будущих ситуаций.
If you needed the money, I'd lend it to you. [Если бы вам нужны были деньги, то я вам
одолжил бы. (Но вам не нужны деньги или вы, вероятно, не нуждаетесь в них.)]
If we left at 2.00, we'd arrive late. [Если бы мы уехали в 1.30, то прибыли бы в 2.30. (Но мы
не уедем в 2.00 или мы, вероятно, тогда не уедем.)]
EXERCISE 70A
Find the endings. Put the verbs into the correct form.
Example: 1 I'd give up work if I were a millionaire.
1 I'd give up work if it (be) a nice day tomorrow.
2 We'll go for a picnic. if I (not | have) such a big nose.
3 If I took more exercise, the world (be) a better place.
4 I'll watch TV tonight I (go) to the concert next week.
5 I'd be better-looking (be) a millionaire.
6 If people weren't so greedy, (not | go) out.
7 If I can get a ticket, (not | be) so unfit.
71 Unreal past conditionals

(Нереальное прошедшее сослагательное наклонение)
Basic form (See also 3 below.)

If the weather had been nice yesterday, I would have gone to the beach.
If I had studied hard, I would have passed the exam.
If you hadn 't missed your bus, you wouldn't have been late for school.
If I hadn't helped you, what would you have done?
if+ past perfect + would have + past participle
Эта конструкция часто называется 'третье сослагательное наклонение' ('third
conditional').
Стяжение had и would - 'd. If I'd (- had) studied hard, I'd (= would) have passed the exam.
117
72 General conditionals
Use
Эта конструкция употребляется для выражения нереальных ситуаций в прошлом.
If the weather had been nice yesterday, I would have gone to the beach. (Но погода не была
прекрасной.)
If I'd studied hard, I would have passed the exam. (Но я не занимался прилежно.)
If you hadn't missed your bus, you wouldn't have been late for school. (Но вы опоздали на
автобус.)
Other forms
В главном предложении вместо would могут употребляться модальные глаголы might и
could.
If you had taken the exam, you might have passed it. (= ... вы, вероятно, сдали бы его.)
/ could have repaired the car, if I'd had the right tools. (= Я бы смог отремонтировать
автомобиль...)
EXERCISE 71 А EXERCISE 7 IB
Put the verbs into the correct form: the past per- Read the situation. Then make a sentence with
fect, or would (n 't) have + past participle. '/•
Example: Example:
She would have spoken to you if she had seen I didn't have time. I didn't go shopping.
(see) you. If I'd had time, I would have gone shopping.
1 If I (not | be) so busy yesterday, I would 1 She was ill. She didn't go to work.
have visited you. 2 It rained all morning. We didn't go out.
2 If you had seen the film, you (enjoy) it. 3 She didn't have enough money. She couldn't
3 She would have gone to university if she buy the shoes.
(have) the opportunity. 41 wasn't hungry. I didn't have breakfast.
4 If he had been more careful, he (not | 5 He was tired. He made a mistake.
have) an accident. 6 We didn't have a map. We got lost.
72 General conditionals (Общее сослагательное наклонение)

Form
If I have a big lunch, it makes me sleepy,
If you mix yellow and blue, you get green.
if+ present simple + present simple
Use
Эта конструкция употребляется для выражения привычных действий и общих истин
(здесь if= whenever).
If I have a big lunch, it makes me sleepy. (= Когда бы я хорошо не пообедал ...)
If you mix yellow and blue, you get green. (= Когда бы вы не смешали желтый и синий
цвета...)
.18
73 Conditional clauses without if
EXERCISE 72A
Join each idea in A with the most suitable idea from B.
Example:
1 If I get a headache, I usually take some aspirin.
В
1 If I get a headache, __ they die
2 I feel terrible, it makes me feel nervous
3 If I drink too much coffee, if you don't get enough exercise
4 If flowers don't get any water, • I usually take some aspirin
5 You put on weight if I don't get 8 hours' sleep a night

(Придаточные предложения условия без if)
В придаточных предложениях условия вместо if могут употребляться другие слова:

Unless
Unless может употребляться в значении 'if... not' ["если.. .не"].
Unless you put on some suncream, you 'II get sunburnt. [Если вы не воспользуетесь кремом
от солнца... ]
/ won't go to the party unless you go too. [ . . . если вы также не пойдете.]
Unless часто употребляется в выражениях угрозы, например: Unless you stop making that
noise, I'll scream! и предупреждений, например: You'll be hungry later unless you eat now.
Compare if and unless:
If you eat now, you won't be hungry later. Unless you eat now. you 'II be hungry later.
I'll go to the party if you go too. I won't go to the party unless you go too.
As/So long as, provided/providing (that)
As/so long as и provided/providing (that) употребляется в значении 'if but only if ["лишь в
случае, если"].
You can borrow my camera as long as you're careful with it. [... лишь в случае, если вы
будете с ней осторожны.]
I'll go to the party provided you go too. [ . . . лишь в случае, если вы также пойдете.]
And и or (else)
Для объединения двух идей иногда употребляется and вместо придаточного предложения
условия.
Stay in bed for a few days and you 'II be fine. [Отлежитесь в кровати в течение нескольких
дней, и вы будуте хорошо себя чувствовать.]
Or (else) может употребляться в значении 'if not' ["если не"] или 'otherwise' ["иначе"].
Don't try to lift that box or (else) you 'II hurt yourself. [He пытайтесь поднять тот ящик, иначе
вы себя травмируете.]
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Should
Should может употребляться вместо if, когда существует меньшая уверенность
возможности выполнения действия. Compare:
If we have enough time, we'll visit Robert. Should we have enough time, we'll visit
[Если у нас будет достаточно времени, Robert. [Будь у нас достаточно времени, мы
мы навестим Роберта. (Вероятно, у нас бы навестили Роберта. (Я не совсем уверен,
будет достаточно времени.)] что у нас будет достаточно времени.)]
В этом значении should может также употребляться после if, например: If we should have
enough time, we 'II visit Robert. CM. 69.3.
Suppose/supposing
Suppose или supposing может также употребляться вместо if, особенно в предложениях с
нереальным условием.
Suppose/Supposing you won a lot of money, what would you do?

Rephrase the sentences using unless. Choose the correct word or expression.
Example: Example:
If we don't leave now, we'll miss the start of the We'll have a picnic tomorrow unless/provided it
film. rains.
Unless we leave now, we'll miss the start of the 1 Unless/Provided you tell the truth, everything
film. will be all right.
1 If you don't wear your coat, you'll be cold. 2 In Britain you can marry at the age of sixteen
2 I'll phone you, if you don't phone me first. unless/providing you have your parents' per-
3 He won't receive the letter tomorrow if you mission.
don't post it before 1 o'clock today. 3 He won't forgive you unless/as long as you
4 I won't go to school tomorrow if I don't feel say you're sorry.
better. 4 Unless/Providing you lend me the money, I
5 I can't write to you if you don't give me your won't be able to go on holiday.
address. 5 I'll buy the car unless/as long as it's not too
6 Your cough won't get better if you don't stop expensive.
smoking.
EXERCISE 73C
Read the sentence. Make a new sentence with the same meaning using the word (s) in brackets.
Example:
If you don't lend me your map, I'll get lost, (or)
Lend m.e your map or I'll get lost.
If you do as I say,,everything will be all right, (and)
Do as I say and everything will be all right.
1 If you don't stop making that noise, I'll hit you. (or)
2 If you take this umbrella, you won't get wet. (and)
3 If you don't drive more carefully, you'll have an accident, (or else)
4 If you help me, I'll help you. (and)
74 Review of conditionals
EXERCISE 73D
Complete the sentences using should I/he/she and the verbs in the box.
Example: I think I'll arrive at the meeting on time, but should I be late, please start without me.
miss change ее need fail
11 think I've got enough money, but any more, I'll borrow some.
2 I'm sure he'll pass the exam, but , he can always take it again.
31 don't think I'll go to the party, but my mind I'll let you know.
4 She expects to catch the last bus, but it, she'll take a taxi.
EXERCISE 73E
Join each idea in A with the most suitable idea from B. Make sentences beginning Sup-
pose/Supposing ....
Example: 1 Suppose/Supposing I moved to Scotland, would you come and visit me?
А В
11 moved,to Scotland, —^ would you have taken it?
2 someone finds my wallet, >t what would the prize have been?
3 they had stayed at our house, x^.^ do you think they will take it to the police?
4 they had offered you the job, • would you come and visit me?
5 you had won the competition, where would they have slept?
"4 Review of conditionals (Обзор сослагательного наклонения)

EXERCISE 74A
Complete the sentences using the correct form of the verbs in brackets: the present simple, past sim-
ple, past perfect, will/won't..., would (n't) ... or would (n Y) have....
Examples:
My father would have died if the doctors hadn 't operated (not | operate) on him straight away.
Don't worry about getting home. If you miss (miss) the last bus, I'll give you a lift in my car.
My friend would get (get) better marks at school if she did more homework.
If she doesn't have much time, she normally has (have) a sandwich for lunch.
11 (wear) some warm clothes today, if I 9 I'd go to the cinema more often if it (not |
were you. It's quite cold outside. be) so expensive.
: You (not | have) the accident if you'd 101 (not | leave) my last job if the wages had
been more careful. been better.
3 If I (have) enough money, I'd buy a new 11 He always (get) angry if you talk to him
car. about politics.
4 If you (wait) for a few minutes. I'll 12 If you go out without a coat, you (catch)
come into town with you. a cold.
5 1 would have told you if I (know). 13 If you (ask) me, I would have helped you.
•» People (like) Robert more if he didn't 14 What (you | do) if you saw someone
always talk about himself. drowning in the sea?
" I (speak) to my boss about my holidays 15 I'll go out this evening if I (not | be) too
today if I get the chance. busy.
» If he (make) a promise, he always keeps
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75 Direct and reported speech: introduction
(Прямая и косвенная речь: введение)
Когда необходимо передать то, что кто-то сказал, можно употреблять 'прямую речь' или
'косвенную речь':
В прямой речи передаются точно те же слова, которые сказал говорящий, и употребляют-

ся кавычки ('...' или "...").
Direct speech: Annie said, 'I'm hungry.'
В косвенной речи некоторые слова говорящего изменяются и не употребляются кавычки.
Reported speech: Annie said (that) she was hungry.
or: Annie says (that) she's hungry.
Когда употребляется глагол сообщения в прошедшем времени (например, Annie said),
время в косвенной речи обычно меняется (например, /'/га превращается в прошедшее
время: she was).
Но когда употребляется глагол сообщения в настоящем времени (например, Annie says),
время не претерпевает изменений (например, /'/га остается в настоящем времени: she's).
For reported speech, see 77-80.
76 Say and tell
Обычно после tell для выражения, к кому обращаются, употребляется личное дополнение
(например, Sarah, me, us). Say, как правило, употребляется без личного дополнения.
Compare:
say + something tell + someone + something
/ said I was going home. I told Sarah I was going home.

He says he can speak French. He tells me he can speak French.
Если необходимо поставить личное дополнение с say, употребляется to.
I said to Sarah that I was going home.
В некоторых выражениях tell может употребляться без личного дополнения, например,
tell a story [рассказать историю], tell the time [сказать, который час], tell the truth [сказать
правду], tell a lie [солгать].
EXERCISE 76A
Complete the sentences using the correct form of say or tell.
Example:
I'll tell you all about my holiday when I see you.
1 Could you me how to get to Paris? 4 They _ the plane was going to be late.
2 Do you think she's us the truth? 5 Did he you that he could play chess?
3 Have you goodbye to everyone? 6 Why didn't you what you wanted?
'1 Reported statements (Косвенные утверждения)
1 Времена
He said he was going home.

Когда глагол сообщения употребляется в past tense (eg he said, you told me), время в
косвенной речи обычно 'отодвигается назад':
• Глаголы в present tense меняются на форму past tense.
SPEAKER'S WORDS (СЛОВА ГОВОРЯЩЕГО) REPORTED SPEECH (КОСВЕННАЯ РЕЧЬ)
'I'm going home.' He said he was going home.
'1 want to stop.' You told me you wanted to stop.
'I don't like tea.' She said she didn't like tea.
'Sally has finished.' You said that Sally had finished.
Глаголы в past tense переходят в прошедшее past perfect или они не изменяются.
'I spoke to them.' / said I had spoken to them. /I said I spoke to
them.
'We arrived late.' They said they had arrived late. /They said they
arrived late.
• Глаголы в past perfect не изменяются.
'I had seen the film before.' I told you I had seen the film before.
123
Modal verbs
Обратите внимание на формы этих модальных глаголов в past tense: can —> could; will
would; shall —» should; may —> might.
SPEAKER'S WORDS RETORTED SPEECH
I can swim.' He said he could swim.
I will be at home.' She said that she would be at home.
We may go by train.' They told me they might go by train.
Past tense of modal verbs could, would, should и might в косвенной речи не изменяется.
You could be right.' I said you could be right.
You should see the film.' They told me I should see the film.
Must или не изменяется, или принимает форму past tense (have to) had to.
I must go.' \ He said he must go./He said he had to go.
Когда употребляется past tense глагола сообщения, времена в косвенной речи меняются
не всегда. Если то, что сообщается, представляется истинным в настоящее время, иногда
употребляется то же время, что и у говорящего.
SPEAKER'S WORDS REPORTED SPEECH
'The population of London is around 9 He said that the population of London is
million.' around 9 million.
7 live in Brighton.' She told me that she lives in Brighton.
Но даже когда что-то представляется истинным, время в косвенной речи может изме-
няться.
Не said that the population of London was around 9 million.
Время изменяется всегда, когда существует различие между сказанным и тем, что есть на
самом деле.
She said that she was 18 years old, but in fact she's only 16.
Местоимения, прилагательные, наречия и др.
a В косвенной речи местоимения (например, /, те) и притяжательные прилагательные

(например, ту, your) часто изменяются.
Compare:
Direct speech: Sue said, 'I'm on holiday with my friend'.
Reported speech: Sue said (that) she was on holiday with her friend.
Когда речь идет о Сью, говорят she, а не /, а когда речь идет о подруге Сью, говорят her
friend, а не ту friend.
124
Такие слова, как here, now, today употребляются для указания места, в котором они
говорят, и времени, когда они говорят. Если эти слова употребляются в другом месте и в
другое время, то они часто изменяются. For example:
SPEAKER'S WORDS RETORTED SPEECH
here there
this that/the
now then
today that day
tonight that night
tomorrow the next day/the following day
yesterday the day before/the previous day
next Monday the following Monday
last Monday the previous Monday
Compare:
'I'm here on holiday.' She said she was there on holiday.
'I 'II see you tomorrow.' He said he would see me the next day.
Способы изменения этих слов зависят от ситуации. Например, если кто-то вчера
разговаривал и сказал Til see you tomorrow.', то сейчас можно сказать: Не said he would
see me today.
That
That часто употребляют для соединения предложения с косвенной речью с остальным
предложением.
I said that I was feeling tired.
You told me that you would be careful.
После say и tell (+ person) that часто опускается, особенно в неофициальном стиле.
I said I was feeling tired.
You told me you would be careful.
EXERCISE 77A
Put these statements into reported speech, as in the examples.
Examples:
'I'm tired,' she said. She said (that) she was tired.
'I need to borrow some money,' my brother told me. My brother told me (that) he
needed to borrow some money.
1 'I can't swim very well,' I told her.
2 'Mr Mason has gone out,' the secretary told me.
3 'I don't want to go swimming,' Andrew said.
4 'We're leaving on Friday,' we said.
5 'We had lunch in Luigi's restaurant,' they said.
6 Til phone you later,' Sarah told Simon.
125
Reported statements
EXERCISE 77B
Thi> is what some people said to Sally today:
The manager of the bank where Sally works: 'You'll get a pay rise later in the year.'
An optician: 'There is nothing wrong with your eyes. You don't need to wear
glasses.'
Sally's boyfriend, Peter: 'I'd like a big family. I want at least five children.'
Sally's father: 'I've done the shopping. I'll be home at about seven.'
Sally's driving instructor: 'You drove very well. You're making good progress.'
A man who works in a dry-cleaner's: 'Your skirt will be ready on Saturday.'
It is evening now and Sally is telling her mother about her day. Complete what
Sally says using reported speech.
Sally: I went to the dry-cleaner's at lunchtime. The man there said my skirt would
be ready on Saturday.
Mother: And what about the optician? What did she say?
Sally: Oh, she told me _ 1 _ eyes and that I _ 2 _ glasses.
Mother: Oh, that's good. And what about your driving lesson? How did that go?
Sally: Oh, fine. My instructor told me that I _ 3 _ and that I _ 4 _ progress.
Mother: That's very good. And what about Peter? Did you see him today?
Sally: No, but he phoned me at work. He made me laugh. He said he _ 5 _ and
that he _ 6 _ children.
Mother: Five! Well, I hope you can afford them.
Sally: Oh, yes. That reminds me. I was speaking to the manager at work and she
said that I _ 7 _ .
Mother: Oh, that's good.
Sally: Yes. Oh, and before I forget. Dad phoned. He said he 8 and that he
seven.
78 Reported questions (Косвенные вопросы)
asked the men what they were doing.
126
78 Reported questions
Времена, прилагательные, местоимения и др. в косвенных вопросах меняются таким же

образом, как и в косвенных утверждениях (см. 77).
SPEAKER'S WORDS REPORTED QUESTION
'What are you doing ?' The policeman asked the men what they were doing.
'How is your brother?' She asked how my brother was.
В косвенных вопросах порядок слов такой же, как и в утверждениях (например, they were
doing, my brother was), и не ставится вопросительный знак (?).
В косвенных вопросах вспомогательный глагол do (do, does или did) не употребляется.

'What do you want?' / asked what she wanted.
'Where does he live ?' They asked where he lived.
'Why did you say that?' He asked why I'd said that.
Когда вопросительное слово (например, what, where, why) отсутствует, то для введения
косвенного вопроса может употребляться if whether.
'Are you cold?' / asked if he was cold.
'Do you want a drink?' She asked if I wanted a drink.
'Can you speak German?' They wanted to know whether 1 could speak
German.
Для выражения того, к кому обращен вопрос, после ask часто употребляется дополнение
(например, Ken, me).
I asked Ken if he was cold.
He asked me why I'd said that.
EXERCISE 78A
Which questions would you ask to which people?
1 'Will it take long to repair the car?' a hotel receptionist
2 'Can I park my car in West Street?' a doctor
3 'What time does the film finish?' a policeman
4 'Have you got a double room?' a mechanic
5 'How many times a day should I take the medicine?' a waiter
6 'What's the soup of the day?' a cinema attendant
Report the questions. Begin: / asked the....

Example:
1 / asked the mechanic if it would take long to repair the car.
127
78 Reported questions
EXERCISE 78B
Andrew had a frightening experience recently
while on holiday. He was out walking in the
countryside when suddenly he was surrounded by
a group of soldiers.
Here are the questions which one of the soldiers

asked Andrew.
1 'What are you doing here?'
2 'Why are you carrying a camera?'
3 'Did you see the signs warning people not to
enter the area?'
4 'Have you been taking photos of the army
base?'
5 'What's your name?'
6 'Can I see some proof of your identity?'
After the holiday, Andrew told some friends what had happened.
Complete Andrew's story using reported speech.
'I was about seven miles from the youth hostel in the middle of nowhere when
suddenly a jeep roared up to me and I was surrounded by soldiers pointing guns!
An officer asked me 1 what I was doing there. Then he pointed at my Kodak and
asked me 2 I tried to explain that I was on holiday there, but then he wanted
to know 3 I told him I hadn't. Then he asked me 4 I said that I didn't
even know there was an army base there. Then he wanted to know 5 and
6 Then, just because I couldn't prove who I was, they put me in the jeep and
drove me to some kind of underground army base. They kept me there while they
phoned the youth hostel to check up on me.'
79 Using the to infinitive in reported speech

(Употребление to инфинитива в косвенной речи)
Часто для отдачи приказов, выражения просьб, предупреждений, советов и приглашений

употребляется конструкция verb + object + to infinitive.
'Get out of my room.' She told the man to get out of her room.
'Couldyou carry some bags, Mike?' I asked Mike to carry some bags.
'Stay away from me.' He warned them to stay away from him.
'You should phone the police.' She advised him to phone the police.
'Wouldyou like to have dinner with us?' They invited me to have dinner with them.
128
80 Review of reported speech
С помощью конструкции verb + to infinitive часто выражаются предложения, обещания и

угрозы.
'Can I help you?' The woman offered to help me.
Til be careful.' You promised to be careful.
Til hit you!' She threatened to hit me.
В отрицательных приказах, обещаниях и др. употребляется not to + infinitive.
'Don't touch my camera.' Не told me not to touch his camera.
'I won't be late.' You promised not to be late.
EXERCISE 79A
Report these sentences using the to infinitive form.
Examples:
Til pay back the money.' (she promised) She promised to pay back the money.
'Hurry up.' (he told me) He told me to hurry up.
1 'Can I do the washing up?' (I offered)
2 Til phone the police!' (she threatened)
3 'You should stop smoking.' (the doctor advised my brother)
4 'Could you change the light bulb for me?' (he asked me)
5 'Don't be stupid.' (she told me)
6 'Would you like to come to my party?' (he invited her)
7 'I won't forget the shopping.' (I promised)
8 'Don't leave the door unlocked.' (she warned them)
Review of reported speech (Обзор косвенной речи)
EXERCISE 80A
Report these sentences. Sometimes two answers are possible.
Examples:
'I'm tired,' he said. 1 'I can't type,' I told them.
He said (that) he was tired. 2 'Are you English?' they asked me.
'Did you enjoy the film?' I asked her. 3 'Where are you going?' I asked her.
/ asked her if she had enjoyed the film. / 4 'We're going into town,' they said.
I asked her if she enjoyed the film. 5 'I haven't got any money,' he told me.
•Switch off the TV,' she told me. 6 'Could you speak more slowly?' he asked her.
She told me to switch off the TV. 7 'Don't touch the wire,' he warned me.
Can you lend me some money? he asked me. 8 'I was on holiday in July,' he told her.
He asked me if I could lend him some money. / 9 'What time did you get home?' they asked
He asked me to lend him some money. him.
;
Английская грамматика 129
81 -ing form: participle or gerund
10 'Can you do me a favour?' she asked me.

11 'We won't be home late,' we told them.
12 'I've posted the letters,' I said.
13 'My sister doesn't know,' he said.
14 'My parents had gone to bed,' she said.
15 'You should go to the doctor,' she told him.
16 'We'll do the dishes,' they promised.
17 'Where do you work?' I asked her.
18 'Can you phone the doctor for me?' she asked him.
19 'I passed my driving test in 1986,' he told his boss.
20 'I don't know what to do,' I said.
81 -ing form: participle or gerund

(-ing форма: причастие или герундий)
Слова, заканчивающиеся на -ing, например playing, walking, worrying, употребляются для

образования формы continuous.
'Where's Sally?' 'She'splaying tennis.'
When I was walking along Western Road, I saw Maria.
He's been worrying a lot recently.
Слово, образованное с помощью -ing формы, называется 'present participle' ('причастие
настоящего времени').
Present participles также употребляются как прилагательные (см. 99).
It's a worrying problem.
Participle может употребляться для введения причастного придаточного предложе-
ния (см. 100).
I hurt my leg playing tennis.
Who is that girl walking towards us?
С помощью -ing формы также образуются существительные.
Playing tennis isn 't expensive in England.
I enjoy walking in the countryside.
Существительное, образованное с помощью -ing формы, называется 'gerund' (герундий).
(Относительно -ing формы, употребляемой таким образом, см. 82-83, 87-90, 92-94, 98.)
Когда к глаголу присоединяется -ing, иногда происходят изменения в написании,

например, swim —> swimming (см. 188.3-6).
130
82 Verb + -ing form or infinitive: introduction
(Глагол + -ing форма или инфинитив: введение)
1 Довольно часто в предложении один глагол следует за другим.

/ enjoy running. I hope to run in the marathon next month.
После некоторых глаголов, например enjoy, второй глагол принимает -ing форму,
например, running (см. 83). После других глаголов, например hope, второй глагол - to
infinitive, например, to run (см. 84).
После некоторых глаголов, например start, может употребляться -ing форма или to
infinitive, без особых различий в значении (см. 87).
Look. It's started raining/to rain again.
Но после некоторых других глаголов, например stop, может употребляться -ing форма
или to infinitive с большой разницей в значении (см. 88).
Г т a vegetarian. I stopped eating meat After I'd been working for 3 hours, I stopped to
5 years ago. [Я прекратил есть мясо 5 eat lunch. [... я прекратил работу, чтобы
лет назад.] пообедать.]
После таких модальных глаголов, как can, must, should, и некоторых других глаголов
употребляется infinitive без to, например, play, eat (см. 91).
/ can play the guitar.
You must eat something.
S3 Verb + -ing form (Глагол + -ing форма)
1 Если после этих глаголов следует другой глагол, то он обычно принимает -ing форму.
admit enjoy imagine practise
avoid fancy involve put off [откладывать]
consider feel like [хотеть] keep on [продолжать] risk
delay finish mind stand [переносить]
deny give up [прекращать] miss suggest
dislike can't help [не могу не] postpone
verb + -ing form
He admitted breaking the window.

I enjoy getting up early in the summer.
Have you finished doing your homework?
They suggested meeting at two о 'clock.
Обратите внимание на отрицание: not + -ing form.
He admitted not paying for the ticket.
131
83 Verb + -ing form
После mind можно также употреблять придаточное предложение с if, например: Would
you mind if I closed the window?
После некоторых вышеперечисленных глаголов может также употребляться придаточное
предложение с that.
Не admitted (that) he 'd broken the window.
They suggested (that) we met at two о 'clock.
Do + the/some и т.д. + -ing форма употребляется для указания, например, рода занятий.
You do the cooking. I'll do the washing up.
We 're going to do some shopping this afternoon.
(Обратите внимание, что -ing форма здесь употребляется как существительное и, как
любое другое существительное, может употребляться с the, some и т.д.)
Go и соте может употребляться с -ing формой, в частности, для выражения занятий
спортом или времяпрепровождения.
I'd like to go swimming tomorrow.
EXERCISE 83A
Complete the sentences using the -ing form of the verbs in the box.
do have listen play be read

not make borrow swim rob
Example:
I enjoy listening to the radio in the mornings.
1 I'll lend you the book when I've finished 61 really don't mind. . the housework.
it. 71 didn't feel like _ . out last night, so I stayed
2 Do you ever go in the sea? at home.
3 They suggested dinner in an Indian res- 8 Would you mind _ so much noise? I'm
taurant. trying to study.
4 Robert gave up _ . football years ago. 91 normally try to avoid money.
5 The men admitted. the bank. 10 Since she moved from London, she misses
able to see all her friends there.
Note
-После некоторых других глаголов может употребляться -ing форма или to infinitive, часто
с различием в значении. См. 87-88.
132
84 Verb + to infinitive
(Глагол + to инфинитив)
Если после этих глаголов следует другой глагол, то он обычно употребляется как to
infinitive.
afford fail pretend

agree help promise
appear hope refuse
arrange learn (how) seem
ask manage threaten
attempt mean [намереваться] want
decide offer wish
expect prepare
verb + to infinitive
/ can't afford to go on holiday this summer.

The policeman asked to see my driving licence.
She decided to stay at home last night.
My brother expects to find a job soon.
He's going to learn to drive.
Обратите внимание на отрицание: not to + infinitive.
You promised not to tell anyone.
She seemed not to notice me.
После help может употребляться infinitive с или без to.
I'll help (to) carry your bags.
Обратите внимание также, что после can't help (= 'не могу не') употребляется -ing форма,
например: / can't help thinking we 've made a mistake.
После некоторых вышеперечисленных глаголов может также употребляться придаточное
предложение с that.
She decided (that) she would stay at home last night.
My brother expects (that) he 'II find a job soon.
После некоторых вышеперечисленных глаголов может употребляться object + to
infinitive, например: Не asked me to help him. См. 86.
133
84 Verb + to infinitive
EXERCISE 84A
Robert is talking about the day he bought a sec-
ond-hand car.
Complete Robert's story using the to infinitive

form of the verbs in the boxes.
buy be not like have test-drive
'When I got to the garage, I managed to have a quick look at the car before the
salesman came out of his office. It seemed 1 in very good condition
and was worth about £1000, although the garage was asking £1400 for it. When
the salesman came out, I arranged 2 the car straight away. The salesman
and I got in and we drove off. I liked the car immediately and I decided that
I wanted 3 it, but, of course, I didn't say this to the salesman. Instead, I pre-
tended 4 the car very much.'
try get accept pay
'When we had finished the test-drive and had pulled up outside the garage, I told the salesman
that I couldn't afford 5 more than £750. The salesman, of course, refused 6
such a miserable little offer. He told me that he expected 7 at least £1200 for the car.
I tried offering £800, £850, £875, but he wouldn't change his mind. Then I decided 8
something different.'
give be sell accept
'I thanked the salesman politely, said goodbye, got out of the car and started to walk away. It
worked! The salesman got out of the car too and hurried after me. He told me that he wanted
9 fair and was prepared 10 a reasonable offer for the car. In the end, he
agreed 11 it to me for £1000. He even agreed 12 me £200 for my old car!'
Note
-После некоторых других глаголов может употребляться -ing форма или to infinitive, часто
с различием в значении. См. 97.
-То infinitive также употребляется в таких конструкциях: ought to, например: You ought to
stop smoking, (CM. 42.1); have (got) to, например: I have to be home by 10 o'clock, (CM. 38.2),
and used to, например: / used to smoke, but I stopped 10 years ago. (CM. 51).
-To infinitive также употребляется после глаголов в страдательном залоге, например: She is
believed to be living in Brazil. CM. 64.
-Иногда, чтобы избежать повторения, после to глагол опускается, если значение очевидно,
например: / didn 't go to the party because I didn 't want to. (= because I didn't want to go to
the party).
134
85 Verb + question word + to infinitive
(Глагол + слово-вопрос + to инфинитив)
После некоторых глаголов может употребляться question word, например, what, how,
where (но не why) + to infinitive.
verb + question word + to infinitive
/ don't know what to say.

Do you know how to play chess?
We can't decide what to buy Sue for her birthday.
I'll explain what to do later on.
Эта конструкция часто употребляется с object + question word + to infinitive.
verb + object + question word + to infinitive
/'// show you how to play chess.

Somebody told me where to buy a ticket.
EXERCISE 85A
Complete the sentences using the most suitable words in the box.
what | do how | make what | wear

how | get whether | stay how | spell
Example:
'Could you tell me how to get to Western Road, please?' 'Yes. Go down this road
and it's second on the left.'
1 'Have you decided to the interview?' 'Yes. I'm going to wear my new
blue suit.'
2 Could you tell me your name please?
3 'What are you going to do this evening?' 'I can't decide at home or
go out.'
4 Do you know a Spanish omelette?
5 I felt very embarrassed when she started shouting. I didn't know , so I just
stood there.
135
86 Verb + object + to infinitive
(Глагол + дополнение + to инфинитив)
После приведенных ниже глаголов обычно употребляется object (eg Sue, me, you) перед to
infinitive.
force order teach (how)
get [убеждать] persuade tell
invite remind warn
verb + object + to infinitive
We invited Sue to have dinner with us.

She persuaded me to go to the party.
He warned you not to be late again,
Обратите внимание, что после этих глаголов в страдательном залоге может
употребляться to infinitive без дополнения, например: Sue was invited to have dinner with
us.
Object + to infinitive может также употребляться после этих глаголов:
ask help want

expect mean [намереваться]
He asked me to help him.

I didn 't expect Maria to write to me.
I don't want you to go.
После help может употребляться object + infinitive с или без to.
I'll help you (to) carry your bags.
После этих глаголов может также употребляться to infinitive без дополнения,
например: / expect to see Simon tomorrow. См. 84.
Обратите внимание, что после want нельзя употреблять придаточное предложение с that.
For example, we cannot say / don't want that you go.
После глаголов advise, allow, encourage, permit и recommend может употребляться -ing
форма или object + to infinitive. Compare:
verb + -ing form verb + object + to infinitive
/ woilldn 't advise going there. I wouldn 't advise you to go there.
They don't allow fishing here. They don't allow people to fish here.
136
86 Verb + object + to infinitive
EXERCISE 86A
Example:
1 couldn't do the job on my own, so 11 ask | Simon | help me.
/ couldn 't do the job on my own, so I asked Simon to help me.
11 was surprised that my brother failed his driving test. 11 expect | him | pass | easily.
2 Annie wanted to stay up late, but her parents | tell | her | go to bed at 9 o'clock.
3 Simon phoned Sarah yesterday. He | invite | her | go to a party on Saturday.
41 was going to buy the car, but a friend of mine | persuade | me | change my mind.
5 Don't tell Sue what I've done. 11 not | want | her | know.
6 One of the plane's engines caught fire, which | force | the pilot | land.
7 When I was a child, my mother | warn me | not | talk to strangers.
8 If you hadn't | remind j me | lock the door, I would have forgotten.

What did they say? Complete the sentences us- Put the verbs into the correct form: the -ing
ing an object + to infinitive ... form or the to infinitive.
Examples: Example:
'Remember to phone Chris,' Sue told Peter. Sue She doesn't allow anyone to drive (drive) her
reminded Peter to phone Chris. car.
'Can you lend me some money?' I asked him. I . (talk) in the examina-
1 They don't allow.
asked him to lend me some money.
tion.
1 'Close the door,' Ken told Andrew. . (have) con-
2 He's always encouraged me _
Ken told
fidence in myself.
2 'Can you help me?' I asked her. I asked
3 I'd recommend you (see) the film. It's
3 'Would you like to go to a party?' they asked very good.
us. They invited 4 I wouldn't recommend (drive) through
4 'Please don't be late home,' Kate said to the city centre now. The traffic is terrible at
Sally. Kate asked this time of the day.
5 'Get out of your car,' the policeman told the 5 What would you advise me (do) ?
woman. The policeman ordered
6 I wouldn't advise (tell) anyone what's
6 'Don't be late for work again,' my boss told happened.
me. My boss warned .
137
87 Verb + ing form or to infinitive
(Глагол + ing форма или to инфинитив) (1)
После приведенных ниже глаголов может употребляться -ing форма или to infinitive,
обычно без существенных различий в значении.
begin can't bear like prefer

continue hate love start
He began looking/to look for a job 6 months ago.

I like swimming/to swim in the sea.
She prefers working/to work at night.
But see 2-4 below.
Like
a В британском варианте английского языка часто употребляется like + -ing форма для
выражения того, что 'нравится'.
/ like going to the cinema. [Мне нравится ходить в кино.]
Like + to infinitive употребляется для выражения того, что выбрано для выполнения,
поскольку это считается хорошим решением.
/ like to go to the dentist's for a check-up every 6 months. (= я считаю, что это нужно делать,
хотя мне это может и не нравится.)
После would like, would love, would hate и would prefer употребляется to infinitive.
'Would you like to go out this evening?' 'I'dprefer to stay at home.
'We'd love to see you at the weekend.
Compare like and would like:
Do you like cooking? (= Вам нравится Would you like to cook the dinner this
готовить вообще?) evening? (= Вы хотите приготовить
ужин сегодня вечером?)
Prefer
Обратите внимание на эти конструкции:
prefer + -ing form + to + -ing form
I prefer playing football to watching it.
would prefer + to infinitive + rather than + infinitive without to
I would prefer to drive home tonight rather than wait until tomorrow.
138
4 Begin, start, continue
a Обычно -ing форма не употребляется после форм continuous begin, start, continue (чтобы
избежать дублирования -ing форм).
I'm beginning to feel cold. (Not normally: I'm beginning feeling cold.)
После begin, continue и start обычно употребляются глаголы understand, know и realize как
to infinitive, а не -ing форма.
/ began to realise. (Not normally: / began realising.)
EXERCISE 87A
Put the verbs into the correct form. Sometimes two answers are possible.
Examples:
I quite enjoy driving (drive) at night. 5 My sister loves (go) shopping.
Do you like getting up/to get up (get up) early? 6 I'd love (visit) Australia one day.
7 My brother hates (have to) work at
1 Would you like (listen) to some music?
weekends.
2 Simon and Sally have started (cook)
8 Do you like (play) chess?
the dinner.
91 try to look after my car. I like.
3 I prefer (windsurf) to (sail).
(take) it to the garage to be serviced regu-
4 I'd prefer (walk) home rather than
larly.
(go) by taxi.
10 Shh! The orchestra is starting (play?

(Глагол + ing форма или to инфинитив) (2)
После приводимых ниже глаголов может употребляться -ing форма или to infinitive с
различным значением.
remember forget try stop goon regret
Remember/forget doing and remember/forget to do

Remember/forget + -ing форма употребляется Remember/forget + to infinitive употребляет-
в том случае, когда мы помним или забыли ся в том случае, когда мы вспоминаем или
что-то после того, как мы это сделали. забываем что-то до того, как мы должны
это сделать.
ACTION ««- REMEMBER REMEMBER ACTION
I remember going to the 1972 Olympics. / remembered to go to the chemist's for you.
(Я ездил туда и сейчас это помню.) Here's your medicine.
(Я вспомнил, а затем туда пошел.)
Have you forgotten giving me the money? Don't forget to give me the money.
(Вы дали мне деньги.)
139
Try doing and try to do

Try + -ing форма употребляется в Try + to infinitive употребляется в
значении 'провести эксперимент' - что- значении 'делать усилие' - и увидеть,
то сделать и увидеть, что из этого можно ли что-то сделать.
получится.
'The car won't start.' 'Why don't we try / tried to push the car up the hill, but I
pushing it?' couldn 't move it.
Stop doing and stop to do
Stop + -ing форма употребляется для Stop + to infinitive употребляется для
выражения того, что мы делаем перед выражения того, с какой целью сделана
тем, как прекратить. остановка (см. 95).
Г т a vegetarian. I stopped eating meat 5 After I'd been working for 3 hours, I
years ago. (= Я ел мясо 5 лет тому назад, stopped to eat lunch. (= Я прекратил
а затем прекратил.) работу, чтобы пообедать.)
Go on doing and go on to do
Go on + -ing форма употребляется для Go on + to infinitive употребляется для
выражения продолжающегося действия. выражения перехода на другую тему
разговора.
She went on talking about her holiday all She spoke about her son, then she went on
evening. (= Она продолжает to talk about her daughter.
разговаривать ...)
Regret doing and regret to do
Regret + -ing форма употребляется для Regret + to infinitive употребляется для
выражения сожаления по поводу того, выражения сожаления по поводу того,
что уже свершилось. что необходимо делать сейчас.
/ regret saying that he was an idiot. (Я / regret to say that 1 won't be able to come
говорил, что он идиот.) to the meeting on Monday.
Обратите внимание, что regret + to infinitive имеет официальный оттенок.
EXERCISE 88A
Put the verbs in brackets into the -ing form or to the to infinitive.
Example:
'I introduced you to Sue last month.' 'Really? I don't remember meeting (meet) her.'
1 'You said Ken was stupid.' 'I don't remember (say) that.'
2 I'll never forget (visit) Istanbul in 1983.
3 When I go shopping I must remember (buy) some bread.
4 Please remember (turn off) the radio before you go out.
140
89 Be used to + -ing form and used to + infinitive

Put the verbs in brackets into the -ing form or Complete the sentences using the -ing form or
the to infinitive. the to infinitive of the verbs in the box. Use
Example:
Example:
'I need to borrow some money.' 'Why don't
you try asking (ask) your parents to lend you Could you stop working for a moment? I'd like
some?' to speak to you.
1 I'll try (come) to the meeting, but I'm
ask not learn tell work make
not sure if I'll be able to.
2 If you get hiccups, you should try
1 He went on a noise even though I'd
(drink) a glass of water. If that doesn't work,
asked him to stop.
try (hold) your breath.
2 She started by talking about her job. Then she
3 You can borrow my camera, but please try
went on me about her family.
(be) careful with it.
3 He stopped reading me a question.
4 'This soup doesn't taste very good.' 'Try
4 I regret to play a musical instrument
(put) in some more salt.'
when I was younger.
89 Be used to + -ing form and used to + infinitive

(Be used to + -ing форма и used to + инфинитив)
Compare:
Be used to + -ing форма употребляется в Used to + infinitive употребляется для
значении 'привыкать к'. выражения привычных действий в
прошлом, которые к данному моменту
уже завершены.
I'm used to driving my new car now, but I / used to drive a Mercedes, but now I drive
found it very strange at first. (= Сейчас я a Citroen. (= Я водил Мерседес в
уже привык к вождению автомобиля, в прошлом постоянно, но не вожу его
этом для меня нет ничего сейчас.)
удивительного.)
Get (= become) used to + -ing форма также может употребляться, например: I've got used to
driving my new car.
После be/get used to можно также употреблять номинативное словосочетание,

например: English food, my new computer.
Не isn't used to English food.
I haven't got used to my new computer yet.
141
90 Need + -ing form or to infinitive
EXERCISE 89A
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form: to + -ing form or to + infinitive.
Example:
When I was younger, I used to play (play) a lot of football. Now I never play.
1 It won't take you long to get used (work) with your new word processor.
2 My parents used (live) in London, but now they live in Bristol.
3 Bruno is Italian, but he has lived in London for over 5 years. He has got used (eat) English
food now, but when he first arrived in England he didn't like it very much.
4 Mike found Africa strange at first. He wasn't used (live) in such a hot climate.
5 I normally go to bed at about 10 o'clock. I'm not used (stay) up late.
6 I used (work) on a farm once and had to get up at 5 o'clock every morning. It was difficult at
first because I wasn't used (get up) so early.
Note
- Относительно used to см. также 51.
90 Need + -ing form or to infinitive (Need + -ing форма или to инфинитив)
После смыслового глагола need может употребляться to infinitive.

I'm tired. I need to get some sleep.
We 've got plenty of time. We don't need to hurry.
После смыслового глагола need может употребляться -ing форма в страдательном залоге.
My car needs servicing. These trousers need cleaning.
После need может также употребляться to be + past participle в том же значении
страдательного залога.
My car needs to be serviced. These trousers need to be cleaned.
EXERCISE 90A
Complete each sentence using the correct form of the most suitable verb in the box.
Sometimes two forms are possible.
Examples:
There is a hole in my sock. It needs mending/to be mended.
Tomorrow is a holiday, so I don't need to get up early in the morning.
buy adjust get up ask
renew practise feed mend
1 Your passport is out of date. It needs
2 You need the piano every day if you want to improve.
3 The brakes on my car aren't working very well. I think they need.
4 The cat is hungry. It needs
5 We've got plenty of milk. We don't need any more.
61 went to see her because I needed her some questions.
142
91 Infinitive without to (Инфинитив без to}
1 Infinitive без to употребляется после модальных глаголов, например, can, must, should
(см. 35).
/ can speak Italian.
We must go now.
Исключение: после модального глагола ought употребляется to infinitive, например: You
ought to be careful.
Infinitive без to употребляется после let's (= let us) и why don't we/you ... ?, когда
необходимо сделать предложение (см. 30, 50.2).
'What shall we do this afternoon ?' 'Let's go to the cinema.'
Why don't we have a party next Saturday?
Why don't you apply for the job?
Infinitive без to также употребляется после would rather (см. 57.1) и had better
(см. 42.2).
'Would you like to go out this evening ?' 'I'd rather stay at home.'
I think it's going to rain. You'd better take an umbrella with you when you go out.
После глаголов let ['разрешать'] и make [ 'заставлять, принуждать, побуждать']
употребляется дополнение, например, their children, me, us + infinitive без to.
let/make + object + infinitive without to
They let their children stay up late at weekends. (= разрешали детям дольше не ложиться
спать)
Will you let me use your camera? (= разрешите мне воспользоваться)
You can't make us go if we don't want to. (= заставлять нас идти)
The film made me cry. (= побудил меня заплакать)
EXERCISE 91 A 1 It's very cold today. You'd better a coat

when you go out.
Complete each sentence using the most suitable
2 'I haven't got any money.' 'Let me you
verb in the box. Use each verb only once.
some'.
Example: 3 Chopping onions makes me
4 'I'm tired of walking.' 'Let's down for a
'Would you like a cup of tea?' 'I'd rather have
while, then.'
coffee.'
5 I can't you what Sally said. She made
me that I wouldn't tell anyone.
eat hurry tell type wear lend
6 'Why don't we dinner now?' 'I think I'd
sit promise cry wait use have
rather until later.'
7 It's getting late. We'd better
8 I couldn't the letter because my brother
wouldn't let me his typewriter.
143
92 Preposition + -ing form
EXERCISE 91B
Sally is speaking about her boyfriend, Peter.
Complete what Sally says using the correct form of
make or let and the verbs in the box.
have understand laugh feel go
'Peter's very funny. He makes me laugh a lot. We usually get on very well together,
but sometimes I get really angry with him because he's so jealous and won't 1 me.
out on my own. He 2 me jealous, too, when he talks about his ex-
girlfriends! But I always 3 him his own friends and never ask him who he is
going out with. I've talked to him about this, but I can't 4 him that his
attitude is unfair.'
Note
-После таких глаголов, как see, hear, feel, можно употреблять object + infinitive без to или
-ing форму. См. 97.
-При объединении двух конструкций to infinitive употребляется or или and. Часто второй
infinitive употребляется без to, например: I'd like to go and see that film.
92 Preposition + -ing form (Предлог + -ing форма)
Когда глагол следует после предлога (eg in, of, about, before, after), к нему всегда
присоединяется -ing форма.
Are you interested in playing tennis tomorrow?
I'm thinking of changing my job.
How about going to the cinema this evening?
To
Иногда to является частью формы инфинитива.

We 've decided to go on holiday next month.
Would you like to eat now or later?
Иногда to является предлогом.
She's travelling to Greece tomorrow.
We 're looking forward to the party.
Carlos isn 't used to English food.
Если после to можно поставить существительное - это предлог. Если to является
предлогом, после него употребляется -ing форма глаголов.
Г т looking forward to going to the party.
Carlos isn't used to eating English food.
144
93 Person + -ing form
EXERCISE 92A
Complete the sentences. Use a preposition from the box and the -ing form of the verbs in brackets.
Use some prepositions more than once.
for at ab<wt in to of after
Example:
'What shall we do this evening?' 'How about going (go) to the cinema?'
1 There is a good film on TV tonight. I'm really 4 I'm not used (eat) such spicy food.
looking forward (see) it. 5 Did she apologize (be) late?
2 Are you interested (learn) to play the 6 I'm tired (hear) her complain.
guitar? 7 We thanked her (give) us a lift in her
3 (have) breakfast, I did the washing up. car.
8 She's very good (paint) and (draw).
93 Person + -ing form (Лицо + -ing форма)
В неформальном английском языке обычно употребляется объектная форма, например,

те, you, Simon + -ing форма.
Do you mind me asking you a question?
They were angry about Simon arriving late.
В официальном английском языке употребляется притяжательный падеж, например, ту,
your, Simon's + -ing форма.
Do you mind my asking you a question?
They were angry about Simon's arriving late.
После таких глаголов, как see, hear и feel, обычно употребляется объектная форма (а не
притяжательный падеж) + -ing (см. 97).
You saw me arriving. (Not: You saw my arriving.)
EXERCISE 93A
Complete the sentences using (i) the object form + -ing form, and (ii) the possessive + -ing form.
Example:
Do you mind (I | open) the window?
(i) Do you mind me opening the window? (ii) Do you mind my opening the window?
11 don't mind (you | borrow) my car.
2 Do you mind (I | switch on) the TV?
3 They insisted on (we | stay) for dinner with them.
4 How do you feel about (they | get) married?
5 Annie's parents don't like (she | go) to bed late.
61 was surprised about (Sue | forget) to come to the meeting.
145
94 -ing form and to infinitive as subjects
(-ing форма и to инфинитив как подлежащее)
В качестве подлежащего может употребляться глагол с -ing формой.

Smoking is a terrible habit.
Knowing how to drive is useful.
Playing tennis in England isn 't expensive.
В качестве подлежащего может также выступать to infinitive, (eg To know how to drive is
useful), но это не распространено. Когда в качестве подлежащего употребляется to infini-
tive, то более обычно с него начинать предложение (как 'предваряющее подлежащее').
It is useful to know how to drive.
It isn't expensive to play tennis in England.
EXERCISE 94A
What does it mean in each of these sentences? Use the -ing form of the words in the
box in your answers.
Example:
It can be dangerous, especially at midday. Sunbathing can be dangerous, especially at midday.
live on your own babysit sunbathe smoke

read English swim watch late night horror films
1 It is a big responsibility, especially with very young children.

2 It is a very good way of keeping fit.
3 It can give you nightmares.
4 It is quite difficult if you are used to being with a lot of people.
5 It is much easier than speaking it.
6 It can cause lung cancer.
EXERCISE 94B
Join each idea in A with the most suitable idea in B. Make sentences using the to
infinitive form, as in the example.
Example:
1 It is very strange to see yourself on video.
А В
1 It is very strange eat well
2 It isn't necessary live on a pension
3 It can be dangerous see yourself on video
4 It doesn't have to be expensive have your car serviced every month
5 It is difficult for old people leave medicine lying around
146
95 To infinitive of purpose (To инфинитив цели)
To infinitive употребляется для выражения цели - с какой целью что-то совершается.

I'm going out to do some shopping.
She's saving up to buy a motor bike.
I went to a restaurant to have some lunch.
В более официальном стиле употребляются словосочетания in order to или so as to.
I went to Paris in order to learn French.
We left early so as to have plenty of time.
В отрицательных предложениях обычно употребляются in order not to или so as not to
(а не лишь not to).
We left early so as not to be late. / We left early in order not to be late. (Not: We left early not
to be late.)
For purpose, see also 163-164.
EXERCISE 95A
Where did you go yesterday, and why did you go to each place? a haircut
1 Chemist's 2 Post Office 3 Cinema tennis
4 Hairdresser's 5 Car Rental Agency 6 Park a film
some letters
Make sentences using / went to the (place) to ... and the words a car
in the box. some medicine
Example:
1 / went to the chemist's to buy some medicine.
EXERCISE 95B
Join each idea in A with an idea from B. Make sentences using (i) in order (not) to,
and (ii) so as (not) to.
Example:
l(i) He drank lots of black coffee in order to keep awake.
(ii) He drank lots of black coffee so as to keep awake.
В
1 He drank lots of black coffees disturb the neighbours
21 often write things down save time
3 She took an umbrella get a better job
4 We'll use the computer forget them
51 want to pass the exams - keep awake
6 We turned down the music get wet
147
96 Noun/pronoun/adjective + to infinitive
(Существительное/местоимение/прилагательное + to инфинитив)
Noun/pronoun + to infinitive
To infinitive может употребляться после некоторых существительных и прилагательных
(часто указывется на то, что с ними делается).
I've got some letters to write.
We need some scissors to cut the paper.
Would you like something to read?
Эту конструкцию можно употреблять с adjective + noun + to infinitive.
That's an impossible question to answer.
2 Adjective + to infinitive
a После ряда прилагательных можно употреблять to infinitive.
I'm very pleased to see you.
I was disappointed to hear that you didn 't pass the exam.
He 'II be surprised to get your letter.
It isn 't easy to learn a foreign language,
Конструкцию of (someone) + to infinitive можно употреблять после следующих
прилагательных:
nice kind generous polite good mean

silly careless clever wrong stupid
It's kind of you to help.

It was stupid of me to say that.
Конструкцию for + object + to infinitive можно употреблять после следующих
прилагательных:
easy important essential (un) usual (un) necessary

common normal rare
It won't be easy for us to get tickets for the concert now.

It's importantfor everyone to be here on time.
Эту конструкцию можно употреблять после некоторых существительных и глаголов.
It was a mistake for me to come here.
I'm waiting for my sister to phone me.
148
96 Noun/pronoun/adjective + to infinitive

Complete the sentences using the to infinitive Complete the sentences using the correct form
form of the verbs in the box. of the words in the box.
Example: Example:
Are you hungry? Would you like something to Goodbye. It was very nice to meet you.
eat?
impossible | finish please | hear safe | go
say unlock catch wear eat write tell nice | meet easy | use interesting | plan
1 Have you got a key this door? 1 My new video recorder looks complicated, but
2 Can we meet today? I've got something im- it's actually very
portant you. 2 That is a very dangerous part of the city. It
3 I'm staying at home this evening. I've got isn't out there at night.
some letters 3 I was that you had passed your exam.
4 'Why are you so quiet?' 'I haven't got any- 4 I don't like package holidays. I think it's
thing ' much more your own holiday.
5 I need^ome new clothes to the party. 5 It's all that work today. There just isn't
6 I really must go now. I've got a train enough time.
EXERCISE 96C EXERCISE 96D

Make sentences beginning with the words in Rephrase the sentences. Use the words in
brackets, as in the examples. brackets +for + object + to infinitive, as in the
examples.
Examples:
Examples:
You lent me the money. (It was kind)
It was kind of you to lend me the money. You needn't explain. (It isn't necessary)
I forgot my keys. (It was stupid) It isn't necessary for you to explain.
It was stupid of me to forget my keys. She isn't normally late for work. (It's unusual)
It's unusual for her to be late for work.
1 She sent me a birthday card. (It was nice)
2 He opened your letter. (It was wrong) 1 You needn't pay me back the money. (It's un-
3 You found the answer. (It was clever) necessary)
4 I left my wallet at home. (It was careless) 2 We must leave immediately. (It's essential)
5 He threw the ticket away. (It was silly) 3 Everyone should try to keep calm. (It's im-
6 You did my shopping for me. (It was good) portant)
4 He doesn't normally complain. (It's unusual)
Note
-Относительно употребления to infinitive с too (например, It's too early (for me) to go to bed)
и enough (например, Is he old enough to drive a car?), CM. 138.4-5.
149
97 See someone doing and see someone do, etc
После глаголов see, hear, feel, watch, listen to и notice можно употреблять object + ... -ing
или infinitive без to.
verb + object + ... -ing verb + object + infinitive without to
We saw Peter leaving. We saw Peter leave.

I heard them going out. I heard them go out.
Часто существует различие в значении. Compare:
Глагол с -ing формой употребляется Infinitive без to употребляется, когда мы
тогда, когда мы видим [see], слышим видим [see], слышим [hear] и т.д. все
[hear] и т.д. лишь часть происходящего действие от начала до конца.
действия.
As I drove past the park, I saw some people Last week, I went to London and saw England
playing football. (= Они продолжали play Brazil in the big football match. (= Я
играть.) смотрел всю игру.)
EXERCISE 97 А
Put the verbs in brackets into the -ing form or the infinitive without to.
Example:
I saw Sue drop (drop) the bag and pick it up 4 We watched them (climb) up to the top
again. of the hill and then come down again.
1 As I walked past the room, I heard two people 5 ^s™thema" (Post> aletterandwalk
(argue) down the street.
ч и? » jг . j L j .u 6 As I looked out of the window I noticed the
2 We stopped for a moment and watched them , ...
/и .1J4,, u -.1 woman (repair) F her car.
(build) the new hospital. '
3 Did you see someone (break) the win-
dow?
98 Review of-ing form and infinitive (Обзор -ing формы и инфинитива)
EXERCISE 98A
Complete the sentences using the verbs in brackets in the -ing form, the to infinitive,
or the infinitive without to. Sometimes two answers are possible.
Examples:
You really should try (try) to stop smoking (smoke).
11 hate (work) at weekends. 4 I had hoped (see) the musical Rainbow,
2 Would you like (come) to a disco this but I couldn't (get) any tickets.
evening? 5 Stop (make) so much noise. People are
3 Can I help you (move) your things? trying (sleep).
150
98 Review of -ing form and infinitive
6 Would you like something (drink) ? 17 I remember. . (meet) her once, but I
7 You should (try) to avoid can't remember her name.
(drive) through the city centre at the rush 18 I'd like (make) a copy of a letter.
hour. Could you (show) me how
81 want a few days (think) about their (use) the photocopier? I've never used it
offer before (make) a decision. before.
9 What time do you need (leave) 19 I feel like (not | do) anything at all
(catch) your bus? this evening.
10 It's unusual for him (be) ill. 20 We're very much looking forward to
11 It was horrible to work as an au pair. My (see) you next week.
family expected me (work) seven 211 mustn't (forget) (phone) the
days a week. doctor tomorrow morning.
12 Do you prefer (ski) to (ice- 22 The customs officer made me
skate) ? (empty) my suitcases.
13 I'm very fond of (walk) by the sea. 23 (eat) too many sweets is bad for
141 rang the doorbell, but no one seemed your teeth.
(be) at home. 24 Sarah has decided _ . (not | go) away
15 It was good of you (explain) every- on holiday this summer.
thing tome. 25 They stopped (work) at one o'clock
16 I'd advise you . (not | walk) alone in (have) something (eat).
that part of the city. It can be very dan-
gerous there at night.
EXERCISE 98B
Complete each sentence using the correct form of one of the verbs in the box.
Use each verb only once.
Example:
I phoned my bank manager and I arranged to meet him next Tuesday.
repair open have travel sunbathe
meet fall go lend shop switch off
1 It was very kind of her you the money.

2 I can't stand by Underground.
3 These shoes need They've got holes in them.
41 wouldn't recommend in that supermarket. It's very expensive.
5 Would you mind the door for me, please?
6 When you leave the room, don't forget all the lights.
7 They saw Maria in the garden as they drove past.
8 Autumn is coming. The leaves are starting from the trees.
9 I'm tired. I regret to bed so late last night.
10 I like my eyes tested regularly.
151
99 Participle (-ing and -ed) adjectives
(Причастные прилагательные, оканчивающиеся на -ing и -ed)
Сравните прилагательные, оканчивающиеся на -ing и -ed:

-ed -ing
She's annoyed. The noise is annoying.

Прилагательные, оканчивающиеся на Прилагательные, оканчивающиеся на -ing,
-ed, употребляются для передачи чувств. употребляются для обозначения предметов
и лиц, вызывающих эти чувства.
Г т interested in photography. / think photography is interesting.
Everyone was excited. It was an exciting tennis match.
We all feel relaxed. We 're having a relaxing holiday.

Choose the correct form. Complete the sentences. Use adjectives formed
Example: by adding -ing or -ed to the words in brackets.
I enjoyed the book. It was very interested / in- Example:
teresting. 1 don't get embarrassed very easily, (embarrass)
1 Are you interested/interesting in art? 11 find it quite to talk in front of a group
2 They were shocked/shocking when they heard of people, (embarrass)
the news. 2 I think reading newspapers is (depress)
3 I thought the story was quite amused/ amus- 3 I'm in all kinds of sport, (interest)
ing. 4 I find walking in the countryside very
4 We were all very worried/worrying when he (relax)
didn't come home. 5 I think learning a language is very (in-
5 It was surprised/surprising that she didn't terest)
come to the meeting. 6 I get when people smoke in restaurants.
6 I usually find football rather bored/boring. (annoy)
7 Are you frightened/frightening of spiders? 7 I don't normally get _ when I watch horror
films, (frighten)
152
Participle (-ing) clauses
(Причастное придаточное предложение с -ing)
Present participle, например sitting, playing, употребляется для введения 'participle clause'.
Simon is the boy sitting in the comer.
I had an accident driving to work.
Некоторые participle clauses подобны прилагательным: они больше характеризуют
существительные.
Simon is the boy sitting in the corner.
The girl wearing the black dress is Sarah.
Другие participle clauses подобны наречиям: они могут выражать такие понятия, как
время или причину:
Когда одно действие происходит посредине другого, более длительного действия, -ing
clause употребляется для более длительного действия.
/ had an accident driving to work. (= Co мной случилось происшествие, когда я ехал на
работу.)
Когда два действия происходят одновременно, -ing clause можно употреблять для одного
из них.
/ walked out of the room smiling to myself. (= Когда я вышел из комнаты, я улыбался сам
себе.)
Когда одно действие произошло ранее другого, having + past participle можно
употреблять для выражения первого действия.
Having finished breakfast, I went out for a walk. (= Я закончил завтракать, а затем вышел на
прогулку.)
Когда одно действие происходит непосредственно после другого, -ing clause может
употребляться для выражения первого действия.
Taking a book out of his pocket, he started to read. (= Он достал книгу из кармана и сразу
стал читать.)
Также -ing clause употребляется для выражения причины происходящего.
Knowing you wanted to go to the concert, I bought a ticket for you. (= Поскольку я знал, что
вы хотите пойти на концерт ...)
Having failed the exam the first time, he decided to take it again. (= Потому что он
провалился на экзамене первый раз ...)
153
100 Participle (-ing) clauses
EXERCISE 100A
1 Doris 2 Jim 3 Martha 4 Diana

Identify the people in the picture by saying what each one is doing.
Example:
Doris is the girl reading the book. /The girl reading the book is Doris.
EXERCISE 100B
Peter had a very bad day yesterday. What happened to him?
Complete the sentences using the words in the box as -ing clauses.
Example:
1 He fell off a ladder changing a light bulb.
\ He fell off a ladder drive to work
2 He burnt himself get out of his car
3 He ran out of petrol do the washing-up
4 He lost his keys change a light bulb
5 He broke a cup . cook his dinner

Join the sentences using an -ing clause, as in the Rephrase the sentences using Having + past
example. participle, as in the example.
Example: Example:
I was sitting in the park. I was writing a letter. I finished the washing up, then I sat down and
/ was sitting in the park writing a letter. watched TV.
Having finished the washing up, I sat down and
1 The woman was driving along. She was lis-
watched TV.
tening to her car radio.
2 I arrived at the examination hall. I was feeling 1 He typed the letters, then he put them all in
very nervous. envelopes.
3 He came into the room. He was carrying a 2 I did all the housework, then I went out for a
suitcase. walk.
4 They were walking down the street. They 3 He got out of bed, then he had a shower.
were holding hands. 4 She locked all the doors, then she went to bed.
154
101 Singular and plural nouns (1)
EXERCISE 100E
Rephrase the sentences using an -ing clause, as in the examples.
Examples:
Because she didn't want to miss the train, she ran all the way to the station.
Not wanting to miss the train, she ran all the way to the station.
Because I had just eaten, I wasn't hungry. Having just eaten, I wasn't hungry.
1 Because she is a little deaf, she wears a hearing-aid.
2 Because I don't like classical music, I didn't go to the concert.
3 Because she is rich, she can afford expensive holidays.
4 Because I had finished the book, I decided to take it back to the library.
5 Because they had gone to bed so late the night before, they felt quite tired the next day.
Note
-Обычно подлежащее придаточного предложения с -ing формой одновременно является
подлежащим главного предложения, например: Having just eaten, I wasn't hungry. (= Be-
cause I had just eaten, I wasn't hungry.) Как правило, ошибочным является построение
предложений, в которых разные подлежащие. Например, нельзя сказать Running down the
street, the envelope fell out of my hand (поскольку из контекста явствует как будто конверт
бежал вдоль улицы!)
101 Singular and plural nouns

(Единственное и множественное число существительных) (1)
1 Regular plurals SINGULAR PLURAL

(Правильные формы образования множественного числа) NOUN NOUN
а Большинство существительных образуют book books

множественное число путем присоединения -s к day days
форме единственного числа существительного. girl girls
Ь Окончание -es присоединяется, если единственное church churches

число существительного заканчивается на -ch, -sh, -s dish dishes
или -х. bus buses
box boxes
С Некоторые существительные заканчиваются на -о tomato tomatoes

(tomato, potato, echo, hero, negro - наиболее potato potatoes
распространенные), и множественное число hero heroes
образуется путем добавления -es.
Другие существительные, оканчивающиеся на -о, обра- piano pianos

зуют множественное число с помощью окончания -s. radio radios
d В существительных, оканчивающихся на согласную + baby babies

-у, -у меняется на i и добавляется -es. factory factories
155
Irregular plurals (Неправильные формы образования множественного числа)

SINGULAR PLURAL
а В некоторых существительных, оканчивающихся half halves
на -f/-fe, опускается -f/-fe и прибавляется -ves во thief thieves
множественном числе, например, half, thief, leaf, leaf leaves
loaf, self, shelf, wolf, knife, wife, life. knife knives
wife wives
life lives
Ь Некоторые существительные образуют foot feet
множественное число путем изменения гласной tooth teeth
или гласных. goose geese
man men
Множественное число слова mouse - mice. woman women Avimm/
mouse mice
С Несколько существительных образуют child children /"tfildrsn/
множественное число с помощью -еп. ox oxen
d Некоторые существительные имеют одну и ту же sheep sheep
форму единственного и множественного числа. deer deer
fish fish*
aircraft aircraft
hovercraft hovercraft
spacecraft spacecraft
series series
species species
С Некоторые существительные, заимствованные из crisis crises
греческого и латинского языков, во множествен- phenomenon phenomena
ном числе имеют греческие и латинские cactus cacti
окончания.
f Обычно формой множественного числа person person people
является people (не persons).
* fish - обычная форма множественного числа от fish; jfishes также возможно, но менее
распространено.
Относительно произношения окончания -(e)s см. 187.1.
EXERCISE 101A
Complete the sentences using the plurals of the nouns in brackets.
Example:
I like oranges, apples, peaches and strawberries, (orange | apple | peach | strawberry).
1 They've got five , three and two (child | girl | boy)
2 London has many different ' , . and (restaurant | theatre | cinema | disco)
3 When he fell over, he broke two of his. . (tooth)
156
4 We've got enough , but we need some more and (plate | knife | fork)
5 On their tour of Europe, they visited seven in six (country | day)
6 hunt (cat | mouse)
7 Do you know those over there? (person)
8 These are too small for me. They hurt my (shoe | foot)
9 We've got some and , but we haven't got any (egg | tomato | potato)
10 Autumn is coming. The are starting to all from the (leaf | tree)
02 Singular and plural nouns

(Единственное и множественное число существительных) (2)
Обычно единственное число существительных употребляется с единственным числом

глаголов и местоимений.
'Where's the key ?' 'It's on the table.' \ 'Where are the keys ?' 'They 're on the table.'
But see 2-9 below.
С групповыми существительными, например family, team, group, crowd, class, company,
government, употребляется единственное или множественное число глаголов и
местоимений.
Множественное число глаголов и местоимений употребляется в том случае, когда под
группой имеется в виду определенное количество людей.
My family are on holiday.
The government think they can solve the problem.
Единственное число глаголов и местоимений употребляется, когда под группой имеется
в виду безличное целое.
The family is a very important part of society.
Существительные people, (the) police и cattle всегда употребляются во множественном
числе.
People are strange, aren't they?
The police in Britain wear blue uniforms.
Множественные формы глаголов и местоимений употребляются с a number of на group of.
A number of my friends are planning a holiday together. They hope to go to Greece and
Turkey.
For a lot of, see 116.
После выражений one of ту/his/her и др. употребляется множественное число
существительного и единственное число глагола.
One of my friends is coming to see me.
Когда речь идет о величине или количестве, часто употребляется единственное число
глагола и местоимения с множественным числом существительного.
Ten thousand pounds is a lot of money.
'The nearest town is five kilometres from here.' 'That isn 't very far.'
157
103 Compound nouns
Некоторые существительные имеют только форму множественного числа, например,

trousers, jeans, pyjamas, shorts, tights, glasses, scissors.
Those jeans are very old.
There are some scissors in the kitchen.
Форма единственного числа глагола + a pair of употребляется с такими
существительными.
There is a pair of scissors in the kitchen.
8 Некоторые существительные оканчиваются на -s, но это не множественное число,
например, news, politics, mathematics, physics, economics, athletics, billiards, rabies.
The news is depressing.
Mathematics is an interesting subject.
Неисчисляемые существительные, названия предметов, которые нельзя сосчитать,
например milk, money, обычно не имеют формы множественного числа.
There is some milk in the fridge.
Money isn't the most important thing in life, is it?
Относительно неисчисляемых существительных см. 107.
EXERCISE 102A
Choose the correct form. In one sentence either answer is possible.
Example:
There were/was a lot of people at the party.
1 Economics is/are an interesting subject. 6 'Is this/Are these your scissors?' 'Yes, they
2 My trousers have/has got a hole in it/them. are/it is.'
3 Rabies isn 't/aren 't a very common disease in 7 Two weeks isn 't/aren 't a very long time, is it/
Britain. are they?
4 My family lives/live in the North of England. 8 My hair is/are quite greasy. It needs/They
5 The news was/were quite surprising. need washing.
103 Compound nouns (Составные существительные)
1 Составные существительные - это существительные, состоящие из двух и более частей:

a toothbrush a tin-opener
Многие составные существительные образованы путем употребления одного
существительного (как прилагательного) перед другим существительным. В этом случае
первое существительное почти всегда стоит в единственном числе (даже если имеет
значение множественного числа).
a toothbrush (щетка для чистки зубов)
a shoe shop (магазин, где продается обувь)
a taxi driver (лицо, управляющее такси)
158
МБ Сишринк шток
Существует несколько исключений, например, clothes, sports, men, women,

a clothes shop a sports car women doctors
Некоторые составные существительные пишутся, как одно слово, например, toothbrush,
другие - через дефис (-), например, tin-opener, третьи - как отдельные слова, например,
shoe shop.
Некоторые составные существительные можно писать, как одно слово, или через дефис,
или как два слова, например, babysitter, baby-sitter, baby sitter (на этот счет не существует
определенных правил).
Некоторые составные существительные образуются с помощью -ing формы + noun или
adjective + noun.
a shopping bag a waiting room drinking water a greenhouse (= теплица)
Обычно множественное число составных существительных образуется путем добавления
-(e)s ко второму слову.
a shoe shop shoe shops
a toothbrush two toothbrushes
Но обратите внимание, что составные существительные, оканчивающиеся на -in-law,
принимают -s в первом слове.
one brother-in-law two brothers-in-law
my mother-in-law some mothers-in-law
Некоторые другие составные существительные также присоединяют -s к первому слову,
например, passer-by [прохожий].
a passer-by \ some passers-by
EXERCISE ЮЗА
Make compound nouns from the words in the box to describe the objects in the pictures.
Examples:
1 alarm clock 2 T-shirts 3 crossroads
screw mower
hole suit
alarm^ /•roads
cork hangers
bottle /shirts
cross — ^ driver
clothes- punch
T- •- screw
track- I opener
lawn ^ clock
159
104 Possessive 's (genitive)
(Притяжательный (родительный) падеж с окончанием
Use
Sally's motorbike Andrew's bedroom

Possessive 's с именами собственными (например: Sally, Andrew) указывает на отношение
между лицом и чем-то или кем-то еще.
Sally's motorbike (мотоцикл, принадлежащий Сэлли)
Andrew's bedroom (кровать, на которой спит Эндрю)
ту sister's school (школа, в которую ходит моя сестра)
Possessive 's употребляется с личными неопределенными местоимениями, например,
someone, nobody.
someone's passport nobody's problem
Possessive 's может употребляться с названиями животных.
a dog's life the cat's milk
Possessive 's может употребляться с существительным, обозначающим группу людей, или
с местом, где живут, работают люди и т.д.
the company's office the club's rules
the world's problems London's traffic
Possessive 's может также употребляться в некоторых выражениях времени.
yesterday's newspaper last week's football match
next year's plans
Possessive 's употребляется с периодами времени.
a week's holiday two days' work
Form
После существительного в единственном числе ставится 's. ту father's car
Sally's clothes
После существительного во множественном числе, my parents' car

оканчивающегося на -s, ставится только '. the ladies' clothes
После существительного во множественном числе, не the men's car

оканчивающегося на -s, ставится 's. children's clothes
160
104 Possessive 's (genitivei
Иногда к существительному в единственном числе с окончанием на -s лишь

подставляется '.
Sherlock Holmes' best friend Archimedes' Law
Но более употребительным является добавление 's.
Mrs Jones's husband Chris's idea
Possessive 's может ставиться и к целому словосочетанию.
Sue and Frank's daughter
Но в случае с более длинным словосочетанием употребляется ... of..., например, the
daughter of the Australian couple who live next door (see 105).
Possessive 's может также употребляться и без последующего существительного (когда
очевидно, о ком или о чем идет речь).
My car is next to Ken's. (= ... рядом с автомобилем Кена.)
Possessive 's часто употребляется, когда речь идет о магазинах, мастерских, ателье,
лавках, кабинете врача и т.д.
She has just been to the hairdresser's.
I went to the doctor's yesterday.
Относительно произношения окончания 's см. 187.1.
EXERCISE 104A
Look at the family tree. Make sentences using the possessive 's and the words in the box.
Charles = Daisy
George = Gloria
Sally Simon Andrew
Examples: 1 Gloria - Chris and Linda

2 Linda - Chris mother father
Kate-Ken sister
3 George - Chris and Linda
Kate is Ken's wife. grandmother
Simon and Andrew-Sally 4 Chris - George and Gloria aunt
5 Charles - Ken cousin sister-in-law
Simon and Andrew are Sally's brothers. father-in-law
Gloria-Ken 6 Daisy - Linda and Chris
Gloria is Ken's sister-in-law. 7 Kate - Chris and Linda
8 Sally, Simon and Andrew - Chris and Linda
105 Possessive 's or... of...
EXERCISE 104B
Complete the sentences using the correct form of the possessive 's.
Example:
What is your friend's name?
1 Sarah found somebody. credit cards in the street.
2 The Eiffel Tower is Paris _ _ most famous landmark.
3 The boys bedroom has just been painted.
41 read about a murder in this morning newspaper.
5 Can you borrow your parents car at the weekend?
61 need to get some medicine. Is there a chemist near here?
105 Possessive 's or... of...

(Притяжательный падеж 's или... of...)
Окончание 's обычно употребляется, С предметами обычно употребляется

когда первое существительное является ... of....
именем или названием лица или
животного.
Andrew's school the name of the school
Sarah's book the middle of the book
my parents' car the front of the car
the cat's food the smell of the food
С более длинными словосочетаниями также часто употребляется ...of... вместо 's.
Yesterday I met the daughter of the Australian couple who live next door. (Instead
of: Yesterday I met the Australian couple who live next door's daughter.)
EXERCISE 105A
Complete the sentences. Use the words in brackets with the possessive 's or... of..., as in the exam-
ples.
Examples:
Have you seen Steven Spielberg's new film? (the new film | Steven Spielberg)
Have you repaired the wheel of the bicycle? (the wheel | the bicycle)
1 We had to leave the cinema early so we didn't see _ . (the end | the film)
2 We met Sue and Frank at (the party | Sarah)
3 My flat is on (the top floor | the house)
4 The bus crashed into (the back | my car)
5 We heard the news from (a friend | the woman who works in the post office)
6 There's a hospital at (the end I this road)
7 I've spoken to (the parents | the girls)
8 The police want to interview (the manager | the Black Cat Club)
162
Double possessive (Сдвоенный притяжательный падеж)
В сдвоенном притяжательном падеже могут употребляться две формы:... of... и
собственно притяжательный падеж.
... of... + possessive
Sarah is a friend of Simon's. (= одна из друзей Симона)

.4 cousin of mine is coming to visit me. (= один из моих двоюродных братьев или сестер)
Sue is having lunch with some colleagues of hers. (= некоторыми из ее коллег)
Обратите внимание что после of может употребляться притяжательное местоимение,
например, mine, hers, и т.д., но не личное, например, те, her и т.д.
EXERCISE 106A
Make a new sentence using... of... + possessive, as in the example.
Example:
I met one of my friends in London. / met a friend of mine in London.
1 Robert visited one of his relatives.
2 One of our neighbours is going to babysit for us.
3 Sally is going on holiday with some of her friends.
4 Simon has borrowed some of Sarah's records.
5 Two of my colleagues are ill at the moment.
07 Countable and uncountable nouns

(Исчисляемые и неисчисляемые существительные)
1 Существительные могут быть исчисляемыми или неисчисляемыми (countable or

uncountable):
а Исчисляемые существительные - это названия отдельных предметов, людей и т.д.,
которых можно сосчитать; они имеют форму единственного и множественного числа.
one book two books a man some men
Неисчисляемые существительные - это названия предметов или веществ, которые пред-
стают как целое и которых нельзя сосчитать; они не имеют формы единственного и мно-
жественного числа.
milk rice weather
После исчисляемых существительных могут употребляться глаголы в единственном или
множественном числе.
This book is expensive. These books are expensive.
That man lives next door. Those men live next door.
После неисчисляемых существительных всегда употребляются глаголы в единственном
числе.
Milk is good for you.
The weather was very good yesterday.
163
Перед исчисляемыми существительными могут употребляться формы артикля а/ап и

числительные.
a man one book two books
Как правило, непосредственно перед неисчисляемыми существительными не употребля-
ются а/ап или числительные. Нельзя, например, сказать a weather, t\vo weathers и т.д. Но
иногда могут употребляться а/ап и числительные с такими словами, как например, coffee,
tea, beer и т.д., когда в ресторане делается заказ этих напитков в чашке или стакане.
Excuse me, waiter. Could we have two coffees and a tea, please?
Артикль а употребляется перед словами, начинающимися с согласных, например a book, a
man, и an - перед словами, начинающимися с гласных звуков an apple, an egg (см. 108.1).
Перед исчисляемыми и неисчисляемыми существительными употребляется some
(см. 115).
some books some rice
some men some milk
Некоторые существительные могут употребляться как исчисляемые, так и
неисчисляемые с разницей в значении. For example:
COUNTABLE UNCOUNTABLE
a glass glass [стекло]
a hair her hair [её волосы]
a paper (= a newspaper) some paper [бумага]
an iron iron [железо]
some potatoes
Некоторые существительные неисчисляемые в английском языке, но исчисляемые в

других языках. Вот некоторые из наиболее употребительных неисчисляемых
существительных и соответствующие им исчисляемые выражения:
UNCOUNTABLE COUNTABLE
accommodation a place to live/stay
advice a piece of advice
bread a loaf/slice/piece (of bread) a (bread) roll
furniture a piece of furniture
information a piece of information
luggage a piece of luggage; a suitcase/bag
money a note/coin; a sum (of money)
news a piece of news
traffic a car/bus etc
travel a journey/trip
work a job; apiece of work
Compare:
I've just had some news. I've just had a piece of news.
Where is your luggage ? Where are your suitcases ?
We need some bread. We need a loaf of bread.
Здесь вместо a piece о/в разговорном стиле можно употреблять a bit of, например, a bit of
advice.
Исчисляемые и неисчисляемые существительные могут употребляться в выражениях
количества с of.
a box of matches a bottle of water
two tins of tomatoes two loaves of bread
EXERCISE 107A
(i) Look at the things in the pictures. Are they countable (C) or uncountable (U) here?
Example:
banana С
1 wine 2 bread
4 tomatoes
7 rice л g carrots
6
orange
9 apples
10 meat
(ii) Make a list of the things in the pictures using a/an or some.
Examples:
Some cheese, a banana...
165
108 Articles: a/an and the
EXERCISE 107B
Example:
I'd like some information/mfermations about hotels in London.
1 Sue is the woman with blonde hair/hairs who lives opposite.
2 Did you have a good travel/journey from Switzerland?
3 I've got a problem and I'd like some advice/advices.
4 Don't forget to buy a bread/some bread when you go shopping.
5 I'd like to find out what's on TV this evening. Have you got a paper/some paper?
6 There is/are usually a lot of traffic/traffics in the city at this time of the day.
7 He's trying to find a work/job at the moment, but there isn't/aren't much work/works available.
8 Is/Are good accommodation/accommodations difficult to find in the city centre?

(Артикли: a/an и the)
1 Form and pronunciation

a Артикль а /э/ употребляется перед словами, Артикль an /эп/ употребляется перед
начинающимися с согласного звука. словами, начинающимися с гласного звука.
a book /э bok/ an apple /эп азр1/

acarfaka:/ an egg /эп eg/
a day /э dei/ аи interview /эп 'mt9nvju:/
afriend/з frend/ ал o/d соя/ /эп aold k9ot/
a girl /э дз:1/ ая umbrella /эп лт'ЬгеЬ/
Артикль the произносится как /дэ/ перед Артикль /йе произносится как /di:/ перед
словами, начинающимися с согласного словами, начинающимися с гласного звука.
звука.
the book /дэ bok/ the apple /di: 'aepl/

the car /дэ ka:/ ffte egg /di: eg/
the day /дэ dei/ die interview /di: 'mtgnvju:/
Артикли а и the /дэ/ употребляются перед Артикли an и /Ле /di:/ употребляются перед
буквой и, когда она произносится как со- буквой h, когда она не произносится.
гласный звук /ju/.
a university /э ,ju:ni'v3:s9ti/ an hour /an 'аоэ(г)/

the university /дэ , ju:ni'v3:s9ti/ the hour/di: 'аоэ(г)/
166
Use of a/an
For countable and uncountable nouns, see 107.
Артикль a/an употребляется перед исчисляемыми существительными в единственном
числе.
a student a book an idea
Артикль a/an не употребляется перед исчисляемыми существительными во
множественном числе. Нельзя, например, сказать a students or an ideas. Обычно a/an не
употребляется перед неисчисляемыми существительными. Нельзя, например, сказать в
water or a music (но см. 107.1-2).
Исчисляемые существительные в единственном числе не употребляются самостоятельно,
без а/аи, the, my, this и др.
I'm a student. (Not: I'm student.)
Артикль a/an употребляется в том случае, когда слушающий или читающий не знает
точно, какое лицо или предмет имеется в виду.
There is a book on the table. (Неизвестно, какая книга.)
Не met a girl last night. She works in a bank. (Неизвестно, какая девушка или какой банк.)
Артикль а/ап употребляется в том случае, когда о ком-то или о чем-то идет речь.
Г т an architect He's a vegetarian. It was a good film.
Use of die
For countable and uncountable nouns, see 107.
Артикль the употребляется с исчисляемыми существительными в единственном и
множественном числе и с неисчисляемыми существительными.
the man the shoes the water
Артикль the употребляется в том случае, когда слушающий или читающий знает точно,
какое лицо или предмет имеется в виду:
• Артикль the употребляется в том случае, когда лица или предметы уже упоминались.
/ met a girl and a boy. I didn 't like the boy much, but the girl was very nice.
My father bought a shirt and some shoes. The shoes were quite expensive.
• Артикль the употребляется в том случае, когда по ситуации очевидно, какие лица
или предметы имеются в виду.
Where's Simon ?' 'Не 's in the bathroom.' (= ванная в этом доме)
Are you hot? I'll open the window. (= окно в этой комнате)
/ got into a taxi. The driver asked me where I wanted to go. (- водитель такси, в которое я
сел)
• Артикль the употребляется, когда что-то единично, например, the sun, the moon, the
sky, the earth, the world.
I enjoy lying in the sun.
Would you like to travel round the world?
167
109 Talking in general: no article and a/an
EXERCISE 108A
Put the words in the correct column: A or B.
А В
a and the /бэ/ an and the /di:/
clock orange
vlOC-Jt aunt sandwich house school examination
Oiufl £c old car dog hospital onion ice-cream
envelope university game hour umbrella

Add a or an where necessary. Complete the sentences using a, an or the.
Examples: Example:
I'd like a hamburger, please. The Queen of England lives in Buckingham
Sarah and Simon are students. Palace in London.
1 There's post office in West Street. 1 Who is. . best footballer in. . world?
2 I've got envelope, but I haven't got 2 My brother works in large garage in
stamp. Brighton. He's engineer.
3 We ate cheese and drank wine. 3 Did you enjoy party you went to on Sat-
4 Can you see those two men? They're urday?
policemen. 4 earth moves round sun.
5 Would you like cup of tea? 5 I had cup of coffee and some toast for
61 saw very good film on TV last night. breakfast this morning coffee was deli-
7 There isn't garage near here. cious.
8 I'm working as secretary in office 6 Could you switch off _ . TV? Nobody is
in London. watching it.
9 Do you always drink. . tea with. 7 'What's capital of India?' 'Delhi.'
milk? 8 'What do you think of Lynne?' 'She's
10 I asked my father for. . advice about extremely nice person.
finding job.

(Разговор вообще: отсутствие артикля и a/ah)
Когда речь идет о чем-то вообще, употребляются существительные во множественном

числе или неисчисляемые существительные без the.
Shoes are expensive. (= обувь вообще)
Milk is good for you. (= молоко вообще)
Когда речь идет о чем-то конкретном, употребляется the.
These are the shoes which I bought last week. (= конкретные туфли, которые я купил на
прошлой неделе)
Could you pass the milk, please? (= конкретное молоко на столе)
168
More examples:
GENERAL (ОБЩЕЕ) PARTICULAR (КОНКРЕТНОЕ)
/ like horses. Look at the horses in that field.
Life isn't easy. I've got a book about the life ofJ. F. Kennedy.
He only cares about money. Where is the money I gave you yesterday?
He всегда легко можно установить, идет ли речь об общем или конкректном. For example:
GENERAL PARTICULAR
/ enjoy talking to old people. (= старики Do you know the old people sitting over
вообще) there? (= конкретные старики, сидящие
там)
Можно также говорить о чем-то вообще, используя а/ап (в значении 'любой') с
исчисляемыми существительными в единственном числе.
A vegetarian doesn 't eat meat.
An architect designs buildings.
EXERCISE 109A
Add the where necessary.
I find history an interesting subject.
We studied the history of the Spanish Civil War at school.
1 Andrew hates examinations.
2 How did you get on in examinations yesterday?
3 Do you take sugar in coffee?
4 'Where is coffee I bought?' 'It's in kitchen.'
5 I'm a vegetarian, I don't eat meat or fish.
6 I'll put shopping away. Shall I put meat into freezer?
7 Do you like English beer?
8 Do you think love is the most important thing in life?
EXERCISE 109B
Rephrase these general statements using a/an, as in the example.
Example:
Carpenters make things from wood.
A carpenter makes things from wood.
1 Florists sell flowers.
2 Children need love.
3 Corkscrews take corks out of bottles
4 Large cars are expensive to run.
5 Teetotallers don't drink alcohol.
169
110 Talking in general: the (Разговор вообще: the)
1 The+ noun
a Артикль the иногда употребляется с исчисляемым существительным в единственном

числе, когда речь идет о чем-то вообще. Это имеет место, например, с названиями
животных, цветов и растений.
The dolphin is an intelligent animal.
The orchid is a beautiful flower.
(the dolphin = дельфины вообще; the orchid = орхидеи вообще)
Артикль the употребляется в общем смысле с названиями музыкальных инструментов и

научных открытий.
She can play the guitar and the saxophone.
Marconi invented the radio.
Некоторые употребительные выражения с the имеют общее значение, например, the town,
the country (side), the sea (side), the mountains, the rain, the wind, the sun (shine), the snow.
I enjoy going for long walks in the country.
They often go to the mountains at weekends.
I like the sound of the rain.
d The cinema и the theatre также употребляются в общем значении.
Which do you prefer, the cinema or the theatre?
2 The + adjective
a Артикль the употребляется перед некоторыми прилагательными, например young, old,

rich, poor, blind, с общим значением.
The young should listen to the old.
(the young = молодежь вообще; the old = старики вообще)
Артикль the также употребляется перед некоторыми названиями национальностей,

например English, Italian, French, Swiss, Japanese, для обозначения 'народ данной
страны'.
The English drink a lot of tea.
Обратите внимание, что эти слова оканчиваются на -sh (eg the English, the Irish), -ch (eg
the French, the Dutch) или -ese (eg the Japanese, the Chinese).
С дщугими национальностями употребляется существительное во множественном числе,

оканчивающееся на -s с или без the, например, (the) Indians, (the) Germans.
170
110 Talking in general: the
EXERCISE 110A
Complete each sentence using the and the most suitable noun in the box.
Example:
The blue whale is the largest animal in the world.
piano radio tulip sea
blue whole country swan
1 is a large white bird with a long neck.
2 Do you often listen to that programme on ?
3 My grandmother has lived in a small village in all her life.
4 has a bell-shaped flower.
5 Chopin wrote a lot of music for
6 Do you ever go swimming in ?
EXERCISE 11 OB
What do we call these people? Use the + the adjectives in the box.
Example:
people who are unable to hear
the deaf
blind sick Hnnf
Uv'Ul unemployed dead
1 people who are no longer alive
2 people who have no jobs
3 people who cannot see
4 people who are unwell
EXERCISE HOC
What do we call the people of these countries?
Example:
Portugal
the Portuguese
1 Britain
2 Australia
3 Spain
4 France
5 Greece
171
Ill Common expressions without an article
(Общие выражения без артикля)
School, the school, church, the church etc

Часто следующие существительные употребляются без артикля.
school university college
hospital prison church bed
Maria goes to school every morning.
I studied history at university.
Mr Woods has gone into hospital.
John has been in prison for three years.
I think I'll go to bed early tonight.
Эти существительные употребляются без артикля, когда имеется в виду главное
назначение определенного места. Compare:
/ think I'll go to bed early tonight, (спать) There are some shoes under the bed.
Maria goes to school every morning. The school was painted last month.
(учиться)
Mr Woods has gone into hospital, (для Sarah met Simon outside the hospital.
лечения)
Обычно слова work и home употребляются без артикля.
What time do you usually go to work?
Would you like to stay at home this evening?
Means of transport (Средства передвижения)
Выражения by car/bus/train/plane и т.д. употребляются без артикля, когда речь идет о
способе передвижения.
/ usually go to school by car.
We went to Rome by train.
Говорят также on foot (= пешком), например, / came home on foot.
Meals (Еда)
Обычно с названиями еды артикль не употребляется.
What time do you usually have breakfast?
When would you like to have dinner?
Ho the употребляется в конкретном случае, например, / enjoyed the dinner we had last
night.
Можно также сказать a/the meal, например, We had a meal on the plane. A/an также упот-
ребляется, когда перед breakfast/lunch/dinner/ и т.д. стоит прилагательное.
They had a large breakfast.
172
Ill Common expressions without an article
EXERCISE 111A
Examples:
Mrs Woods goes to church every Sunday.
There is a cemetery behind the church.
1 What time does Annie normally go to school?
2 They are painting school at the moment.
31 went to bed at 10 o'clock last night.
41 was lying on. bed reading a book.
5 Kate arrives _ . home from work at about 6.00 every evening.
6 Did you go to. . work by bus or on foot yesterday?
7 Sue went to prison to visit John last month.
8 My mother has gone into hospital for an operation.
9 The ABC cinema is opposite hospital.
101 usually have coffee and toast for breakfast.
Note*
-Относительно выражений времени с артиклем и без него, например, in the morning, at
night, on Monday, in (the) summer CM. 169.
112 Place-names with and without the

(Географические названия с и без the)
1 Place-names without the
a Обычно the не употребляется с географическими названиями:
continents [материков и континентов] Africa Europe Australia
countries, states, departments, etc [стран, штатов, England Spain Brazil
административных областей, округов и др.] California Hampshire
cities, towns and villages [городов, сел, деревень] Sydney Tokyo Bilbao
individual islands [отдельных островов] Crete Long Island
lakes [озер] Lake Michigan Lake Geneva
individual mountains [отдельных гор] Mount Everest Mount Fuji
streets [улиц] Oxford Street North Road
Ho the употребляется с этими названиями, когда они содержат исчисляемое

существительное, например, union, republic, states, kingdom, isle.
the Soviet Union the Federal Republic of Germany the United States the United Kingdom
Артикль the также употребляется с географическими названиями во множественном
числе, например, the Netherlands, the West Indies, the Alps.
173
112 Place-names with and without the
Артикль the также употребляется с различными другими названиями, например, the North/
South Pole, the Arctic/Antarctic, the Middle East, the Far East, the Costa Brava, the Ruhr.
2 Place-names with the
a Обычно the употребляется с названиями:
oceans and seas [океанов и морей] the Pacific the Mediterranean

rivers [рек] the Mississippi the Nile
canals [каналов] the Panama Canal the Suez Canal
deserts [пустынь] the Sahara the Kalahari
island groups [групп островов] the Canaries the West Indies
hotels, cinemas [гостиниц, отелей, кинотеатров] the Plaza Hotel the Cannon Cinema
museums, clubs [музеев, клубов] the Prado Museum the Black Cat Club
restaurants, pubs [ресторанов, баров (пивных)] the Hard Rock Cafe the Swan (pub)
Однако the не употребляется с названиями гостиниц, отелей, ресторанов и т.д., в честь

открывших их лиц + притяжательный падеж с 's.
Масу 's Hotel (Not: the Macy's Hotel) Brown's (Not: the Brown's)
Эти имена часто пишутся без апострофа ('), например, Lloyds Bank, Woolworths.
Артикль the не употребляется с названиями церквей, святых + притяжательный падеж с 's.
St Peter's Church St Paul's Cathedral (St = Saint [святой])
Артикль the ставится перед названиями с of.
the Statue of Liberty the Bank of Scotland
the University of London (или: London University)
EXERCISE 112A
Answer the questions using the where necessary. You can find the answers in brackets!
Examples:
Which is the longest river in Europe? (GOVAL) the Volga
What's the capital of India? (HELDI) Delhi
1 What's the capital of Australia (BRECARAN)
2 Which country has the largest population in the world? (NICAH)
3 Which is the largest city in the world? (EXCOMI YICT)
4 Which is the largest desert in the world? (HAAARS)
5 In which state of the USA is Los Angeles? (FLIARIACON)
6 Which is the largest lake in the world? (KEAL PERSOIRU)
7 Which is the largest ocean in the world? (AIPFCIC)
8 Which is the highest mountain in the world? (TUMON STEER VE)
9 Which are the highest mountains in Europe? (LAPS)
174
113 Review of articles: a/an, the and no article
EXERCISE 112B
Example:
The Louvre Museum is in Paris.
1 Ron Lewis was born in Manchester, but he lives in Bristol now. He's a lecturer at
University of Bristol.
2 Luigi's restaurant is between Albany Hotel and Jimmy's Wine Bar in Cam-
bridge Road.
3 When we were in Rome we visited St Peter's Church, Castle of St Angelo and
National Roman Museum.
113 Review of articles: a/an, the and no article

(Обзор артикля: a/an, the и отсутствие артикля)
EXERCISE И ЗА
Add a, an or the where necessary.
Examples:
We saw an interesting film at the cinema last night.
I start work at 9 o'clock every morning.
1 Soviet Union is biggest country in world.
2 Have you ever been to St Peter's Square in Rome?
3 weather was lovely when I woke up yesterday morning: sun was shining and there
was beautiful blue sky.
4 My sister works in large hospital in London. She's doctor.
5 Who was woman you were talking to just now?
6 'Where's Kate?' 'She's in living room.'
7 What time do you usually have lunch?
8 Do you prefer cooking with gas or electricity?
9 We visited Prado Museum when we were in Madrid.
10 What time does Andrew finish school?
II There are 20 classrooms in school.
12 Who invented telescope?
13 How long have you been looking for work?
14 Did you go to Scotland by car or by train?
15 Japanese export a lot of cars.
16 Sue and Frank have got two children; girl and boy girl is student and _
boy is engineer.
17 Giovannis' restaurant is next to Midland Bank in Bath Road.
18 Are you interested in politics?
19 Atlantic Ocean is larger than Indian Ocean.
20 Mont Blanc is higher than Mount Etna.
21 Sue's brother is ill in hospital.
22 The government plan to help poor and unemployed.
175
114 Quantity: general (Количество: общие положения)
Когда речь идет о количестве, употребляются следующие слова:
some, any (see 115) all, every, each (see 118)
much, many, a lot, (a) little, (a) few (see 116) both, either, neither (see 119)
no, none (see 117) more, most, half
Эти слова (за исключением none, a lot и half) могут употребляться непосредственно перед
существительным.
There are some eggs in the fridge.
Have we got any milk ?
There are no letters for you today.
Both films were very good.
Эти слова (за исключением по и every) также употребляются перед of+ the, her, your, this
и др. + noun.
I've finished writing some of the letters.
Can either of your parents speak French?
Эти слова (за исключением по и every) также употребляются с of перед объектным
местоимением, например, them, us, it.
Not all of these books are mine. Some of them are Peter's.
Neither of us saw the film.
После all, half и both можно опускать of перед the, her, my, your, this и др.
/ switched off all (of) the lights.
Half (of) my friends are on holiday at the moment.
I enjoyed both (of) the films.
Однако после all, half и both нельзя опускать of перед объектным местоимением,
например, them, us, it.
'Have you read these books?' 'Not all of them.' (Not:... all them.)
I haven't finished my homework. I've done about half of it. (Not:... half it.)
She invited both of us to the party. (Not:... both us...)
Можно также употреблять every one о/перед the, her, my и др. или объектным
местоимением.
Every one of the students passed the exam.
I've read some of those books, but not every one of them.
Эти слова (за исключением по и every) могут употребляться самостоятельно, без
существительного.
If you want some coffee, I'll make some.
'Were there a lot of people on the train?' 'No, not many.'
Вместо all и each часто употребляется all of+ объектное местоимение, например, them, it
и т.д. и each one.
I like some Elvis Presley records, but not all of them.
They've got three children and each one goes to a different school.
Every one может употребляться самостоятельно.
I've read some of these books, but not every one.
176
115 Some and any
EXERCISE 114A
Choose the correct answer.
Example:
I've finished mest/most of my homework.
1 Not all/all of birds can fly. 10 Are there many/many of museums in Brigh-
2 The teacher interviewed each/each of student ton?
in turn. 11 We tried several chemists' and every/every
3 I've heard some/some of those records, but one o/them was closed.
not all/all of them. 12 He spends most/most of his time watching
41 can't lend you any/any of money because I TV.
haven't got any/any of. 13 My sister has read nearly every/every one of
5 Most/Most of people like Kate. book in the library.
6 Neither/Neither of my parents will be at 141 answered each/each of question carefully.
home this evening. 15 Do either/either of these books belong to
7 Neither/Neither of these jackets fits me prop- you?
erly. 16 We haven't painted the whole house yet, but
8 'How much/much of coffee have we got?' we've done about half/half of'it.
'Not a lot/a lot of." 17 They've got five children and each of/each
9 A few/A few of Simon's friends went to the one is quite different.
concert, but not many/many of.
115 Some and any
1 Some и any перед существительными во множественном числе и неисчисляемыми

существительными употребляются для выражения неопределенной количественное™:
some letters any letters
some money any money
Вообще, some употребляется главным образом в утвердительных предложениях, a any в
основном в отрицательных предложениях.
There are some letters for you. There aren't any letters for you.
I've got some money. I haven't got any money.
But see 3,4 and 6 below.
Any употребляется после слов с отрицательным значением, например, without, never,

seldom, rarely, hardly.
I found a taxi without any trouble.
You never do any homework.
There are, hardly any eggs left.
Some или any может употребляться после if.
If you need some/any money, tell me.
177
112 Some and any
Обычно any употребляется в 'открытых' вопросах (когда не ожидается конкретный

ответ).
Have you got any writing paper?
Is there any tea in the cupboard?
Some часто употребляется в вопросах, на которые ожидается ответ 'yes' ['да'].
Have you got some paper I could have, please? (Я полагаю, что у вас есть бумага; я
рассчитываю на ответ 'yes')
Some также употребляется в вопросах, когда мы подталкиваем собеседника ответить
'yes', например, в просьбах и предложениях.
'Can you let me have some paper?' 'How much do you want?'
'Wouldyou like some more tea?' 'Oh, yes, please.'
Any также может употребляться в значении 'безразлично какой' или 'какой вы хотите'.
You can get the tickets from any travel agency.
I can come and see you any day next week.
Some (с сильным произношением /злт/) употребляется также для создания контраста.
Some people like lying in the sun, others don't.
EXERCISE 155 A
Complete the sentences using some or any. Sometimes either word is possible.
Example:
He hasn't got any brothers or sisters.
1 There are people outside who want to 6 If you need more information, please
see you. ask me.
2 I like water sports, but not all of them. 7 Phone me time you like tomorrow. I'll
3 Can you buy butter when you go to the be at home all day.
shops? There's hardly left. 8 I've done revision for the exams, but
4 'Could I have more coffee, please?' not much.
'Yes, of course.' 9 museums are worth visiting, but others
5'I haven't got money.' 'Would you aren't.
like me to lend you ?' 10 Tell me if you want help.
Note
-Относительно some и any см. также 114.
-Some time означает 'в какое-то неопределенное время', например: Let's meet some time
next week; sometimes means означает 'иногда', например: We sometimes meet after school.
-Различия между something и anything, somebody/someone и anybody /anyone такие же, как
и различия между some и any. См. 125.
116 Much, many, a lot of, (a) little, (a) few
Much и (a) little употребляются с неисчисляемыми существительными, a many и (a) few с

исчисляемыми существительными во множественном числе.
much milk much rice many cars many books
(a) little wine (a) little sugar (a) few jobs (a) few eggs
A lot of, lots о/и plenty of у потребляются как с неисчисляемыми, так и с исчисляемыми
существительными во множественном числе.
a lot of milk a lot of cars
lots of rice lots of books
plenty of wine plenty of jobs
Обратите внимание: a lot/lots = большое количество или много; plenty = множество; более
чем достаточно.
Much, many, a lot (of)
Much я many главным образом употребляются в вопросах и отрицательных предложениях.
How much milk have we got? We haven't got much milk
Is there much rice left? There isn 't much rice left.
Has he got many books? He hasn't got many books.
В утвердительных предложениях обычно употребляются a lot (of), lots (of) и plenty (of), a
не much и many.
We've got a lot of milk. (Not: We've got much milk.)
There's lots of rice left. (Not: There's much rice left.)
He's got plenty of books. (Not normally: He's got many books.)
Однако очень часто употребляются much и many в утвердительных предложениях после
too, as, so и very.
We've got far too much milk.
Take as much milk as you want.
I've got so many jobs to do today.
We enjoyed the party very much.
(A) little, (a) few
A little и a few имеют положительное значение. A little означает 'небольшое, но некоторое
количество'; a few означает 'небольшое, но некоторое число'.
There's still a little work to do before we go home. (= небольшой, но некоторый объем
работы.)
The exam was extremely difficult, but a few students passed it. (= небольшое, но некоторое
число студентов.)
Little и few, без а, имеют более негативную окраску. Little означает 'немного' или 'почти
ничего*',few означает 'немного' или 'почти ничего'.
There's little work to do. We've already finished most of it. (= почти нет работы)
The exam was extremely difficult and few students passed it. (= почти нет студентов)
179
116 Much, many, a lot of, (a) little, (a) few
Little я few (без а) - достаточно формальные слова. В повседневной речи более употреби-
тельными являются not much, not many, only a little, only a few, или hardly any (= почти
ничего).
There isn't much time left.
Hardly any students passed the exam.
Однако very little и very few довольно употребительны в повседневной речи.
I've got very little money.
Very few people went to the football match.
EXERCISE 116A
Complete the sentences using much, many, a lot (of), a little or a few. Sometimes more than one an-
swer is possible.
Examples:
There are so many jobs to do today and we haven't got much/a lot o/time.
There were only a few people in the cinema.
11 know people in London, but not many 6 Have we got potatoes left?
2 We've got coffee left, but not much. 7 How money did you spend on holiday?
3 He earns money in his job. 8 I didn't enjoy the party on Saturday very
4 She's got classical music records. There were far too people there,
5 We had wine with our meal, but not very and there wasn't food or drink, so eve-
much, rybody was hungry and thirsty.
EXERCISE 116B
Example:
I've got a littleAMe money, so I could lend you some if you want.
1 I'm sorry, but I've got very a little/little money at the moment. I'm afraid I can't
lend you any.
2 He has very a few/few friends and he gets rather lonely.
3 She has a few/few friends in London and she's very happy there.
4 It is an extremely poor country: it has a few/few natural resources and a little / little good agricul-
tural land.
5 Would you like a little/little more wine? There's still a little/little left in the bottle.
6 It won't take long to drive into town. There's very a littleAittle traffic on the road
at this time of the day.
7 I think Peter went out a few/few minutes ago.
8 It's a very boring little town; there's very a little/little to do there.
180
117 No and none
No (= 'не, ни' или 'нисколько, ничуть') употребляется перед существительным.

There's no lock on the door.
There are no letters for you today.
We've got no milk.
No может употребляться перед исчисляемыми существительными, например lock, перед
исчисляемыми существительными во множественном числе, например letters, и перед
неисчисляемыми существительными, например, milk.
No более эмфатичное, чем not а или not any, например: There isn't a lock on the door. There
aren't any letters for you today.
None - это местоимение; оно употребляется самостоятельно, без существительного.

'Are there any letters for me today?' 'No, none, I'm afraid.'
'How much milk have we got?' 'None.'
Перед ту, this, the и т.д. или объектным местоимением, например us, them, употребляется
none of.
None of my friends have seen the film.
None of the photographs were very good.
None of us have any money.
Когда none of у потребляется с существительным во множественном числе, глагол может
быть в единственном или множественном числе.
None of my friends have/has seen the film.
Употребление глагола в единственном числе носит более формальный оттенок.
EXERCISE 117A
Complete the sentences using no or none.
Example:
We really must hurry. There's no time to lose.
1 of my family are rich.
2 Unfortunately, there were tickets left for the concert.
3 He's so serious. He's got sense of humour.
4 I've got idea what I'm going to do when I leave school.
5 of the students failed the examination.
6 I haven't got any money at the moment, at all.
7 My friends and I would all like to go to the concert, but of us has
got a ticket.
181
118 All, every, everybody, everything, whole
All and every
Every сходно по значению с all: every означает 'все без исключения'. Compare:
All the students in the class passed the exam.
Every student in the class passed the exam. (= все студенты без исключения)
Обратите внимание, что all может употребляться со словами во множественном числе, в
то время как every может только употребляться со словами в единственном числе.
All children like playing. Every child likes playing.
All, но не every может употребляться с неисчисляемыми существительными.
Do you like all pop music? (Not: ... every pop music?)
All, everybody, everything
Обычно all не употребляется отдельно без существительного в значении everybody или
everyone. Compare:
All the people stopped talking. Everybody stopped talking. (Not: All stopped...)
I have invited all the students in my I have invited everyone in my class to the party.
class to the party. (Not:... all in my class...)
All редко употребляется в значении everything.
Everything is so expensive these days. (Not: All is so expensive these days.)
Have you got everything? (Not: Have you got all?)
Однако all может употребляться в значении everything в конструкции all (that) +
относительное придаточное предложение.
Have you got all (that) you need?
He's forgotten all (that) I told him.
All также употребляется в выражении all about.
Tell me all about yourself.
All может также употребляться в значении 'единственное, что' или 'ничего более, чем'.
Г т not hungry. All 1 want is a cup of tea.
All and whole
Whole означает 'весь, целый, полный'. Обычно whole употребляется с исчисляемыми
существительными в единственном числе.
/ didn 't see the whole film. I missed the first part.
I spent my whole salary on clothes last month.
The, my, this и др. всегда употребляются перед whole + а singular noun, например, the
whole film, my whole salary.
The, my, this и др. могут также употребляться с all, но с другим порядком слов. Compare:
all the film the whole film
all my salary my whole salary
182
118 All, every, everybody, everything, whole
A whole может также употребляться перед существительными (в единственном числе).

Mike ate a whole chicken himself.
Обычно whole не употребляется с неисчисляемыми существительными.
We've finishedaU the coffee. (Not:... the whole coffee.)
All day, every day, etc
All употребляется с некоторыми исчисляемыми существительными в единственном
числе, например day, morning, week, year, в значении 'весь'; every употребляется с day,
morning и др. для обозначения, как часто происходит действие. Compare:
/ work hard all day. (= целый день) / work hard every day. (= понедельник, вторник и т.д.)
The whole day/morning и т.д. можно употреблять вместо all day/morning и т.д.
We've been waiting the whole morning/all morning.
В этом значении the whole сильнее, чем all.

Complete the sentences using all, every, every- Complete the sentences using all (the) or the
body or everything. Sometimes two answers are whole. Sometimes more than one answer is pos-
possible. sible.
Example: Examples:
Have you spent all the money I gave you? We've finished all the wine.
1 didn't see all the/the whole film.
11 tried key in the lock, but none of them
fitted. 1 family went on holiday together.
2 enjoyed the film except Peter. 2 Have you spent money I gave you?
3 I'm really tired I want to do is go to 3 The tap was dripping night.
bed. 4 Did you understand information I gave
4 Listen to me. I can explain you?
5 Has Sarah told you about her holiday in
Austria?
6 It was late when Simon arrived home and EXERCISE 118C
was asleep. Choose the correct answer.
7 Did you remember to switch off the
lights? Example:
81 believe word he says. My favourite TV programme is on at 8.30 &tt/
9 Have you packed into this suitcase? every Tuesday evening.
10 I learnt I know about physics at school.
1 What time do you normally get up all/every
morning?
2 The weather was terrible yesterday, so we
spent all/every day at home.
3 Peter was late for work all/every day last
week,
4 My neighbours had a party last night and the
noise kept me awake all/every night.
183
119 Both, either, neither
Note
-Сравните every и each: every употребляется, когда речь идет о целой группе; each упот-
ребляется, когда речь идет о членах группы отдельно, каждом отдельно.
every each
I asked every person in the room the same Each person gave a different answer.
question.
-Относительно all, every и each см. также 114.

Both
Both (= 'оба, обе; и тот и другой') может употребляться перед исчисляемыми
существительными во множественном числе.
Both films were very good.
I spoke to both girls.
Both о/употребляется перед the, your, these и т.д. + существительное во множественном
числе; в этом случае о/часто опускается.
Both (of) the films were very good.
Do both (of) your parents like dancing?
Both о/также употребляется перед объектным местоимением во множественном числе
you, us, them; в этом случае of нельзя опускать.
She invited both of us to the party. (Not: ... both us ...)
Both может употребляться после объектного местоимения.
She invited us both to the party.
Either and neither
Either (= 'и тот и другой; оба') и neither (= 'ни тот, ни другой; ни один') может употреб-
ляться перед исчисляемыми существительными в единственном числе.
We could meet on Saturday or Sunday. Either day is fine with me.
Neither road goes to the station.
184
Either of и neither of употребляются перед your, these, the и т.д. + исчисляемое

существительное во множественном числе.
Can either of your parents speak French?
Neither of these roads goes to the station.
Either of ТА neither of также употребляются перед объектными местоимениями во
множественном числе you, us, them.
Can either of you type?
Neither of us went to the party.
После neither of можно употреблять глагол в единственном или множественном числе.
Neither of these roads goes/go to the station.
Neither of us is/are hungry.
Глагол в единственном числе более характерен для официального стиля.
(N)either имеет два варианта произношения: /'па!3э(г)/ или /'ш:3э(г)/.
Both, either и neither употребляются для соединения понятий в этих конструкциях:
both... and ...

either... or ...
neither... nor...
I spoke to both Sally and Peter.

John is both thoughtful and generous.
She both speaks Japanese and writes it.
I don't like either football or rugby very much.
We can either stay in or go out.
Neither Mrs Woods nor her husband were at home.
He neither apologised nor explained.
EXERCISE 119A
Complete the sentences using both, both of, either, either of, neither, neither of. In one sentence two
answers are possible.
Example:
The tennis match was very exciting. Both players were very good.
1 'Have your parents got a car?' 'No, them can drive.'
2 They don't like each other and I made the mistake of inviting
them to my party.
3 'What does "ambidextrous" mean?' 'It means being able to use hand
with equal skill.'
4 'Which of these shirts do you prefer?' 'I don't really like them
very much.'
5 'What's the capital of Switzerland, Geneva or Zurich?' ' It's Berne.'
6 Simon had a very bad accident when he was younger. He fell from a tree
and broke his legs.
185
120 Personal pronouns
EXERCISE 119B
Link these ideas by completing the sentences.
Example: 4 I didn't see his sister. And I didn't see his
brother. I didn't see either
Sue plays the piano. And she sings.
5 Simon passed the exam easily. And Sarah
Sue both plays the piano and sings.
passed the exam easily. Both Simon
1 We could eat now. Or we could wait until later. 6 The journey wasn't very comfortable. And it
We could either wasn't very interesting. The journey was
2 My father couldn't read Arabic. And he couldn't neither
write it. My father could neither 7 My new flat is larger than my old flat. And it
3 Ken didn't know the address. And Kate didn't is closer to my office. My new flat is both
know the address. Neither Ken
Note
- Относительно both, either и neither см. также 114; относительно Neither do I, I don't either
и т.д. см. 151.
120 Personal pronouns (Личные местоимения)
1 Личные местимения:
SUBJECT PRONOUNS OBJECT PRONOUNS
(СУБЪЕКТНЫЕ МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ) (ОБЪЕКТНЫЕ МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ)
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
1 st person / we me us
2nd person you you you you
he him
3rd person she they her them
it it
2 Личные местоимения употребляются для замены существительных, когда очевидно,

о ком или о чем идет речь:
a Subject pronouns употребляются как подлежащие глаголов.
' Where's Simon ?' 'Не 's in the kitchen.'
Sue didn 't go out last night. She stayed at home.
Обратите внимание, что в английском языке подлежащее в предложении обычно всегда
выражается.
' Where's Simon ?' 'Не 's in the kitchen.' (Not: 'Is in the kitchen.')
Object pronouns употребляются как подлежащие глаголов и предлогов.
verb + object pronoun preposition + object pronoun
Help me. I've written to her.

I like him. Look at them.
Can you see it? They're waiting for us.
186
Object pronouns также употребляются как косвенные дополнения.

Can you lend me some money?
I'll send him a postcard.
Object pronouns могут употребляться после than и as в сравнениях.
I'm older than him.
She isn 't as tall as me.
Но в более официальном стиле употребляются subject pronoun + verb.
I'm older than he is.
Object pronouns могут употребляться после be.
'Who's there ?' 'It's me.'
Subject pronouns также возможны после be, например: It's I, но это очень официально и не
весьма распространено.
Object pronouns также употребляются как отдельные местоимения в ответах.
'Who has got my book?' 'Me.' (Not: Г)
Употребление:
I/me вместо лица, которое говорит [я/меня]
we/us вместо лица, которое говорит, и другого лица или других людей [мы/нас]
you вместо лица или людей, к которым обращаются [ты/тебя, вы/вас]
he/him вместо лица мужского пола и некоторых животных-самцов [он/его], например,
a pet
she/her вместо лица женского пола и некоторых животных-самок [она/её], например, a pet
it вместо предмета или животного, когда пол неизвестен или не имеет значения [оно/его,
он/его, она/её]
they/them вместо людей или предметов [они/их]
But see also 4-9 below.
You может употребляться в значении 'люди в целом, включая вас и меня'.

You can easily lose your way in Rome.
You can drive a car in Britain when you're 17.
One также употребляется в этом значении, особенно в официальном стиле.
One can easily lose one's way in Rome.
They может, употребляться в значении 'люди вообще, исключая вас и меня'.
They say she's a good teacher.
They употребляется, когда речь идет о правительстве или о людях во власти.
' What are the government's plans ?' 'They 're going to increase taxes.'
'They say the new motorway will be finished by next April.
187
Местоимения во множественном числе they и them употребляются в значении

единственного числа, особенно в неофициальном стиле.
Somebody forgot to lock the door, didn 't they ?
If anyone phones for me while I'm out, tell them I'll phone them back later on.
В подобных предложениях they употребляется вместо 'he' или 'she', a them вместо 'him'
или 'her' (в случае, когда не уточняется пол лица).
We иногда включает слушателя; иногда - нет. Compare:

Why don't we go to the cinema this We 're going to the cinema this evening. Why don't
evening? (we включает слушателя) you come with us? (we не включает слушателя)
8 It может употребляться для лица в случае, когда мы спрашиваем или говорим, кем оно
является.
'There's someone at the door. Who is it?' 'It's Peter.'
Л также употребляется как 'пустое' подлежащее в ряде выражений. Например, it
употребляется для выражения времени, расстояния, погоды и температуры.
It's 8 o'clock.
It's the first of June.
How far is it to the next town?
It's usually very warm here in the summer.
10 Часто предложение начинается с it как 'предваряющего подлежащего' вместо того, чтобы
начинать его с to infinitive или that-clause.
It is interesting to study a foreign language. (Instead of [Вместо]): То study a foreign language
is interesting.)
It was lucky that we didn't miss the bus. (Instead of: That we didn't miss the bus was
lucky.)
EXERCISE 120A
Choose the correct answers.
Example:
We/Ш met Sally yesterday afternoon. She/Her came to the cinema with we/us.
11 phoned Sarah last night and gave she/her the message.
2 My brother is older than I/me, but he/him isn't as tall as I/me am.
3 'Who wants a cup of coffee?' 'I/Me.'
4 'Have you seen Simon today?' 'Yes. I/Me saw he/him this morning. He/Him was going to the
swimming pool.'
5 'What did those people want?' 'They/Them asked I/me to help they/them.'
188
EXERCISE 120B
Complete the sentences using the pronouns in the box.
Example:
Tm looking for Andrew. Have you seen himT 'Yes, he was here a few minutes ago.'
I you he she it we they

me you him her it us them
1 Peter and I are going out this evening 're going to the cinema. Would you like to come with
7
2 Where are my keys? I put _ on the table a moment ago, but now _ 've disappeared.
3 _ 's usually quite cold in New York in the winter.
4 'What did you think of the film, Simon?' ' _ enjoyed _ very much.'
5 _ 's strange that Kate didn't come to the meeting.
6 'What do the government plan to do about education?' ' _ say that _ 're going to build
more schools.'
7 _ aren't allowed to drive a car in Britain until _ 're 17 years old.
8 If you have any problems, just tell someone and _ '11 help you.
9 How far is _ from Madrid to Paris?
10 My sister and I are quite different -- 's much more serious than _ am.

(Притяжательные прилагательные и местоимения)
1 The possessive adjectives and pronouns are:

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL

1st person my our mine ours
2nd person your your yours yours
his his
3rd person her their hers theirs
its
Possessive adjectives употребляются перед существительным для выражения, кому

принадлежит существительное.
/ can 'tfind my keys.
Sally bought her motorbike last year.
Possessive pronouns употребляются без существительного, когда существительное
подразумевается.
'Is this Peter's book?' 'No, it's mine.' (= моя книга)
I've got my coat, but Maria can't find hers. (= ее пальто)
Their flat is smaller than ours. (= наша квартира)
189
My own/your own/his own, etc

My own/your own/his own и т.д. употребляются для подчеркивания, что что-то
принадлежит только одному лицу, оно ни с кем не делится и не одалживается [мой соб-
ственный, моя собственная, моё собственное, мои собственные; ваш собственный, ваша
собственная, ваше собственное, ваши собственные; его собственный, его собственная, его
собственное и т.д.]. Compare:
This is my office. I've got my own office now. I don't share with anyone else.
This isn 't my bicycle. This isn't my own bicycle. 1 only borrowed it.
My/your/his/her и т.д. всегда стоит перед own. Нельзя сказать, например, an own room/book
и т.д.
Обратите внимание на конструкцию of my own/of your own/of his own и т.д.
I've got an office of my own now. I don't share with anyone else.
My own/your own и т.д. также употребляются для подчеркивания того, что одно лицо
выполняет что-то вместо того, чтобы кто-то другой делал это для них. Compare:
Clean your room. \ Clean your own room! I'm not going to do it for you.
On my own/on your own и т.д. может означать 'сам, сама' или 'без чьей-то помощи'.
/ don't live on my own, I share aflat with two friends.
I can't move this table on my own. It's too heavy.

Choose the correct answers. Complete the sentences using my own, your
own, his own, her own, etc.
Example:
Example:
Have you seen my/mine coat?
I don't have my own telephone yet, so I have to
1 We know their/theirs telephone number, but
use the public phone.
they don't know our/ours.
2 My/Mine car wasn't as expensive as her/hers. 1 Sarah shares a flat with some friends. She
3 'How are your/yours children?' 'Fine, would prefer to have a flat of , but she
thanks. How are your/yoursT can't afford one.
4 Maria has got her/hers suitcase, but her/hers 2 'That isn't camera, is it?' 'No, I bor-
friends haven't got their/theirs. rowed it from my father.'
5 Our/Ours flat isn't as big as their/theirs, but 3 You can wash dirty clothes! I'm not
our/ours is much more comfortable. going to wash them for you.
4 We helped them move the piano; they
couldn't have done it on
5 Sometimes I'm allowed to use my parents'
car, but I wish I had a car of
6 He's always using my shampoo. Why doesn't
he buy ?
Note
-By myself, by yourself и т.д. может употребляться вместо on my own, on your own и т.д., на-
пример, / don't live by myself. CM. 122.4
190
22 Reflexive pronouns (Возвратные местоимения)
The reflexive pronouns are:
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person myself ourselves

2nd person yourself yourselves
himself
3rd person herself themselves
itself
Reflexive pronouns употребляются, когда подлежащее и дополнение предложения одно и

то же.
/ burnt myself cooking the dinner.
Annie hurt herself when she fell over.
Обратите внимание: enjoy yourself = хорошо проводите время; help yourself (to something)
= угощаться (чем-то).
Did you enjoy yourself at the circus?
Help yourself to some more coffee.
После предлогов употребляются объектные местоимения, например те, him, вместо
reflexive pronouns, когда очевидно, о чем идет речь. Compare:
I'll take some money with me. (Я не мог взять I'm very angry with myself (Я не мог
деньги с кем-то еще!) сердиться на кого-то еще!)
By myself/by yourself и т.д. может означать 'самостоятельно' или 'без чьей-то помощи'.
/ don't live by myself, I share aflat with two friends.
I can't move this table by myself. It's too heavy.
On my own/on your own и т.д. также употребляются в этом значении (см. 121.4)
5 Reflexive pronouns обычно не употребляются после feel, relax или concentrate.

I feel fine. (Not:... feel myself fine.)
/ must try to relax. (Not:... relax myself.)
I can't concentrate. (Not:... concentrate myself.)
Обычно reflexive pronouns не употребляются для выражения действий, которые люди, как
правило, выполняют по отношению к себе, например, wash, shave, dress.
Ken got up. Then he washed, shaved and dressed. (Not:... washed himself, etc.)
Но говорят dry myself/yourselfи т.д., например: / got out of the bath and dried myself.
Reflexive pronouns также употребляются для подчеркивания: 'то лицо, никто другой'.
Nobody helped me build the swimming pool. I built it myself, [сам]
I'm not going to clean your room for you. You clean it yourself! [сам, сами]
191
122 Reflexive pronouns
Когда reflexive pronouns употребляются таким образом, они обычно следуют в конце
предложения. Однако могут также следовать за подлежащим.
The manager himself told me the news.
I myself prefer golf to tennis.
Сравните -selves (например, themselves, ourselves) и each other:
They're looking at themselves. They're looking at each other.

More examples:
Sue and I can take care of ourselves. (= Сью Sue and I can take care of each other. (= Сью
может позаботиться о себе, а я - о себе.) может позаботиться обо мне, а я - о ней.)
One another можно использовать вместо each other.
They're looking at one another.
Но обратите внимание на то, что некоторые люди предпочитают употреблять each other
для двух лиц или предметов, a one another для более чем двух. Compare:
Chris and Sue often help each other. We should all try to help one another.
EXERCISE 122A
Complete the sentences using myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, them-
selves.
Example:
I taught myself to play the guitar; I've never had lessons.
1 Sue's children are too young to look after
2 An elephant hurt when it tried to get out of the zoo yesterday.
3 I couldn't borrow my mother's car last night because she was using it
4 I don't need any help. I can take care of
5 Mr Woods fell over and hurt when he was running for a bus.
6 Would you all like to help to sandwiches and cakes?
7 Sarah arid I didn't really enjoy at the disco last night.
192
122 Reflexive pronouns
EXERCISE 122B
Complete each sentence using by + a reflexive pronoun.
Example:
The dog opened the door by itself.
1 'Who did you go to the cinema with?' 'Nobody, I went '
2 Since the old lady's husband died, she's been living
3 Did someone help you move all the furniture, or did you do it all.
4 They need some help: they can't manage
EXERCISE 122C
Last Wednesday Sarah stayed up very late to revise for an examination.
Sarah is explaining what happened last Wednesday night. Complete what she says
by adding myself where necessary.
'I was really annoyed with myself for leaving all my revision to the last moment, so
I decided to stay up and work. At first, I felt 1 fine and I even started to
congratulate 2 on all the work I was doing. But at about 3 o'clock in the
morning I started to feel 3 tired. I went to the kitchen and made 4 a
strong black coffee. Then I went back to work, but I couldn't concentrate 5
In the end, I started to feel sorry for 6 , so I went to my bedroom, undressed
7 and went to bed to get some sleep. Then, of course, I couldn't relax
8 because I couldn't stop thinking about all the work I had to do!'
EXERCISE 122D EXERCISE 122E

Complete the sentences using a reflexive pro- Complete the sentences using each other or
noun. -selves.
Example: Example:
Sally didn't buy that sweater, she made it her- My penfriend and I write to each other every
self. month.
11 didn't buy the cake from the shop. I made it 1 They're good friends. They like very
2 'Who built your swimming pool for you?' much.
'Nobody. We built it ' 2 Mike and Sue phone every evening.
3 Did someone phone the doctor for you? Or 3 We all enjoyed at the party.
did you phone him ? 4 A lot of people can take care of
4 'Who told you they were moving?' 'They told 5 My husband and I first met on holiday.
me ' 6 The children hurt when they fell over.
5 Mr Mason offered me the job.

123 Review of personal pronouns, possessive adjectives and pronouns, and
reflexive pronouns
(Обзор личных местоимений, притяжательных прилагательных и
местоимений и возвратных местоимений)
EXERCISE 123 А
Complete the table.
PERSONAL PRONOUN POSSESSIVE REFLEXIVE
SUBJECT OBJECT ADJECTIVE PRONOUN PRONOUN
me my
yourself
he
her
it
ours
you
they
EXERCISE 123B
Complete the sentences using the correct pronoun or adjective.
Examples:
Could you lend me some money? (you 11)
Why didn't she ask us to help her? (she | we | she)
Do you ever talk to yourself when you're on your own? (you | you | you | you)
1 house is much bigger than (they | we)
2 Is this book or ? (you 11)
3 'Is Lynne going on holiday with friend?' 'No, 's going by .'
she | she | she)
4 How long have been waiting for ? (they | we)
5 Don't blame ; wasn't mistake, (you | it | you)
6 was very angry with for being so stupid. (111)
7 was very angry with when broke camera, (he 1111| he)
8 Someone came to see while were out told that would
be back at 2 o'clock, (you | you 1 1 1 they | you)
9 'Who painted flat?' 'Nobody painted it . (you | we | we)
10 's a coincidence that birthday is on the same day as (it | he | her)
194
124 One (s)
One часто употребляется вместо повторения существительного.

My new flat is much bigger than my old one. (= моя старая квартира)
'Which of those girls is your sister?' 'She's the one with the blonde hair.' (= девушка со
светлыми волосами)
Существует множественное число - ones.
1 like these shoes more than the other ones. (= другие туфли)
Артикль a/an употребляется с one в том случае, если перед ним стоит существительное,
например, a blue one, но не a one. Compare:
I'm looking for a tie. I'm looking for a tie.
I want a blue one. I want one with stripes.
One может употребляться после указательных прилагательных this, that.
Which picture do you prefer, this one or that one?
Но, как правило, множественное число ones употребляется только после these или those,
когда перед ним стоит прилагательное, например, those black ones. Compare:
/ like these shoes more than those. \ I like these brown shoes more than those black ones.
4 Which one (s) употребляется в вопросах.
/ like the green shirt best. Which one do you prefer?
5 One может употребляться после each.
I've got three children, and each one goes to a different school.
6 One (s) употребляется только вместо исчисляемых существительных; с неисчисляемыми
существительными, например milk, sugar, существительное или повторяется, или его
часто можно опускать.
There's some brown sugar in the cupboard, but there isn't any white (sugar).
EXERCISE 124A
Complete each sentence using one or ones. What does one(s) mean in each case?
Example:
The best road to the centre of town is the one on the left, one = road
1 'Would you like a drink?' 'Oh yes, please, 3 'Which of the women in this photo is your
I'd love ' aunt?' 'She's the with the dark hair.'
2 My new glasses are much stronger than my 4 There are two films on TV this evening,
old : Which would you prefer to see?
Note
-В официальном стиле one может также употребляться для выражения людей вообще.
См. 120.4.
195
125 Something, anything, somebody, anybody, etc.
Сложные слова могут образовываться путем соединения some, any, no и every с -thing,
-body, -one и -where.
some any no every

-thing something anything nothing everything
-body somebody anybody nobody everybody
-one someone anyone no one everyone
-where somewhere anywhere nowhere everywhere
Разница между something/somebody и т.д. и anything/anybody и т.д. аналогична разнице

между some и any:
Вообще something, somebody и т.д. употребляются главным образом в утвердительных
предложениях, a anything, anybody и т.д. в основном в отрицательных предложениях и
вопросах.
I've got something to ask you.
There's somebody at the front door.
I don't want to do anything this evening.
I can't see anybody outside.
Have you got anything to say?
Did anybody phone for me?
Но очень часто something, somebody и т.д. употребляются в вопросах, когда мы ожидаем
или хотим ответа 'yes', например, в просьбах и предложениях.
Could I have something to eat?
Would you like someone to help you?
Более подробно о различиях между some и any см. 115.
Все эти сложные слова: something, anyone, nobody, everywhere и т.д. имеют форму
единственного числа.
Something is wrong. What is it?
There was nobody at home when I phoned.
Everything is so expensive these days.
Но иногда употребляется форма множественного числа they, them и their со сложными
словами с окончанием на -body или -one, например, somebody/someone, anybody/anyone,
главным образом в неофициальном стиле.
Somebody forgot to lock the door, didn 't they?
If anybody phones for me while I'm out, tell them I'll phone them back later on.
Look. Someone has left their bag on this seat.
В таких предложениях they употребляется вместо 'he' или 'she', them вместо 'him' или
'her' и their вместо 'his' или 'her' (если не уточняется пол лица).
196
126 Form, position and order of adjecti\es
EXERCISE 125 A
Гomplete the sentences using the words in the box. something anything nothing everything
Example: somebody anybody nobody everybody
somewhere anywhere nowhere everywhere
I^mebody has written in my book.
1 There's in this envelope. It's empty! 7 Lynne is the only one in the office at the
2 Why don't we go out for dinner this moment else has gone home.
evening? 8 'Shall I make you to eat?' 'Oh, yes,
3 There's waiting outside to see you. She please. I'm really hungry. I've had hardly
didn't tell me her name. all day.'
4 They've got to live; they're homeless. 9 It's a secret knows about it.
5 There isn't watching the TV at the 10 Have you seen my glasses? I've looked _
moment. for them, but I can't find them
6 He lost in the fire: his house and all his
possessions.
126 Form, position and order of adjectives (Образование, местоположение

и последовательность прилагательных)
1 Form
Adjectives в английском языке имеют только одну форму, которая употребляется с
существительными в единственном и множественном числе.
an old man old men
an old woman old women
an old car old cars
Когда существительное употребляется в качестве прилагательного, оно не имеет формы
множественного числа. Compare:
two hours a two-hour film
three weeks a three-week holiday
2 Position
a Adjectives могут находиться в предложении в двух положениях:
• перед существительным
a young man new shoes
an empty house a nice girl
после глаголов be, look, appear, seem, feel, taste, smell, sound (и некоторых других),
когда определяется подлежащее предложения.
He is young. These shoes are new.
The house looks empty. She seems confident.
That soup smells good.
197
126 Form, position and order of adjectives
Некоторые прилагательные, например asleep, alone, alive, awake, afraid, ill, well, могут
следовать после глагола, но не перед существительным. Например, можно сказать he is
asleep, но нельзя сказать an asleep man. Перед существительными употребляются другие
прилагательные, например, sleeping вместо asleep, living вместо alive, frightened вместо
afraid, sick вместо ill и healthy вместо well.
a sleeping man a frightened animal
sick children healthy people
В выражениях измерений прилагательное обычно идет после 'измеряемого'
существительного.
Не 's eighteen years old. I'm 1.80 metres tall.
Order
Когда употребляются два и более прилагательных вместе, 'оценочные' прилагательные
(например, interesting, beautiful) обычно идут перед 'фактическими' прилагательными
(например, new, blue).
an interesting new film a beautiful blue dress
Когда два и более прилагательных ставятся перед существительным, они обычно
следуют в таком порядке:
size + age + shape + colour + origin + material + purpose + NOUN

[размер] [возраст] [форма] [цвет] [источник] [материал] [цель]
a small rubber ball (size + material)
a young Spanish woman (age + origin)
a large round hat (size + shape)
white leather running shoes (colour + material + purpose)

What can we call these people and things? Which of these words are adjectives?
Examples: Example:
a child who is four years old a four-year-old 'You look tired.' 'Yes, I don't feel very well.'
child Adjectives: tired, well
a journey which takes six hours a six-hour 1 It's a very long book, but it's not at all boring.
journey 2 Were you late for work today?
3 You seem sad. Is something wrong?
1 a concert which lasts for two hours
4 The boss sounded angry when I spoke to him
2 a man who is fifty years old
on the phone.
3 a delay which lasts for twenty minutes
5 He's quite a shy person. He often feels embar-
4 a letter which has ten pages
rassed when he meets people.
5 a meeting which lasts for two hours
198
126 Form, position and order of adjectives
EXERCISE 126C
Put the words in the right order.
Examples:
is | a | generous | Kate | woman | very |. Kate is a very generous woman.
look | very | Simon | angry | did | ? Did Simon look very angry?
1 children | asleep | the | are?
2 very | city | is | a j Sydney | modem |.
3 building | over | old | that | 500 years | is |.
4 don't | happy | very | you | sound |.
5 a | he j very | man | healthy | looks |.
6 bridge | long | is 11.55 kilometres | the |.
7 blue | seen | have | my | you | T-shirt | ?
EXERCISE 126D
Put the adjectives in the box under the correct headings.
Opinion Size Age Shape Colour Origin Material Purpose
horrible short old round grey English glass shopping
English old horrible grey glass round shopping

short middle-aged plastic Italian beautiful sports
ugly square leather red German small young white
writing curly large
EXERCISE 126E
Put the adjectives in brackets into their usual order.
Example:
an (German | interesting | young) woman an interesting young German woman
1 a (fat | short) man 5 a (young | handsome) doctor
2 a (middle-aged | tall) woman 6 a (red | plastic | cheap) raincoat
3 two (white | small | paper) cups 7 an (blue | long | attractive) coat
4 some (Japanese | tiny) TV sets 8 a pair of (leather | expensive | black) shoes
Note
-Прилагательное обычно имеет одну и ту же форму в единственном и множественном
числе (см. 126.1), но обратите внимание, что указательные прилагательные this и that
принимают форму these и those с существительными во множественном числе, например,
this man, these men.
199
127 Comparative and superlative adjectives
(Сравнительная и превосходная степень прилагательных)
Form of comparatives and superla lives

Short [Краткие] adjectives'
ADJECTIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
Односложные прилагательные small smaller smallest
образуют сравнительную степень с high higher highest
помощью -ег, а превосходную - young younger youngest
с помощью -est. cold colder coldest
При присоединении -ег или -est к гфилагательным иногда имеют место некоторые
изменения в написании, например big -» bigger. См. 188.3, 4, 6.
Двусложные и многосложные пршнагательные

Прилагательные из трех и более exciting more exciting most exciting
слогов образуют сравнительную (ex-cit-ing)
степень с помощью more, a interesting more interesting most interesting
превосходную - с помощью (in-ter-est-ing)
most.
В двусложных прилагательных happy happier happiest
с окончанием на согласную + (hap-py)
-у -у меняется на -i и sunny sunnier sunniest
добавляется -ег и -est. (sun-ny)
Некоторые другие двусложные quiet quieter quietest
прилагательные образуют (qui-et)
степени сравнения также с clever cleverer cleverest
помощью -ег и -est, например, (clev-er)
quiet, clever, simple, narrow,
gentle.
Большинство других honest more honest most honest
двусложных прилагательных (hon-est)
образуют степени сравнения с careful more careful most careful
помощью тоге и most. (care-ful)
Некоторые двусложные прила- polite politer/more politest/most
гательные могут образовывать (po-lite) polite polite
степени сравнения или с common commoner/more commonest/most
помощью -er/-est, или (com-mon) common common
more/most, например, polite,
common, pleasant, stupid.
200
С \ Образование сравнительной и превосходной степени прилагательных не по общим

правилам
Adjectives good, bad, far и old имеют good better best
'неправильный' способ образования bad worse worst
сравнительной и превосходной far farther/ farthest/
степени. further furthest
old older/ oldest/
elder eldest
Little и much/many также имеют little less least
'неправильный' способ образования much/many more most
сравнительной и превосходной
степени.
Use of comparatives
Comparatives употребляются, когда сравнивается одно лицо, предмет и т.д. с другим.
Martin is taller than Annie.

More examples:
The Amazon is longer than the Mississipi.
Good health is more important than money.
После сравнительной степени часто употребляется than, например, taller than, longer
than, more important than.
Comparative + and + comparative может также употребляться для выражения увеличения
или уменьшения чего-то, например, colder and colder, more and more expensive.
The weather is getting colder and colder.
Things are becoming more and more expensive all the time.
The + comparative clause, the + comparative clause можно употреблять для выражения
изменений двух вещей или предметов одновременно или зависимости чего-то одного от
другого.
The smaller a car is, the easier it is to park.
The colder the weather, the higher my heating bills are.
Перед сравнительной степенью можно употреблять (very) much, a lot, a little, a (little) bit,
rather или/ar (= гораздо).
very much taller a lot more important a little cheaper
a bit more expensive rather colder far more interesting
201
3 Use of superlatives
a Superlatives употребляются, когда сравнивается одно лицо или предмет в группе с двумя
и более предметами или лицами той же группы.
Martin
Martin is the tallest of the three children.

More examples:
I'm the youngest in my family.
Which is the most beautiful place you 've ever been to ?
Обычно с превосходной степенью употребляется the, например, the tallest, the youngest,
the most beautiful.
Перед превосходной степенью часто употребляется by far или easily, например, by far the
tallest, easily the most interesting.
EXERCISE 127 A
Compare these things.
Example:
a lamb and a sheep (old | small)
A sheep is older than a lamb.
A lamb is smaller than a sheep.
1 wood and steel (light | hard | strong)
2 a bus and a train (slow | comfortable)
3 milk and cream (thick | healthy | fattening)
4 windsurfing and swimming (cheap | exciting | good exercise)
EXERCISE 127B
Maria is a foreign student in London. She is speaking about the problems of learning English.
Complete what Maria says using comparatives of the adjectives in brackets; add than where neces-
sary.
'Oh, why is English such a difficult language! I think it's much more difficult than
(much | difficult) French. Sometimes I feel that my English is getting (1) (bad),
not (2)_ (good)! When you first start learning English, it seems (3) (a
lot | easy) other languages and the grammar looks (4) (much | simple).
However, when you become (5) (a little | advanced), it gets (6) (a
lot | complicated). There are also so many words in English! The dictionary I
bought when I first came to Britain is far too small. I'm already looking for
something (7) (rather | big) and (8) (comprehensive).'
202

Complete these sentences about the world today Make sentences using the structure:
using the structure: the + comparative clause, the + comparative
comparative + and + comparative. clause.
Example: Example:
Computers are becoming more and more im- (small) a house is | (easy) it is to look after
portant in our lives, (important) The smaller a house is, the easier it is to look
after.
1 The world's population is getting (big)
2 The problem of feeding all the people in the 1 (big) a car is | (expensive) it is to run
world is getting (bad) 2 (bad) the weather | (dangerous) it is to drive
3 Many of the world's seas, rivers and lakes are on the roads
becoming (polluted) 3 (old) he gets | (thoughtful) he becomes |
4 Life is becoming (automated) 4 (complicated) the problem | (hard) it is to find
a solution
EXERCISE 127E
Complete the sentences using the and superlatives of the adjectives in brackets.
Example:
What's the most precious (precious) metal in the world?
1 Who's (good) footballer in Europe?
2 This was (cheap) watch that they had in the shop.
3 I bought (reliable) washing machine I could find.
4 This is one of (expensive) restaurants in Milan.
5 The blue whale is (large) of all the animals.
6 He's one of (stupid) people I know.
7 (old) university in the world is in Morocco.
8 I think that was one of (bad) days of my life.
9 Sydney Opera House is one of (famous) modern buildings in the world.
Note
-Further (а не farther) может значить 'больше' или 'в дополнение', например: Tell me if you
have any further problems (= any more problems).
- Older/oldest (а не elder/eldest) употребляется в сравнительной и превосходной степени,
например: My sister is older than me. (He:... elder than me.) Elder/eldest употребляется час-
то перед существительным, например, sister, son, brother главным образом, когда речь
идет о членах семьи, например, ту elder sister.
-В превосходной степени предлог in употребляется с обстоятельствами места, например:
Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world.
-В неофициальном стиле употребляются объектные местоимения те, him после than, на-
пример: She's older than me. В более официальном стиле употребляются субъектные ме-
стоимения /, he + verb, например: She's older than I am. Некоторые считают более пра-
вильной форму подлежащее + глагол.
-Иногда most + adjective означает 'очень', например: It was most kind of you to lend me the
money (= very kind).
203
128 As... as
As... as употребляется для выражения того, что двое людей, два предмета и т.д. в
некотором роде сходны, одинаковы.
Judy is as tall as Martin.
as + adjective + as
Judy is as tall as Martin

I'm as old as you are.
Was the exam as difficult as you 'd expected?
После not может употребляться as... as или so... as.
not as/so + adjective + as
Judy isn 't as/so tall as Carlo.

Today isn't as/so cold as yesterday.
EXERCISE 128 A
Complete the sentences using as... as and the 1 Jill is almost. . her father. She's 164 cm
adjectives in the box. and he's 166 cm.
2 I'm not my brother. He's very intelli-
Example:
gent.
'Are you as old as Mike?' 'No, I'm younger 3 The film wasn't I'd thought it would be.
than he is.' In fact, it was quite boring.
4 Going by train is almost taking the
coach. They both cost around £5.
interesting cheap eW clever tall
204
129 Review of comparatives, superlatives and as... as
EXERCISE 128B
Make comparisons using isn't as... as and the adjectives in brackets.
Example:
Japan | India (large | industrialised)
Japan isn 't as large as India.
India isn't as industrialised as Japan.
1 a giraffe | an elephant (tall | strong | fast)
2 iron | gold (strong/valuable)
3 a gorilla | a human (intelligent | strong)
4 a car | a bicycle (expensive | fast | easy to park)
Note
-В неофициальном стиле употребляются объектные местоимения, те, him после as, на-
пример: You aren't as tired as me. В более официальном стиле употребляются субъектные
местоимения, например, /, he + verb You aren't as tired as I am. Некоторые считают более
правильной форму подлежащее + глагол.
129 Review of comparatives, superlatives and as... as

(Обзор сравнительной и превосходной степени прилагательных
и as... as)
EXERCISE 129 А
Complete the sentences using the correct form of the adjectives in brackets. Add than, the or as
where necessary.
Examples:
A mile is longer than a kilometre (long)
Today isn't as sunny as yesterday, (sunny)
What's the best holiday you've ever had? (good)
1 Baseball is sport in the USA. (popular)
2 She's much her brother, (serious)
3 He wasn't as he usually is. (friendly)
4 That was film I've ever seen, (good)
5 He's much any of his brothers, (generous)
6 You aren't as you think you are. (clever)
7 Where's place in the world? (hot)
8 Debbie is far she used to be. (self-confident)
9 My brother is one of people I know, (strange)
10 Which is building in the world? (tall)
11 Our holiday was much we'd expected, (cheap)
12 That was one of times of my life, (enjoyable)
205
130 Adjectives and adverbs of manner
(Прилагательные и наречия образа действия)
Adverbs of manner указывают на то, как что-то происходит.

She sings beautifully.
I passed the exam easily.
Сравните прилагательные и наречия образа действия:
Прилагательные более определяют Наречия образа действия более определяют
существительное, например, singer, глагол, например, sings, works, passed.
worker, exam. She sings beautifully.
She's a beautiful singer. He works slowly,
He's a slow worker. /passed the exam easily.
The exam was easy.
Большинство наречий образа действия образуются путем добавления -1у к
прилагательному.
ADJECTIVE ADVERB
beautiful beautifully
slow slowly
Но обратите внимание, что наречием от good является well.
You 're a good swimmer. You swim very well.
Fast, hard, early и late употребляются как прилагательные, так и наречия.
It's a fast car. The car goes very fast.
It was hard work. We worked hard.
I was early. I arrived early.
He все слова, оканчивающиеся на -1у, являются наречиями. Некоторые прилагательные
также оканчиваются на -1у, например, friendly, lovely, lonely, silly, ugly. Эти
прилагательные не имеют формы наречия: вместо них употребляются различные
конструкции, например, in a... way.
She smiled in a friendly way. (Not: She smiled friendly/fricndily.)
EXERCISE 130A
Answer the questions.
1 How do you usually feel before an interview? (nervous/nervously?)
2 How do you usually walk when you are tired? (slow/slowly?)
3 How do you feel when you get good news? (happy/happily?)
4 What kind of a driver are you? (careful/carefully?)
5 How do you usually study before an exam? (hard/hardly?)
6 What kind of a dancer are you? (wonderful/wonderfully?)
7 How should you pick up a baby? (careful/carefully?)
8 What is your English like? (good/well ?)
Now make sentences.
Example: 1 / usually feel nervous before an interview.
206
131 Adverbs of manner, place and time
(Наречия образа действия, места и времени)
Наречие может быть одним словом, например quickly, или словосочетанием (иногда
называемое 'адвербиальным словосочетанием'), например, in the park.
Наречие, которое указывает на то, как что-то происходит, например carefully, well,
является adverb of manner.
Наречие, которое указывает, где что-то происходит, например here, in the park, является
adverb of place.
Наречие, которое указывает, когда что-то происходит, например now, yesterday,
называется adverb of definite time.
Position
Наречия образа действия, места и (определенного) времени обычно следуют после
прямого дополнения.
direct object + adverb
/ read the letter carefully.

We saw Maria in the park.
He bought a camera yesterday.
Если прямое дополнение отсутствует, то наречие обычно следует после глагола.
verb + adverb
She drove carefully.

He lives here.
Если имеется больше одного наречия, то обычный порядок следующий:
manner + place + time
/ slept very well last night, (manner + time)

He lives here now. (place + time)
We worked hard at school yesterday, (manner + place + time)
Обратите внимание, что наречие, как правило, не ставится между глаголом и его прямым
дополнением.
verb + direct object + adverb
/ like Maria very much. (Not: / like very much Maria.)

He drank his coffee quickly. (Not: He drank quickly his coffee.)
We played tennis yesterday. (Not: We played yesterday tennis.)
207
132 Adverb position with verbs
Некоторые наречия образа действия, места и времени могут также ставиться в начале
предложения (если необходимо особо указать на образ действия, место или время).
Slowly, he started to walk away.
In London, we went to the zoo.
Tomorrow I have to go to the doctor's.
EXERCISE 131 A
Complete the sentences by putting the parts in brackets in the order: object + manner + place + time.
Example:
Annie did (last night | her homework | very quickly)
Annie did her homework very quickly last night.
1 Sue can play (now | very well | the pi- 5 They studied (carefully | later on in the
ano) day | the map)
2 I posted (early this morning | in the town 6 He walked (out of the room | at the end
centre | your letters) of the meeting | angrily)
3 The children have been playing (this af- 7 She played (at the concert | last night |
ternoon | in the park | football) beautifully | the guitar)
4 It snowed (yesterday evening | heavily |
in the north of Scotland)
Note
-Некоторые наречия образа действия могут употребляться с глаголами, например: Не an-
grily walked out of the room. Некоторые наречия неопределенного времени, например still,
already, just и неопределенной частотности, например, always, never могут употребляться
с глаголами, например: / still love you, He always starts work at 8.00.
Относительно подробностей употребления наречий с глаголами см. 132.

(Положение наречия относительно глагола)
Некоторые наречия, например usually, never, always, probably, certainly, still, already,
just, almost, могут употребляться только с глаголами:
Обычно наречие ставится перед смысловым глаголом.
adverb + verb
They usually watch TV in the evenings.

I never eat sweets.
He probably knows what to do.
We still live here.
208
Но наречие обычно ставится после глагола be или вспомогательных глаголов, например,

have, will, can.
They're usually in bed by 11.30.

He's probably at home now.
We're still here.
auxiliary verb + adverb
I've never eaten Chinese food.

We'll probably be late this evening,
lean never remember your phone number.
Если имеется более одного вспомогательного глагола, то наречие обычно следует после
первого.
These curtains have never been cleaned.
Ken has probably been working all day.
В отрицательных предложениях наречия вероятности, например probably, certainly,
обычно следуют перед отрицанием won't, not и т.д.
We probably won't be here tomorrow. / We'll probably not be here tomorrow.
EXERCISE 132A
Put the adverb in brackets into the correct place (with the verb).
Example:
He'll be in Paris until next Friday, (probably)
He 'II probably be in Paris until next Friday.
1 They've been trying to contact us. (probably) 9 We've finished painting the outside of the
2 She went to the meeting last week, house, (almost)
(probably) 101 try to go jogging at least three times a
3 They take their summer holidays in May. week, (always)
(normally) 11 We haven't got any time to lose, (certainly)
4 Have you lived in a foreign country? (ever) 12 I can lend you some money until next week,
5 I've eaten Indian food, (never) (certainly)
6 Do you live in the same flat? (still) 13 He's complaining about something, (always)
7 He wants to borrow the money, (only) 141 don't watch this TV programme, (usually)
8 I won't see Martin again until next weekend,
(probably)
209
133 Time: still, yet and already
(Время: до сих пор, (всё) ещё, (пока) ещё VL уже)
Still ['до сих пор, (всё) ещё] употребляется перед смысловым глаголом, после be или
вспомогательного глагола (см. 132).
My brother is 18, but he still behaves like a child.
'Has Andrew woken up?' 'No, he's still asleep.'
I can still remember the first time we met.
Still также употребляется после подлежащего в отрицательных предложениях; в этом
случае still может выражать нетерпение, нетерпеливость или удивление.
They received the bill a month ago and they still haven't paid it.
I've known Mike for years, but I still don't understand him.
Yet ['до сих пор; (пока) ещё'] употребляется только в вопросах и отрицательных
предложениях; yet обычно ставится в конце предложения.
Have you had у our exam results yet?
I wrote to her a week ago, but she hasn 't answered my letter yet.
Yet часто употребляется после not в отрицательных кратких ответах.
'Have you passed your driving test yet ?' 'No, not yet.'
Обычно already ['уже, ранее'] ставится перед смысловым глаголом, после be или вспомо-
гательного глагола (см. 132).
You don't need to tell Ken the news; he already knows.
'What time is Sue going to be here?' 'She's already here.'
'Could you do the washing up ?' 'I've already done it.'
Already может также употребляться в конце предложения для эмфазы.
I've seen the film already.
Have you finished already ?
EXERCISE 133 A
Complete the sentences using still, yet or already.
Example:
Is Lynne still here, or has she gone home?
1 When we arrived at the cinema, the film had started.
2 Paul has been looking for a job for ages, but he hasn't found one
3 Do you drive the same car or have you sold it?
4 Have you had your exam results, or are you waiting for them?
5 She only started the book yesterday, but she's finished it
6 'They started the job ages ago. Haven't they finished it ?' 'No, not.
210
134 Time: any more, any longer and no longer
EXERCISE 133B
Put the word in brackets in the correct place in the sentence. Sometimes two answers are possible.
Example:
The meeting started three hours ago and it still hasn't finished, (still)
1 You needn't clean the kitchen; I've done it. (already)
2 You don't need to tell me; I know what to do. (already)
3 Haven't you received your invitation to the party? (yet)
41 can't decide what to do this evening, (still)
5 I can remember the first time I flew in a plane, (still)
6 Robert works for the same company in London, (still)
134 Time: any more, any longer and no longer
Not... any more, not... any longer и no longer могут употребляться для описания
изменившейся ситуации:
1 [ Any more and any longer ставятся в конце предложения.

Annie doesn 't live here any more. She moved last year.
My father is not a young man any longer.
Обычно по longer ставится перед смысловым глаголом, после be или вспомогательного
глагола.
Annie no longer lives here. She moved last year. \ My father is no longer a young man.
Обычно по more не употребляется в этом значении.
EXERCISE 134A
Put the correct word in brackets in the correct place in the sentence.
Example:
I don't want to stay here, (any more/no longer)
/ don't want to stay here any more.
1 Sue works for the same company in London, (any longer/no longer)
2 My brother isn't a young child, (any more/no longer)
3 Her father is unemployed, (any longer/no longer)
4 There is a large ship-building industry in Britain, (any more/no longer)
211
135 Adverbs of frequency (Наречия частотности)
Adverbs of frequency указывают, как часто что-то происходит.
Examples:
always normally usually frequently often sometimes
occasionally rarely seldom hardly ever never ever
Adverbs of frequency обычно ставятся перед смысловым глаголом, но после be и
вспомогательного глагола.
They usually watch TV. They're usually in bed by 11.30.
She never eats sweets. She's never eaten Chinese food.
I always go to work by bus. I'll always remember you.
Когда употребляется более одного вспомогательного глагола, наречие обычно следует
после первого вспомогательного глагола.
These curtains have never been cleaned.
Have you ever been invited to one of his parties?
Sometimes, usually, normally, frequently, often и occasionally могут ставиться в начале или в
Sometimes I walk to work.
Do you see your parents often ?
Adverbs phrases of frequency, например every evening, once a week, обычно ставятся в
конце (или начале) предложения.
They watch TV every evening.
I go swimming once a week.
Adverbs of definite frequency, например daily, weekly, monthly, yearly, обычно ставятся в
The post is delivered here twice daily.
EXERCISE 135 A
Put the adverbs in order of frequency. all the time (1) always
(2) normally usually
seldom never usually often sometimes (3)
not ever frequently normally always (4)
hardly ever rarely (5)
6
. <>
at no time (7)
212
136 Adverbs of probability
EXERCISE 135B
Put the adverbs in the correct place in the sentences. Sometimes more than one answer is possible.
Example:
She always tries to visit her parents at the weekends, (always)
1 I've seen that programme on TV. (never) 7 Have you had a really serious illness?
2 He's late for appointments, (hardly ever) (ever)
3 They go to the cinema nowadays, (rarely) 8 I'll forget our holiday together, (never)
4 Is he bad-tempered? (often) 9 She's been interested in music, (always)
5 They listen to the radio, (every morning) 101 brush my teeth. (always/three times a
6 I'm at home before 8 o'clock, (seldom) day)
p36 Adverbs of probability (Наречия вероятности)
Adverbs of probability указывают, насколько мы уверены относительно чего-то.

Examples:
certainly definitely obviously probably
Adverbs of probability обычно ставятся перед смысловым глаголом, но после be и вспомо-
гательного глагола (см. 132).
Не probably knows your address. He's probably at home now.
They definitely saw me. They've definitely gone out.
She obviously likes you. She can obviously do the job.
В отрицательных предложениях adverbs of probability обычно ставятся перед отрицанием
won't, isn 't, not и др.
She probably won't be late.
He certainly isn't at home now.
They're obviously not very happy.
Perhaps и maybe обычно следуют в начале предложения.
Perhaps I'll see you later.
Maybe you're right.
Maybe употребляется в разговорной речи.
213
137 Fairly, quite, rather laid pretty
EXERCISE 136A
Put the adverbs in the correct place in the sentence.
Example:
In the future, machines will probably do many of the jobs that people do today, (probably)
1 Simon is at Sarah's house at the moment. 5 You should go and see the doctor, (definitely)
(probably) 6 I don't want to be home late tonight, (defi-
2 There will be an election early next year. nitely)
(probably) 7 Computers are becoming more and more im-
3 We'll play tennis later this afternoon, (per- portant in our lives, (certainly)
haps) 8 The bridge has been repaired by now. (proba-
4 They enjoyed the film very much, (obviously) bly)
137 Fairly, quite, rather and pretty (Довольно, вполне и достаточно)
Наречия fairly, quite, rather и pretty определяют прилагательные или другие наречия. Они
обычно ставятся перед прилагательными или наречиями, которые они определяют.
The film was quite good, (adverb + adjective)
/ know her fairly well, (adverb + adverb)
Compare:
fairly quite rather/pretty very

good good good good
Вообще quite немного слабее, чем fairly.
I'm fairly tired, but I don't think I'll go to bed yet.
I'm quite tired. I think I'll go to bed now.
Rather сильнее, чем quite; rather может употребляться для выражения 'более, чем
обычно', 'более чем желаемое' или 'более чем ожидаемое'.
The TV is rather loud. Shall I turn it down?
We 're rather late. We 'd better hurry.
The concert was rather good. I was surprised.
Pretty может употребляться с таким же значением, как rather; pretty употребляется в
более неофициальном стиле.
We're pretty hungry. We haven't eaten all day.
Но обратите внимание на то, что значения fairly, quite, rather и pretty могут зависеть от
ударения и интонации.
He's quite 'nice, (более положительное)
Не 's 'quite nice, (менее положительное)
214
Quite ставится перед а/аи, а fairly, a pretty после а. Compare:

He's quite a young man. He's a fairly young man.
It was quite an interesting film. It was a pretty interesting film.
Rather может ставиться перед или после a/an.
It was rather an interesting film. /It was a rather interesting film.
Quite и rather могут также определять глаголы; эти слова ставятся перед смысловым
глаголом, но после вспомогательного глагола (см. 132).
She quite enjoyed the film.
I rather like driving at night.
He's quite enjoying himself.
Rather, но не fairly, quite или pretty употребляются перед сравнительной степенью прила-
гательных.
rather colder rather more expensive
Quite может также означать 'совершенно, вполне, совсем' с некоторыми прилагательными.
The animal was quite dead. (= совсем мертвым)
Quite может означать 'совсем' только с такими 'неградуированными' прилагательными,
как dead (обычно что-то не может быть более или менее мертвым; оно или мертвое или
нет).
More examples:
The meal was quite perfect. (= достаточно вкусное)
The story is quite untrue. (= вполне неправдоподобный)
С некоторыми наречиями и глаголами quite также употребляется в значении 'довольно,
достаточно'.
She sang quite perfectly. (= довольно прекрасно)
/ quite understand. (= достаточно понимаю)
EXERCISE 137 А
Complete each sentence using the correct word in brackets. Sometimes either word is possible.
Examples:
She's quite a generous woman, (quite/fairly)
It's rather/fairly cold in this room, (rather/fairly)
1 I've made a stupid mistake, (pretty/rather)
2 She enjoys working at night, (fairly/quite)
3 It was a boring football match, (pretty/rather)
4 I'm looking forward to the party on Saturday, (pretty/quite)
5 The weather was worse than we'd expected, (quite/rather)
6 My grandfather was an amazing man. (quite/fairly)
7 Maria speaks English well, doesn't she? (quite/pretty)
8 I'm feeling better today, (fairly/rather)
215
138 Too and enough
EXERCISE 137B
Complete the sentences using the most suitable expression in the box. Use each
expression only once.
Example:
quite useless quite sure quite impossible
There was nothing in the envelope. quite original quite empty quite different
It was quite empty.
1 He's not at all like his sister; they're
2 This clock keeps on breaking down. It's really.
3 I like your idea. It's really ; I've never heard anything like it before.
4 'What are you going to do this evening?' 'I'm not '
5 We can't finish the job by tomorrow. It's
138 Too and enough (Слишком и достаточно)
1 Too ставится перед прилагательными и наречиями; enough - после них.

/ don't think I'll go out tonight. I'm too tired.
Slow down! You're driving too fast.
Are you warm enough, or do you want me to switch on the heating?
We aren 't working quickly enough. We 'd better hurry.
2 Too many, too much и enough ставятся перед существительными:
a Too many ставится перед исчисляемыми существительными (например, eggs), a too much
- перед неисчисляемыми существительными (например, salt).
I bought too many eggs.
There's too much salt in this soup.
Enough употребляется как перед исчисляемыми, так и перед неисчисляемыми
существительными.
We can't make an omelette. We haven't got enough eggs.
There's enough salt in the soup. It doesn 't need any more.
Too many, too much и enough могут употребляться отдельно, без существительного.
'Is there enough salt in the soup?' 'There's too much. I can't eat it'
We need some more eggs. We haven't got enough.
После too и enough можно употреблять for + object [дополнение].
This jacket is too small for me.
The flat isn't really big enough for all of us.
После too и enough можно употреблять to infinitive.
It's too early to have dinner.
He isn 't old enough to drive a car.
216
Может также употребляться конструкция too/enough +for + object + to infinitive.

It's too early for us to have dinner.
This jacket isn't large enough for me to wear.
Too (но не enough) может определяться словами much, a lot, far [очень], a little, a bit,
rather.
much too heavy far too cold a bit too fast
Compare very and too:
Too (но не very) имеет отрицательное значение 'более чем необходимо' или 'более чем
хороший'.
She's a good worker. She works very He works too quickly and makes a lot of
quickly. mistakes.
They arrived at the airport very late, but They arrived at the airport too late and
they just caught their plane. missed their plane.
EXERCISE 138A
Complete each sentence using too or enough and an adjective or adverb in the box.
Example:
Annie can't go to school today. She has got a temperature and isn't well enough to get up.
warm dark well early quietly loud
1 We couldn't see what was in the room because it was

21 couldn't hear everything she said because she spoke .
3 They missed their plane because they didn't leave home .
4 He told them the music was so they turned it down.
5 We didn't go to the beach yesterday because the weather wasn't.
EXERCISE 138B
Complete the sentences using too much, too many or enough.
Example:
We've been so busy today we didn't even have enough time for lunch.
1 I'd like to go to the cinema, but I haven't got money.
21 can't drink this soup. It's got salt in it.
3 Doctors say that sugar is bad for you.
4 We didn't really enjoy the party; there were far people there.
5 We couldn't make an omelette because we didn't have eggs.
217
139 Soanusuch
EXERCISE 138C
Join these ideas using too/enough + to infinitive, or too/enough +for + object + to infinitive.
Examples:
Annie isn't old enough. She can't leave school. 3 The children aren't tall enough. They can't
Annie isn 't old enough to leave school. reach that shelf.
The weather was too bad. We couldn't go out. 4 They arrived too late. They didn't see the be-
The weather was too bad for us to go out. ginning of the film.
5 Our old flat was much too small. We couldn't
1 I m too tired. I can't go to the cinema this jj v e jn jt
evening. 6 He ke too q u j et iy The people at the back
2 The table was too heavy. I couldn't move it. ofme room couidn't hear.
139 So and such

(Так, до такой степени, такой)
Such ставится перед существительным с прилагательным или без него.

She's such a nice woman.
Don't be such a fool!
So ставится перед одним прилагательным, без существительного.
She's so nice.
Don't be so foolish!
So может употребляться с наречием.
Не works so slowly.
So (но не such) может употребляться с many и much.
There were so many people on the train.
I've got so much to do today. I'm really busy.
Such (но не so) может употребляться перед a lot (of).
There were such a lot of people on the train.
I've got such a lot to do today. I'm really busy.
После so и such может употребляться придаточное предложение с that (that-clause) для
выражения результата (см. 162.2).
The table was so heavy that I couldn 't move it.
It was such a beautiful afternoon that we went to the beach.
218
139 So and such
EXERCISE 139 A
Complete the sentences using so or such.
Example:
It was such a good film. I really enjoyed it.
1 She's shy. She always gets very nervous 5 He felt _ tired that he decided not to go
when she meets people. out.
2 You shouldn't eat quickly; you'll give 6 It was a hot day that they had to open all
yourself indigestion. the windows.
3 It's an interesting town; there really is 7 I've made many mistakes in this letter, I
much to do there. think I'll type it again.
4 I was disappointed when I failed my 8 He had a lot of luggage that we couldn't
driving test. get it all into the car.
Note
-So также употребляется для выражения результата, например: / was hungry so I made
something to eat. CM. 162.2.
-So that и so as to также употребляются для выражения причины, например: / gave her my
address so that she could write to me. CM. 163.3.
||40 Comparison: adverbs (Сравнение: наречие)
1 Form of comparative and superlative adverbs

Большинство наречий образуют сравнительную степень (comparative) с помощью more, a
превосходную (superlative) - с помощью most.
beautifully more beautifully most beautifully
carefully more carefully most carefully
Односложные наречия, например fast, hard, late, long, soon, образуют сравнительную
степень (comparative) с помощью -ег, а превосходную (superlative) - с помощью -est.
fast faster fastest

hard harder hardest
Но обратите внимание: early (ear-ly) также образует степени с помощью -er/-est: earlier
—> earliest.
Когда к словам присоединяется -er/-est, иногда происходят изменения в написании,
например, early —» earlier. См. 188.3,4, 6.
Наречия well, badly VL far образуют сравнительную и превосходную степень не по общим
правилам."
well better best
badly worse worst
far farther/further farthest/furthest
219
140 Comparison: adverbs
Making comparisons using adverbs (Сравнения с помощью наречий)
Для образования сравнений с помощью наречий или прилагательных употребляются те

же конструкции:
a comparatives (see 127.2)

You should drive more carefully.
They arrived later than I'd expected.
comparative + and + comparative (see 127.2)
It snowed more and more heavily as the day went on.
the + comparative clause, the + comparative clause (see 127.2)
The sooner we leave, the earlier we'll arrive.
superlatives (see 127.3)
She runs the fastest of all the girls.
as... as (see 128)
I'm working as fast as I can.
Mike can't play the guitar as/so well as Sarah.
EXERCISE 140A
Complete the sentences using the correct form of the words in brackets. Add than, the or as where
necessary.
Examples:
Of all those cars, the Alfa Romeo goes the fastest, (fast)
I don't work as hard as Sally does, (hard)
We finished the job a lot more quickly than we'd expected, (quickly)
1 She always arrives at work much anyone 5 He doesn't speak French as his sister.
else, (early) (fluently)
2 The children are behaving far they nor- 6 The car went and down the hill.
mally do. (badly) (fast)
3 Of all the animals in the world, which one 7 They normally play much they did last
lives ? (long) night, (well)
4 Our new central heating system works a lot 8 Andrew is studying a lot usual now that
our old one did. (efficiently) his exams are getting closer, (hard)
Note
-В неофициальном стиле часто употребляются объектные местоимения те, him после than
и as, например: You run faster than me. I can't swim as well as him. В более официальном
стиле употребляются субъектные местоимения /, he + verb, например: You run faster than I
do. I can't swim as well as he can. Некоторые считают более правильной форму подлежа-
щее + глагол.
220
41 Negative statements (Отрицательные утверждения)
Negative statements образуются с помощью not (стяжение n't) после вспомогательного

глагола (например, be, have, can).
We 're leaving. > We aren 't leaving.
They've finished. -> They haven't finished.
He can swim. -» He can't swim.
I may go to the party. -> / may not go to the party.
Negative statements также образуются с помощью not/n't после смыслового глагола be и
после have в have got.
I'm hungry. > I'm not hungry.
She's got a car. -» She hasn 't got a car.
В present simple и past simple отсутствует вспомогательный глагол, поэтому употребляет-
ся do/does (в present simple) и did (в past simple) перед not/n't.
I smoke. > / don't smoke.
She lives in London. > She doesn't live in London.
We went out last night. » We didn 't go out last night.
Обратите внимание, что после do, does и did глагол всегда стоит в форме infinitive без to,
например, smoke, live, go.
Если употребляется два и более вспомогательных глагола, not/n't ставится после первого.
Не 's been working. > Не hasn't been working.
Относительно отрицательных стяжений, например, aren't (= are not), don't (= do not),
CM. 189.
EXERCISE 141 A
Make these statements into negatives.
Examples: 6 The weather is very nice today.
7 She can come to the party on Saturday.
I'm going to apply for the job.
8 I've been working too hard recently.
I'm not going to apply for the job.
9 She's got a very interesting job.
She got up very early this morning.
10 They may have gone home.
She didn't get up very early this morning.
11 We saw you at school yesterday.
11 like travelling by train. 12 The bank opens on Saturday afternoons.
2 He was late for the appointment. 13 My sister is going to work tomorrow.
3 We've got a lot of time. 14 The telephone has been repaired.
4 I'm enjoying myself very much. 15 We play tennis every weekend.
5 Robert works for a company in Manchester. 16 I'll be seeing Martin tomorrow.
Note
- Отрицательная форма повелительного наклонения образуется путем употребления not/n't
после do, например: Don't shout. См. 30.1.
-Другие отрицательные слова, например never, употребляются для образования отрица-
тельного утверждения, например: / never smoke.
221
142 Yes/No questions (Вопросы Да/Нет)
Yes/No question - это вопрос, который требует ответа Yes или No.
Ъ Sue coming ?' 'Yes. 7 'No.'
'Have they finished?' 'Yes. 7 'No.'
Questions образуются путем изменения порядка подлежащего (например, Sue, they, he) и
вспомогательного глагола (например, be, have, can).
Sue is coming. » Is Sue coming?
They have finished. > Have they finished?
You can cook. » Can you cook?
Questions со смысловым глаголом be образуются таким же образом.
They are English. > Are they English?
Questions с have got образуются путем изменения порядка подлежащего и have.
Не has got a car. • > Has he got a car?
Если в предложении два и более вспомогательных слов, изменяется порядок
подлежащего и первого вспомогательного слова.
Не has been waiting. > Has he been waiting?
ся do/does в present simple questions и did в past simple questions.
They live here. > Do they live here?
She likes tennis. » Does she like tennis?
He enjoyed the film. > Did he enjoy the film?
например, live, like, enjoy.
EXERCISE 142A
Make Yes/No questions from these statements.
Examples:
She lives in London. Does she live in London?
You'd like a cup of coffee. Would you like a cup of coffee ?
1 They played tennis yesterday. 6 He can play the piano and the guitar.
2 He's doing his homework. 7 The shop closes at 6 o'clock.
3 She's got a lot to do today. 8 You'd like to go swimming.
4 They' ve bought a new car. 9 The job will be finished soon.
5 You know Simon Robinson.
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142 Yes/No questions
EXERCISE 142B
Complete the Yes/No questions, as in the examples.
Examples:
Til be at home this evening.' 'Will you be there at 7 o'clock?'
'He likes most sports.' 'Does he like tennis?'
1 They visited Milan.' ' Rome?' 5 'They've gone out.' into town?'
2 'She bought some coffee.' ' any milk?' 6 'I can play the guitar.' _ the piano?'
3 'She's got two sisters.' ' any brothers?' 7 'He works eight hours a day.' ' on Sat-
4 'I speak Italian.' ' Spanish?' urdays!
8 'I'm going to the cinema.' . on your
own?
Note
-Иногда при постановке вопросов Yes/No утверждение произносится с восходящей
интонацией, например: You're English? Таким же образом часто ставится вопрос,
когда говорящему что-то известно и он обращается за подтверждением. Таким же
образом выражается удивление, например: You 're only-fit? I thought you were at least 18!
I
143 Wh- questions (Вопросы, начинающиеся с Wh-)
1 Wh- questions начинаются с вопросительных слов: what, where, who, whose, when, why,
which, how (CM. 145).
What is she reading?
Where do they live?
Questions образуются путем изменения порядка подлежащего (например, she, they, we) и
She is reading. > What is she reading?
They have gone. > Where have they gone?
We can start. > When can we start?
Questions со смысловым глаголом be образуются таким же образом.
Не is here. » Why is he here?
Questions с have got образуются путем изменения порядка подлежащего и have.
Не has got your key. > Why has he got your key?
Если имеется два и более вспомогательных глагола, изменяется порядок подлежащего и
первого вспомогательного глагола.
Не has been reading. » What has he been reading ?
ся do/does в present simple questions и did в past simple questions (но см. 144).
:
They start work. > When do they start work?
She goes to school.- -> Where does she go to school?
He arrived. -» When did he arrive ?
например, start, go, arrive.
223
144 Subject and object questions
EXERCISE 143A
Complete the questions, as in the examples.
Examples:
They went to the station.' 'What time did they go there?'
'I've got some money.' 'How much have you got?'
1 'We're going.' 'Where ?' 7 'I come from Australia.' 'Which part of
2 'I'm worried.' 'Why worried?' Australia _ from?'
3 'I was reading.' 'What ?' 8 Т ve got a car.' 'What kind of car _ ?'
4 'He visits his grandparents.' 'How often 9 'We bought some wine.' 'How much wine
them?' _
5 'They'll do it.' .'When it?' 10 'She likes pop music.' 'What kind of pop
6 'She's been waiting outside.' 'How long music _ ?'
there?' 11 'We saw a film.' 'Which film _ ?'
12 'She was talking to someone.' 'Who _
to?
144 Subject and object questions

(Вопросы к подлежащему и дополнению)
С помощью who можно поставить вопрос к подлежащему или дополнению. Compare:
Asking about the object Asking about the subject
SUBJECT OBJECT SUBJECT OBJECT
Frank loves Someone loves Frank.
Who] does Frank love? Who] loves Frank?
SUBJECT OBJECT SUBJECT
Tina phoned
Who I did Tina phone?
SUBJECT OBJECT
Ken is helping \ someone.] Someone] is helping Ken.
Who\ is Ken helping? Who is helping Ken?
Когда с помощью who ставится вопрос к подлежащему, глагол имеет ту же форму, что и
в утверждении, например, loves, phoned, is helping, a do, does не употребляется в present
simple и did - в past simple.
224
145 Question words
What, which и how many можно также употреблять при постановке вопроса к
подлежащему.
'What made that noise ?' 'It was the cat.'
'Which car goes the fastest?' "The Mercedes.'
'How many people went to the party?' 'About fifty.'
EXERCISE 144A
Ask questions with who or what.
Examples:
She wants to see someone. Who does she want to see?
Someone wants to see her. Who wants to see her?
Someone told me. Who told you?
11 told someone. 7 They helped someone.
2 Someone wrote to me. 8 Someone helped them.
3 I wrote to someone. 9 She was looking for someone.
4 Something is making that noise. 10 Someone was looking for her.
5 He's making something. 11 Something moved.
6 Someone makes the decisions. 12 Someone gave me the book.
|45 Question words (Вопросительные слова)
What, who and which (Что, кто и какой)

What с существительным (например, what colour, what nationality) или без
существительного употребляется для того, чтобы поставить вопрос о предметах или
вещах.
What colour is your car?
What nationality is Maria?
What is Ken doing?
What would you like to drink?
What иногда можно употреблять, чтобы поставить вопрос о людях.
What actors do you like?
Who без существительного употребляется, чтобы спросить о людях.
Who is your favourite actor?
Who told you the news?
Which с существительным или без него употребляется для того, чтобы спросить о
предметах или людях, когда существует ограниченный выбор.
Which colour do you like best - red, blue or yellow?
Which actor do you prefer - Robert de Niro or Dustin Hoffman?
Which would you like - wine or beer?

145 Question words
Но очень часто who употребляется даже в случае, когда существует ограниченный выбор.
Who do you prefer - Robert de Niro or Dustin Hoffman ?
Which one часто употребляется вместо who или what, когда существует ограниченный
выбор.
Which one do you prefer - Robert de Niro or Dustin Hoffman?
Which one do you want - the red one or the blue one?
Можно также употреблять which of....
Which of these colours do you like best?
Whose (Чей)
Whose употребляется с существительным или без него, чтобы поставить вопрос о
принадлежности.
' Whose book is this ?' 'It's Maria's.'
'Whose are these?' 'They're mine.'
3 Where, when, why and how (Где, когда, почему и как)
a Where употребляется, чтобы поставить вопрос о месте.
'Where are you going on holiday?' 'To Greece.'
'Where does Sue live ?' 'In London.'
When употребляется, чтобы поставить вопрос о времени.
'When were you born?' 'In 19 70.'
'When is she leaving ?' 'At 2 о 'clock.'
Why употребляется, чтобы поставить вопрос о причине и цели.
'Why are you late?' 'Because my car broke down.'
'Why did you go out?' 'To do some shopping.'
How употребляется, чтобы поставить вопрос 'каким образом?'
'How did you get here ?' 7 came by bus.'
'How do you spell your name?' 'D-A-V-I-S.'
How употребляется в приветствиях и при знакомстве, а также, чтобы поставить вопрос о
состоянии здоровья.
'How are you?' 'I'm fine, thanks. And you?'
'How do you do ?' 'How do you do ? I 'm pleased to meet you.'
How is your mother now? Is she feeling any better?
How употребляется с прилагательными (например, old, tall) и наречиями (например, often,
well), а также с much и many.
'HOW old are you?' 'I'm 18.'
'How often do you go to the cinema?' 'About once a week.'
How much money have you got with you?
How many brothers and sisters have you got?
226
146 Negative questions
EXERCISE 145A
Look at the answers and complete the questions using the question words in the box.
Example:
'How old are you?' Tm 20.'
what who which whose where when why how

how often how much how many how old how long
1 '. .do you do?' 'I'm a student.'

2'. . do you live?' 'In London.'
3'. . have you lived there?' 'For two years.'
4'. . brothers and sisters have you got?' 'Two brothers and two sisters.'
5'. . is your favourite pop singer?' 'Michael Jackson.'
6'. . is your birthday?' 'November the 3rd.'
7'. . do you play tennis?' 'About once a week.'
8'. . does it cost to play tennis in Britain?' 'It's not very expensive.'
9'. . bag is this?' 'I think it's Simon's.'
10'. .do you usually get to work?' 'By car.'
11 '. . of those girls is your sister?' 'She's the one in the black skirt.'
12'. . are you smiling?' 'Oh, I've just thought of something funny.'
1146 Negative questions (Отрицательные вопросы)
Negative questions образуются с помощью стяжения п 't, которое ставится после

Aren't you watching TV?
Haven't they finished yet?
Can't he swim?
Negative questions также образуются с помощью п 't, которое ставится после смыслового
глагола be и have в have got.
Aren't you Simon Robinson?
Haven't they got any money?
Если имеется два и более вспомогательных глагола, n't ставится после первого.
Haven't you been listening ?
ся do/does (в present simple) и did (в past simple) перед п 't.
Don't you smoke?
Doesn't she live here any more?
Didn't they go to the cinema?
227
147 Question tags
Порядок слов отличается, когда употребляется полная форма not вместо п 't. Compare:
Are you not watching the TV? Aren't you watching the TV?
Does she not live here any more? Doesn't she live here any more?
Форма с not более официальна и не столь распространена.
Negative questions часто употребляются для выражения удивления, разочарования или

раздражения.
Don't you smoke? I thought you did.
Hasn't she finished the letter yet? She's been typing it all morning!
Negative questions распространены в восклицаниях.
Isn't it a terrible day!
Negative questions также употребляются, когда мы полагаем, что знаем что-то и просим
подтверждения.
'Aren 't you Simon Robinson ?' 'Yes, that's right.' Ч thought you were.'
Обратите внимание на значения yes и по в ответах на отрицательные вопросы.
'Didn't they see the film?' 'Yes.' (= Yes, they saw the film.) / 'No.' (= No, they didn't see the
film.)
EXERCISE 146A
Make negative questions using the contraction n't and the words in brackets.
Example:
I posted the letter to you over a week ago! Haven't you received (you | have | received it yet?)
1 Why aren't you eating your dinner? (you | do | like it?)
2 'Look! (that | is | your brother over there?)' 'Oh, yes.'
3 'I really must go now.' 'But it's only half past nine (you | can | stay a little longer?)
4 ' (she | is | a pretty child!)' 'Yes, lovely.'
5 (I | have | met you somewhere before?) I'm sure I know your face.
6 'Sally is still in bed.' ' (she | is | going to work today?)
7 ( you | do | want to come to the concert tonight?) I thought you said you did.
147 Question tags

(Краткий общий вопрос в конце расчленённого вопроса)
Study the examples. [Рассмотрите примеры].

It's cold today, isn't it?
You haven't seen my keys, have you ?
Question tag представляет собой выражение isn't if? и have you?, которое ставится в конце
утверждения.
228
147 Question tags
Question tags образуются с помощью вспомогательного глагола (например, be, have, can)
+ personal pronoun (например, it, you):
You aren 't listening to me, are you ?
You haven't seen my keys, have you ?
He can swim, can't he?
Question tag имеет тот же вспомогательный глагол, что и в главном предложении.
Если в главном предложении смысловой глагол be, в question tag употребляется be.
It's cold today, isn 't it?
Если в главном предложении имеется have got, в question tag употребляется have.
You haven't got a stamp, have you ?
Если имеется два и более вспомогательных глагола, в question tag используется первый.
Не hasn't been waiting long, has he?
Do/does используется в present simple question tags, a did в past simple question tags.
You don't like football, do you?
Simon lives in London, doesn't he?
You saw the film, didn't you?
Обычно negative question tag употребляется с положительным утверждением, a positive
question tag - с отрицательным. Compare:
It isn't cold today, is it? It's cold today, isn't it?

You don't like football, do you ? You Uke football, don't you ?
He can't swim, can he ? He can swim, can't he ?
Значение question tag зависит от интонации:
Если ставится реальный вопрос, используется восходящая интонация (голос подымается

вверх).
You haven't seen my keys, haxe-you? (= Have you seen my keys?)
Но если есть уверенность в ответе и вопрос ставится, чтобы получить согласие собесед-
ника, используется нисходящая интонация (голос падает вниз).
It's cold today,~mf*t~H? (= It's cold. Don't you agree?)
Negative statement + positive question tag часто употребляется для того, чтобы попросить
кого-то о чем-то, попросить помочь или предоставить информацию.
You couldn 't lend me some money, could you ?

You don't know where Peter lives, do you?
229
147 Question tags
5 Обратите внимание:
a Question tag для / am будет aren 't 7?
I'm right, aren't I?
После повелительного наклонения можно употребляете question tags willAvouldyou? и
can/can't/ could you?, когда мы хотим, чтобы кто-то что-то сделал.
Switch on the light, will you?
Help me with these bags, could you?
После повелительного наклонения в отрицательной форме употребляется will you?
Don't forget to post my letter, will you?
После let's употребляется shall we? для внесения предложения.
Let's listen to some music, shall we?
В question tags после somebody/someone, everybody/everyone и nobody/no one употребляет-
ся they.
Somebody told you, didn 't they ?
No one phoned for me, did they?
В question tags после nothing употребляется it.
Nothing is wrong, is it?
В question tags может употребляться there как подлежащее.
There won't be any problems, will there?
EXERCISE 147A
Put a question tag at the end of each sentence. Sometimes more than one answer is possible.
Example: 8 We're leaving tomorrow.
9 You couldn't do me a favour.
It's a good restaurant.
10 You don't know where Sarah is.
It's a good restaurtant, isn 't it?
11 Switch on the light for me.
1 You don't like this music. 12 Don't forget to lock the door.
2 Robert isn't at work today. 13 Nobody was watching the TV.
3 I'm too late. 14 Everyone will be here soon.
4 You haven't seen the newspaper. 15 Nothing terrible has happened.
5 Lynne speaks French and German. 16 There's plenty of time.
6 They didn't go to the concert. 17 Pass me that magazine.
7 You'd like to have something to eat. 18 Let's have a cup of tea.
230
1148 Reply questions (Ответные вопросы)
Study the examples.

'I'm going to bed now.' 'Are you ? Oh, good night, then.'
'He can't swim.' 'Can't he ? I thought he could.'
Мы часто отвечаем с помощью 'reply questions' - кратких вопросов, образованных из
вспомогательного глагола + personal pronoun, например, Are you? и Can't he?
Эти reply questions не являются настоящими вопросами; они часто лишь
свидетельствуют, что мы слушаем. Они могут выражать интерес, сочувствие, удивление
или гнев, в зависимости от интонации.
В reply questions употребляются те же вспомогательные глаголы, что и в предложении, на

которое мы отвечаем.
I'm going to bed now.' 'Are you ? Oh, good night, then.'
'We've finished.' 'Have you?'
Если предложение содержит смысловой глагол be, то он употребляется и в reply question.
'I'm hungry.' 'Are you ? I'll make you something to eat.'
Если в предложении имеется have got, то и в reply question употребляется have.
'I've got a headache.' 'Oh, have you ? Do you want some aspirin ?'
Если в предложении два и более вспомогательных глагола, то в reply question употребля-
ется первый.
'I've been waiting for an hour.' 'Have you?'
Do/does употребляется в present simple reply questions, a did в past simple reply questions.
7 like football.' 'Do you ?'
'She lives in Brighton.' 'Does she ?'
'We saw the film.' 'Did you?'
Положительные reply questions употребляются для ответа на положительные
утверждения, а отрицательные - на отрицательные. Compare:
'Не can't swim.' 'Can't he?' 'He can swim.' 'Can he?'
'I don't like football.' 'Don't you?' 'Hike football.' 'Do you?'
Можно также отвечать на утвердительное предложение, употребляя отрицательный от-
ветный вопрос с падающей интонацией. Этим выражается эмфатическое согласие.
'It was a fantastic film.' 'Yes, wasTt*t^t? I really enjoyed it.'
231
148 Reply questions
EXERCISE 148A
You are sitting on a park bench when a tramp comes up to you and starts a conversation. [Вы сидите
в парке на скамейке, когда к вам подходит бродяга и начинает разговор].
React to what the tramp says using reply questions.
Tramp: It's a lovely day.
You: Yes, isn't it?
Tramp: This is my bench, you know.
You: Oh, is it? I'm sorry, I didn't know.
Tramp: It's all right. You can sit
here. You may not believe this,
but I was very rich once. I was al-
most a millionaire.
You: 1 ? That's amazing.
Tramp: Yes, but I gave all my
money away.
You: 2 ? What, all of it?
Tramp: Yes, every penny. I gave it
away to my friends, to my rela-
tives. But they didn't thank me.
You: 3 ?
Tramp: No. Still, I'm much happier
now.
You: __4__?
Tramp: Yes, I like the simple life. I
like sleeping in the park under the
stars.
You: 5 ? Don't you get cold?
Tramp: No, I don't feel the cold.
I'm used to it.
You: 6 ? Really? Even in
winter?
Tramp: Yes, I've been sleeping on
this bench for over twenty years.
You: 7 ? Really? That's a
long time.
Tramp: Yes, the only problem is
my health. I've got a bad heart
condition.
You: Oh, 8 ?
Tramp: Yes, I haven't got long to live.
You: __9__?
Tramp: No, but I'm going to enjoy my last few weeks. I'm going to eat and drink well... But food
and drink are so expensive nowadays.
You: Yes, they are, aren't they?
Tramp: Yes, if I had some money, I'd go and have a good meal.
You: 10 ?
Tramp: Yes ... You couldn't let me have a few pounds, could you?
232
i 49 Indirect questions (Косвенные вопросы)
Когда у людей спрашивают информацию, иногда употребляют indirect questions, начи-

нающиеся с выражений Could you tell me... ? Do you know... ? или Can you remember... ?
Compare:
QUESTION INDIRECT QUESTION
Where is the station? Could you tell me where the station is?
When will they finish the job? Do you know when they will finish the job?
В indirect questions порядок слов такой же, как и в утверждении, например, the station is,
they will finish.
Обратите внимание, что происходит в present simple и past simple indirect questions.
What time does the shop close? Can you tell me what time the shop closes?
What did she say? Can you remember what she said?
В indirect questions не употребляется вспомогательный глагол do (do, does and did).
Если нет вопросительного слова, например, what, who, where, можно употреблять j/или
whether для введения indirect question.
Is she at home now? Do you know if she is at home now?
Can he speak Italian? I wonder whether he can speak Italian?
EXERCISE 149A
Make these questions into indirect questions, beginning with the words in brackets.
Example:
Where is the Tourist Information office? (Could you tell me)
Could you tell me where the Tourist Information office is?
1 When does the last bus leave? (Can you tell me)
2 Is he over 18? (Do you know)
3 Can she speak French? (Do you know)
4 How does this machine work? (Can you explain)
5 Where are you going on holiday? (Have you decided)
6 What did he tell you? (Do you remember exactly)
7 Will you be here tomorrow? (Do you know)
8 Does she like horse riding? (Have you got any idea)
9 Did you switch off all the lights? (Can you remember)
10 Has everyone gone home? (Do you know)
Note
-В косвенных вопросах также происходят вышеупомянутые изменения, например: 'Where
do you live?' —> He asked me where I lived. CM. 78.
233
150 Short answers (Краткие ответы)
Мы часто отвечаем на Yes/No questions, используя short answers - краткие ответы,

состоящие из подлежащего (например, you, he, she) + вспомогательный глагол (например,
be, have, can).
'Are you going out?' 'Yes, I am.' (= Yes, I am going out)
'Has he seen the film?' 'No, he hasn't.' (= No, he hasn't seen the film)
'Can she speak French?' 'Yes, she can.' (= Yes, she can speak French)
Если в вопросе есть смысловой глагол be, то он употребляется в кратком ответе.
'Are you angry?' 'No, I'm not.'
Если в вопросе имеется have got, в кратком ответе употребляется have.
'Have you got a car?' 'No, I haven't.'
Если в вопросе имеется два и более вспомогательных глагола, то в кратком ответе упот-
ребляется первый.
'Have you been working?' 'Yes, I have.'
В кратких ответах do/does употребляется в present simple, a did - в past simple.
'Doyou know Kate?' 'Yes, Ida.'
'Does Simon smoke ?' 'No, he doesn 't.'
'Did they see the film ?' ' Yes, they did.'
В ответ на утверждение можно также употреблять краткие ответы.
Т т not angry.' 'Yes, you are.'
'Sue lives in Western Road.' 'No, she doesn't.'
'Simon is very helpful.' 'Yes, he is.'
EXERCISE 150 A
Complete the short answers to these questions, as in the examples.
Examples:
'Have you ever been to the USA?' 'No, / haven't.'
1 'Can you play the guitar?' 'No, '
2'Are you over 21?' 'Yes, '
3 'Did Andrew go to school yesterday?' 'Yes, '
4 'Do you smoke?' 'No, '
5 'Does Sarah like tennis?' 'Yes, '
6 'Have you got time for a coffee?' 'No, '
7 'Is Ken working today?' 'No, '
8 'Were you at home last night?' 'Yes, '
9 'Will you be seeing Martin tonight?' 'Yes, '
10 'Have they been living here very long?' 'No, '
11 'Has Lynne got any brothers or sisters?' 'No, '
12 'Does Simon want to go to university?' 'Yes, '
234
151 So/neither am I, so/neither do I, so/neither can I, etc
EXERCISE 150B
All these statements are untrue. Disagree with them using short answers.
Examples:
'Rio de Janeiro is the capital of Brazil.' 'No, it isn 't.'
'Marconi didn't invent the radio.' 'Yes, he did.'
1 'Penguins can fly.'
2 "The earth doesn't move around the sun.'
3 'Shakespeare was born in London.'
4 'The population of the world isn't increasing.'
5 'The Second World War ended in 1940.'
6 'Spaghetti grows on trees.'
LSI So/neither am I, so/neither do I, so/neither can I, etc

(Ия также/И я также не и т.д.)
Study these examples.

Т т going out later.' 'So am !.'(=!, also, am going out later.)
He can play the guitar, and so can !.'(=...!, also, can play the guitar.)
'I'm not feeling very well.' 'Neither am I.' (= I, also, am not feeling very well.)
She can't drive, and neither can !.'(=...!, also, can't drive.)
So (= 'также') и neither (= 'также не') может употребляться перед вспомогательным
глаголом (например, be, can) + subject (например, /, he).
В этой конструкции может также употребляться смысловой глагол be и have в have got.
Т т thirsty.' 'So am I.'
You haven't got any money and neither have I.
Если имеется два и более вспомогательных глагола, то после so и neither употребляется
первый.
'I've been studying.' 'So have I.'
Do/does в present simple, a did в past simple употребляются после so и neither.
'Hike tennis.' 'So do I.'
I don't want anything to eat, and neither does Sue.
7 went to the concert last week.' 'So did I.'
2 Вместо neither можно употреблять nor.
7 haven't got a car.' 'Nor/Neither have I.'
3 Nol... either может употребляться вместо neither и nor.
Т т not cold.' 'Neither am I. /Nor am I. /I'm not either.'
I can't swim, and neither can you. /and nor can you. /and you can't either.
(N)either имеет два варианта произношения: /'(n)aiS9(r)/ или /'(п) кЗэ(г)/.
235
152 / think so, I hope so, I expect so, etc
EXERCISE 151A
Agree with these statements using 'So... I' or 'Neither... Г.
Examples:
'I don't like noisy people.' 'Neither do I.'
'I'm a very tidy person.' 'So am I.'
1 'I'm not very interested in football.' 7 'I often forget things.'
2 'I enjoy travelling.' 8 'I went to bed quite late last night.'
3 'I've never been to Australia.' 9 'I should go to bed earlier.'
4 'I'd like to go there one day.' 10 'I always tell the truth.'
5 'I haven't got a very good memory.' 11 'I'd rather die than tell a lie.'
6 'I haven't been working very hard recently.' 12 'I didn't tell lies even when I was a child.'
Note
-Относительно either и neither см. также 119.2.
152 / think so, I hope so, I expect so, etc

(Я так полагаю, я надеюсь на это, я рассчитываю на это и т.д.)
Study the examples.

'Is she ill?' 'I think so.' (= Я полагаю, что она больна.)
'Do you think the weather will be nice tomorrow?' 'I hope so.' (= Я надеюсь, что погода
будет прекрасной.)
'Do you think you 'II come to the party?' 7 expect so.' (= Я рассчитываю, что приду на
вечеринку.)
So употребляется после таких глаголов, как think, hope, expect, imagine и suppose, с тем,
чтобы избежать повторения того, что было сказано ранее.
So также употребляется таким образом в выражении be afraid.
'Is she seriously ill?' 'I'm afraid so.'
Отрицательную форму с глаголами suppose, imagine и expect можно образовать двумя
способами:
subject + verb + not subject + do not + verb + so
I suppose not. I don't suppose so.

I imagine not. I don't imagine so.
I expect not. I don't expect so.
Hope и be afraid всегда употребляется с ... not (не do not... so).
'Do you think you will be late tonight?' 'I hope not.' (= Я надеюсь, что не опоздаю.)
'Did he pass the exam ?' 'I'm afraid not.' (= Боюсь, он не сдал.)
Обычно think употребляется с do not... so.
'Is she ill?' 7 don't think so.' (= Я не думаю, что она больна.)
236
153 Defining relative clauses with who, that and which
EXERCISE 152A
Give short answers using the words in brackets. Sometimes two answers are possible.
Examples:
'Do you think it will be a good concert?' 'Yes, I hope so.' (Yes | hope)
'Do you think we'll be late?' 'No, I hope not.' (No | hope)
1 'Are you going to sell your car?' (Yes | think)
2 'Will you give him the money?' (Yes | suppose)
3 'Have your parents heard the news?' (No | think)
4 'Will you be able to help us?' (No | afraid)
5 'Is she going to apply for the job?' (Yes | imagine)
6 'Do you think they will come with us?' (No | expect)
7 'Will he have to go into hospital?' (Yes | afraid)
8 'Will you have time to go shopping this afternoon?' (No | suppose)
9 'Do you think everything will be all right?' (Yes | expect)
10 'Does he know about the accident yet?' (Yes | imagine)
153 Defining relative clauses with who, that and which

' (Определяющие относительные придаточные предложения с who,
that и which)
I Рассмотрите примеры:
/ spoke to the woman who owns the hotel.
Did you see the letter that came this morning?
Who owns the hotel и that came this morning являются 'defining relative clauses'. В этих
предложениях речь идет о том, какого человека или какой предмет имел в виду
говорящий (например, who owns the hotel определяет, какая женщина; a that came this
morning определяет, какое письмо).
По отношению к людям употребляется who. Compare:

/ spoke to the woman. She owns the hotel. I spoke to the woman who owns the hotel.
The man was very nice. He interviewed me. The man who interviewed me was very nice.
По отношению к предметам употребляется that. Compare:
Did you see the letter? It came this Did you see the letter that came this morning?
morning.
The keys have disappeared. They were on The keys that were on this table have
this table. disappeared.
Обратите внимание, что who и that заменяет местоимение.
/ spoke to the woman who owns the hotel. (Not: / spoke to the woman who she owns the hotel.)
237
154 Leaving out who, that and which in defining relative clauses
Which может употребляться вместо that (говоря о предметах) в defining relative clause.
Did you see the letter which came this morning?
The keys which were on this table have disappeared.
В неофициальном стиле возможно употребление that вместо who (говоря о людях).
/ spoke to the woman that owns the hotel.
Обратите внимание, что можно опустить who, that и which, когда они являются
дополнениями в defining relative clauses, например: He's the man (who) we met last night.
CM. 154.
EXERCISE 153 A
Join each pair of sentences using who for people and that for things. Examples:
That's the woman. She works in the post office. 4 They're the people. They offered Sue a job.
That's the woman who works in the post office. 5 The car has now been found. It was stolen.
The man wasn't English. He spoke to us. 6 She's the person. She gives me a lift to work
The man who spoke to us wasn 't English. every day.
i1 tHe
r - s. the
u man. THeJpainted
- . JmyUhouse. 7 The
, lock has now been repaired.
F It was bro-
2 What is the name of the boy?
J He telephoned
F ,„ \ ,. , . ™ ,
8 Most of the people are very nice. They work
0
ш Peter s office-
3 What's happened to the money? It was on my
desk.
154 Leaving out who, that and which in defining relative clauses
(Пропуск who, that и which в определяющих относительных
придаточных предложениях)
Who, that и which может быть подлежащим (subject) или дополнением (object) в defining
relative clause. Compare:
Marianne is the girl who invited us to the party.
who is the subject: she invited us to the party
Marianne is the girl who we met last night.
who is the object: we met her last night
Who, that или which часто опускаются, когда они являются дополнениями в defining
relative clauses.
Marianne is the girl we met last night. (Мы встретили ее вчера вечером.)
Have you seen the book I put on this table? (Я положил ее на этот стол.)
238
155 Defining relative clauses with whose, where, when and why/that
Но нельзя опускать who, that или which, когда они являются подлежащими в этих
предложениях.
Marianne is the girl who invited us to the party. (Not: Marianne is the girl invited us ...)
Have you seen the book that was on this table. (Not: Have you seen the book was on this
teblel)
Вместо who можно употреблять whom (по отношению к людям), когда это слово является
дополнением глагола в relative clause.
/ met a woman whom I know. (I know her)
Но слово whom - достаточно формальное и не очень распространенное в повседневной
речи. Вместо него можно употреблять who или that (или их опустить).
/ met a woman (who) I know.
EXERCISE 154A
Complete the sentences using who for people and that for things; if it is possible to leave out who or
that, write (who) or (that) - in brackets.
Examples:
I can't find the envelopes (that) I bought this 5 A bi-lingual person is someone can
morning. speak two languages equally well.
Have you seen the film that is on TV tonight? 6 Who's that boy Sally is dancing
with?
1 John Murray is the man owns the
7 Are these all the letters came in this
Grand Hotel.
morning's post?
2 The man we spoke to wasn't very nice.
8 Have you found the money you
3 This is the sweater I bought on
lost?
Saturday.
9 The people used to live in that
4 What is the name of the company you
house have moved.
work for?
10 I don't like films are very violent.
1155 Defining relative clauses with whose, where, when and why/that
(Определяющие относительные придаточные предложения с whose,
where, when и why/that)
1 Whose (Чей)
Whose употребляется в relative clauses (вместо his, her, their и т.д.) для выражения
принадлежности. Compare:
I've got a friend. His brother is an actor. I've got a friend whose brother is an actor.
They're the people. Their house caught fire. They 're the people whose house caught fire.
He смешивайте whose и who's; who's - who is или who has.
I've got a friend who's at university. (= who is at university)
239
2 Where, when and why/that (Где, когда и почему/что)

a Where употребляется (для мест), a when (для времени) в relative clauses.
The factory where I work is going to close down.
Is there a time when we can meet?
После слова reason можно употреблять why или that в relative clauses.
Is there a reason why/that you want to leave now?
When, why и that можно опустить.
Is there a time we can meet?
Is there a reason you want to leave now?
Where также можно опустить, если употребляется предлог.
The hotel we stayed at was very small.
EXERCISE 155 A EXERCISE 155B

Answer the questions using whose, as in the ex- Complete the sentences using where, when or
ample. why/that.
Example: Example:
1 She's the woman whose husband teaches at That is the church where Ken and Kate were
Annie's school. married.
1 Who's Mrs Barnes? (Her husband teaches at 1 Did they tell you the reason they wanted
Annie's school.) you to do that?
2 Who's Jim Owen? (His flat was broken into.) 2 What's the name of the restaurant you
3 Who are Mr and Mrs Peters? (Their children had lunch?
were injured in the accident.) 3 I can remember a time there was no
4 Who's that girl? (Her brother works in the television.
post office.) 4 Is that the hospital you had your opera-
5 Who are those people? (Their credit cards tion?
were stolen.) 5 I don't understand the reason he was
6 Who are you? (My mother phoned the police.) late.
6 Do you remember the time your car
broke down on the motorway?

(Определяющие и не определяющие относительные придаточные
предложения)
'Defining' relative clauses указывают на существительное: в этих предложениях речь идет

о лице, предмете и т.д., которых имеет в виду говорящий. См. 153 и 154.
/ spoke to the woman who owns the hotel, (who owns the hotel tells us which woman)
The house which Sue has bought is over 100 years old. (which Sue has bought tells us which
house)
240
В 'ndn-defming' relative clauses не говорится, какое лицо, предмет и т.д. имеет в виду
говорящий; эти предложения дают больше информации о лице или предмете уже
известных.
Ken's mother, who is 69, has just passed her driving test, (who is 69 does not tell us which
woman; we already know that it is Ken's mother)
Sue's house, which is in the centre of town, is over 100 years old. (which is in the centre of
town does not tell us which house; we already know that it is Sue 's house)
Non-defining clauses более распространены в официальном стиле, особенно в
письменном. Когда эти предложения записываются, ставится запятая (,) в начале
предложения (и часто в конце).
Last weekend I met Sue, who told me she was going on holiday soon.
Frank Morris, who is one of my best friends, has decided to go and live in France.
В non-defining clauses всегда употребляется who по отношению к людям и which no
отношению к предметам; в этих предложениях нельзя употреблять that.
She gave me the key, which I put in my pocket. (Not: She gave me the key, that I put in my
В non-defining clauses нельзя опускать who или which.

My uncle John, who lives in Manchester, is coming to visit me next week. (Not: My uncle John,
lives in Manchester, is coming ...)
She gave me the key, which I put in my pocket. (Not: She gave me the key, I put in my pocket.)

Add commas (,) where necessary. Complete the sentences using who, that or
which, but only where necessary - leave a blank
Example:
if possible. In one sentence two answers are
Robert's parents . who are both retired. possible.
now live in Spain.
Example:
1 The people who live next door
Is that the same song we heard yesterday?
helped us to move the furniture.
2 Have you still got the money that I gave 1 Maria, has only been in Britain for a few
you? weeks, speaks excellent English.
3 Sydney which has a population of more 2 Who was the girl you were speaking to
than three million . is Australia's largest just now?
city. 3 My sister, wasn't feeling very hungry,
4 Peter's sister who I've known for years didn't want to go to the restaurant.
. is a very nice person. 4 I've lost all the money you gave me.
5 We saw Sue last night with that man 5 This is the letter came in today's post.
who works in the library. 6 Mr and Mrs Woods, . live next door to us,
6 The chair that was broken has now have gone on holiday.
been repaired. 7 Brighton, is a tourist centre on the south
coast of England, is about 85 kilometres from
London.
241
157 Non-defining relative clauses with whose, where, when and whom
(He определяющие относительные придаточные предложения
с whose, where, when и whom)
Whose, where и when (CM. 155) могут употребляться в non-defining relative clauses.
Tina Harris, whose brother is the actor Paul Harris, is a good friend of mine.
We visited a town called Christchurch, where we had lunch in an Italian restaurant.
We're going on holiday in September, when the weather isn't so hot.
Whom также может употребляться вместо who, когда это слово является дополнением
глагола в non-defining clause (см. 154.4).
Sarah Ross, who/whom you met in Madrid last summer, will be at the party tonight.
EXERCISE 157 A
Peter is going to the United States next year. Complete what he says about his visit using whose,
who/whom, where and when.
Tm going to the States at the beginning of January when, hopefully, it won't be too
cold. I'm flying to New York, (1) my friend Brian has been living for the past
two years. I'm really looking forward to meeting his American girlfriend Cyndy,
(2) I met when they both came over to London last year. Cyndy, (3)
brother is quite a famous jazz musician, has promised to take me to Greenwich
Village, (4) there are a lot of jazz clubs. After two weeks in New York, I'll take
the Greyhound bus to Cleveland, Ohio. I'm going to stay there with my Aunt Jackie,
(5) son - my cousin Abe -1 met last summer in England. Then, if I have enough
money, I'll travel south to New Orleans. I hope to get there by the first two weeks
of February, (6) the Mardi Gras Festival takes place.'
158 Relative clauses with prepositions + which and whom

(Относительные придаточные предложения с предлогами + which и
whom)
Defining clauses
Перед which и whom в defining relative clause может употребляться предлог, например, in
which, with whom.
That's the town in which he was born.
The people with whom I stayed were very kind.
Но в.повседневной речи более обычным является положение предлога в конце
предложения и пропуск местоимения which, whom и т.д..
That's the town he was born in.
The people I stayed with were very kind.
242
158 Relative clauses with prepositions + which and whom
Non-defining clauses
a В официальном стиле можно также употреблять предлог перед which и whom в non-
defining relative clause.
She's studying chemistry, about which I know very little.
Mr and Mrs Morris, with whom we went on holiday, live in Bristol.
Но в повседневной речи более обычным является положение предлога в конце
предложения и употребление who вместо whom.
She's studying chemistry, which I know very little about.
Mr and Mrs Morris, who we went on holiday with, live in Bristol.
Обратите внимание, что нельзя опускать местоимение which, who и т.д. в non-defining
clause.
Обратите внимание на конструкцию some of/many of/much of/none of/all of/ и т.д. +
which/whom.
A number of my friends, some of whom you 've met before, will be at the party.
He gave me a lot of advice, much of which was very useful.
EXERCISE 158A
Join each pair of sentences without using who, whom or which.
Examples:
The restaurant was in West Street. We went to it.
The restaurant we went to was in West Street.
The woman is a good friend of mine. I borrowed the money from her.
The woman I borrowed the money from is a good friend of mine.
1 The man is Sue's cousin. I introduced you to him.
2 The hotel overlooked the sea. We stayed at it.
3 The shop is closed. I bought the shoes from it.
4 The people like him very much. He works with them.
EXERCISE 158B
Join each pair of sentences using (i) who or which, and (ii) a preposition + whom or which, as in the
example.
Example:
Mr Jones is a teacher at Annie's school. I was talking to him a moment ago.
(i) Mr Jones, who 1 was talking to a moment ago, is a teacher at Annie's school.
(ii) Mr Jones, to whom I was talking a moment ago, is a teacher at Annie's school.
1 Peter's party is next Saturday evening. We are all invited to it.
2 Mr Mason apologized for the mistake. We complained to him.
3 The film Family Life is showing next week. I've heard good reports about it.
243
EXERCISE 158C
A woman is complaining about a man she really dislikes. Complete what the
woman says using the words in brackets and of which or of whom.
'He's always giving people lots of advice, much of which (much) is complete
nonsense. He also talks about all the famous people he says he knows, (1)
(most) I'm sure he's never even met. He boasts about the hundreds of books he
says he's read, (2) (many) I'm sure he's never opened in his life. He talks
about his 'three lovely children', (3) (all) are, in fact, as horrible as their
father. He talks constantly about what a good son he is, and how often he visits his
parents, (4) (neither) ever actually see him. And what else? Well, he spends
lots of money, (5) (none) is his, and drives two big cars, (6) (both)
belong to his wife!'

(Which, относящееся ко всему предложению)
В придаточных предложениях может употребляться which, которое относится ко всему

предложению. Compare:
Не offered to help me. This
Не offered to help me, which
which = the fact that he offered to help me
EXERCISE 159A
Join each idea in A with the most suitable idea in В using which.
Example:
1 She lent me the money, which was very generous of her.
А В
1 She lent me the money. • . This made driving dangerous.
2 They had to wait for over an hour. It made us all feel very hungry.
3 There was a lot of snow on the roads. That is why I didn't buy you a ticket.
4 I knew you didn't want to go to the concert. It meant I had to take a taxi.
5 There was a bus strike. This annoyed them very much.
6 There was a delicious smell coming from the kitchen. This was very generous of her.
244
60 Time: when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, until
(Время: когда, как, пока, как можно..., перед, после, до)
Когда нужно выразить, что действия происходят одновременно, можно употреблять

when, as, while.
When I was watching TV, the telephone rang.
As they were walking down the street, they saw Sue.
I often listen to the radio while I'm having breakfast.
Обратите внимание, что обычно используется when, as или while + форма continuous (на-
пример, when I was watching, as they were walking, while I'm having) для более
продолжительных действий.
Часто употребляется (just) as для двух непродолжительных действий, которые
происходят одновременно, например: The baby started crying (just) as I got into bed!
Когда необходимо выразить, что действия происходят одно за другим, можно употреб-
лять when, as soon as, before, after.
When I had finished breakfast, I went out.
I'll phone you as soon as I get home.
The train had left before they arrived at the station.
After he left school, he started working in a bank.
Обратите внимание, что когда речь идет о будущем, обычно употребляется present simple
после when, as soon as, before и т.д., например: I'll phone you as soon as I get home. CM. 22.
When может иметь то же значение, что и while/as, before or after.
When/While/As I was watching TV, the telephone rang.
The train had left when/before they arrived at the station.
When/After he left school, he started working in a bank.
Until (или till) употребляется в значении 'до того времени, когда'.
We waited until she arrived.
I knew nothing about it until you told me.
EXERCISE 160A
Example:
I'm not going out now. I'll wait until/when it stops raining.
1 While/When I had locked all the doors, I went to bed.
21 fell off the chair while/until I was changing the light bulb.
3 They waited when/until everybody was there before/until they started the meeting.
4 My grandfather worked hard all his life until/when he retired.
51 usually get up before/as soon as I wake up.
6 It started to rain until/just as we got to the park.
71 broke my leg as soon as/when I was skiing.
8 The film had already started when/just as we sat down in the cinema.
245
161 Contrast: although, even though, though, in spite of, despite, while,
whereas, however (Противопоставление: несмотря на то, хотя,
однако, несмотря на, вопреки, несмотря на, пока; в то время как,
тогда как, в то время как, однако)
1 Although и even though можно употреблять для введения противопоставления. После

although и even though употребляться предложение с подлежащим и глаголом.
Although she doesn 't enjoy her job, she works hard.
She passed the exam, although she hadn 't studied for it.
Even though they were late, they didn 't hurry.
Even though более эмфатично, чем although.
Though вместо although может употребляться, особенно, в неофициальном стиле.
Though they were late, they didn't hurry.
Though также употребляется в значении 'however' [однако] (see 5 below) в конце
предложения.
The room is very small. It's quite comfortable though.
In spite of пли despite может употребляться при противопоставлении. После in spite
of/despite может употребляться существительное или -ing форма.
In spite of the bad weather, we went out for a walk.
Despite being late, they didn't hurry.
Говорят также in spite of/despite the fact (that)....
In spite of the fact that the weather was bad, we went out for a walk.
They didn't hurry despite the fact that they were late.
Сравните in spite of/despite и although:
In spite of the rain/Despite the rain, we Although it was raining, we started to play
started to play tennis. tennis.
4 Противопоставления двух понятий можно достичь, употребляя while и whereas.
Не is quiet and shy, while/whereas his sister is lively and talkative.
5 Противопоставление можно также выразить, употребляя наречие however с двумя
предложениями.
She said she didn't want to change her job. However, she may change her mind.
EXERCISE 161 A
Rephrase the sentences beginning with the 1 They have a car, but they rarely use it.
words in brackets. (though)
с i 2 He was innocent, but he was sent toFprison.
Example:
F , ... ,.
(although)
She has plenty of money, but she is very mean. 3 He has a number of relatives living nearby,
(although) but he never visits them, (even though)
Although she has plenty of money, she is very 4 She never takes any kind of exercise, but she
mean. is quite fit and healthy, (even though)
246
161 Contrast: although, even though, though, in spite of, despite, while, whereas, however
EXERCISE 161B
Rephrase the sentences using the words in brackets and a noun, as in the examples.
Examples:
They went out for a walk, even though the weather was bad. (despite)
They went out for a walk despite the bad weather.
She managed to write, even though her hand was injured, (in spite of)
She managed to write in spite of her injured hand.
1 All the trains were on time, even though the snow was heavy, (despite)
2 Our coach didn't arrive late, even though the traffic was terrible, (in spite of)
3 A lot of people buy those houses, even though the prices are high, (despite)
EXERCISE 161C
Rephrase the sentences using the words in brackets and (i) an -ing form, and (ii) the fact (that)....
Example:
He stayed up late, even though he was very tired, (despite)
(i) He stayed up late despite being very tired.
(ii) He stayed up late despite the fact (that) he was very tired.
11 didn't buy the car, even though I had the money, (despite)
2 He stayed outside in the cold weather, even though he felt ill. (despite)
3 People continue to smoke, even though they know the dangers, (in spite of)
EXERCISE 161 D
Sally and Peter are good friends, but they are very different.
Compare Sally and Peter. Join each idea in A with the most suitable idea in B. Make sentences using
while/whereas.
Example:
1 She likes hard work, while/whereas he's quite lazy.
A B
1 She likes hard work. -^ He prefers classical music.
2 She likes jazz and pop music. N. He prefers staying at home.
3 She likes going out a lot. ^-^^^ He can be rather mean.
4 She's very practical. ^^~~^ He's quite lazy.
5 She's very generous. He's quite idealistic.
247
162 Reason and result: because, because of, as, since, so, as a result, therefore,
so/such... (that)
(Причина и результат: потому что, так как, из-за, вследствие, как, с
тех пор, как результат, следовательно, такой... что...)
1 Reason: because, because of, as, since
а Because употребляется перед придаточным предложением с подлежащим и глаголом.

Не ran to the station because he was late.
We didn't go out because it was raining.
Because употребляется перед существительным.
We didn 't go out because of the rain.
We arrived late because of the traffic.
As и since употребляются в значении 'because' [потому что] перед придаточным
предложением; as и since часто ставятся в начале предложения.
As it was raining, we didn't go out.
Since you haven't got any money, I'll lend you some.
2 Result: so, as a result, therefore, so/such ... (that)
а So, as a result и therefore могут употребляться для выражения результата.

So (с или без and) употребляется перед придаточным предложением.
Не was late (and) so he ran to the station.
And as a result и and therefore употребляются перед придаточным предложением.
It was raining hard and as a result we didn't go out.
I failed my driving test the first time and therefore I took it again.
Therefore может также следовать перед глаголом, например,... and I therefore took it
again.
As a result и therefore употребляются также в начале нового предложения.
It was raining hard. As a result, we didn't go out.
1 failed my driving test the first time. Therefore, I took it again.
Употребление therefore характерно для официального стиля.
So/such... (that)... может также употребляться, когда речь идет о результатах чего-то.
The film was so good (that) I went to see it again.
It was such a beautiful afternoon (that) we decided to go out for a walk.
So ставится перед прилагательным и наречием, например, so good, so well, в то время как
such употребляется перед существительным (с прилагательным или без него), например,
such a beautiful afternoon, such an idiot. См. 139.1.
248
EXERCISE 162A
Complete the sentences in A using because or because of and an idea from B. Use each idea in В
only once.
Example:
1 He phoned the police because he 'd lost his wallet.
A B
1 He phoned the police his bad leg
21 didn't have any lunch I thought it might rain
3 Our plane was delayed I wasn't hungry
4 He went to Paris he'd lost his wallet
5 I took an umbrella the fog
6 He couldn't run very fast. he wanted to learn French

Choose the correct answers. Join each pair of sentences using so/such ...
(that).
Example:
Example:
I haven't got much money as/so I can't afford a
new car. He's got a very good memory. He never needs
to write anything down.
1 As/As a result it was such a beautiful day, we
He's got such a good memory (that) he never
decided to have a picnic.
needs to write anything down.
2 It was his birthday because/so we decided to
buy him a present. 1 It was a very warm evening. We had dinner
3 As a result/Since all the seats on the train were outside in the garden.
taken, we had to stand. 2 He was very nervous. He couldn't eat any-
4 The banks were closed and as a thing.
result/because we couldn't get any money. 3 Our neighbours' party was very noisy. We
5 I didn't find the book very interesting and so/ couldn't sleep.
as I didn't finish it. 4 The restaurant was very crowded. They
6 We couldn't drive across the bridge as a couldn't find anywhere to sit down.
result/because it was closed. 5 We were all having a good time. We didn't
7 She had the best qualifications and she so/ want to stop.
therefore got the job.

(Цель: с целью, для того чтобы)
1 Для выражения цели можно употреблять to infinitive - почему кто-то делает что-то.
I went to Paris to learn French.
I'm going out to do some shopping.
249
В более официальном стиле употребляется in order to или so as to.

I went to Paris in order to learn French.
We got up early so as to have plenty of time.
В отрицательных предложениях обычно употребляется in order not to или so as not to (не
одно not to).
We got up early so as not to be late. / We got up early in order not to be late. (Not: We got up
early not to be late.)
For может употребляться для выражения чьей-то цели, но лишь тогда, когда после него
следует существительное (не глагол).
We went to a restaurant for lunch.
I'm going out for a walk.
For + -ing форма употребляется для выражения цели или функции предмета.
A thermometer is used for measuring temperature.
We use this knife for cutting bread.
So (that) также употребляется для выражения цели. Эта конструкция часто употребляется
с can, can't, will или won't.
I'll give you a key so (that) you can unlock the door.
We'll leave early so (that) we won't arrive late.
So (that) с could (n't) и would(n't) часто употребляется для выражения прошедшего време-
ни.
/ gave you a key so (that) you could unlock the door.
We left early so (that) we wouldn't arrive late,
EXERCISE 163 A
Answer each question in A by making a sentence using to or for and the most suitable idea in B.
Examples:
1 I'm going to the library to return a book.
2 She's gone to the greengrocer's for some potatoes.
А В
1 Why are you going to the library? go jogging
2 Why has she gone to the greengrocer's? a drink
3 Why is he taking the car to the garage? invite me to his party
4 Why did he phone you? some potatoes
5 Why do you get up early every day? return a book
6 Why have they gone to the pub? have it serviced
250
164 Purpose: in case
EXERCISE 163B
What are these things used for? Make sentences using the words in the box.
Example:
cut grass make holes in paper show direction

take corks out of bottles measure temperature
It's used for showing direction

Join these ideas using the words in brackets. Join the sentences using so that and the words
in brackets.
Example:
Example:
I wrote down the number. I didn't want to forget
it. (so as not to) She got up early. She didn't want to be late for
/ wrote down the number so as not to forget it. work, (wouldn't)
She got up early so that she wouldn 't be late for
1 He's started walking to work. He wants to get
work.
more exercise, (so as to)
2 The government are going to increase taxes. 1 He switched on the light. He wanted to see
They want to raise more money, (in order to) what he was doing, (could)
3 We took a map with us on the journey. We 2 I turned down the music. I didn't want to dis-
didn't want to get lost, (so as not to) turb the neighbours, (wouldn't)
4 They stopped work at 1 o'clock. They wanted 3 She repeated everything. She wanted us to
to have lunch, (in order to) remember it. (would)
4 She's saving money. She wants to buy a new
car. (can)
|164 Purpose: in case (Цель: в случае)
In case употребляется для выражения действий, которые выполняются, чтобы быть

готовым или быть в безопасности, поскольку может случиться что-то еще.
Take an umbrella with you in case it rains. (... because perhaps it will rain.)
I'll take some food with me in case I'm hungry on the journey. (... because perhaps I will be
hungry on the journey.)
I'll write down the telephone number in case I forget it. (... because perhaps I will forget it.)
251
164 Purpose: in case
После in case употребляется present simple для выражения будущего времени, например,
... in case I forget it. CM. 22.2
Сравните if (си. 66) и in case:

We 'II buy another concert ticket if Simon We 'II buy another concert ticket in case Simon
wants to come with us. (We will wait and wants to come with us. (We will buy another
see if Simon wants to come before we buy ticket now. Then we will already have a ticket
another ticket.) for Simon if he wants to come.)
In case может употребляться для выражения прошедшего времени.
/ wrote down the phone number in case I forgot it.
We bought another concert ticket in case Simon wanted to come with us.
После in case может употребляться should, когда возможность менее очевидна. Compare:
Take an umbrella with you in case it rains. Take an umbrella with you in case it should
(I think perhaps it will rain.) rain. (I am less sure it will rain.)
EXERCISE 164 A
Complete the sentences in A using in case and an idea from B.
Example:
1 You 'd better hurry up in case you miss your train.
А В
1 You'd better hurry up you (get) sunburnt,
2 Take a book on the journey. you (catch) a cold.
3 Put on some suncream you (miss) your train.
4 Wear a coat when you go out. someone (try) to steal it.
5 You should lock the car you (get) bored.
EXERCISE 164B
Complete the sentences using if or in case.
Example:
I'll write down the address in case I forget it.
1 We'll walk home we miss the last bus.
2 Go and see the doctor you don't feel well.
3 You should carry some kind of identification with you you have an accident.
4 I'll come and see you later today I have enough time.
5 We'll close all the windows it rains while we're out.
Note
-Выражение in case of отличается от in case. In case of часто встречается в объявлениях и
значит 'в случае', например: In case of fire, press the alarm. (= If there is a fire ...).
252
Place: in, at, on (Место: в, на)
In употребляется, когда мы представляем место как трехмерное

пространство.
Simon is in his room.
Do you like swimming in the sea?
In также употребляется, когда место представляется как
площадь, пространство.
We went for a walk in the park.
He's got aflat in Milan.
At употребляется, когда место представляется как точка.
/ waited at the bus stop for twenty minutes.
I'll meet you at the station, (a meeting point)
On употребляется, когда место представляется как поверхность.
What's that on the floor?
I'll put this picture on the wall.
On также употребляется, когда место представляется в виде линии.
^ on
Memphis is on the Mississippi River.
Brighton is on the south coast of England.
С городами, деревнями, поселками употребляется at, когда место представляется как
точка. Например, a point on a journey.
Our train stops at Brighton.
In употребляется, когда представляется само место, например: He's got aflat in Milan.
Co зданиями может часто употребляться at или in.

We had lunch at/in Luigi's restaurant.
She works at/in the post office.
At предпочтительней, когда здание вообще представляется как место, где что-то
происходит.
'Where were you last night?' 7 was at the cinema.'
My brother is at university.
Ho in употребляется, когда представляется само здание. Compare:
We stayed at the Queens Hotel. \ There are fifty bedrooms in the Queens Hotel.
В адресе употребляется at, если имеется в виду номер дома; в британском английском
языке употребляется in, когда дается лишь название улицы.
/ live at 42 East Street. 1 live in East Street.
On употребляется для обозначения этажности, например: / live in aflat on the first
floor/second floor etc.
253
166 Place and movement: in, into, out of, on, onto, off, inside, outside
EXERCISE 165 A
Complete the sentences using the prepositions at, in or on. Sometimes more than one answer is pos-
sible.
Example:
What have you got in your pocket?
1 There's some tea the shelf the cupboard.
2 Does your train stop Lyon?
3 My friend works a chemist's the town centre.
4 Turin is the north of Italy, the River Po.
5 Shall we meet the coach station?
6 'Is Ken the living room?' 'No, he's the garden.'
7 They're staying. the Metropole Hotel while they are. . Brighton.
8 Rio de Janeiro is. _ the south-east coast of Brazil.
9 There's a chemist's the corner
corner_ the end of the street.
10 We had lunch Mario's cafe Main Road our way home.
166 Place and movement: in, into, out of, on, onto, off, inside, outside
(Место и движение: в, с, из, на, внутри, снаружи)
In, into, out of
Sally is in her bedroom.

I fell into/in the river.
He came out of the room and
locked the door.
Your keys are on the table.

He jumped onto/on the horse.
Take your feet off the table.
on onto or on off
Inside outside
She was sitting inside/in the cafe.

There is a telephone box outside
the bank.
inside or in
167 Place and movement: above, below, over, under, underneath, on top of
Обратите внимание, что in употребляется, когда речь идет об автомобилях, a on - об

общественном транспорте, например, buses, trains.
I usually go to work in my car.
Did you come to school on the bus?
Говорят get in (to) /out of a car, но get on (to) /off a bus, train и т.д.
She got into her car and started the engine.
Two policemen got on the train at Oxford.
Относительно by car/train и т.д. см. 175.
EXERCISE 166 A
Complete each sentence using the most suitable preposition in the box. Sometimes more than one
answer is possible.
Example:
There was an envelope lying on the floor.
in into out of on onto off inside outside
1 Ken fell the ladder when he was changing the light bulb.
2 Andrew normally goes to school the bus.
3 When I was my hotel room, I started to take my clothes my suitcase.
4 There's a bus stop right our house.
5 Sally came the house, got her motorbike and rode away.
6 My car broke down this morning so I went to work a taxi.
7 The cat jumped roof of the car and looked down at the dog.
8 Annie jumped the diving board the swimming pool.
9 Robert came the telephone box and got his car.
|[67 Place and movement: above, below, over, under, underneath, on top of
(Место и движение: над, под, на, на поверхности)
1 Above и over могут иметь значение 'выше, чем'; below и under могут иметь значение
ниже, чем :
а Over и under употребляются для описания вертикального соотношения.
.А
A is over В.
В is under A.
The nurse leaned over the sick child.
1 pushed the letter under the door.
255
167 Place and movement: above, below, over, under, underneath, on гор of
Above и below употребляются, когда один предмет не расположен непосредственно над

или под другим.
^>
А,
A is above В.
В is below A.
We stayed at a hotel above the lake.
From the top of the hill we could see a house below us in the valley.
Over употребляется в значении 'накрывающего', a under - 'накрытого чем-то'.
Не put his hand over his face.
What are you wearing under your coat?
d Over употребляется в значении 'вдоль' (см. также 168.5).
We walked over the fields to the village.
2 Underneath может употребляться вместо under.
What are you wearing underneath your coat?
3 On top о/означает, что один предмет находится 'над' другим и 'касается' его.
The magazine is on top of the fridge.
EXERCISE 167 A
Choose the correct preposition.
Example:
I found some money on the floor under/belew the sofa.
1 The house was on a hill above/over the village.
2 The cat was sitting below/under the kitchen table.
3 On our way to the village we drove above/over a small bridge.
4 There are some old shoes above/on top of the wardrobe.
5 He sat down below/under an apple tree.
6 She was wearing a long dress below/underneath her raincoat.
256
|68 Other prepositions of place and movement
(Другие предлоги места и движения)
In front of, behind
in front of behind
I'll meet you in front of the post office.
There is someone hiding behind that tree.
Opposite, between
opposite between
The bank is opposite the cinema.
There is a coach service between Sydney and Melbourne.
Near, next to, by, beside
near next to
They live near the sea.
The police station is next to the cinema.
By и beside - оба обозначают 'около, рядом, возле'.
Come and sit by/beside me.
Along, across, through
along across through

168 Other prepositions of place and movement
They walked along the street looking in all the shop windows.
A small bridge goes across the river.
We drove through the city.
Across, over
Across и over употребляются в значении 'через, вдоль'.
The cafe is just across/over the road. A small bridge goes across/over the river.
Употребление over предпочтительней для движения вверх на другую сторону.
Не climbed over the wall. (Not:... across the wall.)
Up, down
up down
She went up the stairs. Then she came down again.
Past, (a)round
past
The policeman just walked past the man.
Round употребляется для обозначения положения или движения по кругу или кривой.
round round
They were all sitting round the table.
I live just round the corner.
Round также употребляется в значении 'повсюду' или 'везде'.
We walked round the town centre.
Around может также употребляться вместо round, например: We walked around the town
centre.
258
168 Other prepositions of place and movement
8 From, to, towards

We flew from Paris to Madrid.
Who is that woman walking towards us?
Get to, arrive at/in
Говорят arrive in/at (a place), но get to (a place).
She arrived in/got to Paris last night.
Говорят arrive in (в страну или город), но arrive at (другие места).
She arrived in France/Paris last night.
She arrived at the hotel just after 10 о 'clock.
10 Когда речь идет о движении, перед словом home предлог не употребляется.
/ went home after school.
Для обозначения нахождения говорят at home.
I was at home last night.
EXERCISE 168 A
Complete the sentences using the most suitable prepositions in the box. Sometimes more than one
answer is possible.
through across up down in round between along to opposite

in front of next to from at towards behind over past
Example:
What's that you've tied round your waist?
11 was sitting the driver in the back seat of the car.
2 A tall man was sitting me at the cinema and I couldn't see much of the film.
3 There is a shoe shop the chemist's and the library.
4 We walked the stairs to the top floor, then we walked to the bottom again.
5 What time did you arrive work yesterday?
6 Who was the first person to swim the Atlantic?
7 There was a woman sitting the driver the front passenger seat of the car.
8 We're flying Paris Amsterdam tomorrow. We arrive Amsterdam at 6.00.
91 got the cinema late and missed the beginning of the film.
10 There's a post office right my office. You can see it from my window.
11 The burglars got into the building by climbing a window.
12 We were driving the road looking for a petrol station for about half an hour.
13 We walked the bridge to the other side of the river.
14 The dog jumped the wall into someone's garden.
15 When the bus came I put out my hand, but it just went ___ me without stopping.
16 We couldn't see the man's face because he was standing with his back us.
259
169 Time: at, in, on (Время: о, в)
At, in и on употребляется следующим образом:

at + время дня at 2 о 'clock at 6.30 at midnight
at noon (=12 часов дня)
at lunchtime
in + часть дня in the morning in the afternoon
in the evening
Но говорят at night,
on + день недели on Monday on Wednesday on Saturday
on Christmas day
on + день недели + часть дня on Monday morning on Wednesday evening
on Saturday night
on + число месяца on 4th July on 1st January
at + выходные at the weekend at weekends
at + праздничные дни at Christmas at Easter
in + более длительные периоды, in July in the summer in 1983
например, months, seasons, in the 19th century
years и т.д.
At, on и in не употребляются перед next, last, this, every, all, each, some, any и one.
We 're leaving next Monday.
I'll see you this evening.
They play tennis every weekend.
At, on или in не употребляются перед tomorrow и yesterday.
What are you doing tomorrow evening?
At обычно опускается при выяснении времени (At) what time... ?
What time are you leaving?
In также употребляется для выражения периода времени в будущем.
I'll be finished in half an hour. (=an hour from now) [через час]
We're meeting in two weeks. (= two weeks from now) [через две недели]
Обратите внимание на выражение in... 's/' time.
We're meeting in a week's time.
In употребляется также для выражения времени, необходимого для выполнения чего-то.
/ can walk from my house to the town centre in twenty minutes. (= мне потребуется 20 минут
для выполнения этого)
260
170 On time and in time
EXERCISE 169A
Add at, on or in where necessary.
Example:
Can you meet me at 2 o'clock — next Saturday afternoon?
1 Kate doesn't normally work 6 They went on holiday to Spain
weekends, but she had to work last Easter and then again the summer.
Saturday. 7 The bridge was built the 16th
2 We're leaving tomorrow morning, but century.
we'll be back three weeks' time. 8 Do you enjoy driving night?
3 Did she send you a card your 9 I'm taking my driving test 4.30
birthday? July 3rd.
4 what time does the meeting start 10 He was born 1900 and died
Monday? 1972.
5 I can normally get home from work 11 I'm going to a conference in Egypt
about half an hour Friday evenings. a week.
^70 On time and in time (Точно в назначенный час, вовремя)
On time означает 'вовремя, точно в назначенный час'.

The buses are very unreliable. They never arrive on time. (= точно в указанное время)
In my school, the classes always start on time. (= точно в указанное время)
In time означает 'вовремя'.
Не discovered the fire in time to stop it spreading. (= вовремя, чтобы затушить его)
/ hope my leg gets better in time for the football match on Saturday. (= вовремя до
футбольного матча)
EXERCISE 170A
Complete the sentences using on time or in time.
Example:
I didn't arrive in time to see her before she left.
1 The bus service is terrible; the buses are never
2 I hope my car will be repaired for the weekend.
3 She's very punctual. She always arrives _.
4 She didn't arrive to say goodbye to him.
5 I don't think I'll be home to see the film on TV this evening.
261
171 At the end and in the end
(В конце чего-то, спустя (через) некоторое время)
1 At the end означает 'в конце чего-то'.

We 're going on holiday at the end of this week.
At the end of the film I felt very sad.
In the end означает 'наконец' или 'спустя (через) некоторое время'.
We couldn 't decide what to do yesterday evening. In the end we decided to stay at home.
At first, I didn't like him, but in the end we became good friends.
EXERCISE 171 A
Complete the sentences using at the end or in the end.
Example:
We were going to walk home, but in the end we decided to take a taxi.
11 hated school at first, but I quite enjoyed it. 41 looked everywhere for my wallet and
2 They're going to Italy of next week. I found it in my jacket.
3 At first, he didn't want to come with us on holi- 5 She's starting work of May.
day, but he changed his mind. 6 We were all exhausted of the journey.
172 Time: in, during, for, while

(Время: в, во время, в течение, в то время как)
I In and during
а During и in могут употребляться для указания периода времени, часто в одном и том же
значении.
We were in Rome during/in the summer.
It snowed during/in the night.
Употребление during предпочтительней для выражения чего-то, что продолжается в
течение всего периода.
We were in Rome during the whole of the summer. (Not: ... in the whole of the summer.)
During, а не in употребляется по отношению к какому-то виду деятельности, например,
визит или завтрак (а не периоду времени).
We visited the Colosseum during our visit to Rome. (Not:... in our visit to Rome.)
During lunch I explained my plans. (Not: In lunch...)
2 During, for and while
а During указывет, когда что-то происходит; for указывает на длительность чего-то.
Compare:
It snowed during the morning. It snowed for four hours.
We were in Rome during the summer. We were in Rome for ten days.
262
173 Time: by, until, from, to/until, before, after
While имеет то же значение, что и during. Обычно употребляется during + noun;

но while + clause. Compare:
during + noun while + clause
He broke his arm during the fight. He broke his arm while they were fighting.
It started to rain during the picnic. It started to rain while they were having a
picnic.
EXERCISE 172 A
Complete the sentences using during, in, for or 2 We've been waiting almost an hour.
while. Sometimes more than one answer is pos- 3 Something woke me up the night.
sible. 4 I was on holiday two weeks the
spring.
Example:
5 I saw Sue my visit to London.
Someone broke into their flat while they were 6 They stopped work half an hour
away on holiday. the afternoon.
7 We visited some interesting places we
1 Some people were talking in the cinema
were in London.
the film.
8 I'll be in France the whole of September.
Note
-Относительноfor, since, ago и before CM. 174.
173 Time: by, until, from, to/until, before, after

(Время: к, до, от, перед, после)
1 By и until
Until (или till) означает 'до того (как)'; by означает 'не позже, чем'. Compare:
I'll stay until Sunday lunchtime. (= до обеда I'll have to leave by Sunday lunchtime. (= не
в воскресенье) позже, чем до обеда в воскресенье)
He'll be out till 10 o'clock. (= до 10) He'll be home by 10 o'clock. (= не позже 10)
From... to/until
The shop opens from 8.30 to 5.30 every day.
I'll be on holiday from Monday until/till Friday next week.
Before и after
I'll be home before 6 o'clock.
After dinner we went for a walk.
263
174 For, since, ago and before
EXERCISE 173A
Complete the sentences using fry, until, from or to. Sometimes more than one answer is possible.
Example:
The film starts at 8.10, so we must be at the cinema by 8.00 at the latest.
11 waited half past eight nine o'clock, but she didn't come.
2 They hope to finish the job Thursday next week.
3 He normally works Monday Friday.
4 How many more weeks are there your holiday?
5 If you want a ticket for the concert, let me know next Wednesday at the latest.
6 We won't start the meeting everyone is here.
174 For, since, ago and before (В течение, с тех пор,... тому назад и до)
For употребляется с периодом времени для выражения длительности чего-то в настоя-

щем, прошедшем и будущем.
We were in Rome for ten days last August.
They usually go on holiday for two weeks every summer.
I'll be in Manchester for the next three days.
For and since часто употребляется с present perfect для выражения действий, которые
продолжаются в течение какого-то периода. Compare:
I've been watching TV for two hours. I've been watching TV since 7 o'clock.
I've known her for three months. I've known her since November.
For употребляется, когда указывается на Since употребляется, когда указывается
продолжительность периода, например, на начало периода, например, 1 o'clock,
two hours, six months. April.
Ago - это наречие и означает 'тому назад'.
It's 10 o'clock now. Sue left two hours ago. (= Сью уехала в 8 часов.)
Ago употребляется после выражения времени.
She left a few minutes ago.
Six months ago they moved to Manchester.
Обратите внимание на вопрос How long ago... ?, например: How long ago did she leave?
Ago употребляется с past tense, но не с present perfect. Например, нельзя сказать:
She has left a few minutes ago.
Compare ago anAfor.
I went to New York two weeks ago. / went to New York for two weeks.
(= две недели тому назад) (= Я провел две недели там)
264
175 Means of transport: by, on, in
Сравните ago и before:

ago = 'до настоящего времени'; before - 'до прошедшего времени'
John left school three years ago; Jane had already left school three years before.
Jane left John left NOW

school school
| three years ago

• three years before 1
EXERCISE 174A
Complete the sentences using/or, since, ago and before.
Example:
Tina moved away from Newcastle five years ago and she hasn't been back there since then.
1 My grandparents visited Edinburgh two weeks in 1980. They had been there five years
so it wasn't completely new to them.
2 My brother has been interested in music quite a long time. He was given his first guitar 20
years
3 John worked in a travel agency six months in 1985. He already had some experience of the
tourist industry because he had worked in a Tourist Information office in London two years
4 Patricia started working as a journalist with a newspaper in Madrid ten years She's been
working for the same newspaper ever then.
Note
-Относительно for и since см. также 11.
175 Means of transport: by, on, in (Виды транспорта: на, в)
By + noun употребляется для указания, как мы передвигаемся, путешествуем.
by car by bus by coach by bicycle by motorbike

by train by Underground/Tube by tram by plane
by boat/ship by road by rail by air by sea
I always come to school by bus.

They travelled to Paris by rail.
Но говорят on foot (= пешком).
Does he usually go to school on foot?
265
Когда употребляются my/a/the и т.д. перед car/bus/train и т.д., нельзя употреблять by. In
употребляется с автомобилями, a on - с велосипедами, мотоциклами и общественным
транспортом, например, buses, trains.
I usually go to work in my car. (Not: ...by my car.)
They went for a ride on a motorbike. (Not: ...by a motorbike.)
Did you go to London on the train? (Not:... by the train?)
EXERCISE 175 A
Complete the sentences using by, on or in.
Example:
I'm not going to Rome on my motorbike. I've decided to go by train instead.
1 Annie usually goes to school her bicycle, but sometimes she goes bus.
2 The journey takes 10 minutes bus and about 25 minutes foot.
3 Robert didn't come to work his car yesterday morning. His car had broken down and he had
to come taxi.
4 Did you travel right across London the Underground?
5 We've decided to travel to New York sea rather than go air.

(Подобно и как)
I Like и as
а Like и as могут употребляться для указания на сходство:
Like
My sister is quite like me.
He eats like a pig!
This steak is very tough. It's like eating leather.
В этом случае like выступает как предлог; он употребляется перед существительным,
например like a pig, местоимением, например like me, или -ing формой, например, like
eating.
As
Your hair looks nice as it is now.
Nobody else can sing as she can.
В этом случае as выступает как союз; он ставится перед придаточным предложением
с подлежащим и глаголом, например, as it is, as she can.
В неофициальном стиле часто употребляется like в качестве союза вместо as.
Nobody can sing like she can.
Некоторые считают, что такое употребление like 'неправильное'.
266
176 Like, as and as ij
As употребляется как предлог для выражения чьего-то занятия или указания на функцию
предмета.
/ once worked as a postman.
Please don't use my shoe as a hammer.
Сравните as и like:
He works as a cleaner. (Он на самом деле Не looks like a pop singer. (На самом деле
уборщик.) он не поп-певец.)
She uses the living room as her office. (Эта My children treat our house like a hotel. (Ha
комната на самом деле ее кабинет.) самом деле это не гостиница.)
Like можно употреблять для приведения примеров.
She enjoys some water sports, like sailing and windsurfing. ,
2 As if
a As j/ставится перед подлежащим + глагол и указывает на то, как кто-то или что-то
выглядит.
You look as if you 're cold.
It looks as if it's going to stop raining.
As if+ прошедшее время иногда употребляется для выражения действия в настоящем
времени.
My brother sometimes behaves as if he was my father.
Предложение здесь не относится к прошедшему; прошедшее время (he was my father)
употребляется, поскольку сама идея 'нереальна' (на самом деле он не мой отец).
Were часто употребляется вместо was после as if для выражения 'нереальных' действий,
особенно в неофициальном стиле.
My brother sometimes behaves as if he were my father.
As though может употребляться вместо as if.
You look as though you 're tired.
My brother sometimes behaves as though he were my father.
В неофициальном стиле иногда употребляется like вместо as if/though.
It looks like it's going to stop raining.
EXERCISE 176 A
Complete the sentences using like or as. Sometimes either word is possible.
Example:
Sarah looks a lot like her brother.
11 joined the company a secretary.
2 Their garden is in a terrible mess. It looks a jungle.
3 I prefer bright colours, yellow and red.
4 When you've finished, put everything back it was before.
5 The building looks more a church than a bank.
6 Stop behaving a fool.
7 Nobody else can make me laugh quite she can.
267
177 With (= having) and in (= wearing)
EXERCISE 176B
Make sentences about the people in the pictures using the words in the boxes.
He/SheAt looks they're in love they've been running

she's just woken up he's going to fall
They look they're having fun she's just had some good news
Example:
She looks as if she's just woken up.
EXERCISE 176C
Complete each sentence in A using as //and the most
suitable idea from B. Use the verbs in brackets in the past tense.
Example:
1 She's 50 years old, but she looks as if she was/were 30.
А В
1 She's 50 years old, but she looks (own) the hotel
2 He's only a receptionist, but he acts (belong) to him
3 They're quite rich, but they behave. (be) dying
4 He's only got a cold, but he acts (be) poor
5 It's my car, but he treats it
177 With (= having) and in (= wearing)
With может употребляться для указания, что кто-то или что-то имеет.
Не is a tall man with brown hair. (= у него черные волосы)
London is a large city with a population of over 9 million. (= он имеет население свыше 9
миллионов)
In может употребляться для выражения, в чем кто одет.
Не often goes to work in his jeans. (= в джинсах)
Who's that woman in the black dress? (= в черном платье)
268
EXERCISE 177A
Complete the sentences using with or in.
Example:
My suitcase is the brown one with the blue stripe down the side.
1 We're looking for a flat three bedrooms.
2 Who's that man over there the green sweater?
3 The police are looking for a short man black curly hair and brown eyes.
4 She's a lively woman a great sense of humour.
5 A fat man a dark blue suit came out of the bank a black briefcase.
[78 Adjective + preposition (Прилагательное + предлог)
После многих прилагательных употребляются предлоги. Например, говорят afraid of,

interested in и bored with.
Ниже приведены наиболее употребительные выражения adjective + preposition:
• excited about worried about nervous about
angry about annoyed about furious about
Г т excited about having my birthday party tomorrow.
Are you worried about your exam?
I'm angry about all the mess you 've made.
• good at bad at clever at hopeless at
I'm not very good at mathematics.
You 're not bad at chess.
• surprised at/by shocked at/by astonished at/by amazed at/by
We were surprised at/by the size of the house.
• famous for well known for responsible for
Brazil is famous for its coffee.
Who is responsible for breaking this window?
• different from/to
He's very different from/to his sister.
• interested in
I'm quite interested in photography.
• afraid of frightened of scared of proud of full of
ashamed of jealous of envious of suspicious of short of
aware of conscious of capable of fond of tired of
Are you afraid of spiders?
I'm very proud of you.
Are you jealous of his success?
He's very fond of her.
My homework was full of mistakes.
We 're a bit short of milk. Can you buy some more ?
I'm tired of doing the same things every day.
269
• nice/kind/good/friendly/polite/rude/stupid of someone
It was very nice of Simon to lend you the money.
• keen on
She's not very keen on tennis.
• engaged to married to similar to
Marianne is engaged to Alan.
Your camera is similar to mine.
• nice/kind/good/friendly/polite/rude to someone
A shop assistant should be polite to customers.
• pleased with bored with disappointed with happy with
You look very pleased with yourself.
I became bored with the book and stopped reading it.
We were disappointed with the football match.
• angry/annoyed/furious with someone for (doing) something
Are you angry with me for being late?
EXERCISE 178 A
Complete the sentences using the words in the box. Sometimes two answers are possible.
Example:
I'm getting bored with my present job. of by with on about in from for at to
1 They're very proud their children. 11 We were very disappointed the film.
2 My sister has just got engaged her 12 Are you afraid flying?
boyfriend. 13 I was shocked the news of the
3 Are you worried your driving test? accident.
4 You're very good explaining things. 14 The garden is full roses.
5 Sydney in Australia is famous its 15 We're a bit short _ . petrol. We'd better
Opera House. stop at the next petrol station.
6 She's quite capable doing the job. 16 I'm not very good drawing.
7 We're getting really excited our 17 My grandparents are very fond their
holiday. old cat.
8 Are you interested playing tennis 18 Cricket is quite different baseball.
tomorrow? 19 Your hairstyle is quite similar mine.
9 He's not very keen football. 20 She was very angry me losing
10 It was very kind them to give us a lift her key.
to the station.
Note
-После некоторых вышеприведенных прилагательных возможно употребление и других
предлогов, например, frightened by, annoyed at, disappointed in. Более подробные сведения
можно найти в любом хорошем словаре.
270
[79 Noun + preposition
(Существительное + предлог)
После многих существительных употребляются определенные предлоги. Например, го-

ворят (a) reason for, (an) example of, (an) increase in.
Ниже приведены некоторые наиболее употребительные примеры выражений noun +
preposition:
• difference between
There are a lot of differences between living in the country and living in a city.
• reason for demand for need for
What was the reason for the accident?
There is a need for more houses in this area.
• increase/decrease in rise/fall in
There has been an increase in the price of petrol.
• difficulty in doing something
Does he have much difficulty in doing his schoolwork?
Но обратите внимание: difficulty with something
Does he have much difficulty with his schoolwork?
• example of cause of picture/photograph of
This building is an example of good modem architecture.
What was the cause of the accident?
Have you got a photograph of your family?
• answer to solution to reply to invitation to reaction to
Have you had an answer to your letter?
Where are the answers to the exercise?
I got an invitation to dinner yesterday.
• attitude to/towards
What's your attitude to/towards this idea?
• relationship with
Our company has a very good relationship with the bank.
Но обратите внимание: relationship between
The relationship between our company and the bank is very good.
271
180 Preposition + noun
EXERCISE 179A
Complete the sentences using the words in the box. In one sentence two answers are possible.
Example:
I've had an invitation to a wedding next month.
towards of between for in with to
11 have a good relationship my boss. 7 The government want to improve the

2 He refused to give me an answer my relationship the police and the general
question. public.
3 What are the main differences the two 8 He is very shy and has great difficulty
countries? making friends.
4 We need a solution the world's 91 thought her attitude you was rather
population problem. unpleasant.
5 Smoking is one of the causes heart 10 There is no need you to shout. I can
disease. hear you.
6 Has there been an increase 11 Nobody knows the reason his
unemployment recently? decision.
12 The artist drew a picture my mother.
Note
-После некоторых вышеприведенных существительных возможно употребление и других
предлогов. Более подробные сведения можно найти в любом хорошем словаре.
180 Preposition + noun (Предлог + существительное)
Перед многими существительными употребляются определенные предлоги. Например,

говорят on television и by mistake.
Ниже приведены наиболее употребительные примеры выражений preposition + noun:
• by mistake by accident by chance
I put salt in my coffee by mistake.
• Говорят: (to pay) by cheque/by credit card, but (to pay) in cash or (to pay) cash.
I'd like to pay by credit card.
• (a book/film/painting etc) by someone
I'm reading'a book by James Joyce. (= написанная Джеймсом Джойсом)
• (to go/come) for a drink/a meal/a walk/a swim
Would you like to go for a drink?
• (to" have something) for breakfast/lunch/dinner
We had spaghetti for lunch.
• We say for example.
I'd like to go somewhere warm on holiday, for example Greece or Turkey.
272
181 Verb + preposition
• (to be/fall) in love with someone/something

Jimmy is in love with Angela.
• in someone's opinion
In my opinion you should phone the police.
• (to be/go/come) on holiday/a journey/a trip/business
I'm going on holiday in April.
Но обратите внимание: (to go/come)/or a holiday
I'd like to go to Jamaica for a holiday.
• on television/the radio
What's on television this evening?
EXERCISE 180A
Complete the sentences using the words in the box.
Example:
In my opinion you're wrong.
by with in on for
1 We're going to Italy a short holiday in 51 could pay you cheque or cash.
May. Which would you prefer?
2 Robert has gone away holiday for two б I heard an interesting programme the ra-
weeks. dio last night.
3 The book, Gone With the Wind, was written 7 chance, I happened to have his address
Margaret Mitchell. with me.
41 didn't mean to do that; I did it mistake. 8 Lynne and Bruno are very much love
each other.
Note
-Более подробную информацию о сочетаниях preposition + noun combinations можно найти
в любом хорошем словаре.
[81 Verb + preposition (Глагол + предлог)
После многих глаголов употребляются определенные предлоги. Например, говорят

believe in и concentrate on.
Ниже приведены некоторые наиболее употребительные примеры выражений verb +
preposition:
• apologize to someone for (doing) something
/ apologized to her for being late.
273
• apply for
Are you going to apply for the job?
• believe in
Do you believe in life after death?
• belong to
Does this book belong to you?
• care about [интересоваться, заботиться]
/ don't care about money. Money can't buy happiness.
Ho: care for [присматривать]
She's very good at caring for sick animals.
• take care of [присматривать]
Could you take care of the baby while I go out shopping?
• complain to (someone) about (something)
The workers complained to the manager about the working conditions.
• concentrate on
Concentrate on the road when you 're driving.
• crash into run into drive into bump into
When I was driving home I almost crashed into a bus.
• depend on
'Are you going to the beach tomorrow?' 'It depends on the weather.'
• die of
A lot of people are dying of AIDS.
• dream about (while asleep)
/ was dreaming about Sue when I suddenly woke up.
Ho: dream of [представлять себя]
When I was younger I dreamt of being a famous pop-singer.
Также: dream of [рассматривать]
/ wouldn 't dream of changing my job.
• hear about [знать, слышать]
Have you heard about Jimmy? He broke his leg in a skiing accident.
Ho: hear from (=получить известие от)
We haven't heard from Mike since he wrote to us last May.
Также: "hear of(= знать о существовании кого-то/чего-то)
Have you heard of a disco called The Dance Factory?
• laugh at smile at
Who's that girl smiling at you ?
274
• listen to
Would you like to listen to some music?
• look at [смотреть]
Look at this photograph.
Ho: look for [искать]
Can you help me, please? I'm looking for West Street.
Также: look after [присматривать]
Could you look after the baby while I go out shopping ?
• rely on
You can't rely on the post. It's always late.
• search for
I've been searching for my keys.
• shout at (eg when you are angry)
Don't shout at me! I can hear you.
• speak to talk to
I spoke to Sue this morning.
т suffer from
He suffers from asthma.
• think about [думать]
You look sad. What are you thinking about?
Ho: think of about [рассматривать]
I'm thinking of/about changing my job.
Также: think of(= иметь мнение о)
'What do you think of Sue ?' 'She's very nice.'
Также: think of [вспоминать]
/ can't think of any reason why the accident happened.
• wait for
How long have you been waiting for the bus?
• write to
I'll write to you soon.
275
182 Verb + object + preposition
EXERCISE 181A
Example:
I was worried and found it difficult to concentrate on my work.
for from after to of on at about in into
1 When he gets angry he always starts 121 remember his face, but I can't think
shouting everyone. his name.
2 This car isn't mine. It belongs Mike. 13 'We went to the concert.' 'What did you
3 Selfish people only care themselves. think it?'
4 He complained the children the 14 'Do you know a disco called The Zap
mess they'd made. Club?' 'No, I've never heard it.'
5 I won't tell anyone what happened. You car 15 Excuse me. We're looking the sports
rely me. centre. Could you tell us how to get there?
6 She apologized me losing her 16 Thank you for looking my mother
temper. while she was ill.
7 I've written _ . the company and applied 17 I don't believe horoscopes,
the job. 18 She dreams being an actress one day.
8 Mrs Woods suffers. . bronchitis. 191 dreamt my grandmother last night,
9 My grandfather died _ _ old age. 20 She searched through her bag a pen.
10 We're thinking going to the cinema. 21 We're depending you to help us.
11 Have you ever thought moving to 22 The car went out of control and crashed
another country? the back of a bus.
Note
-Более подробную информацию о сочетаниях verb + preposition можно найти в любом хо-
рошем словаре.

(Глагол + дополнение + предлог)
После некоторых глаголов употребляются дополнения с предлогами. Например, говорят

borrow something from someone.
Ниже приведены наиболее употребительные примеры выражений verb + object +
preposition:
• accuse someone of (doing) something
The police accused the man of murder.
• blame someone/something/or something
Don't blame me for what happened. It wasn 't my fault.
But: blame something on someone/something
Don't blame what happened on me. It wasn't my fault.
276
• borrow something from someone

/ borrowed some money from my mother.
• congratulate someone on (doing) something
We congratulated them on getting married.
• explain something to someone
/ explained the problem to the police.
• invite someone to something
Mike has invited me to the cinema this evening.
• remind someone about something [напомнить]
Simon reminded me about Sarah's birthday, so I bought a card.
Ho: remind someone of something/someone (= заставить кого-то запомнить)
This song reminds me of the first time we met.
• tell someone about something
Did they tell you about their holiday?
• warn someone about something/someone
His boss has warned him about being late for work.
EXERCISE 182A
Example:
They blamed the accident on the driver of the lorry.
from on to about of for
1 Don't blame other people your own mistakes.

2 This town reminds me the place where I was born.
3 Will you remind Peter the party next Saturday?
4 I congratulated Mary getting the new job.
5 I borrowed the umbrella a friend of mine.
6 The woman accused me trying to steal her bag.
7 They've invited us their house for dinner.
8 We've warned him swimming in that part of the river.
277
183 Review of prepositions (Обзор предлогов)
EXERCISE 183 A
Complete the description of the scene in the picture using the words in the box. Use each word only
once.
behind in front of outside inside up down
on onto off into out of along across at
round towards between near past next to opposite
There is a cafe between a supermarket and a post office. A woman is coming 1

the supermarket. Some people are sitting 2 the cafe 3 the post office is a
bank. A man is getting 4 a bus 5 the bank. 6 the bus there is a girl
getting 7 a motorbike. An old man is going 8 some steps 9 the
post office; a young woman is coming .10 the steps. Another woman is
walking 11 the road 12 the bank. Some children and a dog are running
13 the street 14. the cafe. A car is waiting 15 some traffic lights
16 the supermarket. Some people are crossing the road 17 the car.
There is a telephone box 18 the comer of the street 19 the
supermarket. A young man is walking 20 the comer.
278
183 Review of prepositions
EXERCISE 183B
Complete the sentences using the words in the box. Sometimes more than one
answer is possible.
Example:
We're going away on holiday for two weeks in July.
at in on since for from of to
during between about with under
1 We're meeting. . the clock tower. 18 We've arranged to meet a cafe.

North Street . 8 o'clock this evening. drink 9 o'clock this evening.
21 went shopping. town Friday 191 have a very good relationship my
afternoon. sister.
3 We're thinking. . going . the concert 20 There is no need you to worry
. Saturday. Are you interested. me. I'll be all right.
coming? 21 You're very different your mother, but
4 She's been studying. the University quite similar your father.
Manchester the past three years. 22 They're looking a house four
5 He had great difficulty finding a job bedrooms and a garden.
when he was living the north of 23 The police accused the woman
England. stealing the money.
6 They live _ 148 Dyke Road. Their flat is 24 'Do you know a pop band called Running
. the second floor. Heads?' 'No, I've never heard them.'
7 We took a lot of photographs _ . our visit 25 Newcastle is a large, commercial and
Rome last summer. industrial city a population of about
8 my opinion they show too many old 300,000. It is the north-east of
films TV. England, the River Tyne.
9 They went away. . holiday _ the end 26 Is there very much difference the two
of last week. word processors?
10 They've been staying the International 27 I've always wanted my parents to be proud
Hotel Oxford Street they arrived me.
England. 28 People are angry the increase
11 He's suffered. . bad headaches. .he food prices.
had the accident. 29 I complained _ . the shop assistant.
12 At first I didn't want to go swimming in the the hole the sweater.
river, but the end I changed my mind. 30 My parents first went . Greece.
13 My brother worked a tourist guide short holiday 1980.
London three months the
summer.
14 I found an old photograph the floor
the bed , my room.
15 When she was a child, she dreamt
being a famous dancer.
16 I'm not very good making decisions.
17 You can depend him to arrive
time; he's never late.
279
184 Indirect objects with or without to and for
(Косвенные дополнения с и без to и for)
Некоторые глаголы, например give, buy, могут иметь два дополнения: прямое и
косвенное. Обычно косвенное относится к лицу и ставится сначала.
verb + indirect object + direct object
I'll give Sally the money.

Richard bought me some flowers.
Можно использовать следующую конструкцию:
verb + direct object + to/for + indirect object
I'll give the money to Sally.

Richard bought some flowers for me.
Эта конструкция используется, например, когда особый акцент делается на косвенное
дополнение.
I'll give the money to Sally, not Peter.
а Некоторые общеупотребительные глаголы, применяемые в этой конструкции с to:
bring give lend offer owe pass pay post

promise read recommend sell send show take
teach tell throw write
They're going to offer the job to Sue.

He showed the letter to a friend.
Некоторые общеупотребительные глаголы, применяемые в этой конструкции с for:
bring build buy change choose cook do fetch

find fix get keep make order prepare save
She bought some books for her brother.

I 'II cook a meal for you.
Когда прямым дополнением является местоимение, например, them, it, то обычно оно
ставится первым, например: She gave them to her brother. (Вместо: She gave her brother
them.)
280
185 Phrasal verbs: introduction

Rephrase the sentences without using to or for. Put the parts of the sentence into the correct
order.
Example:
Example:
Give this message to Martin.
Give Martin this message. Sarah 1 1 1 my new camera | lent |.
I'll make some coffee for you. / lent Sarah my new camera.
/7/ make you some coffee. To your mother | have | the money | given | you
Have you given the money to your mother?
1 Have you sent the letter to your brother?
2 I'll get a present for Sally. 1 they | the job | me | didn't offer |.
3 Have you told the news to your parents? 2 for her son | she | a book | bought |.
4 I bought some stamps for you. 3 the salt | pass | can | me | you | ?
5 She lent her car to Peter. 4 you | this package | will | to your parents |
6 I kept a seat for you. take | ?
7 He's prepared a meal for us. 5 a taxi | ordered j they | us | have |.
8 Will you give this message to Mrs Woods? 6 he | to all | showed | the photographs |
his friends |.
85 Phrasal verbs: introduction (Фразовые глаголы: введение)
Phrasal verbs - это глаголы, которые некоторым образом изменяют свое значение за счет
добавления 'частиц', например, down, away, on, in, up, after, off, across.
Please sit down.
I'll throw away the rubbish.
Could you turn on the TV?
В некоторых случаях значение фразового глагола является сочетанием значений состав-
ляющих его частей.
Come in. Sit down.
В других случаях фразовый глагол имеет значение, отличительное от значения состав-

ляющих его частей.
He's given up eating meat. (= He's stopped eating meat.) [бросил]
Sue takes after her mother. (= Sue looks like or is like her mother.) [похожа]
Looking after a baby is hard work. (= Taking care of a baby is hard work.) [ухаживать]
281
186 Types of phrasal verbs
EXERCISE 185 A
Complete the sentences using the correct form of the phrasal verbs below.
Use each phrasal verb only once.
Example:
It was lucky that nobody was killed when the bomb went off.
speak up (= speak louder) fill in (= complete)
come across (= find by chance) keep on (= continue)
turn down (= refuse) go up (= increase)
%e-eff(= explode) hold up (= delay)
1 Could you this application form, please?
2 They just making a noise even though I'd asked them to stop.
3 The price of coffee has again.
4 We can't hear you very well. Could you a bit, please?
5 The coach was by the heavy traffic and didn't arrive in London until 8.00.
6 Unfortunately, your request for a pay rise has been
7 He some old photographs when he was cleaning the attic.

(Типы фразовых глаголов)
Phrasal verbs образуются путем добавления 'частиц', например: away, up, down, out, off,
after, in, on, к глаголу.
I'll throw away the rubbish. He's given up smoking.
Существует четыре типа фразовых глаголов:
Typel
Эти фразовые глаголы не требуют дополнения.
verb + particle
Sit down.
Look out! [Осторожно!]
We set off on our journey, [начали]
Type 2
Эти фразовые глаголы требуют дополнение. Когда дополнение существительное, оно
ставится до или после частицы.
verb + particle + object verb + object + particle
I'll throw away the rubbish. I'll throw the rubbish away.
Take off your shoes. Take your shoes off.
282
Но когда подлежащее выражено местоимением, например it, them, оно может стоять
перед частицей, а не после нее.
I'll throw it away. (Not: /'// throw away it.)
Take them off. (Not: Take off them.)
ТуреЗ
Эти фразовые глаголы требуют дополнения, но глагол нельзя отделять от частицы.
verb + particle + object

Sue takes after her mother. (Not: Sue takes her mother after.)
Looking after a baby is hard work. (Not: Looking a baby after is hard work.)
Type 4
Эти фразовые глаголы состоят из трех частей: a verb + particle + preposition, например,
look forward to. Глагол нельзя отделять от других частей.
verb + particle + preposition + object
I'm looking forward to the weekend.

You go now and I'll catch up with you later.
You shouldn 'tgo back on your promises.

Complete the sentences using the correct form Complete the sentences using the (Type 2)
of the (Type 1) phrasal verbs in the box. Use phrasal verbs in brackets. Sometimes two
each phrasal verb only once. answers are possible.
Example: Example:
The lift has broken down and isn't working at Could you | the light? (switch on)
the moment. Could you switch on the light ?/Could you
switch the light on?
break out take off break down grow up
1 Would you like to | this jacket? (try on)
get up
2 I don't enjoy playing football any more. I
think I'll | it. (give up)
1 Our plane from New York at 6 o'clock
3 My wife wants me to | my moustache, (shave
yesterday evening.
off)
2 My younger sister wants to be a doctor when
4 I have to speak to Mr Mason. I'd better | him.
she
(ring up)
3 A fire in the offices of the ABC cinema
5 That music is rather loud. Would you | it?
last night.
(turn down)
4 Do you like. . early in the mornings?
283
187 Pronunciation of endings -(e)s and -ed
EXERCISE 186C
Replace the words in italics with the correct form of the (Type 3) phrasal verbs in the box.
Example:
get over go into run into
We've examined the problem very carefully. come into look after
We've gone into the problem very carefully.
1 Who is going to take care of the children while you go to the pub?
2 Although she had very good medical care, it took her a long time to recover from her illness.
3 Jane inherited a great deal of money when her grandmother died.
4 I met an old friend by chance in town yesterday afternoon.
EXERCISE 186D EXERCISE 186E

Replace the words in italics with the correct Replace the noun in italics with a pronoun.
form of one of the (Type 4) phrasal verbs in the (Note that sometimes you will have to change
box. the word order.)
get rid of put up with come up with Examples:
go bock on look back on
Could you look after the children?
Could you look after them?
Example:
I'll turn off the TV.
You shouldn't break a promise. I'll turn it off.
You shouldn't go back on a promise.
1 He's going to give up his job.
1 Have you thrown away your old typewriter? 2 I've thrown away the ticket.
2 We must try to find a solution to the problem. 3 He's looking after his sick mother.
3 When you remember the past, it's easy to see 4 Are you looking forward to the party?
the mistakes you've made. 5 Can you fill in the form?
4 I don't think I can tolerate this awful weather 6 She takes after her father.
much longer. 7 He can't do without his car.

(Произношение окончаний -(e)s и -ed}
Compare 'voiced' [гласные] и 'unvoiced'[согласные] sounds:
VOICED •&№£->. UNVOICED
При произношении гласных При произношении согласных вибрация

происходит вибрация голоса. голоса не происходит.
284
Pronunciation of-(e)s ending
Правила произношения окончания -(e)s те же, что и для существительных во множест-

венном числе (например, books, churches), притяжательного падежа 's/s' (например,
Ken's, my parents') и третьего лица единственного числа глаголов в present simple (напри-
мер, he plays, she watches).
Окончание -(e)s имеет три варианта произношения:
-(e)s произносится, как /iz/ после следующих звуков /tJV, /J7, /s/, /z/, ЛЗз/, /3/-
/tf/ /J/ /s/

watches /wot/iz/ washes /WD/IZ/ kisses AISIZ/
churches Af3:tfiz/ wishes Avijiz/ СЛш 's /Icnsiz/
/z/ /45/ /3/

:ziz/ bridges /bricfeiz/ garages /дагга:з1г/
realizes /tiglaiziz/ George 's /d
-(e/s произносится, как /s/ после согласных звуков (кроме упомянутых в а).
stops /stops/ my parents ' /pegrants/ boofa /buks/
fcopes /hsups/ wajte/weits/ Mice's /miks/
JaMg/w /larfs/ months /тлпвз/
w//e 's /waifs/ /тш/Л* /maeGs/
-fejs произносится, как /z/ после гласных звуков (кроме упомянутых в а).
plays /pleiz/ cars /ka:(r)z/ Ken's /kenz/ dogs /dogz/
wives /v/aivz/ ends /endz/ clothes /kteuSz/ trees /in:z/
Pronunciation of -erf ending
Окончание -erf используется для образования past tense и past participle правильных
глаголов (например, played, watched).
Окончание -erf имеет три варианта произношения:
-ed произносится, как /id/ после звуков /t/ и /d/.
/t/ /d/
wz/terf /weitid/ e/irferf /endid/
started /sta:tid/ needed /nirdid/
-erf произносится, как /t/ после согласных звуков (кроме /tf).
stopped /stopt/ looked /lukt/ watched /wotft/
hoped /haupt/ worked /W3:kt/ touched /Utjt/
washed /wojt/ Jtmerf /kist/ laughed Aa:Jt/
wished /wijt/ danced /da:nst/ coughed /kojt/
-erf произносится, как /d/ после гласных звуков (кроме /d/).
played /pleid/ opened /supsnd/ lived /\ivd/ filled /fild/
showed /Jaud/ raised /reizd/ agreed /a'grr.d/ used/]u:zd/
285
188 Spelling of endings -(e)s, -ing, -ed, -er, -est, -ly

Put these words into three groups according to Put these words into three groups according to
the pronunciation of the -(e)s endings. the pronunciation of the -ed endings.
учорг-^^
L/UiJov'U painted loved finished
fJ.U11V/V*
nilfVJ
stops teaches Sally's misses drives ended hoped opened planned invented
dishes Alice's watches admits shows danced studied worked waited
books Bert's studies brings hopes lived watched remembered admitted
1 2 3 1 2 3
fa/ /s/ /z/ /id/ /t/ /d/
washes waits opens painted passed failed

(Правописание окончаний -(e)s, -ing, -ed, -er, -est, -ly)
Существительные, глаголы, прилагательные могут иметь следующие окончания:
Noun+-(e).s (plural) chairs

Verb + -(e)s (3rd person singular present waits
simple) watches
Verb + -ing (present participle or gerund) waiting
watching
Verb + -ed (past tense or past participle) waited
watched
Adjective + -er (comparative) slower
Adjective + -est (superlative) slowest
Adjective + -ly (adverb) slowly
При добавлении этих окончаний происходят изменения в написании:
I Adding -e before -s
a Если слово заканчивается на -ch, -sh, -s, -x watch watches

или -z, перед -s ставится -е. dish dishes
bus buses
mix mixes
fizz fizzes
После существительных tomato, potato, tomato tomatoes
echo, hero, negro и глаголов do и go также potato potatoes
ставится -е перед -s. do does
go goes
286
Nouns ending in -f(e)

Некоторые существительные, оканчивающиеся на -/ half halves
или -fe, опускают -f/-fe и прибавляют -ves во множе- thief thieves
ственном числе, например, half, thief, leaf, loaf, self, knife knives
shelf, wolf, knife, wife. life. wife wives
life lives
Опускание -е
Если слово оканчивается на одно -е, перед live living

-ing, -ed, -er и -est -е обычно опускается . move moved
white whiter
Исключение: be/being
large largest
В глаголах, оканчивающихся на -ее, -е перед -ing не see seeing
опускается. agree agreeing
В прилагательных, оканчивающихся на -е, nice nicely
-е перед окончанием наречия -1у не опускается. complete completely
Но в прилагательных, оканчивающихся на -le, -le simple simply
переходит в -1у при образовании наречий. possible possibly
Исключения: true/truly, whole/wholly
Changing -у to -i
Если слово оканчивается на согласную + city cities

-у, перед -s -у переходит в -ie . carry carries
Если слово оканчивается на согласную + -у, carry carried
перед -ed, -er, -est и -ly -у переходит в -/. happy happier
friendly friendliest
easy easily
перед -ing -у переходит в -i. carry carrying
fly flying
после гласных -у не переходит в -/. boy boys
pray prayed
Исключения: day/daily, pay/paid, say/said, lay/laid grey greyer
Changing -ie to -y
Если слово оканчивается nc. ._, .>._ tie tying

-ing -ie переходит в -у. lie lying
287
Doubling final consonants (Удвоение конечны:( согласных)
a Если односложное слово оканчивается на sit sitting

одну гласную + одну согласную, перед drop dropped
-ing, -ed, -er и -est конечная согласная big bigger
удваивается . fat fattest
Но в конце слова -у, -w или -х не play playing
удваивается. slow slower
mix mixed
Если слово, состоящее из двух и более forget forgetting
слогов, оканчивается на одну гласную + (for'get)
одну согласную, конечная согласная prefer preferred
удваивается, если конечный слог ударный. (pre'fer)
admit admitted
(ad'mit)
Если конечный слог не ударный, конечная open opening
согласная не удваивается. ('open)
visit visited
( 'visit)
Исключения: В британском варианте travel travelling
английского языка удваивается в конце ('travel)
слова -/, если конечный слог неударный. cancel cancelled
( 'cancel)

Add the -s/-es ending to these words; put the Add the -ing endings to these words; put the
words into the correct groups: 1, 2, 3 or 4. words into the correct groups: 1, 2, 3 or 4.
4XUUt shetf eepy- OTXIXrll buzz plate

тТТСТТ
пг\4ч-Лъ f <Vfc«">
<3\\J±J eerae play knit show
/4)<*
ЪДЖЪ'
У^*-Ц
*»Ж Т
worry miss run pay admit wife fix make tie offer visit travel write
finish fly knife spy disco tomato plan marry shop behave stay admit
teach marry leave
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
+-, +-es /+-ies -f/-JK+-ves +-ing Y+-ing -fi+-ying x2+-ing
waits catches copies shelves drying coming dying stopping
288
188 Spelling of endings -(e)s, -ing, -ed, -er. -est, -ly

Add the -ed endings to these words; put the Add the -er and -est endings to these words; put
words into the correct groups: 1,2, 3 or 4. the words into the correct groups: 1, 2, 3 or 4.
fee vpash arrive trap pull 1\г\гъп-\г

1IULF Lf j
VllfT
u/ж^
VlHTrl
Я1ж^*ж FiivC 131C
move empty drop carry discover busy slow simple short wide fat
phone pray hope travel study easy thin cheap white red black
show admit save funny
1 2 1 2
+-ed -/f+-ed +-er/-est -/+ -er/-est
washed arrived higher - highest nicer - nicest
3 4 3 4
-y+-ied X 2+-ed yf +-ier/-iest x 2 +-er/-est
applied robbed happier - happiest bigger - biggest
EXERCISE 188E
Add the -ly endings to these words; put the words into the correct groups: 1, 2 or 3.
tete happy gentle hopeful real horrible idle

quick beautiful lucky dry sudden definite
polite heavy probable temporary
1 2 3
+
-ly -/e+-ly -/+-ily
lately gently happily

189 Contractions (Стяжение)
'Стяжение' - это такие краткие формы, как Гт (= I am), you 've (= you have), isn't (= is not)
и don't (= do not).
К стяжению очень часто прибегают в разговорном и неофициальном письменном
английском языке, например, в письмах к друзьям.
При стяжении на письме ставится апостроф (') там, где буква или буквы опускаются.
Гт (= I am; ' = a) you 've (= you have; ' = ha)
isn't (= is not; ' = o) don't (= do not; ' = o)
Ниже приведены наиболее употребительные стяжения:
I'm /aim/ (=1 am) they're /деэ(г)/ (= they are)
I've /aiv/ (= I have) they've /9eiv/ (= they have)
I'll /ail/ (=/ will) they'll /Sell/ (= they will)
I'd /aid/ (= / had or / would) they'd /deid/ (= they had or they would)
you 're /jua(r)/ (= you are) let's /lets/ (= let us)
youlve /ju:v/ (- you have)
isn't /'iznt/(= is not)
you'll /ju:l/ (= you will)
aren 't /dint/ (== are not)
you 'd /ju:d/ (= you had or you would)
wasn't /'woznt/ (== was not)
he's /hi:z/ (= he is or he has) weren't /wa:nt/ (= were not)
he'll/Ы1/(= he will) don't /daunt/ (= do not)
he 'd /hi:d/ (= he had or he would) doesn 't I d/vznt/ (= does not)
didn 't /didnt/ (= did not)
she's /Ji:z/ (= she is or she has)
haven't /'haevnt/ (= have not)
she'll/fill/(= she will)
hasn 't /'haeznt/ (= has not)
she'd /Ji-'d/C = she had or she would)
hadn't/haednt/f= had not)
it's /its/ (= it is or ithas) can't /ka:nt/ (= cannot)
it'll /ill/ (= it will) couldn 't /'kudnt/ (= could not)
it'd /itad/ C= it had or it would) won't /waunt/ (= will not)
wouldn 't /'wudnt/ (= would not)
we're /wia(r)/ (= we are)
shan 't /faint/ (= shall not)
we've /wi:v/ (= we have)
shouldn't /'Judnt/ (= should not)
we'll /wi:l/ (= we will)
oughtn 't /'o:tnt/ (- ought not)
we'd /wi:d/ (= we had or we would)
mustn 't /'mASnt/ (= must not)
needn 't /ni:dnt/ (= need not)
mightn 't /maitnt/ (- might not)
daren't /deant/ (= dare not)
Обратите внимание, что:
's может быть is или has
She's a student. (= She is a student.)
She's got two brothers. (= She has got two brothers.)
'd может быть had или would
I'd seen the film before. (= I had seen the film before.)
I'd like a coffee. (= I would like a coffee.)
am not сокращается как aren't /dint/ в вопросах, например, Aren't I right?
290
189 Contractions
Обратите внимание, что иногда возможны два отрицательных стяжения. Нельзя, напри-
мер, сказать she isn't или she's not, you aren't или you're not, he won't или he'll not.
Очень часто краткие формы употребляются после личного местоимения, например, Гт,
you 've или в отрицаниях, например, isn 't, don't. Но иногда краткую форму (особенно 's)
можно употреблять после существительного.
Maria's a student. (= Maria is a student.)
My father's got a new car. (= My father has got a new car.)
Краткая форма также может употребляться после вопросительного слова, например,
what, where who и после there, here, that и now.
What's the time? (= What is the time?) There'll be trouble. (= There will be trouble.)
Where's Peter gone? (= Where has Peter gone?) That's right. (= That is right.)
Нельзя употреблять утвердительные краткие формы 's, 've и т.д. в конце предложения
(потому что глагол в конце предложения ударный).
Do you know who she is ? (Not: Do you know who she's?)
'Have you finished?' 'Yes. I have.' (Not: 'Yes, I've.')
Но отрицания isn't, haven't и т.д. могут употребляться в конце предложения.
'Is she English ?' 'No, she isn't.'
You 've finished, but I haven't.
Note
-В 'ненормированном' английском языке (языке, который не считается 'правильным')
ain't /emt/ часто употребляется как сокращенная форма от am not, are not, is not and have
not, has not, например, I ain't hungry. (= / am not hungry.)
-He смешивайте it's (= it is или it has) и its (притяжательная форма от it), например: The cat
ate its food.
291
190 Irregular verbs (Неправильные глаголы)
Verbs can be regular or irregular: (Глаголы могут быть правильными и неправильными)

Regular verbs
Regular verbs (eg work, play, move) add -ed in the past tense and past participle.
INFINITIVE PAST PAST
FORM TENSE PARTICIPLE
work worked worked
play played played
move moved moved
Irregular verbs
Irregular verbs do not add -ed in the past tense and past participle:
a Некоторые неправильные глаголы имеют одинаковую форму в infinitive, past tense и past
participle.
INFINITIVE PAST PAST INFINITIVE PAST PAST
FORM TENSE PARTICIPLE FORM TENSE PARTICIPLE
bet bet bet put put put
burst burst burst readlr'r.Al read /red/ read /red/
cost cost cost set set set
cut cut cut shut shut shut
hit hit hit split split split
hurt hurt hurt spread spread spread
let let let
Другие неправильные глаголы одинаковы в двух из трех форм.
beat beat beaten fight fought fought
become became become find found found
bend bent bent get got got
bleed bled bled hang hung hung
breed bred bred have had had
bring brought brought hear heard heard
build built built hold held held
bum burnt* burnt* keep kept kept
buy bought bought lay laid laid
catch caught caught lead led led
come came come lean lent* lent*
creep- crept crept learn learnt* learnt*
deal dealt dealt leap leapt* leapt*
dig dug dug leave left left
dream dreamt* dreamt* lend lent lent
feed fed fed light lit lit
feel felt felt lose lost lost
292
190 Irregular verbs

make made made stand Stood stood
mean meant meant stick stuck stuck
meet met met sting stung stung
pay paid paid strike struck struck
run ran run sweep swept swept
say said said swing swung swung
sell sold sold teach taught taught
send sent sent tell told told
think thought thought
shine shone shone understand understood understood
shoot shot shot win won won
sit sat sat wind wound wound
sleep slept slept
smell smelt* smelt* * Эти глаголы могут быть правильными:
speed sped sped burned, dreamed, leaned, leaped, learned,
spell spelt* spelt* smelled, spelled, spilled, spoiled.
spend spent spent
spill spilt* spilt*
spit spat spat
spoil spoilt* spoilt*
Другие неправильные глаголы различны в трех формах.
be was/were been ring rang rung
begin began begun rise rose risen
bite bit bitten see saw seen
blow blew blown sew sewed sewn*
break broke broken shake shook shaken
choose chose chosen show showed shown
do did done shrink shrank shrunk
draw drew drawn sing sang sung
drink drank drunk sink sank sunk
drive drove driven speak spoke spoken
eat ate eaten spring sprang sprung
fall fell fallen steal stole stolen
fly flew flown stink stank stunk
forbid forbade forbidden swear swore sworn
forget forgot forgotten swim swam swum
forgive forgave forgiven take took taken
freeze froze frozen tear tore torn
give gave given throw threw thrown
go went gone wake woke woken
grow grew grown wear wore worn
hide hid hidden write wrote written
know knew known
lie lay lain
* Этот глагол может также быть
mistake mistook mistaken
правильным: sewed.
ride rode ridden
293
Учебно-контрольные тесты
Эти тесты предназначены для проверки понима- 26 Obligation and necessity (Units 38-39)
ния и умений использования основных разделов 27 Review of permission and obligation
грамматики в учебном пособии (Unit 40)
The Heinemann English Grammar. 28 Needn 't have and didn 't need to (Unit 41)
29 Obligation and advice (Unit 42)
Предлагается 88 тестов. 30 Possibility: may, might, could (Unit 43)
31 Possibility: can (Unit 44)
Ответы на тесты на страницах 348-353 издания, 32 Probability: should, ought to (Unit 45)
содержащего ключи к ответами. 33 Deduction: must, can't (Unit 46)
34 Review of possibility, probability and de-
Contents duction (Unit 47)
1 Present simple and present continuous 35 Requests, offers and suggestions
(Units 1-3) (Units 48-50)
2 Past simple and past continuous (Units 4-5) 36 Habits: used to, will, would (Unit 51)
3 Been and gone (Units 6-7) 37 Refusals: won't, wouldn't; promises and
4 Present perfect with just, yet and already threats: will (Units 52-53)
(Units 6, 8) 38 May/might as well (Unit 54)
5 Present perfect simple and present perfect 39 Other uses of should (Unit 55)
continuous (Units 6, 9, 10) 40 Wish and if only (Unit 56)
6 Present perfect with for and since 41 Would rather (Unit 57)
(Units 6, 11) 42 It's time (Unit 58)
7 Present perfect and past simple (Units 6, 12) 43 The passive (Units 59-60)
8 Present perfect and present tense 44 The passive with by and with (Unit 63)
(Units 6, 9, 13) 45 The passive (Units 61, 62, 64)
9 Present perfect simple and past simple 46 Have something done (Unit 65)
(Unit 14) 47 If sentences, conditionals
10 Past perfect continuous, past simple and past (Units 66, 68-70, 72)
continuous (Units 4, 5, 15) 48 Unreal past conditionals (Unit 71)
11 Will and going to (Units 16-18) 49 Conditional clauses without if (Unit 73)
12 Present continuous and going to 50 Review of conditionals (Unit 74)
(Units 19-20) 51 Reported speech: statements (Units 76-78)
13 Present simple and will (Units 21-22) 52 Reported speech: questions (Unit 78)
14 Future continuous and future perfect 53 Using the to infinitive in reported speech
(Units 23-24) (Unit 79)
15 Future in the past: was/were going to 54 Review of reported speech (Unit 80)
(Unit 25) 55 -ing form or infinitive (Units 82-98)
16 Continuous forms with always (Unit 26) 56 (-ing and ed) adjectives (Unit 99)
17 Verbs not used in the continuous (Unit 27) 57 Participle (-ing) clauses (Unit 100)
18 Review of the present and the past (Unit 28) 58 Singular and plural (Units 101-103)
19 Review of the future (Unit 29) 59 Possessive forms (Units 104-106)
20 Imperative and let's (Unit 30) 60 Countable and uncountable nouns (Unit 107)
21 Be (Unit 31) 61 Articles (Unit 108)
22 There is, there are (Unit 32) 62 Articles (Unit 109)
23 Have and have got (Units 33-34) 63 Articles (Units 108-113)
24 Ability: can, could, be able to (Unit 36) 64 Quantity (Units 114-119)
25 Permission: can, could, may, might, be al- 65 Pronouns, etc (Units 120-125)
lowed to (Unit 37) 66 One (s) (Unit 124)
294
67 Something, anything, etc (Unit 125) 80 So/neither am I etc (Unit 151)

68 Form, position and order of adjectives 81 Relative clauses (Units 153-159)
(Unit 126) 82 Linking words (Units 160-164)
69 Comparatives, superlatives and as... as 83 Prepositions of place and movement
(Units 127-129) (Units 165-168)
70 Adjectives and adverbs (Unit 130) 84 Prepositions of time (Units 169-174)
71 Adverb position (Units 131-136) 85 Other prepositions (Units 175-177)
72 Adverbs (Units 133-139) 86 Word and preposition combinations
73 Comparison: adverbs (Unit 140) (Units 178-182)
74 Negatives (Unit 141) 87 Indirect objects with or without to and for
75 Questions (Units 142-147) (Unit 184)
76 Question tags (Unit 147) 88 Phrasal verbs (Units 185-186)
77 Reply questions (Unit 148)
78 Indirect questions (Unit 149) Answers on pages 348-352 of the 'with answer
79 Short answers (Units 150, 152) key' edition.
295
1 Present simple and present

continuous (Units 1-3) 2 Past simple and past continuous
(Units 4-5)
(i) Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
form: the present simple or the present con- (i) There are mistakes in some of these sen-
tinuous. tences. Find the mistakes and correct them.
1 Britain. . (have) an election at least 1 The Titanic travelled to New York when it
once every four years. hit an iceberg and sank in the Atlantic.
2I (negotiate) a new pay deal with my 2 The jumper was shrinking when I washed it.
boss at the moment. 3 Christopher Columbus was sailing in the
3 It (rain) every time I (leave) my Santa Maria when he discovered America.
umbrella at home. 41 was breaking my toe when I tripped over
4 Please sit down! I _ . (try) to watch this the dog.
TV programme. 5 The mouse was having a heart attack when
5 American Football (become) very the cat jumped down from the chair.
popular in England. 6 The footballer ran towards the goal when he
6 Robert never (go) abroad for his holi- fell over.
days. It's too expensive. 7 James Dean drove a sports car when he was
7 Many of the world's natural resources dying.
(disappear). (ii) Make sentences. Put the verbs into the
8 Rain (fall) very heavily in Bombay correct form: the past simple or the past
during June and July. continuous.
9 My parents are in America on holiday.
They (stay) near San Francisco. 1 while 11 write | a letter the phone | ring |.
10 The traffic (move) very slowly on the 2 you | read | the newspaper as soon as it j ar-
motorway today. Workmen (repair) rive | ?
the road. 3 she | not | lock | the door when she | leave |
the office |.
(ii) Choose the correct answer — A or B. 4 the train | go | through the tunnel when it |
suddenly | stop |.
1 . skiing in the French Alps every year. 5 Sally | wash | her hair when the doorbell |
A. We go В We're going ring|.
2 one of Agatha Christie's books at the 6 John Logic Baird | invent | the television or
moment. the telephone | ?
A / read В I'm reading 7 they | cry | when they | hear | the bad news |.
3 Some modern cars on unleaded petrol. 8 the cat | lie | on the sofa when the mouse |
A run В are running come | into the room |.
4 The St Lawrence River. into the North
Atlantic.
A flows В is flowing 3 Been and gone (Units 6-7)
5'Where's the cat?' ' on the sofa.' Choose the correct answer.
A It lies В It'sly ing
6 Drive carefully heavily this morning. 1 The children are back at school now.
A It snows В It's snowing They've been/gone on holiday for the sum-
7 Be careful! The ladder down. mer.
A falls В is falling 2 'Have you ever been/gone to Niagara Falls?'
8 The planet Mercury round the sun 'No, but I've been/gone to the Great lakes.'
every eighty-eight days. ЗВШ worked very hard today. He's been/gone
A travels В is travelling to bed early.
296
4 I've got a lot of money. I've been/gone to the 1 Mike is losing his hair.
bank today. How long his hair?
5 'His car isn't in the garage. I think he's How much hair ?
been/gone away for the day.' 2I'm looking for a flat.
How many flats at?
4 Present perfect \vithjust, yet and already How long ?
3 Annie is doing her homework.
(Units 6,8)
How long it?
Put the words in the correct order. How much homework ?
(Sometimes two answers are possible.) 4 They're playing tennis.
How long ?
Example:
How many games ?
started | have | they | to have | just | dinner |.
They have just started to have dinner.
1 just | to rain | has | it | started |. (Units 6,11)
2 you | that book | have | yet | finished | ?
3 yet | that film | seen | haven't 111. Re-write the sentences beginning with the
4 the bus | just | left | has). words given. Use for or since.
5 you | already | done | your shopping | havej? Example:
6 has | for several jobs | Bob | applied j already |.
Great Britain introduced decimal currency in
1971.
5 Present perfect simple and present Great Britain has had decimal currency since
perfect continuous (Units 6,9,10) 1971.
(i) Complete the sentences using the present 11 last read War and Peace in 1980.
perfect simple or present perfect continuous 1 haven't
of the words in the box. 2 Sarah started studying Spanish two years
ago.
break grow make Sarah has been
play put up lose 3 Steven Spielberg started directing films in
the 1960s.
1 My young brother. . three centimetres Steven Spielberg has been
this month. 4 It started raining on Monday.
2 The young children _ a snowman all It hasn't stopped
morning. 5 My mother stopped working ten years ago.
31 my arm twice in two years. My mother hasn't
4I'm tired. I tennis all afternoon. 6 My sister stopped skiing in 1989.
5 Have you got any money? I my wallet. My sister hasn't
6 They their tent for over an hour now 7 Robert de Niro began acting in the 1970s.
and they still haven't finished. Robert de Niro has been
(ii) Complete the questions. Use the present

perfect simple or present perfect continuous. 7 Present perfect and past simple
(Units 6,12)
Example:
(i) There are mistakes in some of these sen-
I've saved some money. tences. Find the mistakes and correct them.
How much have you saved!
How long have you been saving ? 11 live in Brighton. I lived here for ten years.
2 Tolstov has written War and Peace.
297
31 started studying Spanish two years ago. 8 Have you been sitting there for long?
4 Oh, no! Look! Someone stole my car radio! 9 My sister lives in Brighton since 1980.
5 Who has discovered America? 10 The Rolling Stones rock group are
6 We've played tennis yesterday afternoon. playing together for over twenty years.
7 When have you passed your driving test?
8 When did Neil Armstrong walk on the
9 Past perfect simple and past simple
moon?
91 never ate Chinese food in my life. (Unit 14)
10 Look at Mike! He grew a beard! (i) Choose the correct answer — A or B.
(ii) Choose the correct answer — A or B? 11 arrived at the bus station late yesterday.
When I got there, my bus
11 to Los Angeles in 1980. A left В had left
A have been В went 21 arrived at the bus station at 10 o'clock last
2 You a lot of interesting things in night. My bus at 10.15.
your life. A left В had left
A have done В did 31 was asleep when my friend phoned me last
3 James Dean in the film Rebel night. I in bed for two hours.
without a Cause. A was В had been
A has starred В starred 4 When I arrived home my father wasn't there.
4 Who the wheel? He out.
A has invented В invented A went В had gone
5I coffee since 1980. 51 had breakfast when I. . a shower.
A haven't drunk В didn 't drink A had В had had
6 How many people in the Second
World War? (ii) Make sentences. Put the verbs into the
A have died В died past simple or past perfect simple.
7 I work in a bank now. I there for a
year. 1 when 11 visit | the town last month | they |
A have worked В worked build | a new hospital
8 We the new Steven Spielberg film 2 when we | have | dinner | we | go | out for a
last week. walk
A have seen В saw 3 when Sue | look | in the fridge | all the food |
9 the news last night? go
A Have you heard В Did you hear 411 not know | the way to John's house be-
10 When your new car? cause 11 not be | there before
A have you bought В did you buy 5 Mike | get | really exhausted in his first
marathon because he | not run | in such a long
8 Present perfect and present tense race before
(Units 6,9,13)
There are mistakes in some of these sen- 10 Past perfect continuous, past simple and
tences. Find the mistakes and correct them. past continuous (Units 4,5,15)
1 Carlo lives in Rome since three years. There are mistakes in some of these sen-
2 Bob'is working hard at the moment. tences. Find the mistakes and correct them.
3 How long are you studying English? 1 We were waiting for an hour when our train
4 My parents are married for thirty years. finally arrived yesterday.
5 I'm using a computer these days. 2I'd been playing football for over twenty
6 Sarah knows Simon for a long time. years when I gave it up in 1980.
7 Those men are waiting outside since 2.00.
298
3 We lived in Paris for ten years when we

13 Present simple and will (Units 21-22)
moved to Madrid last year.
4 After we'd been walking round the town for Choose the correct answer — A or B.
a few hours, we decided to have lunch.
1 We'll go for a picnic tomorrow if the weather
5 It was late and I was working since early in
the morning, so I was very tired. nice.
A will be В is
2 Simon will get a ticket for the U2 concert,
11 Will and going to (Units 16-18) providing he all night.
Complete the sentences. Use will or going to A will queue В queues
and the verbs in the box. 3lf you go to Moscow, you Red Square.
A will see В see
Teach lend live bite take look 4 Sue will give me some money when she
have buy ' meet rain paid.
A will gel В gets
1 'Would you like to come to the cinema 5 I'll phone Mike as soon as I any news.
with us?' 'All right. I you at 7.00.' A will hear В hear
2 Look at those black clouds. It 6 Unless you work hard, you your exams.
3 'I can't find my umbrella.' 'Don't worry. I A. will fail Efail
you mine.'
4 'Have you seen my tennis racket?' 'No. I
haven't. Just a minute. I in the cup- 14 Future continuous and future perfect
board.' (Units 23-24)
5 'I can't play chess.' 'I you if you Ken and Kate are going to Paris tomorrow.
like.' Here is their timetable for tomorrow
6 'Why are you putting on your coat?' 'I morning:
the dog for a walk.'
7 'Why are you selling your house?' 'We
in the country.' 7.30-8.30 Drive to the airport
8 Don't go near that dog! It you! 8.30 Check-in at the airport
9 'I'm going to buy Sally a Walkman for her
birthday.' 'She's already got one.' 'Has 10.00-11.00 Flight to Paris
she? Well, I her a new sweater.' 11.15-11.45 Taxi to the hotel
10 Have you heard the news? Mrs Green's
pregnant again. She another baby. 1.00 Lunch at the hotel
12 Present continuous and going to Complete the sentences about Ken and
(Units 19-20) Kate. Put the verbs into the future continu-
There are mistakes in some of these sentences. ous or future perfect.
Which sentences have mistakes in them? 1 At 8.00 they (leave) home and they
1 We're going to see a film this evening. (drive) to the airport.
2The weather forecast says it's snowing to- 2 At 8.30 they (arrive) at the airport and
morrow. they (check-in).
3 What are you doing next weekend? 3 At 10.15 they (fly) to Paris.
41 think England are winning the soccer 4 At 11.30 they (arrive) in Paris and they
match tonight. (drive) to their hotel.
5 I'm staying at home this evening. 5 At 1.10 they (have) lunch at the hotel.
6 Do you think Sarah is passing her exams this
summer?
299
15 Future in the past: was/were going to 41 think Ken a moustache.

(Unit 25) A is having В has
5 Which sports ?
Make sentences with was/were going to..., A are you liking В do you like
but.... 6 You can switch off the radio to it.
Example: A I'm not listening В / don't listen
1 the Russian alphabet?
11 take | the dog for a walk | it | start | to rain A Are you understanding
/ was going to take the dog for a walk, but it В Do you understand
started to rain. 8 What's wrong? You look like a ghost!
A you've just been seeing
I Robert | watch | the film on TV | he | fall
В you've just seen
asleep
9 Can you repeat that, please? you.
211 visit | you 1 1 1 not have | enough time
AI wasn't hearing
3 Sarah | change | some traveller's cheques |
В / didn 't hear
the bank | be | closed
10 How long your best friend?
4 we | go | to the concert | it | be | cancelled
A have you been knowing
511 finish | work early | my boss | ask | me to
В have you known
work late
6 my parents | fly to Scotland | they | decide | to
go by train 18 Review of the present and the past
(Unit 28)
16 Continuous forms with always (Unit 26) (i) Correct the mistakes in this letter using
Put the verbs in brackets into the most suit- suitable present or past forms.
able form: the present simple or the present
continuous. Dear Mrs Black,
1 You're never satisfied! You (always | I write to you in reply to your
complain) ! advertisement in last Monday's
2 Maria is never late for work. She (al- Evening Argus.
ways | arrive) on time. At the moment, I working for Sun
3 Stephanie is very conceited. She (al- Travel, a company in London. I
ways | look) at herself in the mirror. work there for two years. Before
4 Joe is very kind. He (always | help) I was joining Sun Travel, I have
people. worked for a student travel com-
51 never feel hungry in the mornings. I pany in Spain. I work there for a
(always | have) a small breakfast. year. Before that, I have worked
for Worldwide Travel in Brighton
17 Verbs not used in the continuous for a year. Now I would like to
(Unit 27) move back to Brighton and I look
Choose the correct answer — A or B. for a job with a travel company
in the town.
1 Some people _ _ there is life on other
planets.
A are believing В believe (ii) Use these words to make the sentences in
2 You look worried. What about? a story. Put the verbs into a suitable present
A are you thinking В do you think or past form.
3 'Where's Ken?' 'I think a bath.' 1 What | be | the most embarrassing thing that
A he's having В he has | ever j happen | to you in your life?
300
211 have | a terrible experience last Saturday. and 15 (help) Beckett. Later she
3 This | be | what | happen. 16 (visit) him in hospital. Twenty-
411 leave | my flat at 2 o'clock and | go | into three years later Beckett and Suzanne
town to do some shopping. 17 (get) married.
5 11 go | shopping most Saturday afternoons.
6 By 4 o'clock 11 finish | shopping and 11 go |
into a cafe for a cup of coffee. 19 Review of the future (Unit 29)
7 While 11 sit | in the cafe, 11 see | a friend Choose the correct or most suitable answer
called Julie Jones and she | join | me. — A or B.
8 At around 4.30 Julie and 11 pay | the bill
and | leave | the cafe. 1 Who do you think the next election?
9 As we | leave, 1 1 1 offer | to give Julie a lift A is winning В will win
home in my car. 2 my flat by next weekend.
10 She | say | she would like a lift so we | walk A / paint В / 7/ have painted
| to the car park together. 3 Don't go out without a coat on a
I l l always | put | my car in the same car park cold.
near the town centre, but when we | get | to A You 'II catch В You 're going to catch
the car park, 11 have | a big surprise. 4 I can't come out with you on Saturday.
12 My car] be j not | there! a friend.
13 Of course, I immediately | think | that A / meet В I'm meeting
someone | steal | it. 5 At 2.00 tomorrow in my office.
1411 phone | the police, but luckily 11 do not. A /'// work В /'// be working
15 I suddenly | realise | the truth! 6 The concert at 8.00 on Saturday.
1611 not | drive | into town that day! A starts В is going to start
17 11 come | on the bus instead. 7 'Would you like a drink?' 'Oh, yes, a
18 Imagine how stupid 11 feel. Coke. Thank you.'
19 My face | go | so red. A I'll have В I'm going to have
20 Julie just | smile | and | say | 'Don't worry. 8 'Where are you going with that ladder?'
We can take the bus home together!' ' the roof.'
A I'll repair В I'm going to repair
(Hi) Complete the sentences in this story. 9 If Martha, I'll tell her the news.
Put the verbs in brackets into a suitable AI see В I'll see
past form. 10 Look out! That glass. .off the table.
A falls В is going to fall
One night in January 1938 Samuel Beckett
1 (walk) home in Paris. He 2
(be) to the cinema and then to a cafe, where he 20 Imperative and let's (Unit 30)
3 (spend) some time with friends. As (i) How can you make your own yoghurt?
Beckett and his friends 4 (walk) along Complete the instructions with the verbs in
the Avenue d'Orleans, a man 5 (stop) the box.
them and 6 (ask) them for money.
The man 7 (drink) heavily all evening add leave boil leave stir
and he 8 (be) very drunk. Beckett
9 (refuse) to give him any money.
.1. _ some milk for one minute. Then
2_ _ the milk to cool for five minutes.
When he .10 (start) to walk away the Next, _ _3 a little natural yoghurt to the
man 11. . (take) out a knife and milk and 4 Then 5 the
12 (stab) Beckett in the chest. A mixture in a warm place for about eight hours.
young woman called Suzanne 13
(pass) by at the time. She 14 (stop)
301
(ii) Make suggestions. Use Let's or Let's not

and the words in the box. 22 There is, there are (Unit 32)
Complete the sentences. Use there, it or they
tell stay hurry make with a suitable form of be.
1 We don't want to be late Example:
2 We want to keep this a secret anyone.
There's an old castle on the hill. It's over 500
3 We want to be careful any mistakes.
years old.
4 We don't want to go out now at home.
1 a film on TV tonight called The
21 Be (Unit 31) Deer Hunter.
2 five senses sight, hearing, taste,
(i) Complete the sentences using the present smell and touch.
or past forms of be. 3' a computer shop in the town centre?'
Hello. My name _1 John Jackson and 'Yes, in West Street.'
my sister's name _2 Anna. We 4' any books about Alfred Hitchcock in
from Newcastle. That 4 the library?' 'Yes in the film
in the northeast of England. I 5 25 section.'
years old and Anna 6 16. Anna 5 a closing-down sale at the ABC Carpet
7 born in Newcastle, but I Store last month from the 26th to the
8 n't. I 9 born in Liver- 31st of July.
pool. What about you? What 10 your 6 another Olympic Games in the year
name? You 11 n't English. Where 2020 probably held in Greece.
12 you from?. 13 that
where you 14_ .born? 23 Have and have got (Units 33-34)
(ii) Complete the sentences using the words There are mistakes in some of these sen-
in the box. tences. Find the mistakes and correct them.
1 I'm having a rest at the moment.
is ('s) isn't are ('re) aren't
2 I'm having got a pain in my neck at the
was wasn't were weren't
moment.
1' Steven Spielberg a film maker?' 'Yes, 3 Had you got a good journey yesterday?
he ' 4 Have you got a new computer?
2' Dallas in Arizona?' 'No, it It 5 We're having dinner late tonight.
in Texas.' 6 We usually have got dinner at 7 o'clock.
3'. . Madonna English?' 'No, she 7 'Have you got a car?' 'Yes, I've got.'
American.' 8 I've got an appointment with the doctor.
4 The Rocky Mountains. . in Mexico. They 9 Did Madonna have got blonde hair in
in the United States and Canada. 1991?
5' Pablo Picasso French?' 'No, he 10 Do you have got a driving licence?
He Spanish.'
6 'Where the first Olympic Games?' 24 Ability: can, could, be able to (Unit 36)
'They in Greece.'
7' Marie and Pierre Curie American?' Choose the correct answer — А, В or C.
'No, they ' 1 How many languages.
A do you can speak В can you speak
С can you to speak
302
2 Mike chess very well. 4 'Could I borrow your dictionary?' 'Yes, of

A to can't play В doesn 't can play course you might.'
С can't play 5 My brother may borrow my sister's computer
3 Maria very fast when she was any time he wants to.
younger. 6 You can have a look at my newspaper if you
A can run В could run like.
С was able run 7My sister's daughter could stay up late and
4 The traffic was very heavy, but Peter watch the World Cup on TV last night.
to work on time.
A managed to get В could get
С couldn't get 26 Obligation and necessity (Units 38-39)
5 They were whispering so I what (i) Re-write the sentences using the words in
they were saying very clearly. brackets.
A could hear В couldn 't to hear
С couldn't hear Example:
6 My grandfather was a very good foot- It is against the law to drive without a licence.
baller. He a professional if he had (mustn 't)
wanted to. You mustn't drive without a licence.
A could be В was able to be
С could have been 1 It isn't necessary to be over 16 to get mar-
7 When Martha asked me for money, I ried, (don't have to)
her some, so I did. 2 It is important for me to pass the exam.
A could lend В was able to lend (must)
С could have lent 3 It is necessary to have an appointment to see
8 Sue would like to buy a new car. the manager, (have to)
A to be able to afford В to can afford 4It isn't necessary for you to apologise, (don't
С be able to afford have to)
9 Do you think that doctors cancer 5 It is against the law to drive without a seat
in the future? belt, (mustn't)
A will can cure В will able to cure
С will be able to cure (ii) Complete each sentence using the most
101 the company' s offer of a job in suitable word in the box.
Edinburgh, but I didn't want to live in must have to have to had to
Scotland. having to have to
A could accept В could have accepted
С could to have accepted 1 I'm sorry, but I can't see you this evening.
My boss has told me I work late.
25 Permission: can, could, may, might, be 2 You're always working late! You work
allowed to (Unit 37) late yesterday, too!
3I've got a terrible toothache. I really go
There are mistakes in some of these sen- to the dentist.
tences. Find the mistakes and correct them. 4I've got an appointment with the dentist to-
1 'Can I use your car this evening?' 'Yes, of day. I be there at 2.00.
course you could.' 51 hate go to the dentist.
2 The law says that you might not drive a car 6 The law says that you report a motor
in Britain without a seat belt. accident to the police.
3 'May I ask you for a favour?' 'Of course you
can.'
303
2 I think my car has been stolen. I the

27 Review of permission and obligation
police.
(Unit 40)
A had better phone
Choose the most suitable answer — А, В or В should have phoned
C. С am supposed to phone
31 tennis tomorrow, but I can't.
1 It isn't cold outside. You. wear a coat.
A had better play
A mustn 't В can С needn 't
В am supposed to play
2 You keep out of that room. It's private.
С am not supposed to play
A don't have to В mustn't С must
41 this bill last month, but I forgot.
3 You fall asleep when you drive a car.
A should pay В had better pay
A mustn't В needn't С must
С ought to have paid
4I'm going to retire soon. Then I won't
5 We have to get up early tomorrow, so we
work any more.
to bed too late tonight.
A must В have to С can
A had better not go В ought to go
5 You vote in Britain until you are 18.
С are supposed to go
A have to В can С aren 't allowed to
6 Everyone a holiday sometimes.
6 You wear a uniform in the army.
A had better take В ought take
A can В have to С mustn't
7Tomorrow is a holiday. We go to work. С should take
7 I've forgotten to send my friend a birthday
A don't have to В aren't allowed to
card. What ?
С have to
A am I supposed to do В shall I do
8 You ride a bicycle on a motorway in
С shall I to do
Britain.
8 You my new camera or I'll kill you!
A must В don't have to С can't
A had better not break
В shouldn 't break
28 Needn't have and didn 't need to (Unit 41) С aren't supposed to break
There are mistakes in some of these sen- 9 I've got a terrible headache. I think I
tences. Find the mistakes and correct them. take an aspirin.
A am supposed to В should take
1 We needn't have bought so much wine for С had better to take
the party because nobody drank much. 10 You with us to the beach yesterday.
2 Mike needn't have gone to work yesterday, We had a very nice time.
so he stayed at home. A had better come В should come
3 It was nice of you to phone and thank me, С should have come
but you really didn't need to.
4 Sue needn't have hurried home, so she took
her time. 30 Possibility: may, might, could (Unit 43)
5 Kate needn't have made lunch when she ar- Re-write each sentence making it unsure.
rived home from work because her husband Use the words in brackets.
had already done it.
Example:
29 Obligation and advice (Unit 42) Sarah lent Simon some money, (might)
Choose the most suitable answer — А, В or Sarah might have lent Simon some money.
C. 1 It will rain tonight, (may)
1 Language students a little every day. 2 Peter is in the Sports centre, (could)
A /5 supposed to study В should study 3 Sally wrote to the bank, (might)
С had better study 4 Ken didn't see me. (may)
304
5 I won't be here tomorrow, (might) 1 You haven't eaten all day. You hungry.
6 The robbers had a key to the office, (may) (be)
1 The children aren't asleep, (might) 2 You cold. It's 30 degrees in the shade!
8 People will be living on the moon in the (be)
year 2050. (could) 3 There are no lights on in the office. Everyone
9 Mike didn't receive my letter, (may) home, (go)
10 Those people are waving at us. (might) 4 Peter ill. I've just seen him playing ten-
nis, (be)
31 Possibility: can (Unit 44) 51 my bag on the train. I can remember
having it with me when I got off the train.
Complete the second sentence so that it has (leave)
a similar meaning to the first sentence. Use 6 You drove home at night without any lights
can or may. on? You crazy! (be)
Example: 7 'I've just finished reading War and Peace in
Russian.' That a long time!' (take)
It is sometimes very hot here in the sum-
mer.
It can be very hot here in the summer. 34 Review of possibility, probability and
deduction (Unit 47)
1 Perhaps it will be very hot here tomorrow.
It Choose the correct answer — А, В or C.
2 Perhaps I am wrong. 1 It a lovely day tomorrow.
I A can be В could be С must be
3 It is possible for anyone to be wrong. 2I'm getting fat. I think I eating the
Anyone wrong kind of food.
4 Cats sometimes live for 20 years. A must be В can't be С can be
Cats 3I'm not sure, but I Sue in town last
5 Perhaps your cat will live for 20 years. night.
Your cat A can see В must have seen
С may have seen
32 Probability: should, ought to (Unit 45) 4 Mike driving to London tomorrow. He
Re-write each sentence making it probable. can't drive!
Use the word in brackets. A might be В can't be С must be
5 My letter yesterday, but it didn't.
Example: A must have arrived В may arrive
Kate is very happy, (should) С should have arrived
Kate should be very happy. 61 can hear footsteps in the flat upstairs, so
there someone there.
1 Simon is in his room, (should) A must be В might be
2 Г11 finish the book soon, (ought to) С can'the
3 Maria received the letter yesterday, (should) 7 We're very busy tomorrow so we time
4We won't be late home tonight, (shouldn't) to visit you. We aren't sure.
5 My parents arrived at their hotel a few hours A could not have В might not have
ago. (ought to) С ought to have
8 That girl 20 years old. She looks about
33 Deduction: must, can't (Unit 46) 12!
A maybe В must be С can't be
Complete the sentences. Use must or can't
and the correct form of the verb in brack-
ets.
305
35 Requests, offers and suggestions 7 When I was younger I would go running

two or three times a week.
(Units 48-50)
8 When I was a student I would have a beard.
Write what you could say in these situations 9 Where did you used to live?
using the words in brackets. 10 Our neighbours will keep playing loud mu-
Example: sic. It's really annoying.
You offer to make someone a cup of coffee. 37 Refusals: won't, wouldn't; promises and
(Shall?) threats: will (Units 52-53)
Shall I make you a cup of coffee?
(i) Complete each sentence using will, won't
1 You ask to use the phone in a friend's or wouldn't and a word in the box.
house. (Can ?)
2 You ask the waiter for the menu in a restau- eat say go call be
rant. (Could?)
3 You ask your teacher to explain something 1 My girlfriend to the concert with me, so
to you. (Could?) I went on my own.
4 You ask a friend to lend you some money. 2 Thank you for letting me use your new com-
(Would?) puter. I very careful with it.
5 You are carrying a lot of bags. You ask a 3l've asked George three times now, but he
stranger to open a door for you. still why he's angry with me.
(Would/mind?) 4 Leave me alone or I the police.
6 You offer to give a friend a lift home in 5 Our cat. . his food at the moment. I think
your car. (I'll) he must be ill.
1 You offer to show a friend how to use a (ii) Now say if each sentence is a refusal, a
photocopier. (Shall?) promise or a threat.
8 You suggest to a friend that you have a
walk in the park. (How about?) 38 May/might as well (Unit 54)
9 You invite someone to the cinema this eve-
ning, (you like?) Complete the sentences using may as well...
10 You ask a friend to suggest where you can and the words in the box.
meet tomorrow, (shall we?)
11 You suggest to a friend that you go swim- sell give up apply clean
ming this weekend. (Let's)
11 don't think I'll get the job. But I for it.
12 You suggest to a friend that you watch a
I've got nothing to lose.
video this evening. (Why don't?)
2 We the flat now. We've got to clean it
some time and we've got nothing to do at the
36 Habits: used to, will, would (Unit 51) moment.
There are mistakes in some of these sen- 3 You never use your computer. You it.
tences. Find the mistakes and correct them. 41 playing the piano. I'll never learn to
play very well.
11 use to go swimming a lot nowadays.
2 When I was a child I used to suck my thumb.
3 I don't use to get up early these days.
39 Other uses of should (Unit 55)
4 My uncle would live in San Francisco (i) Re-write each sentence using the verb in
when he was younger. brackets and that... should...
5 Mike used to live in Paris for a year. Example:
6 Sarah uses to like Madonna, but she doesn't
any more. I told my friend to sell his car. (suggest)
I suggested that my friend should sell his car.
306
1 My doctor told me to see a specialist. 3 We don't want to go to Scotland by car. We

(recommend) by train.
21 told the shop assistant to give me my 41 tennis now. I'm too hot.
money back, (insist) 5 'Are you going to do the shopping today?' 'I
3 My teacher told me to buy a larger diction- you it. I'm very busy.'
ary, (suggest)
4 The traffic warden told us to move our car. 42 It's time (Unit 58)
(insist)
Complete the sentences using the correct
(ii) Put the two ideas together. Make sen- form of the verbs in the box.
tences with that... should.
Example: ask buy clean go
Mike acted so strangely. I was surprised. 1 It's very late. It's time I to bed.
/ was surprised that Mike should act so 2My car is rather dirty. I think it's about time I
strangely. it.
3I've been earning the same salary for 15
1 You remembered my birthday. I'm pleased.
2 Sue offered me a job. I was surprised. years. It's time I my boss for a pay rise.
3 You lost your wallet. I'm very sorry. 4 You're always borrowing my tennis racket!
Don't you think it's about time you
4 John agreed with me. It was interesting.
your own?
40 Wish and if only (Unit 56)
43 The passive (Units 59-60)
Complete the second sentence so that it has
a similar meaning to the first sentence. (i) Re-write the sentences in the active, be-
ginning with the words given.
1 I'd love to have more money.
I wish Example:
2I'm very sorry I was rude to Jim's Wife. The phone is being repaired now.
I wish They are repairing the phone now.
3 Why doesn't Peter listen to me!
If only 1A new motorway has been built.
4 Annie is sorry she ate so much chocolate. They
Annie wishes . 2 The information is kept on our computer.
5 I'd really like to live in the country. We
I wish ЗА man was arrested late last night.
6 Why can't we find a cure for cancer! The police
If only 4 The medicine should be taken after meals.
7 Why doesn't it stop raining! You
I wish 5 The hotel will have to be sold.
We
6 Mike doesn't like being criticized.
41 Would rather (Unit 57) Mike doesn't like people
Complete the sentences using would rather 7 When I returned to the town, my old school
and the verbs in the box. had been pulled down.
When I returned to the town, they
do go not play not tell have 8 As I was walking home, I thought I was be-
ing followed.
1 I'm hungry. I lunch now than later. As I was walking home, I thought
2 This is a secret. I you anyone someone .
what I said.
307
(ii) Re-write these sentences in the passive,

leaving out they or someone. 45 The passive (Units 61,62,64)
Example: Re-write these sentences beginning with the
words given.
They have sold the company.
The company has been sold. 1 Someone will give you the Information later.
1 They are interviewing the president on TV You
2 Someone sent me a letter.
at the moment.
2 They deliver the post twice a day. A letter .
3 Someone knocked me over in the street.
3 They took the old man to hospital.
I .
4 They were repairing the traffic lights yes-
4The president is expected to visit Moscow.
terday.
5 Someone has opened this letter. It
5 It is said that golf was invented in China.
6 I remember someone telling me the news.
7 They should reduce taxes. Golf
6 The Queen of England is thought to be one
8 Someone must have told Ann about the ac-
of the richest women in the world. It
cident.
7 It is claimed that beings from outer space
9 They had cancelled the 9.15 train, so I took
a later train. have visited the earth. Beings from outer
10 They are going to change the law soon. space
8 People say that sunbathing causes skin can-
(iii) Choose the correct answers. cer. Sunbathing is supposed
The National Security Bank in downtown San
Antonio 1 (robbed/was robbed) last 46 Have something done (Unit 65)
night. A safe 2 (blew open/was Re-write the sentences beginning with the
blown open) and around $800, 000 3 words given.
(stole/ was stolen). The robbery
(took/was taken) place between midnight and Example:
1.00 am. The police 5 (are look- They serviced Ken's car yesterday.
ing/are being looked) for two men who Ken had his car serviced yesterday.
6 (saw/were seen) getting into a
black car near the bank at about 1 o'clock last 1 They're repairing our roof at the moment.
night. They 7 (also want/are also We
wanted) to hear from Mr Joe Newman, 52, 2 They're going to fit a stereo in my car.
who 8 (worked/was worked) as a se- I
curity guard at the bank. Mr Newman 3Someone cleans Sue's flat once a week.
9 (disappeared/was disappeared) Sue
just before the robbery and he 10 4 Has anyone tested your eyes recently?
(has not seen/has not been seen) since then. Have you ?
5 Someone stole John's briefcase last week.
44 The passive with by and with (Unit 63) John
There are mistakes in some of these sen- 47 If sentences, conditionals

tences. Find the mistakes and correct them. (Units 66,68-70,72)
1 This letter was written by a typewriter. (i) Choose the correct answer — А, В or C.
2The film ET was made by Steven Spielberg.
3 The omelette was made by three eggs. 11 may go to the USA next year , I'll
4 The Mona Lisa (La Gioconda) was painted visit a friend in New York.
with Leonardo da Vinci. A When I go В /// go С If I'll go
308
2 I'll see you back from my holiday. 2 You went to bed late last night. This morning
A when I'll come В when I come you woke up late. Then you missed your bus
С if I come and you were late for work.
3 too busy tomorrow. I'll visit you. a) I (not | wake up) late this morning if
A When I'm not В If I'm not I (not I go) to bed late last night.
С If I won'the b) If (not | wake up) late, I (not |
4 more money, I'd buy a new car. miss) my bus.
A When I have В If I have c) If I (not | miss) my bus, I (not |
С If I had be) late for work.
5 If I knew Alan's address, to him.
h. I'd write В I'll write 49 Conditional clauses without i/(Unit 73)
С / wrote
6 Where would you live anywhere? Re-write the sentences without if, using the
A if you lived В if you can live words in brackets.
С if you could live Example:
(ii) Put the verbs in brackets into the cor- If we don't take a taxi, we'll be late, (unless)
rect form. Unless we take a taxi, we 'II be late.
1 We'll go out later if it (stop) raining. 1 If you don't go now, I'll be very angry, (or)
2 If I (be) you, I'd go to the doctor. 2 If you help me now, I'll help you later.
3 Do you want to watch TV? I (switch) (provided)
it on if you do. 3If you give me your address, I'll write to you.
4 Simon doesn't want to come to the concert. (and)
I (buy) him a ticket if he did. 4 If they don't offer me a better job, I'll leave
5 If we leave now, we (not | be) late. the company, (unless)
6 If I were you, I (not | buy) that car. 5 Г11 stay up and watch the film if it isn't on
7 If I (lie) in the sun, I always get sun- too late, (as long as)
burnt. 6 If you were in my place, what would you do?
8 If John. . (not I apologize) to me, I (supposing)
won't speak to him any more! 7If I win the lottery, I'll give you half the
9 (you | stop) working if you were a money, (should)
millionaire?
10 (you | phone) me tomorrow if you 50 Review of conditionals (Unit 74)
have time?
(i) There are mistakes in some of these sen-
tences. Find the mistakes and correct them.
48 Unreal past conditionals (Unit 71)
1 Janet will be disappointed if she'll fail the
Complete the sentences about these situa- exam.
tions. 2 If Peter had been more careful, he wouldn't
1 You went out for a walk without an um- break the camera.
brella. It rained, you got very wet and then 3 You can use my car tomorrow if I don't need
you caught a cold. it.
a) If I * (take) an umbrella with me, I 4 If I won't have much time, I usually have a
(not | get) wet. sandwich for lunch.
b) If I (know) it was going to rain, I 5 If I were you, I won't lend John any money.
. (not | go) out. 6 If the bus doesn't come soon, I'll walk home.
c) If I (not | go) out. I (not I 7 I'd be happier if I don't have to work so
catch) a cold. hard.
309
(ii) Make if sentences about these situations. (ii) Here are some things that Peter told
Kirsty last month. How can you report
Examples:
these things now?
Mike never takes any exercise. He's so unfit.
Example:
If Mike took some exercise, he wouldn 't be so
unfit. 'I work for an export company.'
He told her (that) he worked for an export
I didn't know your address. I didn't write to
company.
you.
If I'd known your address, I would have writ- 1 'I've been working there for a year.'
ten to you. He said
2 'I'm looking for a better job.'
I We didn't know the film was on TV. We
He told
didn't record it on our video.
3 'I like travelling.'
21 go to bed late every night. I'm always
He said
tired.
4 'I've been to the United States.'
3 Janet wasn't in a hurry. She walked home.
He said
41 haven't got enough money. I can't go ski-
5 'I went to New York last summer.'
ing next week.
He told
5 We didn't have an umbrella. We got wet.
6 'I'd like to go to Australia one day.'
He said
51 Reported speech: statements 7 'I've got one sister.'
(Units 76-78) He told
(i) Peter met an American woman called 8 'Her name is Judy.'
Kirsty Lane last month. Look at some of the He said
things that Kirsty told Peter. What were her 9 'My sister doesn't live in England.'
actual words? He told
10 'She lives in Spain.'
Example: He said
She told Peter that she lived in New York.
7 live in New York.' 52 Reported speech: questions (Unit 78)
1 She said that she was 25 years old. (i) Frank Allen had an interview for a job in
2 She said she worked in a bank. a garage last week. The manager of the ga-
3 She said she had been working there for a rage, Mr Jones, interviewed him. He asked
year. Frank a lot of questions.
4 She told Peter that she didn't like her job
very much. Frank is telling a friend about the interview.
5 She said she was in Europe on holiday. Read what Frank says. What were the ac-
6 She said she was having a great holiday. tual questions that Mr Jones asked.
7 She said she had arrived in London the pre- Example:
vious week.
8 She told Peter that she had been to Britain (1) How old are you?
twice before. First, Mr Jones asked me _ .1. . how old I
9 She told him that she was going to Italy the was. Then he asked 2_ . where I
following week. worked now, and 3 how long I had
10 She said that she couldn't speak Italian worked there. After that, he asked me
very well. 4 where I had been to school, and
II She said she would be in Italy for a week. 5 what exams I had taken at school.
Then he asked 6 if I could drive a
310
car, 7 . how long I had been driving,

54 Review of reported speech (Unit 80)
and 8 if I had a car of my own. After
that, he asked. 9 what my hobbles Frank was driving home last night when a
were, and _10 what I liked doing in police car stopped him. Read what Frank
my free time. Then, finally, he asked me says happened. What do you think were the
11 if I wanted the job. When I said I actual words that the policeman and Frank
did, he asked me 12 if I could start said?
next month.
First of all, the policeman told me 1
(ii) You went to England last month. When to switch off my engine. Then he asked me
you were there, you met an English couple 2 where I was going. When I told
who asked you a lot of questions. Report the him 3 I was going home, he asked
questions beginning They asked me.... me 4 where I lived. So I gave him
my address. Then he asked me 5
Example:
where I had just come from. I said 6
'Where are you from?' I had been at a friend's house all evening.
They asked me where I was from. Then he asked 7 to see my driving
licence. When I gave him my licence, he told
1 'Where do you work?'
me 8 to get out of the car. Then he
2 'How long have you been working there?'
wanted to know 9 if it was my car. I
3 'Are you on holiday in England?'
told him 10 I had bought it last year.
4 'When did you arrive here?'
After that he went back to his car and spoke on
5 'Have you been to Britain before?'
the radio for a short time. Then he told me
6 'How long are you going to stay here?'
11 I could go home.
7 'Do you like English food?'
8 'Have you got any brothers or sisters?'
9 'How long have you been studying 55 -ing form or infinitive (Units 82-98)
English?'
10 'Can you speak any other languages?' (i) Choose the correct answer — А, В or C.
1 Do you dislike money?
53 Using the to infinitive in reported speech A borrow В to borrow С borrowing
(Unit 79) 2 My girlfriend persuaded me my hair
Report the sentences using the words in the cut.
box and the to infinitive form. A have В to have С having
3 I used running every morning, but I
Example: never go now.
'Can I get you a drink?' he said to us. Ago В to go С going
He offered to get us a drink. 4 I've decided for a new job.
A look В to look С looking
promised invited offered advised 5 You needn't me back that magazine.
I've finished with it.
1 'Would you like to go to the cinema?' she A give В to give С giving
asked her friend. 6 You must always remember your car
2 'I could post the letter for you,' he said to locked.
her. A keep В to keep С keeping
3 'You should take more exercise,' the doctor 1 It's very late. We really must going.
said to me. A be В to be С being
4 'I won't drive too fast,' I said. 8 How about tennis at the weekend?
A play В to play С playing
311
9 You shouldn't encourage anyone 11 How about to play tennis at the weekend?
A smoke В to smoke С smoking 12 As I walked past the house I saw some men
10 I'm not very good at speeches. build a swimming pool.
A make В to make С making 13 Have you finished to eat your breakfast?
11 Going to the dentist always makes me 14 I'm used to work at night now, but I found
nervous. it difficult at first.
A feel В to feel С feeling 15 Do you like to take regular exercise?
12 I stopped writing the telephone. 16 We're thinking of to go to a disco tonight.
A answer В to answer С answering 17 Can you to come to my party on Saturday?
13 I don't particularly enjoy 18 I'm looking forward to see you tonight.
A cook В to cook С cooking 19 We hope to have a holiday soon.
14 Janet promised anyone what I'd said. 20 Do you feel like to listen to some music?
A not tell В not to tell С to not tell 21 Annie's mother made her to eat her lunch.
15 It's a lovely morning. Why don't we 22 Do you want that someone helps you for
for a walk? move the table?
Ago В to go С going
16 We haven't decided what this even- 56 Participle (-ing and ed) adjectives
ing. (Unit 99)
A do В to do С doing
17 We didn't expect England the football Re-write the sentences beginning with the
match. words given.
A win В to win С winning 1 I'm surprised by the news.
18 The police warned the man I find
A to not move В not to move 2The man's behaviour was shocking.
С not move We were all
19 a lot of sugar is supposed to be bad 3 Kate is interested in travel.
for you. Kate finds
A Eat В To eat С Eating 4 The tennis match was boring.
20 I can't afford a new stereo. We were
A buy В to buy С buying 51 felt very relaxed in the sauna.
21 Ken switched on the radio the news. I found
A hear В to hear С hearing
22 All the hotels are full and we've got no-
where 57 Participle (-ing) clauses (Unit 100)
A stay В to stay С staying Join these ideas. Make sentences using -ing
clauses, as in the examples.
(ii) There are mistakes in some of these |
sentences. Find the mistakes and correct i Examples:
them. I arrived at the interview. I was feeling confi-
11 stopped to play football 20 years ago. dent.
2 When will the car need servicing again? / arrived at the interview feeling confident.
3 Thanks for letting me to borrow your car. 1 had a shower. I made breakfast.
4 Would you like to having a coffee now? Having had a shower, I made breakfast.
5 To walk can be very relaxing.
6 It isn't easy learn to play the piano. 11 dropped my bag. I was running for a bus.
7 I went to the station for get my train. 2 We got lost. We were driving through Paris.
8 They wanted that I go out with them. 31 locked all the doors. I went to bed.
9 Everyone refused helping the old man. 4 I'd just had a drink. I wasn't thirsty.
10 I usually avoid driving at night if I can.
312
58 Singular and plural (Units 101-103) (ii) Re-write the sentences beginning with
the words given.
There are mistakes in some of these sen-
tences. Find the mistakes and correct them. 1 One of my friends is having a party.
A friend
1 Do you like my new jacket and trouser? 2 The only theatre in the town is closed.
2 Where is your family from? The town
3 The news aren't very good. 3 Some of our neighbours have offered to help
4 How many persons live in Britain? us.
5 Where is the scissors? Some neighbours
6 I've bought a new teethbrush. 4 Rainfall in Britain has been light this year.
7 Do you eat a lot of fish? Britain
8 How much is this blue Levi's jean? 5 We've been visiting some of our relatives.
9 Are the childrens asleep yet? We've been visiting some relatives .
10 People are interesting.
11 Your hairs look very nice today. Have you 60 Countable and uncountable nouns
just washed them? (Unit 107)
12 Ten kilometre are a long way to walk.
13 One of my brother work in a shoes shop. Correct the mistakes.
14 Physics were my favourite subject at 1 The tourist office has informations about
school. hotel accommodations.
15 I don't like wearing pyjamas in bed. 2 You look different. Have you had your hairs
16 What are the government going to do about cut?
the problem of homelessness? 3 There are traffics news on the radio every
17 There were £30 in my wallet, but now morning.
they've gone! 4 'Travelling light' means travelling without a
18 Some passer-bys stopped and helped the lot of luggages.
old man when he fell over. 5 We need a bread, some tomatoes and some
spaghettis.
59 Possessive forms (Units 104-106) 6 Where are the money I gave you? Have you
(i) Join the nouns using 's or the... of.... spent them already?
7 We're having a beautiful weather at the mo-
Examples: ment.
job | Sally 8 Some of our furnitures were damaged when
Sally's job we moved.
door | the car 61 Articles (Unit 108)
the door of the car
Complete the story. Put in a, an or the.
1 news | this week
2 stolen car | the thieves Last Sunday I decided to have 1
3 roof | the hotel quiet evening at home. At around 8 o'clock I
4 price | your meal was in 2 kitchen cooking 3
5 vacation | two weeks omelette for my dinner 4 omelette
6 end | the film was almost ready when 5 telephone
7 middle | our English lesson rang. I went into 6 hall to answer it.
8 name | the girl who came to dinner It was. _7 friend of mine, 8
9 girlfriend | Jim's brother girl called Lisa. Lisa is 9 student at
10 rising cost | petrol 10 London School of Music and Art.
She told me she was taking 11 im-
313
portant exam 12 following day. She 10 Don't you think . English are strange
said she was sure she would fail 13 people?
exam. She sounded very worried. We talked
for about 14 quarter of 15 (ii) Correct the mistakes.
hour. Then I suddenly remembered
1 The Canberra is capital of the Australia.
16 omelette on 17 cooker!
2 The San Diego is in the Southern Califor-
I put down 18 phone and rushed into
nia.
19 kitchen. It was terrible!
3 Is Amazon a longest river in the Latin
20 room was full of smoke and
America?
. omelette was completely black. It
4 The Jamaica is island in Caribbean Sea.
took me more than 22 hour to clean
5 The Snowdon is highest mountain in the
up all 23_ . mess.
England and Wales.
6 The Lake Michigan is in United States.
62 Articles (Unit 109) 7 The Gobi desert is in the Asia.
8 Uffizi is one of a most famous museums in
Choose the correct answer. world.
1 Noise/The noise is a form of pollution. 9 Statue of Liberty was made in the France.
2I'm worried about noise/the noise coming 10 The Macy's is famous department store on
from my car. the 34th Street in the New York.
3 Don't go swimming in this river.
Water/The water here is polluted. 64 Quantity (Units 114-119)
4 Water/The water turns to ice when it freezes.
5 The man gave money/the money to charity (i) Choose the correct answer: А, В, С or D.
throughout his life. 1 There are envelopes on my desk.
6 Have you already spent money/the money I A much В some С any D a little
gave you yesterday? 2 There isn't money in my pocket.
Ano В some С any of D any
63 Articles (Units 108-113) 3 Have you got good computer games?
A any В any of С a lot D many of
(i) Put in a, an or the where necessary. 4 Do you like Madonna? Have you got
1 Have you ever been in hospital for her records?
serious operation? A some В every of С any D all
2 Phil Collins can play drums, pi- 5 There isn't time before our flight
ano and harmonica. leaves.
3 giraffe is tallest animal in A much В many С some D no
world. 6 I've got idea where Mike is.
4 My grandmother often listens to. . radio A none В none of С no D any
in bed at night. 7 Do you know people living in Eng-
5 I won't be at home at 6 o'clock this land?
evening. I'll still be at work. A much В many С much of
6 We'd like to live in small cottage in D many of
country. 8 You've had interesting experiences.
7 There's good film on at cinema A any В a lot С much D a lot of
this evening. 9 Would you like more milk?
8 Which is your favourite meal, break- A little В a little С few D a few
fast, lunch or dinner? 10 my friends want to see the concert.
9 What is government going to do for A No В Any of С None D None of
unemployed of Great Britain?
314
(ii) Re-write the sentences beginning with 9 When we warned herself not to walk
the words given. home by her own, she just laughed at us.
10 We were very annoyed with us for for-
Example:
getting about yours party.
He isn't reliable and he isn't hard-working.
He is neither reliable nor hard-working. (ii) Put in a suitable pronoun or adjective eg
they, you, me, our etc.
1 She is intelligent and she is charming.
She is both . can get married in England at the age of
2 My brother can't sing and he can't play 16.
the guitar. 2Stephanie is very conceited. She's always
My brother can neither looking at in the mirror.
3 My girlfriend didn't enjoy the party and 3 Someone called to see you didn't tell
I didn't enjoy the party. me name.
Neither 4 How far is from Barcelona to Madrid?
4 Almost nobody likes Monday mornings. 5 Living by can be lonely.
Few . 6 isn't expensive to play tennis in Eng-
5 I've seen all Steven Spielberg's films. land.
I've seen every 7 The police say that want to interview
6 She said that she only wanted a cup of Joe Newman.
coffee for breakfast. 8 If you don't want to come to the theatre with
She said that all , I'll go on own.
7 He can only speak a little French.
He can't speak . 66 One (s) (Unit 124)
8 Almost no houses have video phones.
Few Choose the correct answer — А, В or C.
9 All my sisters are single. 1 I'm looking for a new shirt. I'd like to buy
None with a button-down collar.
10 All my friends have passed their driving A a one В one С ones
test. 2 My sister has already got a good job, but she
None wants .
A a better ones В better one
65 Pronouns, etc (Units 120-125) С a better one
(i) Correct the mistakes. 3 We've got some red wine, but we haven't got
any
1 Look! There's Sally and his boyfriend! A white В white one С a white one
Can you see them? 4 Do you like these chairs more than ?
2 My brother he looks very young, but is A those one В those ones С those
older than I.
3 'Who's that outside?' 'It's I.' 67 Something, anything, etc (Unit 125)
4 My girlfriend and me phone us every
day. (i) Re-write the sentences beginning with
5 Ours flat was cheaper than their, but the words given.
their is much smaller than our. Example:
6 Did the old man hurt him when fell out
of his bed? There wasn't anybody in the restaurant.
7 I woke up, got dressed myself and made There was nobody in the restaurant.
me some breakfast. 1 I've eaten nothing all day.
8 Is easy to cut you when you're shaving. I haven't eaten
315
2There's nobody living in that house. 1 Today is more sunny as yesterday.

There isn't 2My boyfriend isn't as clever than he thinks.
31 haven't got anything to do today. 3 Ken is a very more careful driver than
I've got Simon.
4 We haven't been anywhere this week. 4 You aren't taller as I.
We've been 5 What was the happier day of your life?
6 The more older my grandmother gets, the
(ii) There are mistakes in some of these sen- more forgetful she becomes.
tences. Find the mistakes and correct them. 7Camping isn't as comfortable than staying in
a hotel, but it's much healthy.
1 You look worried. Is something wrong?
8 The problem of world pollution is getting
2I've spent all my money. I've got anything
more and more bad.
left.
3 There isn't nothing good on TV tonight.
(ii) Re-write the sentences beginning with
4That house is empty now. There's somebody
the words given, as in the examples.
living there.
5 We've looked anywhere for the letter, but we Examples:
can't find it everywhere.
A Rolls Royce is more expensive that a
6 Tina is very nice. Everybody likes her.
Fiat.
7 We'd like to go somewhere warm on holiday
A Fiat isn't as expensive as a Rolls Royce.
this summer.
8There wasn't nowhere to sit down in the I've never seen a taller man than Tom.
room, so we had to stand. Tom is the tallest man I've ever seen.
1 Playing golf isn't as cheap as playing foot-
68 Form, position and order of adjectives ball.
(Unit 126) Playing football is
Complete the sentences. Put the words in 2 None of the animals in the world is faster
brackets in the correct order. than a cheetah.
A cheetah is the
Example: 3 There is nothing better than a cold shower to
We (antique | a | bought | vase | large). wake you up in the mornings.
We bought a large antique vase. A cold shower is the
4 Tokyo is bigger than Paris.
1 My girlfriend (motorbike | has got | a | Paris isn't
Japanese | powerful). 5 There is no footballer in the world more tal-
2 The garden (beautiful | this summer | ented than Roberto.
looks). Roberto is the
3 Your grandmother (woman | very | a | 6 Listening to records isn't as exciting as
seems | cheerful). hearing live music.
4 The man (a | leather | was wearing | Hearing live music is
black | coat | long).
5 We (an | restaurant | French | had lunch
at | expensive).
70 Adjectives and adverbs (Unit 130)
6 The Pyramids of Egypt (old | are | Complete the second sentence beginning
around 5, 000 years). with the words given, as in the examples.
Examples:
69 Comparatives, superlatives and as... as
(Units 127-129) She's a very quick typist.
She types very quickly.
(i) Correct the mistakes.
316
Не looked at me suspiciously. 31 sent the letter two weeks ago and they ha-
He gave me a suspicious look. ven't received it
A still В yet С already
1 You're a very slow eater.
4 Many rivers are safe to swim in
You eat
nowadays.
2 He drives rather recklessly.
A any more В any longer С по longer
He's a
5 I used to smoke, but I don't
3 She's a very hard worker.
A anymore В any longer С по longer
She works
6 It was really a boring journey.
4 Harrison Ford acts very well.
A quite В fairly С rather
Harrison Ford is a
7 We liked the hotel we stayed at.
5 She gave me an angry stare.
A quite В fairly С pretty
She stared at me
8 This summer is hotter than last sum-
mer.
71 Adverb position (Units 131-136) A rather В quite С fairly
Put the words into the most usual order. 9 I can't lift this box. It's
A too much heavy В much too heavy
Example: С heavy enough
The car slowly out of the garage I drove. 10 We can't all fit into my car. It isn't
/ drove the car slowly out of the garage. A too much big В enough big
С big enough
1 My parents will be next week on holiday. 11 is supposed to be bad for you.
2 Confidently into the exam room I walked. A Too much salt В Too many salt
3 We saw on Saturday morning them in town. С Enough salt
4 Last week worked hard all the students. 12 Annie feels ill. She's eaten .
5 The English like very much tea. A too much chocolates
6 Last week my grandmother into hospital В too many chocolate
went. С too many chocolates
7 My brother helps never with the house- 13 Mike is a wonderful dancer. He dances
work. A too well В very well С well enough
8 We start always school at 9.00. 14 Everyone likes Tina. She's
9 My teacher never is late for class. A such a nice В so nice woman
10 Robert plays no longer football. С so nice
11 I'll forget never the first time we met. 15 It was that we had breakfast outside in
12 I every night sleep always 8 hours. the garden.
13 Carla hasn't finished probably yet working. A such a warm morning
14 We for an hour already have been waiting В such a warm
and the bus hasn't still come. С so warm
72 Adverbs (Units 133-139) 73 Comparison: adverbs (Unit 140)

Choose the correct answer. (Sometimes two Re-write the sentences beginning with the
answers are possible.) words given.
1 They started building the road two years Example:
ago and they haven't finished it.
A still В yet С already Peter is a better cook than Sally is.
2 You don't need to vacuum the carpet. Peter cooks better than Sally does.
I've done it. 1 I'm not as good at tennis as you are.
A still В yet С already I don't play tennis .
317
2 Your writing is clearer than mine is.

You write 76 Question tags (Unit 147)
3 My brother is a more careless driver than Add question tags to these sentences.
lam.
My brother drives . Example:
4 Annie is the best swimmer of all the students You haven't got a car, have you?
in her school.
1 Sally went to the concert,
Annie swims the
2 You aren't angry,.
3Our train leaves at 7.30,
74 Negatives (Unit 141) 4 Ken will be here tomorrow,.
Correct the mistakes. 5 Let's play tennis,
6 You don't know my father,.
11 no think politics is interesting. 7 Close the door,
2 It not is raining at the moment. 8 You'd like a coffee,
3 You no have got any brothers or sisters.
4 My sister works not in London.
5 Liz no would like to live in the country. 77 Reply questions (Unit 148)
6 I did not worked yesterday. Answer these sentences using 'reply ques-
7 Sue not will be here next weekend. tions' eg Is he?, Did you? etc.
8 They not have been waiting for us.
Example:
75 Questions (Units 142-147) 1 can dance the tango.
Can you?
Ask questions using the words in brackets,
as in the examples. 11 haven't read that book.
2 My sister lives in New York.
Examples: 3 We went skiing last winter.
I'm cooking. (What?) 4 I've found a new job.
What are you cooking ? 5 Derek isn't feeling very well.
Judy likes pop music. (Madonna?)
Does she like Madonna ? 78 Indirect questions (Unit 149)
I've got a brother, (not/any sisters?) There are mistakes in some of these sen-
Haven't you got any sisters? tences. Find the mistakes and correct them.
1 Sarah is going to Paris, (by car?) 1 Can you tell me where is the nearest bank?
21 go swimming. (How often?) 2 What time you usually finish work?
3 We stayed at a hotel. (Which hotel?) 3 Do you know whether Derek has got a car?
4 I'm thirsty, (not/hungry?) 4 Can you remember where did you put my
5 We can stay until 8.00. pen?
(not/any longer?) 5 Have you decided what colour are you going
6 I've eaten Chinese food. to paint the flat?
(Indian food?) 6 Do you know if has the bridge been repaired
1 Sue has been having piano lessons. yet?
(How long?) 7 When you started to study English?
8 Mike wants to stay at home.
(not/to come out with us?) 79 Short answers (Units 150,152)
9 I asked someone. (Who?)
Give short answers to the questions using
10 Someone asked me. (Who?)
the words in brackets.
318
Examples: 10 The people I work with are very funny.

Do you like dancing? (Yes) 11 John's father gave me the taxi fare, what
Yes. Ida. was very nice of him.
Will you be here tomorrow? (No/think) (ii) Add the words in the box but only where
No, I don't think so. necessary. (Sometimes two answers are pos-
1 Did Peter have a holiday last summer? (No) sible.)
2 Is the car badly damaged? (Yes/afraid)
3Have you been waiting long? (Yes) who that which whose where why
4 Does Simon work at night? (No/think) when whom
5 Will they finish the job today? (Yes/hope)
6 Are you going shopping today? (Yes) 1 What was the name of the man
phoned yesterday?
2 Is that the suit you bought last week?
80 So/neither am I etc (Unit 151) 3 Who were those people were waiting
Re-write the sentences using so/neither.... outside just now?
4 Have you finished reading the book I
Example: gave you?
I like tennis and you like tennis. 5 Kathy Cobuild is the woman husband
/ like tennis and so do you. was kidnapped.
6 The building I work isn't properly air-
1 You aren't hungry and Jim isn't hungry. conditioned.
2 Peter can drive and Sally can drive. 7 The office you work in is very mod-
3 I'm in a hurry and you're in a hurry. ern.
41 haven't seen the film and you haven't seen 8 Can you give me one good reason I
the film. should lend you the money?
5 You saw what happened and we saw what 9 Is there a good time I can phone you?
happened. 10 Mr Ross, I have known for a long
time, has just become the president of a
81 Relative clauses (Units 153-159) very large international company.
(i) There are mistakes in some of these sen- 11 My wife, mother is Italian, knows It-
tences. Find the mistakes and correct them. aly very well.
12 The restaurant was full, is why we
1 I've lost the key you gave me. had to go somewhere else for dinner.
2 Have you seen the book which it was on
my desk?
82 Linking words (Units 160-164)
3 They are the couple my parents went on
holiday with. Choose the correct answer — А, В or C.
4 The girl which she answered the phone said
1 I'm not going to stop work now. I'll keep
you weren't at home.
going I finish.
5 Where's the newspaper who I bought it this
A when В until С while
morning?
2 we've finished lunch, we'll do the
6 Is that the man sold you the car?
washing up.
7 She's the woman whose the briefcase was
A When В Until С While
stolen.
3 I was walking around the. supermar-
8 Steven Spielberg's new film, who it cost
ket, I saw a friend.
more than $100 million to make, will be
A As soon as В As С Until
showing in British cinemas soon.
4 I put my hat on, it blew off.
9 Albert Davis, which is only 25 years old, is
A As soon as В While С Until
the new manager of Acme Export Ltd.
319
5 I enjoy watching tennis on TV, I pre-

fer playing it.
83 Prepositions of place and movement
A despite В because С although
(Units 165-168)
6 having a well-paid job, she never has Complete the sentences by putting the
any money. words in brackets in the correct places.
A Despite В Because С Even though 11 got the crowded train and sat down
7 Sarah is very slim she eats so much. . a young man.
A despite В in spite of (next to/onto)
С despite the fact that 2 The boys got . the garden by climbing
8 I was able to walk slowly the pain in the fence.
my leg. (over/into)
A whereas В in spite of С despite of 3 I've got a poster of Madonna my
9 My girlfriend likes the town I like the room, the wall my bed.
country. (above/in/on)
A whereas В in spite of С because of 4 Maria drove Madrid Barcelona
10 We drove very slowly the icy roads. . her friend's car yesterday. She arrived
A because В because of С therefore . Barcelona at 8 o'clock.
11 Mike borrowed the money and he was (to/in/from)
. able to go on holiday with his friends. 5 My grandparents live. . 42 London
A because В because of Cos a result Road, a flat the top floor. A very
12 The sea was dangerous we didn't go in nice Italian couple live the floor
for a swim. them.
A as В so С since (in/on/below/at)
13 We were tired that we fell asleep in 6 We'd been driving Harbour Street for
front of the TV. a few minutes when the car us
A. so В such С therefore stopped suddenly and we crashed it.
14 Robert had an awful holiday that he (in front of/into/along)
wanted to come home early. 7 The robbers ran the bank and jumped
A so В such С however the motor bike waiting Then
15 We went to a restaurant celebrate my they drove off the comer.
birthday. (onto/outside/out of/round)
A/or В/о С for to 8 When I got hack my hotel bedroom, I
16 Peter has been to the supermarket locked the door me, took my
some shopping. dressing-gown and got bed.
A for В for do С for doing (behind/ off/ into / inside)
17 A telephone answering machine is used 9 Don't walk that ladder. Something
recording telephone messages on. may fall you.
A for to В for С so as to (down/under/on top of)
18 These tests are given in the book you 10 The coach drove the factory, then it
can check your progress. went the tunnel and started to climb
A in case В if С so that the hill.
19 We hurried be late for our appoint- (past/up/through)
ment. 11 Sally got the taxi and sat down
A not to В in case С so as not to the driver the back seat.
20 I'll take my credit card with me I de- (behind/in/into)
cide to buy something when I'm out. 12 London is the River Thames, which
A so that В in case С if flows the city west to east.
(from/on/through)
320
13 Mrs Woods got. . the bus and walked 6 I've got a summer job in the Espresso Cafe
the street _ . the post office. working a waiter.
(towards/off/across) 7 Are you all right? You look you ha-
14 My girlfriend and I often meet the ven't slept all night.
Espresso Cafe East Street. Do you 81 don't want to change my flat. I like it just
know the Espresso? It's the bank and it is.
the school, the Grand Hotel.
(opposite/between/at/in) 86 Word and preposition combinations
(Units 178-182)
84 Prepositions of time (Units 169-174)
Choose the correct preposition — А, В or C.
Correct the mistakes.
1 I'm feeling rather nervous my
1 My interview is on 2 o'clock in Monday. interview tomorrow.
2 We've been waiting here from ten minutes. A of В to С about
3 Are you leaving at Saturday morning? 21 used to be quite good dancing.
4 I worked in a bank during five years. A in В at Con
5 Ken and Kate are on holiday on August. 3 Are you afraid snakes?
61 always visit my parents in Christmas. A by В to С of
7 Mike usually plays football the weekend. 4 Pisa in Italy is famous its 'Leaning
8 You've known me since ten years. Tower'.
9 I was born in January 3rd at 1968. A about В from С for
10 Sarah was listening to the radio during she 5 I'm not really interested stamp
was taking a bath. collecting.
11 The doctors operated on the man just on A in Bon С by
time to save his life. 6 There's no need you to worry.
12 Are you doing anything in the end of next A to В for С of
week? 7 Who's responsible _ . these children?
131 fell asleep in front of the TV in the foot- A of В for С in
ball match. 8 There has been a rise . the number of
14 The builders say they'll have finished the homeless people.
job until next weekend at the latest. А ш В of С with
15 I found my new contact lenses strange at 9 I've had some difficulty . my new
first, but I got used to them at the end. computer.
A with В of С in
85 Other prepositions (Units 175-177) 10 Sally met an old friend in town quite
chance yesterday.
Complete the sentences using the words in Aon В by С with
the box. (Sometimes two answers are possi- 11 Ken and Kate will be holiday soon.
ble.) Aon В in С at
in as with on like by as if 12 The film The Birds was made Alfred
Hitchcock.
1 She's a middle-aged woman blue eyes A with В of С by
and short blonde hair. 13 My brother is thinking selling his car.
2 We wenfto Athens my car. A to В of Con
3 Would you rather go home taxi or 141 can't concentrate anything at the
the bus? moment.
4 Who's that man the white hat? Aon В to С about
5 Sue's brother is very handsome. He looks 15 They apologized losing my letter.
Tom Cruise! A to В in С for

16 When Robert was younger, he dreamt 2 My sister made a cake for me on my last
being a famous footballer one day. birthday.
A to В of С in 3The receptionist will order a taxi for us.
17 They're taking very good care your 4I've promised these concert tickets to some-
son in hospital. one.
A. about Efor С of
18 I congratulated them getting engaged. 88 Phrasal verbs (Units 185-186)
Aon В of С in
19 I've warned you taking my things Replace the words in italics with one of the
without asking me. phrasal verbs in Units 185 and 186.
A for Eof С about 11 refused their offer of a job.
20 That smell always reminds me 2 We continued working through our lunch
hospitals. break.
Aon В of С about 3 Robert stopped playing football years ago.
4 People say that I am like my father.
87 Indirect objects with or without to and 5 What time did you start on your journey?
for (Unit 184) 6 Unemployment has increased by 10% sinci
Re-write the sentences without to or for. last year.
7 Our flight was delayed by bad weather.
Example: 8 My grandfather never broke a promise.
You've lent your camera to Frank. 9 Mr and Mrs James may never recover from
You 've lent Frank your camera. the tragic death of their son.
10 The bank's computer has stopped working
1 The company has given the job to Kathy Co- six times this week already!
build.
322
Appendix: American English
[Приложение: Американский вариант английского языка]
Грамматические различия между British и American English невелики. Основные различия состоят
в следующем:
а Американцы очень часто употребляют past simple для сообщения 'новостей' в тех случаях, когда
британцы употребляют present perfect (см. 6с).
AMERICAN ENGLISH BRITISH ENGLISH
АМЕРИКАНСКИЙ ВАРИАНТ АНГЛИЙСКОГО БРИТАНСКИЙ ВАРИАНТ АНГЛИЙСКОГО
ЯЗЫКА ЯЗЫКА
Did you hear the news ? Have you heard the news ?
My sister had a baby! My sister has had a baby!
Американцы часто употребляют past simple с just, already и yet в тех случаях, когда британцы
употребляют present perfect (см. 8).
He just went out. He's just gone out.
I already had breakfast. I've already had breakfast.
Did you write the letter yet? Have you written the letter yet?
Американцы часто употребляют have, с do и does в отрицательных формах и вопросах в тех
случаях, когда британцы употребляют have got (см. 33).
/ have a brother. I've got a brother.
He doesn 't have a job. He hasn 't got a job.
Do you have a pen ? Have you got a pen ?
Американский вариант английского языка имеет две формы past participle глагола get: gotten и got;
Британский вариант английского языка имеет только одну: got (см. 190.2).
I've gotten/got a ticket. I've got a ticket.
Американцы часто употребляют infinitive без to после глаголов suggest, insist, recommend и т.д.
(см. 55.1).
I suggested (that) he see the doctor.
They insisted (that) she take the money.
Эта конструкция также употребляется в британском варианте английского языка, особенно, в бо-
лее официальном стиле.
Существуют различия в употреблении некоторых предлогов. Например:
on the weekend at the weekend (CM. 169.1)
Monday throughAo Friday Monday to Friday (CM. 173.2)
differentfrom/than different from/to (CM. 178)
stay home/stay at home stay at home (CM. 168.10)
write somebody/write to somebody write to somebody (CM. 181)
В американском варианте английского языка, если слог не ударный -/ на конце слова обычно не
удваивается-(см. 188.6с).
'traveled 'travelled
g Глаголы burn, dream, lean, leap, learn, smell, spell, spill и spoil обычно правильные в американском
варианте английского языка, например, burned, dreamed, leaned, leaped, learned и т.д. (см. 190.2b).
323
Glossary (Глоссарий)
В глоссарии объясняются грамматические термины, употребляемые в пособии.
active/действительный залог: see passive conditional/условное предложение - предложение
/страдательный залог. с 1/(или слово с подобным значением), например:
adjective/(HMH) прилагательное - слово, как red, Ifl see Martin, I'll give him your message. If I knew
old, beautiful, используемое для описания the answer, I'd tell you. Обратите внимание, что
существительного, например a red car, an old conditional/условное предложение также упот-
man, или местоимения, например: It's red. He's ребляется с конструкциями would (или should с /
old. и we), например: Не would come. I would/should
adverb/наречие - слово, используемое для like some coffee.
определения глагола, прилагательного, другого conjunction/союз - слово, используемое для
наречия или предложения и отвечающее на соединения двух предложений, например, and,
такие вопросы: how/как? when/когда? или but, when, if.
where/где?, например: She works slowly. He's consonant/согласная: see vowel/гласная.
very old. I'll see you tomorrow. Come here. continuous/длительная форма - глагольная форма
affirmative/утверждение - противоположное к с be + -ing, например: I'm working (present
negative/отрицание, например: / know - continuous/настоящее длительное время), / was
утверждение, / don't know - отрицание. working (past continuous/прошедшее длительное
agent/агенс - в страдательном залоге агенс - это время), I've been working (present perfect
лицо или предмет, которым выполняется continuous/настоящее совершенное длительное
действие, например: The radio was invented by время). See also simple/простая форма.
Marconi. contraction/стяжение - сокращенная форма,
apostrophe/апостроф - знак ('), например, ту например: I'm (= I am), They've (= They have),
friend's car. don't (= do not).
article/артикль: артикли - это a/an и the. См. так- countable noun/исчисляемые существительные -
же definite article/определенный артикль и book, egg и girl - примеры исчисляемых
indefinite article/неопределенный артикль. существительных. Исчисляемые
auxiliary verb/вспомогательный глагол - глагол существительные - это названия отдельных
be, have и do, который используется для предметов, людей и т.д., которых можно
образования глагольных форм, страдательного сосчитать; они имеют формы единственного и
залога (the passive) и т.д., например: We are множественного числа и могут употребляться с
waiting, I have finished. You don't know. It was артиклем а/ап и числительными, например, а
stolen. См. также modal auxiliary book, two books; an egg, six eggs; one girl, three
verb/модальный вспомогательный глагол. girls. См. также uncountable noun/не-
исчисляемое существительное.
clause/придаточное предложение - группа слов,
обычно с подлежащим и глаголом, например: / defining relative clauses/ определяющие
went out and it stopped raining. Предложение относительные придаточные предложения -
состоит из одного или более придаточных придаточные предложения, в которых идет речь о
предложений, например: / went out when it том, какое лицо или какой предмет говорящий
stopped raining. See also main clause/главное имеет в виду, например: I spoke to the man who
предложение. works in the post office. (Who works in the post
office — определяет, какой человек.) См. также
comparative/сравнительная степень, например,
non-defining relative clauses/ не определяющие
older, slower, more intelligent - сравнительная
относительные придаточные предложения.
степень от old, slow, intelligent.
definite article/определенный артикль the.
compound/составное существительное - слово,
образованное из двух или более частей, demonstrative adjective or pronoun/указательное
например, toothbrush (tooth + brush), something прилагательное или местоимение К указатель-
(some + thing). ным прилагательным или местоимениям
относятся this, that, these, those.
324
Glossary
direct object/прямое дополнение. В предложении indefinite article/неопределенный артикль a/an.

/ gave John the book прямое дополнение - the indefinite pronoun/неопределенное местоимение,
book, a indirect object/косвенное дополнение - например, something, anyone.
John. indirect object/косвенное дополнение: см. direct
direct speech/прямая речь: см. reported object/ прямое дополнение.
speech/косвенная речь. indirect question/косвенный вопрос - вопрос,
exclamation/восклицание - слово или слова, начинающийся с фраз: Do you know... ? или
выражающие неожиданное сильное чувство, Could you tell me... ?, например: Do you know
например: Stop! How incredible! where Ken is?
exclamation mark/восклицательный знак - знак infinitive/инфинитив. В выражениях / can drive и
(!), который ставится в конце восклицания. You must come, формы drive и come -
expression/выражение - группа слов, инфинитивы без to. В выражениях I'd like to
используемых вместе, например, have a bath drive и you have to come формы to drive и to come
[принимать ванну]. - инфинитивы с to.
first person (1st person)/первое лицо: см. informal/неофициальный: см. formal/официаль-
person/лицо. ный.
formal/официальный стиль - язык официаль- -ing form/форма - форма глагола, оканчивающаяся
ного стиля используется, когда необходимо на -ing, например, working, running. См. также
показать уважение, например, в деловой gerund/герундий и present participle/причастие
переписке или в вежливой беседе настоящего времени.
с незнакомыми людьми. Informal/ intonation/интонация - восходящий голос говоря-
неофициальный стиль - язык неофициального щего (восходящая интонация) и нисходящий
стиля используется в дружеской, повседневной голос говорящего (нисходящая интонация).
речи в и письмах к друзьям. irregular/неправильный: см. regular/правильный.
full verb/смысловой глагол — обычный глагол main clause/главное предложение. В предложении
(например, work, look, run), в отличие от I phoned Maria when I got home главное
вспомогательных глаголов (be, have, do) или предложение -1 phoned Maria; другое
модальных глаголов (can, must, may и т.д.). предложение when I got home - придаточное.
genitive/родительный падеж: см. possessive V Главное предложение может выступать
притяжательный падеж с Ч. самостоятельно как предложение, в отличие от
gerund/герундий - глагол с формой -ing, упот- придаточного предложения, которое не может
ребляемый как существительное, например: быть самостоятельным.
Walking is good for you. modal auxiliary verb/модальный вспомогатель-
gradable adjective/градуированное ный глагол (или modal verb/модальный глагол).
прилагательное good и large — Модальными вспомогательными глаголами яв-
градуированные прилагательные: предметы ляются can, could, may, might, will, would, shall,
могут быть лучше или хуже, меньше или should, ought (to), must, need и dare.
больше. Dead - неградуированное modify/ определять - изменять значение чего-то.
прилагательное/а non-gradable adjective: negative/отрицание: см. affirmative/утверждение.
обычно не говорят, что что-то более иле менее
мертвое (может быть мертвое или не мертвое). non-defining relative clause/ не определяющие
относительные придаточные предложения -
hyphen/дефис - короткая линия (-), соединяющая придаточные предложения, в которых не идет
слова, например, tin-opener. речь о том, какое лицо или какой предмет гово-
imperative/ повелительное наклонение - рящий имеет в виду, но которое дает дополни-
повелительное наклонение имеет точно такую тельную информацию об уже определенном лице
же форму, как и инфинитив без to, например, или предмете, например: Mrs Higgins, who is 48,
wait, be, have. Повелительное наклонение упот- has just had a baby, (who is 48 не уточняет, какое
ребляется для выражения приказа, предложения лицо; мы уже знаем, что это Mrs Higgins.) См.
и т.д., например: Wait here. Be quiet. Have some также defining relative clause/определяющие
more tea. относительные придаточные предложения.
325
Glossary
поип/(имя) существительное - слово, которое possessive pronoun - Mine, yours, his, hers, ours,
называет лицо, предмет и т.д., например, theirs — притяжательные местоимения.
student, girl, car, bedroom. possessive 's/притяжательный падеж с 's (genitive/
object/дополнение: см. direct object/прямое родительный падеж) - форма существительного с
дополнение и subject/подлежащее. окончанием 's или s', например: John's, my
participle/причастие: см. present parents'.
participle/причастие настоящего времени и preposition/предлог, например, in, on, of, at, for
past participle/причастие прошедшего
времени. present participle/причастие настоящего времени
- такая глагольная форма, как working, worrying,
passive/страдательный залог. В выражении / told
playing, которая употребляется для образования
Peter глагол told - действительный залог. В
длительных времен (continuous tenses), например:
выражении Peter was told глагол was told -
/ was working (past continuous/прошедшее
страдательный залог.
длительное время) или прилагательных
past participle/причастие прошедшего времени (adjective), например, a worrying problem, или
— глагольная форма broken, seen, cleaned, кото- наречий / hurt my leg playing tennis.
рая используется для образования совершенных
времен (perfect tenses), например: I've cleaned progressive/прогрессирующее время: см.
ту room (present perfect - настоящее совершен- continuous pronoun/местоимение - это такие
ное), страдательный залог (the passive), напри- слова, как she, they, them, mine, которые употреб-
мер: The room has been cleaned. Причастие ляются вместо существительных или именных
прошедшего времени правильных глаголов фраз.
имеет окончание -ed, например, cleaned, worked. question tag/краткий общий вопрос - выражение
Неправильные глаголы имеют различные типа isn 't it? или have you?, которое ставится в
формы причастия прошедшего времени, конце предложения, например: It 's cold, isn't it?
например, break -» broken, see -» seen (см. 190). question word/вопросительное слово - К вопроси-
perfect/совершенное время — глагольная форма, тельным словам относятся what, where, who,
образованная с помощью have + past participle, whose, when, why, which, how.
например: / have worked (present perfect
simple/настоящее совершенное простое время), quotation mark/ кавычки Когда речь цитируется,
/ had worked (past perfect simple/прошедшее можно употреблять одинарные кавычки (' '), или
совершенное простое время). двойные кавычки (" "), например: "Goodbye," he
said. /Goodbye, ' he said.
person - способ представления говорящего (1st
person/первое лицо) - лицо, к которому reflexive pronoun/возвратные местоимения - К
обращаются (2nd person/второе лицо), и люди возвратным местоимениям относятся myself,
или предметы, о которых говорят (3rd person/ yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves,
третье лицо), например, 1st person = /, we, 2nd yourselves, themselves.
person = you, 3rd person = he, she, it, they. regular/правильный - правильная форма - это
phrasal verb/фразовый глагол - глагол + форма, для которой соблюдаются те же правила,
частица (наречие или предлог), например, get что и для большинства других форм; на
up, switch on, throw away, или глагол + частица неправильные формы (irregular form) это
+ предлог, например, look forward to, go back on положение не распространяется, например, cars,
phrase/фраза, словосочетание - группа слов, books, rooms — это правильная форма образования
которые употребляются вместе, например, a red множественного числа (окончание -s), a men,
car (именное словосочетание), would have been children - неправильная форма образования
(глагольное словосочетание). множественного числа.
plural/множественное число - форма, relative clause/относительное придаточное
используемая для более чем одного. Саг и предложение: см. defining relative clause/
he/she - единственное число, cars и they - определяющие относительные придаточные
множественное. предложения, non-defining relative clause/ не
possessive adjective/притяжательное определяющие относительные придаточные
прилагательное My, your, his, her, its, our, their предложения и relative pronoun/ относительное
- притяжательные прилагательные. местоимение.
326
Glossary
relative pronoun/ относительное местоимение. Subject/подлежащее - существительное или

В предложении / spoke to the man who works in местоимение, стоящее перед глаголом в
the post office слово who - относительное утвердительном предложении, например: John
местоимение. Местоимения who, that, which, went to London.
whose, whom, what могут употребляться как superlative/превосходная степень, например,
относительные местоимения. oldest, slowest, most intelligent - превосходная
reply question/ответный вопрос - краткие степень от old, slow, intelligent.
вопросы, которые используются для ответа на syllable/слог - например, слово remember имеет три
утверждения, например: Тт leaving now.' 'Are слога re-mem-ber.
you ?' tag: см. question tag/ краткий общий вопрос
reported speech/косвенная речь. В предложении tense/время - глагольная форма, которая указывает
Не said, Г т cold часть предложения Г т cold - на время действия или состояния, например, is
прямая речь. В предложении Не said he was working (настоящее время), worked (прошедшее
cold часть предложения he was cold - косвен- время).
ная речь.
third person (3rd регсоп)/третье лицо: см.
second person (2nd регеоп)/второе лицо: см. person/лицо.
person/лицо.
to infinitive/ to инфинитив (с частицей to}: см.
sentence - предложение группа слов, образуемых infinitive/инфинитив,
утверждение, вопрос, приказ или восклицание.
uncountable noun/ неисчисляемое
Предложения могут быть сложноподчиненные
существительное: см. countable
и сложносочиненные. На письме предложение
noun/исчисляемое существительное.
начинается с заглавной буквы (например, A, F,
Y) и оканчивается точкой (.), вопросительным verb/глагол - слова work, play, go, be. См. также
(?), или восклицательным (!) знаком. full verb/смысловой глагол, вспомогательный
глагол и modal auxiliary verb/ модальный
short answer/краткий ответ - ответ, состоящий
из подлежащего и вспомогательного глагола, вспомогательный глагол,
например: Yes, I am. No, she hasn't. voiced sound/звонкие согласные При
произношении звонких согласных /oV, /b/, /п/
simple/ простая форма - глагольная форма, не
чувствуется колебание голоса. При
являющаяся формой длительного времени,
например, / work (настоящее простое время), / произношении глухих согласных, например /р/,
/k/, /t/, колебание голоса не чувствуется.
worked (прошедшее простое), I've worked
(настоящее совершенное простое время). vowel/гласные: Буквы а, е, i, о, и — гласные.
См. также continuous/длительная. Остальные буквы, например Ъ, с. d, f, g, h, -
согласные.
singular/единственное число: см. plural/
множественное число. wh- question/вопрос, начинающийся с wh- - это
вопрос, который начинается с вопросительного
statement/утверждение - предложение, в
котором содержится информация, например: слова, например: What are you doing? Where did
Г т a student. They went to the cinema. she go? When can we start?
stress/ударение - способ произнесения слова или yes/no question/вопрос Да/Нет - это вопрос,
который требует ответа Yes/Да или No/Нет.
части слов с большей силой, чем другие. В
Споке forget ударение падает на второй слог Например: Are you working? Did she go out? Can
forget. we start now?
327
Index/Алфавитный указатель
В Алфавитном указателе цифры указывают на разделы, а не на страницы.

а/ап 108-109, 113 afraid as a result 162.2
a or on 108.1, ИЗ I'm afraid so/not, etc 152 as and like 176.1
a/an от the 10», ИЗ afraid 0/178 as if 176.2
ability 36 after ashamed (of) 178
able (be able to) 35.2d, 36 after (conjunction) 22, 160.2 ask
above 167.1 after (preposition) 173.3 ask+to infinitive 84
accident (by accident) 180 ago 174.3-5 ask + object + to infinitive 79, 80,
accommodation (uncountable) 107.3 ago and for 174.4 86.2
accuse (someone of) 182, 183 ago and before 174.5 astonished (at/by) 178
ache 27 agree (+to infinitive) 84 at
acknowledged (it is acknowledged that all (of) 114,118 of (place) 165, 183
she/she is acknowledged to) 64 all and every 118.1 at (time) 169,183
across 169.4-5,183 all, everybody, everything 118.2 at the end and in the end 171
active and passive 59, 60 a//andw/io/e 118.3 athletics (singular) 102.8
adjectives 126-130 all day, every day etc 118.4 attempt (+to infinitive) 84
adjective + should 55.2 alleged (it is alleged that he/he is alleged attitude (to/towards) 179
adjective + to infinitive 96.2 to) 64 avoid (+ -ing form) 83, 98
adjectives ending in -ing and -ed 99 along 168.4,183 aware (of) 178
the + adjective (the young, etc) 110.2, allow 86.3
113 allowed (be allowed to) 35.2d, 37,40 bad (at) m
possessive adjectives 121,123 already %, 133.3 bell
form of adjectives 126.1 although 161.1 be no continuous form 27
position of adjectives 126.2 always 135 be able to 35.2d, 36
order of adjectives 126.3 always with the continuous forms 26 be allowed to 35.2d, 37,40
comparative and superlative adjectives am (am, are, is) 31 be supposed to (obligation) 42.3
127,129 amazed (at/by) 178 be supposed to (= 'be said to') 64.2
as + adjective + as 128,129 American English (and British English) be used to 89
adjectives and adverbs of manner 130 Appendix bear (can't bear + -ing form or to
adjective + preposition 178, 183 an: see a infinitive) 87
admit (+ -ing form) 83 and (in conditional sentences) 73.3a because/because of 162.1
adverbs 130-140 angry (about/with/for) 178, 183 bed (and the bed) 111.1,113
adverbs and adjectives 130 annoyed (about/with/for) 178 been (and gone) 7
adverbs of manner, place and time 131 answer (to) 179 before
adverb position with verbs 132 any (of) 114, 115 before (conjunction) 6.2b, 22,160
still, yet, already 133 any and some 115 before (preposition) 173.3
any more/longer, no longer 134 anybody, anyone, anything, anywhere before, ago, for, since 174
adverbs of frequency (always, often, 125 begin (+ -ing form or to infinitive) 87, 98
etc) 135 any more, any longer 134.1 behind 168.1,183
adverbs of probability (probably, apologize (to someone for) 181 believe
perhaps, etc) 136 appear (+to infinitive) 84 believe no continuous form 27
fairly, quite, rather, pretty 137 apply (for) 181 believe in 181
too, enough 138 are (are, am, is) 31 believed (it is believed that he/he is
so, such 139 around 168.7 believed to, etc) 64
comparative and superlative adverbs arrange (+ to infinitive) 84, 98 belong
140 arrangements 19, 20, 29 belong no continuous form 27
as + adverb +as 140.2 arrive (at/in) 168.9, 183 belong to 181
advice (uncountable) 107.3 articles (a/an and the) 108-113 below 167.1
advice 42 - as beside 168.3
reporting advice 79 as soon as 22, 160.2 better (had better) 42.2
advise as/so long as 22, 73.2 between 168.2, 183
advise + object + to infinitive 79, 86.3, as + adjective+a^ 128, 129 billiards (singular) 102.8
98 as + adverb + as 140.2e blame (for/on) 182
advise + -ing form 86.3 as (time) 160 bored (with) 178
afford (+to infinitive) 84 as (reason) 162.1 borrow (from) 182
328
Index
both (of) 114, 119 complain (to/about) 181 die (of) Ш

both... and... 119.3 compound nouns 103 difference (between) 179, 183
bread (uncountable) 107.3 concentrate (on) 181 different (from/to) 178,183
British English (and American English) conditional sentences (if sentences) 67-74 difficulty (in/with) 179, 183
Appendix conditionals introduction 67 direct speech and reported speech
business (on business) 180 open present or future conditionals (indirect speech) 75-80
by ('first conditional') 68 disappointed
by+ agent in the passive 63 unreal present or future conditionals disappointed + to infinitive 96.2a
by car/bus/train etc 111.2, 113, 175 ('second conditional') 69 disappointed with 178
by myself, by yourself, by himself etc open and unreal present or future dislike
122,123 conditionals 70 dislike no continuous form 27
by (place) 168.3 unreal past conditionals ('third dislike + -ing form 83
by (time) 173.1 conditional') 71 do/does (in present simple negatives and
by and until 173.1 general conditionals 72 questions) 2, 144
by accident/chance/mistake 180 conditionals without if 13 do (the/some etc + -ing form) 83.2
a book/film etc by someone 180 congratulate (on) 182 down 168.6, 183
by cheque/credit card and (in) cash conscious (of) 178 dream (about/of) 181, 183
180 consider (+ -ing form) 83 during 172, 183
considered (it is considered that he/he is
can 35 considered to) 64 each (of) 114, 118 Note
can with see, hear, understand, etc contain (no continuous form) 27 each and every 118 Note
27.3 continually (with continuous forms) 26 each other 122.7
can (ability) 36 continue (+ -ing form or to infinitive) 87 easy (+ to infinitive) 96.2
can (permission) 37, 40 contractions (I'm, they've, doesn't, etc) economics (singular) 102.8
can (theoretical possibility) 44 188 either (of) 114, 119
can (deduction) 46. Id contrast 161 either and neither 119.2
can (requests) 48 cost (no continuous form) 27 either... or... 119.3
can (offers) 49.3 could 35 either (not... either) 151.3
can (suggestions) 50.3 could with see, hear, understand, etc encourage (+ -ing form or object + to
can't 27.3, 36.2c infinitive) 86.3
can't (deduction) 46,47 could (ability) 36 end (in the end, at the end) 171
can't help + -ing form 83 could (permission) 37 endings of words (-(e)s, -ed, -ly, etc)
can't stand + -ing form 83,98 could (possibility) 43,47 pronunciation of endings 187
capable (of) 178 could (theoretical possibility) 44 spelling of endings 188
care (care about/care for/take care of) could (requests) 48 engaged (to) 178
181 could (offers) 49.3 enjoy (+ -ing form) 83
careless (of someone + to infinitive) could (suggestions) 50.3 enough 138
96.2b could in if sentences 69.3b. 71.3 envious (of) 178
cattle (plural) 102.3 couldn't (deduction) 46,47 equipment (uncountable) 107.3
cause (of) 179 countable and uncountable nouns 107 essential (for + object + to infinitive) %
certainly 136 crash (crash into, drive into, etc) 181 even (even though) 161.1
certainty 46,47, 136 credit card (by credit card) 180 ever6.2b, 12.2, 135
cheque (by cheque) 180 crowd (singular or plural) 102.2 every 114,118
church (and the church) 111.1 every day and all day 118.4
class (singular or plural) 102.2 dally 135.4 every and each 118 Note
claimed (it is claimed that she/she is dare 35 everybody, everyone, everything,
claimed to) 64 decide (+ to infinitive) 84,98 everywhere 125
clever decrease (in) 179 everybody (and all) 118.2a
clever of someone + to infinitive) 96.2b deduction 46,47 everything (and all) 118.2b
clever at 178 defining relative clauses 153-156, 158 example (of) 179
college (and the college) 111,1 definitely 136 excited (about) 178
come (+ing) 83.3, 98 delay (+-ing form) 83 expect
common (/brfobject+ to infinitive) 96.2c demand (for) 179 expect + to infinitive 84
company (singular or plural) 102.2 deny (+ -ing form) 83 expect + object + to infinitive 86,
comparative adjectives 127, 129 depend (on) \8l, 183 98
comparative adverbs 140 deserve (no continuous form) 27 / expect so/not, etc 152
comparison despite 161.2-3 expected (it is expected that he/he is
comparison with adjectives 127-129 did (in past simple negatives and expected to) 64
comparison with adverbs 140 questions) 4, 144 explain (to) 182
329
Index
fall (+ to infinitive) 84 genitive: see possessive's he 120,123

fairly 137 gerund: see -ing form hear
/ей (in) 179 get hear no continuous form 27
family (singular or plural) 102.2 get instead of be in the passive 61 hear and listen to 27 A
famous (for) 178 get + object + to infinitive 86.1 hear about/from/of '181, 183
fancy (+-ing form) 83 get used to 89 help
feel get in (to) /out of a car, get on (to) /off help + (to) infinitive 84, 98
feel no continuous form 27 a bus, etc 166.4 help + object + (to) infinitive 86.2
feel like + -ing form 83, 98 get to and arrive at/in 168.9 can't help +-ing form 83
few (of) 114, 116 give up (+ -ing form) 83 her 120, 121, 123
(a) few and (a) little 116.1, 116.3 glass (countable or uncountable) 107.2 hers 121, 123
fond (of) 178 go herself 122, 123
for 172, 173-174, 183 go+-ing 83.3 him 120, 123
for with the present perfect 11, 183 go on +-ing form or to infinitive 88.4 himself \22, 123
for (purpose) 163.2 going to (future) 17, 29 his 121, 123
for, during and while 172.2, 183 going to and will 18, 29 home lll.lb, 168.10
for, since, ago and before 174, 183 going to and present continuous for hope
for and verbs with two objects (buy a the future 20, 29 hope + to infinitive 84, 98
present for him, etc) 184 going to in the passive 60.1 / hope so/not, etc 152
go/come/or a drink/meal etc 180, 183 gone (and been) 1 hopeless (at) 178
have something/or breakfastflunch etc good hospital (and the hospital) 111.1,113
180 good of someone + to infinitive 96.2b, how 145.3d
for example 180 98 how/what about? (suggestions) 50.2c
force (+ object + to infinitive) 86.1 good at 178, 183 however 161.5
forever (with continuous forms) 26 good of/to 178 hurt 27
forget got (have got) 33 hyphen (-) in compound nouns (tin-
forget no continuous form 27 government (singular or plural) 102.2 opener, etc) 103.Ib
forgef+-ing form or to infinitive 88.1, group
98 group (singular or plural) 102.2 / 120, 123
frequency (adverbs) 135 a group of plural 102.4 //
frequently 135 i/with the present simple for the future
friendly (of/to) 178 habits 2, 28, 51 22,68
frightened (of) 178 had better 42.2 i/and when 66
from hair (countable or uncountable) 107.2 if sentences (conditional sentences)
from (place) 168.8 half(of) 114 67-74
'from (time) 173.2, 183 happy (with) 178 if+ present simple + will 68, 70, 74
front (in front of) 168.1, 183 hardly i/+past simple + would 69, 70, 74
full (of) 178 hardly any 115.3 if+ past perfect + would have 71, 74
furious (about/with/for) 178 hardly ever 135 i/+ present simple + present simple
furniture (uncountable) 107.3 hate 72,74
future 16-24, 29 hate no continuous form 27 if(= whenever) 72, 74
will 16, 29 hate + -ing form or to infinitive 87, 98 if in reported questions 78.3, 80
going to 17, 29 have 33 i/with any/some 115.4
will and going to 18, 29 have no continuous form 27 if in indirect (embedded) questions
present continuous for the future 19, have and have got 33 149.3
29 have for actions (have dinner/a drink if and in case 164.2
present continuous for the future and etc) 34 as if 176.2
going to 20, 29 have + object + past participle (have if only (and wish) 56
present simple for the future 21, 29 the house painted, etc) 65 //on/y+past 56.1
present simple for the future after have to (obligation and necessity) 35.2d, if only + would 56.2
when, if, etc 22, 29 38,40 if only + past perfect 56.3
future continuous: will be+-ing 23, 29 don't have to, mustn't, etc 39,40 imagine
future perfect: will have + past have to in the passive 60.1 imagine no continuous form 27
participle 24, 29 have got to (obligation and necessity) imagine + -ing form 83
future in the past: was/were going to 38.2 / imagine so/not, etc 152
25 haven't got to, mustn 't, etc 39, 40 imperative 30.1
have something done 65 imperative in if sentences 68.3c
generous (of someone + to infinitive) having + past participle (having finished, important (for + object + to infinitive)
96.2b, 98 etc) 100.3 96.2c
330
Index
impossible (+ to infinitive) 96.2a interested a lot (of), much, many 116.1-2

in interested, interesting, etc 99 lots (of) 116.1-2
in (place) 165,166, 183 interested in 178, 183 love
in (time) 169,172,183 intentions 16.2b, 17.2b, 18.2, 25, 29 love no continuous form 27
in the end and at the end 171, 183 interrogatives: see questions love + -ing form or to infinitive 87
in time and on time 170, 183 into 166.1, 183 be/fall in love with 180
in my car, by car, etc 175 invitation (to) 179 luggage (uncountable) 107.3
in (= wearing) 177.2 invitations 49
be/fall in love with 180 reporting invitations 79 make (+object + infinitive) 91.3, 98
in someone's opinion 180 invite manage (+ to infinitive) 84
in front 0/168.1, 183 invite (to) 182 managed to 36.2b
incase 164 invite (+object+ to infinitive) 79, 86.1 many
in case and if 164.2 involve (+ -ing form) 83 many (of) 114, 116
in order to 95, 163.1 iron (countable or uncountable) 107.2 many, much, a lot (of) 116.1-2
in spite 0/161.2-3 irregular plurals 101.2 married (to) 178
include (no continuous form) 27 irregular verbs 190 mathematics (singular) 102.8
increase (in) 179, 183 is (is, am, are) 31 may 35
indefinite pronouns (anybody, something, it 120, 123 may (permission) 37
etc) 125 it preparatory subject (it is useful to may (possibility) 43, 47
indirect objects (with or without to and know, etc) 94.2 may (requests) 48
for) 184 it is/they are and there is/are 32.3 may /might as veil 54
indirect questions (Do you know where it's time 58 maybe 136.3
he is? etc) 149 its 121, 123 me 120
indirect speech (reported speech) 75-80 itself 122, 123 meals 111.3
infinitive mean
passive infinitive (be told, etc) 60.1 jealous (of) 178 mean no continuous form 27
passive perfect infinitive (have been just (with the present perfect) 8 mean + to infinitive 84
told, etc) 60.2 mean (of someone + to infinitive) 96.2b
infinitive in reported speech 79, 80 keen (on) 178 mean (+ object + to infinitive) 86.2
verb + to infinitive 84, 98 keep (on +-ing form) 83 might 35
verb + question word + to infinitive kind might (permission) 37
85,98 kind of someone + to infinitive 96.2b might (possibility) 43, 47
verb + object + to infinitive 86, 98 kind of/to 178 might in if sentences 69.3b. 71.3
verb + to infinitive or -ing form 87- know (no continuous form) 27 might/may as well 54
90,98 known (it is known that he/he is known mind (+ -ing form) 83, 98
used to + infinitive 89, 51 to) 64 mine 121,123
infinitive without to 91, 98 miss (+-ing form) 83
to infinitive as subject 94 laugh (laugh at, smile at) 181 modal verbs (can, may, must, etc) 35
to infinitive in reported speech 79, 80 learn (+to infinitive) 84 modal verbs in the passive 60
to infinitive of purpose 95, 98 let modal verbs in if sentences 68.3a,
noun/pronoun + to infinitive 96.1, 98 let's 30, 50.2и 69.3b,71.3
adjective + to infinitive 96.2, 98 let + object + infinitive 91.3 money (uncountable) 107.3
information (uncountable) 107.3 like monthly 135.4
•ing form like no continuous form 27 more 114
passive -ing form (being told, etc) like + -ing form or to infinitive 87, 98 most 114
60.1 like and would like 87,98 much (of) 114, 116
participle or gerund 81 like (and as) 176.1 much, many, a lot (of) 116.1-2
verb +-ing form 83, 87-90,98 likes and dislikes 87.2, 98 must 35
verb + -ing form or to infinitive 87- linking words 160-164 must (obligation and necessity) 38-40
90,98 listen (to) 181 must and have to 38.1
verb + -ing form or object + to listen to and hear 21A mustn 't, don't have to, needn 't, etc 39,
infinitive 86.3, 98 little 40
be used to +-mg form 89 (a) little (of) 114 must (deduction) 46, 47
preposition + -ing form 92, 98 (a) little and (a) few 116.1, 116.3 my 121, 123
person + -ing form 93 look myself 122, 123
-ing as subject 94,98 look, watch and see 27 A
adjectives ending in -ing and -ed 99 look at/for/after 181, 183 near 168.3,183
-ing (participle) clauses 100 lot necessary (for + object + to infinitive)
inside 166.3, 183 a lot (of) 114 96.2c
331
Index
necessity 38-41,90,98 obviously 136 participle (-ing) clauses 100

need 35 occasionally 135 passive 59-64
need no continuous form 27 of passive of present and past tenses 59
needn 't, mustn 't, etc 39,40 ... of... or possessive 's 105 passive infinitive and -ing forms 60
needn 't nave and didn 't need to 41 double possessive (a friend of gel instead of be in the passive 61
need + -ing form and to infinitive 90, Simon's, etc) 106 verbs with two objects in the passive
98 o/in phrases of quantity (a litre of 62
need for 179 wine, etc) 107.4 passive with by and with 63
negative statements 141 some of, none of, both of, etc 114 it is said that he/he is said to, etc 64
negative questions 146 of my own, of your own, of his own, past 168.7, 183
neither (of) 114, 119 etc 121 past simple 4, 28
neither and either \ 19.2 off 166.2, 183 past simple and past continuous 5.2,
neither... nor... 119.3 offer (+ to infinitive) 79, 84 28
neither am I, neither do I, etc 151 offers 30.1,49 past simple and present perfect 12, 28
nervous (about) 178 reporting offers 79 past simple and past perfect 14.2c. 28
never 135 often 135 past simple of be: was, were 31
never with the present perfect 6.2b, on past simple passive 59
12.2 on my own, on your own, on his own, past simple in i/clauses 69-70, 74
never with any 115.3 etc 121, 123 past continuous (past progressive) 5, 28
news 102.8,107.3 on (place) 165-166, 183 past continuous and past simple 5.2,
next to 168.3, 183 on (time) 169,183 28
nice on time and in time 170, 183 past continuous passive 59
nice o/someone + to infinitive 96.2b on top of 167.3 past perfect 14-15, 28
nice of/to 178 on the bus, by bus, etc 175 past perfect simple 14, 28
no 114, 117 on holiday/business etc 180, 183 past perfect continuous (past perfect
no and none 117 on TV/the radio 180 progressive) 15, 28
no and not a/any 117.1 one past perfect simple passive 59
no longer 134.2 one of ту/his/her etc 102.5 past perfect in i/clauses 71, 74
nobody (nobody, no-one, nothing, one another 122.7 people (plural) 101.2C, 102.3
nowhere) 125 one(s) 124 perhaps 136.3
non-defining relative clauses 156-159 onto 166.2, 183 permission 37,40
none (of) 114, 117 opinion (in someone's opinion) 180, 183 permit (4- -ing form or object + to
none and no 117 opposite 168.2,183 infinitive) 86.3
nor or (else) (in conditional sentences) 73.3b person + -ing form (do you mind me/my
nor am I, nor do I, etc 151.2-3 order (-fobject + to infinitive) 86.1 going, etc) 93
normal (for + object + to infinitive) orders 30.1 personal pronouns 120,123
96.2c reporting orders 79, 80 persuade (+ object + to infinitive) 86.1
normally 136 ought to 15 photograph (a photograph of someone)
not ought to (obligation and advice) 42.1 179
not a/any and no 117.1 ought to (probability) 45,47 phrasal verbs (get up, take after, etc)
not as/so + adjective + as 128.2,129 ОИП21,123 185-186
no/ о.$Ло + adverb + as 140.2e ours 121, 123 physics (singular) 102.8
nor in negative statements 141 ourselves 122, 123 picture (a picture of someone) 179
nor in negative questions 146 ourselves/themselves and each other place and movement (prepositions) 165-
not... either 151.3 122.7 168
nouns ои(о/166.1,183 plans 17-21, 23, 25,29
noun/pronoun + to infinitive 96.1, 98 outside 166.3, 183 pleased
singular and plural nouns 101-102 over pleased* to infinitive 96.2a
compound nouns (toothbrush, shoe over, above, etc 167 pleased with 178
shop, etc) 103 over and across 168.5 plenty (of) 116Л-2
countable and uncountable nouns 107 owe (no continuous form) 27 plural and singular 101-102
a/an and the with nouns 108-113 own plural of compound nouns
noun + preposition 179, 183 own no continuous form 27 (toothbrushes, etc) 103.2
preposition + noun 180, 183 my own, your own, etc 121.4, 12 3 police (plural) 102.3
number (a number of: plural) 102.4 polite
paper (countable or uncountable) 107.3 polite of someone + to infinitive 96.2b
object questions (and subject questions) participle adjectives (interesting, polite of/to 178
144 interested, etc) 99 politics (singular) 102.8
obligation 38-42 participle or gerund 81 possession 33, 104-106, 121,123
332
Index
possessive 's (genitive) 104-106 present perfect simple 6-8,28 rare (for + object + to infinitive) 96.2c
possibility 43-44, 47 present perfect with just, yet and rarely 135
postpone (+ -ing form) 83 already 8 rarely with any 115.3
potato (countable or uncountable) 107.2 present perfect continuous (present rather 137
practise (+ -ing form) 83 perfect progressive) 9, 28 rather (would rather) 57
prediction 16.2a, 17.2a, 18.1, 29 present perfect simple and present reaction (to) 179
prefer perfect continuous 10,28 realize (no continuous form) 27
prefer no continuous form 27 present perfect with for and since 11 reason (for) 179
prefer + -ing form or to infinitive 87, present perfect and past simple 12, 28 reason 162.1
98 present perfect and present tense 13, reason (why/that) 155.2
preferences 57, 87,98 28 recently (with the present, perfect) 12.2
prepare (+ to infinitive) 84 present perfect passive 59 recognize (no continuous form) 27
prepositions 165-184 present perfect in if clauses 68.3d recommend (+ -ing form or object + to
preposition + -ing form 92.98 present simple 2, 28 infinitive) 86.3,98
at, in, on (place) 165, 183 present simple and present continuous reflexive pronouns 122, 123
in (to) out of, on (to), off, in (side), 3,28 refuse (-Ho infinitive) 84
outside 166,183 present tense and present perfect 13, refusals 52
above, below, over, under (math), on 28 regret (+-ing form or to infinitive) 88.5,
top of 161, 183 present simple for the future 21, 29 98
in front of, behind, opposite, between, present simple for the future after regrets 56.1,56.3
near, next to, by, beside, along, when, if, etc 22, 29 regular plurals 101.1
across, through, over, up, down, present simple of be: am, are, is 31 relationship (between/with) 179, 183
past, (a)round, from, to, towards, present simple and used to habits 51.1 relative clauses 153-159
get to, arrive at/in 168, 183 present simple passive 59 defining relative clauses with who,
at, in, on (time) 169, 183 present simple in //clauses 68, 70, 72, that and which 153
on time and in time 170,183 74 leaving out who, that and which in
at the end and in the end 171, 183 pretend (+ to infinitive) 84 defining relative clauses 154
in, during, for, while 172,183 pretty 137 defining relative clauses with whose,
by, until, from, to, before, after 173, prison (and the prison) 111.1 where, when and why/that 155
183 probability 45,47,136 defining and non-defining relative
for, since, ago, before 174, 183 probably 136 clauses 156
by car/bus etc 175 promise (+ to infinitive) 10, 79, 84 non-defining relative clauses with
like, as and as if 176 promises 53 whose, whom, where and when 157
with(= having) 177.1,183 reporting promises 79, 80 relative clauses with propositions +
in (= wearing) 177.2 pronouns 120-125 which and whom 158
adjective + preposition 178,183 pronunciation of endings -(e)s and -ed which referring to a whole clause 159
noun + preposition 179,183 187 rely (on) 181
preposition + noun 180,183 proud (of) 178.183 remember
verb + preposition 181, 183 provided/providing (that) 22, 73.2 remember no continuous form 27
verb + object + preposition 182,183 purpose 95,98,163-164 remember + -ing form or to infinitive
indirect objects with or without to and put off(+ -ing form) 83 88.1,98
for (give the money to him/give him remind
the money, etc) 184 quantity 114-119 remind + object + to infinitive 86.1
present continuous (present progressive) questions 142-149 remind about/of 182
1,28 reported questions 78 reply (to) 179
present continuous and present simple yes/no questions 142 reply questions 148
3,28 Н'Л-questions 143 reported (it is reported that she/she is
present tense and present perfect 13, subject and object questions 144 reported to) 64
28 question words 145 reported speech 75-80
present continuous for the future 19, negative questions 146 reported statements 77
29 question tags 147 reported questions 78
present continuous for the future and reply questions 148 to infinitive in reported speech 79, 80
going f<r2G,29 indirect (embedded) questions 149 requests 30.1,48
present continuous passive 59 question tags 147 reporting requests 79, 80
present continuous in //clauses 68.3d question words (what, when, why etc) . responsible (for) 178
present participle or gerund (-ing) 81 145 result 162.2
present participle (-ing) clauses (the boy quite 137 rise (in) 179
sitting in the comer, etc) 100 risk (+ -ing form) 83
present perfect 6-13, 28 rabies (singular) 102.8 round (and around) 168.7, 183
333
Index
rude (of/to) 178 somebody, someone, something, theirs 121,123

's possessive 104-106 somewhere 125 them 120, 123
-«/-«(plural) 101.1 sometimes 135 themselves 122, 123
said (it is said that she/she is said sound (no continuous form) 27 themselves/ourselves and each other
to) 64 speak (speak to, talk to) 181 122.7
say (and tell) 76 spelling of endings -(e)s, -ing, -ed, -er, there is, there are, etc 32
scared (of) 178 -est, -ly 188 therefore 162.2
scenery (uncountable) 107.3 stand (can't stand + -ing form) 83, 98 they 120
school (and the school) 111.1,113 start (+ -ing form or to infinitive) 87,98 they are/it is and there is/are 32.3
search (for) 181 stiU 133.1 think (no continuous form) 27
see stop (+ -ing form or to infinitive) 88.3, / think so, I don't think so, etc 152
see no continuous form 27 98 think about/of 181, 183
see, look and watch 27.4 stupid (of) 178 though 161.1
see (someone doing/someone do) 97, 98 stupid of someone + to infinitive 96.2b thought (it is thought that she/she is
seem subject questions (and object questions) thought to, etc) 64
seem no continuous form 27 144 threaten (+to infinitive) 79, 84
swn + to infinitive 84, 98 succeeded (in + -ing) 36.2b threats 53
seldom 135 such 139 reporting threats 79
seldom with any 115.3 suffer (from) 181, 183 through 168.4
shall 35 suggest (+ -ing form) 83 till (until) 22, 160.4
shall and wi7/ (future) 16.1b, 23.1b, suggestions 30.1,30.2, 50 time (see also verbs 1-29), 131,133-
24.1b,68.3b superlative adjectives 127, 129 135,169-174, 183
shall 1? asking for advice/information superlative adverbs 140 time (it's time) 58
42.4 suppose tired (of) 178
shall I? offers 49.2 suppose no continuous form 27 to infinitive: see infinitive
shall we? suggestions 50.1 / suppose so/not, etc 152 to
she 120, 123 suppose/supposing (in conditional to+-ing form 92.2
shocked (at/by) 178 sentences) 73.5 to (movement) 168.8
short (of) 178 supposed to (time) 173.2
short answers 150 be supposed to (obligation) 42.3 to and verbs with two objects (give the
short forms (contractions) 188 be supposed to (= 'be said to') 64.2 money to him, etc) 184
should 35 surprised too 138
should (obligation and advice) 42.1 surprised + to infinitive 96.2a too and very 138.7
should (probability) 45,47 surprised at/by 178 top (on top of) 167.3
verb+should 55 suspicious (of) 178 towards 168.8, 183
adjective + should 55 traffic (uncountable) 107.3
should in i/clauses 68.3e, 73.4 taste (no continuous form) 27 travel (uncountable) 107.3
shout (at) 181 teach (+object + to infinitive) 86.1 try (+ -ing form or to infinitive) 88.2,
siKy (of someone + to infinitive) 96.2b team (singular or plural) 102.2 98
similar (to) 178, 183 tell
since tell and say 76 uncountable nouns 107
since with the present perfect 11, tell + object + to infinitive 79, 80, under 167,183
174.2 86.1,98 underneath 167.2
since (reason) 162.1 tell someone about something 182 understand (no continuous form) 27
singular and plural 101-102 than (in comparatives) 127, 129, 140 understood (it is understood that he/he is
smell (no continuous form) 27 that understood to, etc) 64
smile (smile at, laugh at) I S l that in reported speech 77.3 university (and the university) 111.1
so 139 that in relative clauses 153, 154, 155.2 «nfeM22,73.1
so/as long as 22 the 108-113 unless and f/73.1
not so/as + adjective + as 128,129 a, an and the 108, 113 until 22, 160.4
not so/as + adverb + as 140 shoes, the shoes, etc 109.1, 113 until and by 173.1
so am 1, so do I, etc 151 the dolphin, the orchid, etc 110, 113 up 168.6, 183
so (result) 162.2 hospital, the hospital, etc 111, 113 us 120.123
so that 163.3 place names with and without the 112, used to (past habits) 51
so/such... (that) 162.2 113 used to and would 51.3
so as to (purpose) 95, 163.1 the + comparative, the+ comparative used to (be used to + -ing form) 89
solution (to) 179 127.2c, 140.2 usual (for someone + to infinitive) 96.2c,
some (of) 114, 115 the with superlatives 127, 129, 140.2 98
some and any 115 their 121, 123 usually 135
334
Index
verbs (see also verbs 1-29) whether wish no continuous form 27

verbs not used in the continuous forms whether in reported questions 78.3 wish
27,29 whether in indirect (embedded) wish + past 56.1
verb + preposition 181, 183 questions 149.3 wish + would 56.2
verb + object + preposition 182, 183 which wish + past perfect 56.3
phrasal verbs 185-186 which in questions 145. Ic wish + to infinitive 84
irregular verbs 190 which in relative clauses 153.3-4,154, with
very (and too) 138.7 158, 159 with + instrument/material in the
while passive 63.2-3
wait (for) 181 white (time) 22, 160 with(= having) 177.1,183
want while (contrast) 161.4 without (with any) 115.3
want no continuous form 27 while, for, during 172.2 и-on't (refusals) 52
want to in the passive 60.1 who won '/(uncountable) 107.3, 113
want + to infinitive 84 who in questions 145-lb-c work (without an article) 111.1 b
want + object + to infinitive 86.2 who in relative clauses 153-154,156, worried (about) 178
warn 158.2 would 35
warn + object + to infinitive 79, 80, 86.1 whole (and all) 1183-* would (requests) 48.3b
warn someone about something 182 whom (in relative clauses) 157-158 would (habits) 51.2-3
warnings 30.1 whose would and used to 51.3
reporting warnings 79, 80 whose in questions 145.2 would in i/sentences 69, 70, 71, 74
was, were 31 whose in relative clauses 155.1, 157 wouldn't (refusals) 52
was/were going to 25 why would you mind? (requests) 48.3c
watch (watch, loot and see) 21A why in questions 145.3c would like
we 120,123 why in relative clauses 155.2 would like (requests) 48.3d
weekly 135.4 why don't we? (suggestions) 50.2b would you like/prefer/rather? (offers)
weigh (no continuous form) 27 и-й/35 49.4
well-known (for) 178 will (future) 16, 29 would like to in the passive 60.1
were, was 31 will and going to 18, 29 would like and like 87.2
were instead of was after l/he/she/it will and the present simple for the would like/love/hate/prefer (+ to
69.3a future 22, 29 infinitive) 87
were/was going to 25 will be +-ing (future continuous) 23, 29 would rather 57
H>A-questions 143 will have + past participle (future write (to) 181
what (in questions) 145.la perfect) 24, 29 wrong (of someone + to infinitive) 96.2b
what/how about? (suggestions) 50.2c will (requests) 48.3b
when 22,160 will (offers) 49.1 yearly 135.4
when and 1/66 will (habits) 51.2 yes/no questions 142
when in questions 145.2b will (promises and threats) 53 yet 8.133.2
when in relative clauses 155.2, 157 will in the passive 60.1 you 120, 123
where will in when sentences 66 your 121, 123
where in questions 145.3a will in //sentences 66, 68, 70, 74 yours 121, 123
where in relative clauses 155.2, 157 willingness 49.1 ;уои«е//122.123
whereas 161.4 wish (and if only) 56 yourselves 122, 123
335
Key to exercises
For Information about using contractions eg I'm, she's, they've, see 189.
1A (Possible answers) SB 3 Have, been waiting
4 haven't been living
1 He's reading a newspaper. 1 were going, stopped 5 has, been driving
2 She's taking a photograph. 2 Were they having, called 6 haven't been feeling
3 They're watching TV. 3 rang, got up. answered
4 They're playing cards. 4 opened, was standing 9B
5 He's doing the washing up. 5 arrived, did you do, reported
1 She's been repairing the car.
IB 2 They've been playing in the garden.
5C
3 He's been putting up some shelves.
1 Is Sally having, 's (is) washing 1 4 They've been painting the kitchen.
2 aren't watching 5 He's been lying on the beach.
(i) (ii)
3 Are you enjoying, 'm (am) having 6 She's been chopping onions,
4 Is Maria doing, 's (is) studying 1 was getting 1 was beginning
2 was turning 2 was standing
5 're (are) staying 10A
6 are rising, is getting 3 rushed 3 opened
4 turned 4 turned 1 They've been repairing
2A 5 asked 5 asked 2 I've broken
3 has saved
1 make S don't come, come (Hi) 4 Have you lost
2 don't live, live 6 works, doesn't work 1 was sitting 3 went 5 put 5 I've always worked
3 covers 7 don't go, goes, walks 2 was cutting 4 went 6 has been eating
4 gives 8 don't write, writes
2 11A
2B (0 a horror story 1 for 3 for 5 for
1 Do you listen 5 Do they watch (У) a love story 2 since 4 since б since
2 Does he live 6 Does she play (iii) a western
3 does she finish 7 do you earn 12A
4 do you go 8 Does it snow 6A
1 I've worked 4 I moved 7 I sold
ЧА 1 've (have) had 4 's (has) lived 2 I worked 5 I've had 8 I came
*7n
2 've (have) lived S 's (has) had 3 were you б I had
1 It snows 5 she's going 3 've (have) known
2 I'm going 6 flows 12B
3Igo 7 she's working 6B
4 He's cooking 1 's (has) never slept 1 have you known, did you first meet
2 Has your husband ever had, 's (has) had, had, was
4A 3 Have you been 3 Have you seen, saw. arrived, went
4 haven't been 4 didn't have, haven't had
1 grew up 5 acted 9 starred
2 studied 6 saw 10 became 5 has been
13A
3 started 7 liked 11 caused 6 has changed
4 appeared 8 offered 7 've (have) never seen 1 I've been cleaning
8 've (have) heard 2 He's sitting
4B 9 Have you ever eaten 3 have you been
10 haven't tried 4 Have you known
1 Did you play 5 did you watch 5 I've been learning
2 Did he win б Did you meet 6C 6 They live. They've been
3 did you do 7 Did you buy
4 Did you stay 8 did they cost 1 They've done the washing up.
2 Sally hasn't cleaned the cooker yet.
14A
4C 3 Simon hasn't emptied the rubbish bin yet. 1 When he arrived at the station, his train had
4 They've cleaned the windows. already left.
1 He didn't invent the telephone. 5 Sally has defrosted the fridge. 2 When he arrived at the theatre, the play had
He Invented the radio. 6 Simon hasn't cleaned the floor yet. already started.
2 He didn't build the Statue of Liberty. 3 When he arrived at the post office, it had
He built the Eiffel Tower. 7A already closed.
3 She didn't die in 1990 4 When he arrived at the furniture shop, they had
She died In 1962 1 been 3 been 5 been, been
2 gone 4 gone sold the table he wanted.
4 They didn't discover penicillin. 5 When he arrived at his friend's house, his friend
The discovered radium. had gone out.
5 He didn't kill Martin Luther King.
8A
6 When he arrived at the football stadium, the
He killed John F Kennedy 1 Have you done your homework yet? game had nearly finished.
6 She didn't write children's stories. 2 I haven't worn my new coat yet.
She wrote detective stories. 3 'Is Sally here?' 'No, she's just gone out.'
4 Have you just spoken to your parents?
14B
5A 5 It's quite early. Has Jack already gone to bed?/ 1 rang 3 had started
1 1 dropped my bag when I was running for a bus. Has jack gone to bed already? 2 had disappeared 4 started
2 I cut myself when I was shaving. 6 I've already cleaned the windows./1've cleaned
3 My car broke down when I was driving to work. the windows already. 14C
4 I saw a shark when I was swimming in the sea. 1 had done, found
5 My clothes got dirty when I was cleaning the
9A
2 didn't laugh, 'd (had) heard
attic. 1 've (have) been working 3 left, 'd (had) had
6 I broke a tooth when I was eating a sandwich. 2 's (has) been studying 4 discovered, had taken
336
Key to exercises
ISA 3 What are you going to do this afternoon? / What 26A

are you doing this afternoon?
1 had been studying 4 Be careful! You're going to break that glass. 1 's (is) always leaving
2 hadn't been waiting 5 He isn't going to come next SaturdayЛ1е isn't 2 was always hilling
3 'd (had) just been talking coming on Saturday. 3 's (is) always borrowing
4 had he been living 6 Look out! You're going to hurt yourself with 4 'm (am) always forgetting
mat knife. 5 was always breaking down
15B 7 Are they going to drive to Scotland next 6 're (are) always winning
11 felt very cold because I had been standing weekend?/ Are they driving to Scotland next
outside for over two hours. weekend? 27A
2 I had been playing tennis so I was feeling hot 1 are you thinking
and sticky. 21A 2 do you think
3 The children's hair was wet because they had 3 begins, doesn't end 3 has Simon known
1 starts, finishes
been swimming in the sea. 4 does the next train leave
2 doesn't take off 4 does this word mean
4 I hadn't been feeling well for weeks before I
5 Did you hear
finally went to see the doctor. 22A 6 You aren't watching
5 They had been travelling all day so they were
1 see. Ml (will) give 7 I didn't remember
very tired.
6 They had been driving for about half an hour d 2 Ml (will) buy, have 8 Do you like
when they realized they were lost. 3 's (is). Ml (will) go 9 She has always wanted
4 Ml (will) look after, 're (are) 10 I had never seen
16A 5 won't do, hears
6 won't open, push 28A
11 hope I'll have a job in 10 years' time. 7 Ml (will) play, doesn't rain
2 Perhaps I'll have a good job. (0
8 Ml (will) tend, pay
3 I probably won't be very rich. 1 works 3 is studying 5 arrived
4 I won't look the same as I do now. 23A 2 has been 4 has been 6 has been
5 I think I'll be married.
6 I'll probably have children. 1 At 11.00 tomorrow she'll be visiting the ABC (ii)
travel company.
2 At 13.30 tomorrow she'll be having lunch with
1 heard 7 ran
16B 2 got 8 escaped
Mary and Ron King.
1 I'll lend 3 I'll put on 3 At 15.30 tomorrow she'll be visiting Derek Hall. 3 was still sleeping 9 had
2 I'll answer 4 I won't have 4 At 16.30 tomorrow she'll be taking a taxi to the 4 went 10 heard
5 I won't go, I'll wait airport. 5 were trying 11 had seen
5 At 17.30 tomorrow she'll be flying back to 6 switched on 12 had phoned
16C
London.
1 '11 finish 6 won't finish 28B
2 won't be 7 will you be 23B
3 Will you be 8 Ml be (i)
4 '11 be 1 I'll be going past the post office. Shall I post
9 'II meet 1 are you cooking 5 I met
5 the meeting will end your tetter?
10 Ml see 2 I'm making 6 we went
2 Will you be sneaking to Robert? Can you give
3 I've just had 7 It looks
17A (Possible answers) him a message?
3 I won't be using my car tonight. Would you like 4 did you have 8 I've ever tasted
1 He's going to do the washing up. to borrow it?
2 They're going to get on the bus. 4 We'll be getting some concert tickets. Shall we (II)
3 She's going to watch TV. get one for you? 1 Do you like 4 I bought
4 It's going to land. 5 When will you be visiting Sue again? Can you 2 have you had 5 did it cost
5 They're going to clean the car. give her something? 3 I've only had 6 I'd been saving
6 He's going to fall off the bicycle. 6 Will you be driving into town today? Could I
have a lift? (ill)
17B
24A 1 It's been hurting 4 Do you think
1 are you going to wear, Are you going to wear
2 I fell 5 I've broken
2 are you going to do, 'm (am) going to decorate 1 will have become
3 I was cleaning 6 haven't broken
3 isn't going to leave, 's (is) going to stay 2 will have taken over
4 'm (am) going to buy, are you going to pay, 'm 3 will have run out
(am) going to ask 4 Will scientists have found
29A
5 will, have changed 1 It's going to rain 6 is
ISA 6 Will we have found 2 Are you doing 7 I'm going to repair
1 'm (am) going to live 31 arrive 8 I'll bring
2 Ml (will) come 25A 4 I'm going to be 9 we'll be lying
3 'm (am) going to faint 11 was going to take a taxi home last night, but I 5 I'll have 10 They'll have visited
4 Ml (will) get didn't have enough money, so I had to walk.
5 're (are) going to crash 2 We were going to write to them when we were
30A
6 I'll (I will) pay on holiday, but we changed our minds and 1 Don't touch that! It's hot.
phoned them instead. 2 Please take a seal, Mr Woods.
19A 3 She was going to drive to Scotland last weekend, 3 Put this in the fridge, could you?
1 'm (am) working- 5 'm (am) going but her car broke down, so she went by train. 4 Pass me the spanner.
2 'm (am) not doing б 're (are) meeting 4 We were going to play tennis yesterday after- 5 Do turn that music down. Andrew!
3 'm (am) meeting 7 are you doing noon, but it rained all afternoon, so we stayed at
home. ЗОВ
4 'm (am) seeing 8 Are you doing
5 She was going to watch the film on TV last 1 Let's go to the cinema.
20A night, but she had seen it before, so she went to 2 Let's take a taxi.
bed early. 3 Let's light a fire.
1 It's going to snow later tonight. 6 I was going to change my job last year, but my 4 Let's buy her a present.
2 She's going to meet them tomorrow morning./ boss offered me more money, so I decided to 5 Let's stay in this evening.
She's meeting them tomorrow morning. stay.
337
Key to exercises
31A 37A 42B

(i) 1 May I sit here? 1 You shouldn't/oughtn't to work so hard. You
2 Can I borrow your bike for half an hour? should/ought to relax more.
1 'm (am) 4 's (is) 7 Is 3 Can I try this on? 2 You should/ought to have bought/buy an alarm
2 are 5 's (is) 8 isn't
4 Do you think I could close the window? clock.
3 'm (am) not 6 's (is) 5 May I come in? 3 She shouldn't/oughtn't to have gone to work
(ii) yesterday. She should/ought to have stayed in
1 Am 4 's (is) 7 'm (am) not 37B bed.
2 are 5 am 8 'm (am) 1 You can't feed the animalsVYou aren't allowed 4 He shouldn't/oughtn't to have walked into the
3 's (is) 6 Are to feed the animals. road without looking. He should/ought to have
(Hi) 2 You can't smoke in this room./You aren't looked first.
1 are Sis 9 Is allowed to smoke in this room.
2 're (are) 6 's (is) 10 isn't 3 You can park in this street./You're allowed to 42C
3 Are 7 Are park in this street. I'd (had) better be
4 are 8 are 4 You can't walk on the grassVYou aren't 2 'd (had) better park
allowed to walk on the grass. 3 'd (had) better slay
31B 5 You can't turn left/You aren't allowed to turn 4 'd (had) better hurry
left. 5 'd (had) better not leave
1 was 6 were 11 was
2 were 7 were 12 was 6 'd (had) better put out
37C
3 was 8 were 13 was
4 Were 9 Were 1 was allowed to 42D
5 were 10 was 2 could/were allowed to 1 aren't/'re not (are not) supposed to open
3 were allowed to 2 was supposed to go
32A 4 could/was allowed to 3 aren't/'re not (are not) supposed to park
1 There's (There is) 4 were supposed to arrive
38A 5 is supposed to have
2 were there
3 there'H be (there will be) (i)
4 Is there 1 must stay 3 must take
42E
5 There were, there are 2 must drink 4 must continue 1 shall I invite 3 Shall I tell
6 There's been (There has been) 2 shall I put 4 shall 1 paint
(И)
32B 43A
1 have to take 3 have to stay
1 There's (There is), It's (It is) 1 You could be right.
2 have to continue 4 have to drink
2 There are. They're (They are) 2 She might win the race.
3 Is there, it's (it is) 3 She may have forgotten about the meeting.
38B
4 There's (There is), is it. It's (It is) 4 They might have been asleep.
5 There's (There is), There's (There is) 1 must/have to 4 had to
5 He may not know the address.
2 have to 5 has had to
6 They could have left early.
33A 3 must/have to 6 having to
7 He might not be coming.
1 Have we got, haven't, 've (have) got 8 I may see you tomorrow.
2 has got, had
39A
9 They could be going on holiday.
3 Have you got 1 mustn't 4 needn't 10 She may not have caught the bus.
4 Have we got. Have you got, has got 2 don't have to 5 don't need to
5 Has your sister got, has 3 mustn't 6 haven't got to
44A
6 didn't have
40A 1 can live 3 could cross 5 could grow
2 can reach 4 can survive 6 can make
34A 1 must 4 needn't
1 haven't had a cigarette 2 can't/mustn't 5 must 45A
2 have a took 3 can 6 needn't
3 had a game of tennis 1 should receive/ought to receive
4 has a swim 40B 2 should have won/ought to have won
5 Did you have a good time? 1 You have to be quiet. 3 should sell/ought to sell
6 has just had a baby 2 You aren't allowed to overtake. 4 should have passed/ought to have passed
7 have a rest 3 You don't have to be a member to get in. 5 shouldn't take/oughtn't to take
8 have a shave 4 You are allowed to park here. 6 should have arrived/ought to have arrived
5 You aren't allowed to swim here.
36A 6 You aren't allowed to walk here. 46A
1 could 3 could 5 can 1 They can't be Greek. They're speaking Italian.
2 can 4 been able to 6 be able to 41A 2 He must be ill. He's got a high temperature.
1 didn't need to get up 4 needn't have paid 3 The heating can't be on. It's very cold in here.
36B 2 didn't need to wear 5 didn't need to pay 4 They must be asleep. Their bedroom lights are
1 were able to 3 needn't have worried 6 needn't have bought off.
2 could/was able to 5 She must be happy. She's just passed her
3 was able to 42A driving test.
4 Could/Were you able to, couldn't/wasn't able to 1 You should/ought to report it to the credit card 6 He can't be a doctor. He's too young.
5 could/was able to company immediately.
2 Perhaps you should/ought to buy a new alarm 46C
36C clock! 1 Palmer can't/couldn't have stayed in bed all
1 Robert could have gone 3 Perhaps you should/ought to look for another job. morning yesterday. Someone saw him in town
2 He could have passed 4 Perhaps you should/ought to take some aspirin. at 10.00 yesterday morning.
3 he could have been 5 Don't you think you should/ought to apologize 2 He can't/couldn't have had lunch at Luigi's
4 He could have started to them? restaurant. Luigi's restaurant was closed all day
5 He could have emigrated 6 I think you should/ought to sell it. yesterday.
338
Key to exercises
3 He can't/couldn't have gone for a drive in his 53A 3 The cows are being milked.
car yesterday afternoon. His car was outside his 4 The windows are being cleaned.
flat all yesterday afternoon. 1 'II (will) pay, a promise 5 The cats are being fed.
4 He can't/couldn't have stayed at home last 2 'II (will) leave, a threat 6 The money is being counted.
night. Someone phoned his flat at 9.00 last night 3 won't tell, a promise
and there was no reply. 4 won't do, a promise 59B
5 He must have been inside the Central Art Gallery. 5 'I! (will) throw, a threat
6 won't speak, a threat 1 The windows has been repaired.
His fingerprints were found in the gallery. 2 The carpet has been cleaned.
54A 3 The walls have been painted/repaired.
47A 4 The light has been repaired.
YES definitely must 1 We may as well walk to the station. 5 Some posters have been put up.
probably should; ought to 2 You might as well cancel the hotel bookings. 6 The old fireplace has been taken out.
possibly may; might; could 3 We might as well stay at home today.
NO definitely not can't 4 I might as well clear the table. 59C
5 i might as well apply for the job.
(0
47B
55A 1 is played 4 are spoken
1 She might phone later. 2 are exported 5 are destroyed
2 1 should be at home by 6 o'clock. 1 She suggested (that) 1 should apply for the job.
2 The doctor recommended (that) he should stay 3 is used
3 They could have gone home.
4 He can't be telling the truth. in bed for a few days.
(ii)
5 You must have heard the news. 3 He insisted (that) I should help him.
4 They suggested (that) we should go to the 1 was played 4 was discovered
6 I may not go out this evening. 2 was, invented 5 was painted
7 She can't have seen us. cinema.
5 I agreed (that) I should pay for the damage. 3 were built
8 The bus must have left.
9 He might not have applied for the job. 6 My friend recommended (that) we should try
the new Greek restaurant. (iii)
10 She ought to be here soon. 1 had been stolen 4 hadn't been invited
55B 2 was being repaired 5 was being
48A 3 had been sold interviewed
1 Could you tell me where the hospital is, please? 1 should give up 3 should come
2 should pass 4 should feel
2 May I have the menu, please? 59D
3 Will you switch on the TV for me, please? 1 created
4 Would you answer the phone, please? 56A
2 was discussed
5 Would you mind changing places with me? 1 1 didn't get embarrassed so quickly 3 won, was assassinated
6 Can you pass me the cloth, please. 2 I weren't/wasn't so serious 4 arrived, was interviewed
3 I didn't find it so difficult to make friends 5 have been given, was announced
49A 4 I were/was good-looking
5 my ears weren't so big
1 I'll help you do the washing up. 60A
2 Could I carry some bags for you? 1 The room will be cleaned.
3 Shall I switch off the light? 56B
2 The tree had to be cut down.
4 I can lend you an umbrella if you like. 1 would do their homework on time 3 Sally should be told what happened.
5 Can I take your coat? 2 would clean the bath after they've used it 4 A new hospital is going to be built.
6 Would you like me to phone for the doctor? 3 wouldn't pick the flowers 5 The problem can be solved.
4 would take their litter home 6 The job has to be finished.
50A 5 would keep together on a tour 7 The man may be sent to prison.
1 How about 3 shall we 5 could 8 Something must be done now.
2 Let's 4 Why don't we 6 Let's 56C
1 She wishes she hadn't stayed in the sun so long. 60B
51A 2 He wishes he'd (he had) eaten less. 1 have been delayed
1 used to be, isn't/is not 3 He wishes he'd (he had) driven more carefully. 2 have been thrown away
2 never goes, used to go 4 She wishes she hadn't tried to lift a heavy table 3 have been sold
3 used to be, is on her own. 4 have been killed
4 used to have, doesn't have 5 have been stolen
5 is, used to be 57A
6 Did you use to like, find 1 'd (would) rather stay 60C
2 would you rather go 11 don't like being stared at.
51B 3 'd (would) rather listen 2 I can't stand being told what to do.
1 'II (will) always lend 4 would you rather do 3 I don't like being interrupted.
2 'd (would) never throw 5 'd (would) rather not play 4 I dislike being joked about.
3 'II (will) carry on 5 I enjoy being praised.
4 'd (would) often spend 57B
5 'will go 1 I'd rather you didn't open 61A
2 I'd rather you phoned 1 got stuck 4 didn't get caught
51C 3 I'd rather you didn't turn on 2 got bitten 5 got arrested
1 used to/would 4 used to/Would 4 I'd rather you came 3 got hit 6 got sentenced
2 used to 5 used to
3 used to/would 6 used to 58A (Possible answers) 62A
1 it's time you paid it? 1 Sarah was shown the photographs.
52A 2 It's time 1 started studying for the exam. 2 Normally, I am paid my salary every month.
1 the window wouldn't open 3 it's time you phoned Mike? 3 I think that we have been sent the wrong
2 she won't marry 4 It's time I took my car to the garage. tickets.
3 it wouldn't work 4 I hope that Sally will be given the message.
4 she won't listen 59A 5 I wasn't asked for my address.
5 he won't help 1 The road is being repaired. 6 I thought that you had been told about the
6 my parents wouldn't let 2 The fence is being painted. meeting.
339
Key to exercises
63A 69A 2 Suppose/Supposing someone finds my wallet,

do you think they will take it to the police?
1 was discovered by 1 knew, would tell 3 Suppose/Supposing they had stayed at our
2 was directed by 2 would move, would call house, where would they have slept?
3 was composed and sung by 3 would, do, knew 4 Suppose/Supposing they had offered you the
4 was invented by 4 knew, wouldn't try job, would you have taken it?
5 was painted by 5 would ran, saw 5 Suppose/Supposing you had won the
competition, what would the prize have been?
63B 70A
1 with 4 by 7 by 1 I'd give up work if I were a millionaire. 74A
2 by 5 with 8 with 2 We'll go for a picnic if it's a nice day tomorrow. 1 'd (would) wear 8 makes
3 with 6 by 3 If I took more exercise, I wouldn't be so unfit. 2 wouldn't have had 9 weren't/wasn't
4 I'll watch TV tonight if 1 don't go out. 3 had 10 wouldn't have left
64A 5 I'd be better-looking if I didn't have such a big 4 wait 11 gets
1 It is said that the monument is over 2000 years nose. 5 'd (had) known 12 '11 catch
old. 6 If people weren't so greedy, the world would be 6 would like 13 'd (had) asked
The monument is said to be over 2000 years old. a better place. 7 'II speak 14 would you do
2 It is expected that the president will resign. 7 If I can get a ticket, I'll go to the concert next 15 'm not
The president is expected to resign. week.
3 It is thought that the fire started at about 8 76A
o'clock. 71A
1 tell 3 said 5 tell
The fire is thought to have started at about 8 1 hadn't been 3 had had 2 telling 4 said б say
o'clock. 2 would have enjoyed 4 wouldn't have had
4 It was reported that seven people had been 77A
injured in the fire. 71B 11 told her (that) I couldn't swim very well.
Seven people were reported to have been 1 If she hadn't been ill, she would have gone to 2 The secretary told me (that) Mr Mason had gone
injured in the fire. work. out.
2 If it hadn't rained all morning, we would have 3 Andrew said (that) he didn't want to go
64B gone out. swimming.
1 The new film is supposed to be very violent. 3 If she'd had enough money, she could have 4 We said (that) we were leaving on Friday.
2 Those cars are supposed to be rather unreliable. bought the shoes. 5 They said (that) they had had lunch in Luigi's
3 He is supposed to have moved to New York last 4 If I'd been hungry, I would have had breakfast. restaurant/They said (that) they had lunch in
year. 5 If he hadn't been tired, he wouldn't have made Luigi's restaurant.
4 The new restaurant is supposed to be very a mistake. 6 Sarah told Simon (that) she would phone him
expensive. 6 If we'd had a map, we wouldn't have got lost. later.
5 The concert is supposed to have been very good.
72A 77B
65A 1 If I get a headache. I usually take some aspirin. 1 (that) there was nothing wrong with my
1 They're having their flat decorated. 2 I feel terrible if I don't get 8 hours' sleep a 2 don't need to wear
2 He's having a suit made. night. 3 had driven/drove very well
3 She's having her hair done. 3 If I drink too much coffee, it makes me feel 4 was making
4 He's having a tooth taken out. nervous.
5 would like a big family
5 She's having her windows cleaned. 4 If flowers don't get any water, they die.
6 wanted at least five
6 They're having a photograph taken. 5 You put on weight if you don't get enough 7 would get a pay rise later in the year
exercise.
65B 8 had done the shopping
73A 9 would be home at about
1 have these shoes repaired
2 having an extension built 1 Unless you wear your coat, you'll be cold. 78A
3 have my glasses mended 2 I'll phone you unless you phone me first.
4 have your hair done 1 I asked the mechanic if it would take long to
3 He won't receive the letter tomorrow unless you
5 had four new tyres fitted repair the car.
post it before 1 o'clock today.
6 had my suit dry-cleaned 2 I asked the policeman if I could park my car in
4 I won't go to school tomorrow unless 1 feel
West Street.
better.
6SC 3 I asked the cinema attendant what time the film
5 I can't write to you unless you give me your
address. finished.
1 had his flat burgled 4 I asked the hotel receptionist if he/she/they had
2 had the roof of their house damaged 6 Your cough won't get better unless you stop
a double room.
3 had the radio stolen smoking.
5 I asked the doctor how many times a day I
4 had his nose broken
73B should take the medicine.
6 1 asked the waiter what the soup of the day was.
66A 1 Provided 3 unless 5 as long as
lif 2 providing 4 Unless
3 when 5 when 78B
2 when 4 if 6 if
73C 1 what I was doing there
7 if
1 Stop making that noise or I'll hit you. 2 why I was carrying a camera
68A 2 Take this umbrella and you won't get wet. 3 if I had seen the signs warning people not to
1 ran out, '11 (will) need 3 Drive more carefully or else you'll have an enter the area
2 will increase^ use accident. 4 if I had been taking photos of the army base
3 increases, will die 4 Help me and I'll help you. 5 what my name was
4 will change, die 6 if he could see some proof of my identity
5 try, '11 (will) be 73D
6 don't control, 'II (will) be 1 should 1 need 3 should I change 79A
2 should he fail 4 should she miss 11 offered to do the washing up.
68B 2 She threatened to phone the police.
1 can lend 4 should need
73E 3 The doctor advised my brother to stop smoking.
2 have finished 5 should phone 1 Suppose/Supposing I moved to Scotland, would 4 He asked me to change the light bulb for him.
3 may go 6 are feeling you come and visit me? 5 She told me not to be stupid.
340
Key to exercises
б Не invited her to come to his party. 86C 3 Watching late night horror films can give you
7 I promised not to tell anyone. nightmares,
1 talking 3 to see 5 to do
8 She warned them not to leave the door unlocked. 4 Living on your own is quite difficult if you are
2 to have 4 driving i telling used to being with a lot of people.
80A 87A
О/Л
5 Reading English is much easier than speaking it.
1
I told them (that) I couldn't type. 6 Smoking can cause lung cancer.
I tn liebwi
ГО 1ШСП
2
They asked me if I was English.
3
I asked her where she was going.
2 cooking/to cook 94B
4
They said (that) they were going into town. 3 windsurfing, sailing 1 It is very strange to see yourself on video.
5
He told me (that) he didn't have any money./ 4 to walk, go 2 It isn't necessary to have your car serviced
He told me (that) he hadn't got any money. 5 going/to go every month.
6 He asked her if she could speak more slowly J A to visit 3 It can be dangerous to leave medicine lying
7 hiving to/to have to
He asked her to speak more slowly. around.
8 playing/to play 4 It doesn't have to be expensive to eat well.
7 He warned me not to touch the wire.
9 to take (see 87.2a) 5 It is difficult for old people to live on a pension.
8 He told her (that) he had been on holiday in
!• to play (see 87 .4a)
July./Hc told her (that) he was on holiday in
July. 95A
9 They asked him what time he had got 1 I went to the chemist's to buy some medicine.
home./They asked him what time he got home. 1 saying 3 to buy
2 I went to the post office to post some letters.
10 She asked me if I could do her a favour/She 2 visiting 4 to turn off 3 I went to the cinema to see a film.
asked me to do her a favour. 4 1 went to the hairdresser's to have a haircut.
11 We told them (that) we wouldn't be home late. 88B 5 I went to the car rental agency to hire a car.
12 1 said (that) I had posted the letters. 1 to come 3 to be 6 I went to the park to play tennis.
13 He said (that) his sister didn't know. 2 drinking, holding 4 putting
14 She said (that) her parents had gone to bed. 95B
15 She told him (that) he should go to the 88C
doctor/She told him to go to the doctor. 1 (i) He drank lots of black coffee in order to keep
16 They promised (that) they would do the 1 making 3 to ask awake,
dishes/They promised to do the dishes. 2 to tell 4 not learning (ii) He drank lots of black coffee so as to keep
17 I asked her where she worked. awake.
18 She asked him if he could phone the doctor 89A 2(0 1 often write things down in order not to
for her/She asked him to phone the doctor for 1 to working 4 to living forget them.
her. 2 to live 5 to staying (ii) I often write things down so as not to forge*
19 He told his boss (that) he had passed his 3 to eating 6 to work, to getting up them.
driving lest in !9867He told his boss (that) he 3 (i) She took an umbrella in order not to get wo.
passed his driving test in 1986. 90A (ii) She took an umbrella so as not to gel wet.
20 I said (that) I didn't know what to do. 4 (i) We'll use the computer in order to save time.
1 renewing/to be 4 feeding/to be fed
(ii) We'll use the computer so as to save thne.
83A 2 to practise 6 to ask
5 (i) I want to pass the exams in order to get a
better job.
1 reading 6 doing 3 adjusting/to be adjusted
(ii) 1 want to pass the exams so as to get a better
2 swimming 7 going inh
JOD.
3 having 8 not making 91A 6 (i) We turned down the music in order not to
4 playing 9 borrowing 1 wear 4 sit 7 hurry disturb the neighbours,
5 robbing 10 being 2 lend 5 tell, promise 8 type, use (ii) We turned down the music so as not to
3 cry i eat, wait disturb the neighbours.
84A
1 to be 5 to pay 9 to be 91B %A
2 to test-drive 6 to accept 10 to accept 1 let me go 3 let him have 1 to unlock 3 to write 5 to wear
3 to buy 7 to get 11 to sell 2 makes me feel 4 make him understand 2 to tell 4 to say 6 to catch
4 not to like 8 to try 12 to give
92A 96B
85A
1 to seeing 5 for being 1 easy to use 4 interesting to plan
1 what to wear 4 how to make 2 in learning 6 of hearing 2 safe to go 5 impossible to finish
2 how to spell 5 what to do 3 After having 7 forgiving 3 pleased to hear
3 whether to stay 4 to eating 8 at painting, drawing
86A 96C
93A 1 It was nice of her to send me a birthday card.
1 ... I expected him to pass easily. 1 (i) you borrowing 2 It was wrong of him to open your letter.
2 ... but her parents told her to go to bed at 9 (ii) your borrowing 3 It was clever of you to find the answer.
о clock. 2(i) me switching on 4 It was careless of me to leave my wallet at
3 ... He invited her to go to a party on Saturday. (ii) my switching on home.
4 ... but a friend of mine persuaded me to change
3(i) us staying 5 It was silly of him to throw the ticket away.
(ii) our staying 6 It was good of you to do my shopping for me.
5 ... 1 don't want her to know.
4(i) them getting
6 ... which forced the pilot to land.
7 ... my mother warned me not to talk to strangers.
(ii) their getting 96D
8 If you hadn't reminded me to lock the door ... 5(0 her going 1 It's unnecessary for you to pay me back the
(ii) her going money.
86B 6(i) Sue forgetting 2 It's essential for us to leave immediately.
(ii) Sue's forgetting 3 It's important for everyone to try to keep calm.
4 It's unusual for him to complain.
2 her to help me 94A
3 us to go to a party
1 Babysitting is a big responsibility, especially У/А
П*Т А
4 Sally not to be late home
5 the woman to get out of her car with very young children. 1 arguing 3 break 5 post
6 me not to be late for work again 2 Swimming is a very good way of keeping fit. 2 building 4 climb 6 repairing
341
Key to exercises
98A 2 Having done all the housework, I went out for a 107A
walk.
1 working/to work 3 Having got out of bed, he had a shower. (0
2 to come 4 Having locked all the doors, she went to bed. 1U 3C 5U 7U 9C
3 move/lo move 2U 4C 6C 8C 10 U
4 to see, get 100E
5 making, to sleep (ii)
6 to drink 1 Being a little deaf, she wears a hearing-aid.
Some cheese, a banana, some wine, some bread,
7 try, driving 2 Not liking classical music, 1 didn't go to the
an egg. some tomatoes, some water, an orange,
8 to think, making concert.
some rice, some carrots, some apples, some
9 to leave, to catch 3 Being rich, she can afford expensive holidays.
4 Having finished the book. I decided to take it meat.
10 to be
11 to work back to the library. IffTR
1V/D
12 skiing, ice-skating 5 Having gone to bed so late the night before.
13 walking they felt quite tired the next morning. 1 hair 5 a paper
14 to be 2 journey 6 is, traffic
15 to explain 101A 3 advice 7 job, isn't, work
16 not to walk 1 children, girls, boys 4 some bread 8 Is, accommodation
17 meeting 2 restaurants, theatres, cinemas, discos 1 AQ A
18 to make, show, to use 3 teeth lUeA
19 not doing 4 plates, knives, forks A
20 seeing 5 countries, days
21 forget, to phone 6 cats, mice clock, university, sandwich, dog, game, house,
22 empty 7 people hospital, school
23 Eating 8 shoes, feet в
24 not to go 9 eggs, tomatoes, potatoes
25 working, to have, to eat 10 leaves, trees orange, envelope, aunt, old car, hour, onion.
umbrella, examination, ice-cream
98B 102A
1 to lend 6 to switch off 108B
1 is 5 was
2 travelling 7 sunbathing 2 have, them 6 Are these, they are la 6 a
3 repairing 8 to fall 3 isn't 7 isn't, is it 2 an, a 7 a
4 shopping 9 going 4 live/lives 8 is. It needs 3 • — , 8 a, an
5 opening 10 to have 4• 9 .
ЮЗА 5a 10 ,a
99A
1 alarm clock 6 hole punch 108C
1 interested 4 worried 7 frightened 2 T-shirts 7 lawn mower
2 shocked 5 surprising 3 crossroads 8 corkscrew 1 the, the 4 the, the 7 the
3 amusing 6 boring 4 clothes-hangers 9 screwdriver 2 a, an 5 a, the 8 an
5 bottle opener 10 track-suit 3 the 6 the
99B
1 embarrassing 4 relaxing 7 frightened
109A
104A
2 depressing 5 interesting 1 5 ,-
1 Gloria is Chris and Linda's mother. 2 the 6 the, the. the
3 interested 6 annoyed
2 Linda is Chris's sister.
100A 3 George is Chris and Linda's father.
4 the, the 8- — ,
1 Doris is the girl reading the book./ The girl 5 Charles is Ken's father-in-law.
reading the book is Doris.
109B
6 Daisy is Linda and Chris's grandmother.
2 Jim is the boy combing his hair./ The boy 1 A florist sells flowers.
7 Kate is Chris and Linda's aunt.
combing his hair is Jim. 8 Sally, Simon and Andrew are Chris and Linda's 2 A child needs love.
3 Martha is the girl writing something./ The girl cousins. 3 A corkscrew takes corks out of bottles.
writing something is Martha. 4 A large car is expensive to run.
4 Diana is the girl listening to the Walkman./ The 104B 5 A teetotaller doesn't drink alcohol.
girl listening to the Walkman is Diana.
5 Arthur is the boy eating the ice-cream./ The boy 1 's 3' 5' 110A
eating the ice-cream is Arthur. 2's 4's 6's
1 The swan 3 the country 5 the piano
105A 2 the radio 4 The tulip 6 the sea
100B
1 He fell off a ladder changing a light bulb. 1 the end of the film HOB
2 He burnt himself cooking his dinner. 2 Sarah's party
3 the top floor of the house 1 the dead 3 the blind
3 He ran out of petrol driving to work.
4 the back of my car 2 the unemployed 4 the sick
4 He lost his keys getting out of his car.
5 He broke a cup doing the washing-up. 5 a friend of the woman who works in the post
office HOC
100C 6 the end of this road 1 the British
7 the girls' parents 2 the Australians
1 The woman was driving along listening to her
8 the manager of the Black Cat Club 3 the Spanish (or 'the Spaniards')
car radio. .
2 I arrived at the examination hall feeling very 4 the French
nervous.
106A 5 the Greeks
3 He came into the room carrying a suitcase. 1 Robert visited a relative of his.
2 A neighbour of ours is going to babysit for 111A
4 They were walking down the street holding
hands. us. 1— 6 -—
3 Sally is going on holiday with some friends of 2 the 7 the
100D hers. 3 8
4 Simon has borrowed some records of Sarah's. 4 the 9 the
1 Having typed the letters, he put them ail in
envelopes. 5 Two colleagues of mine are ill at the moment. 5-— 10 •—
342
Key to exercises
112A 119A 124A

1 Canberra 6 Lake Superior 1 neither of 3 either 5 Neither 1 one (= a drink) 3 one (= woman)
2 China 7 the Pacific 2 both 4 either of 6 both/both of 2 ones (= glasses) 4 one (= film)
3 Mexico City 8 Mount Everest
4 the Sahara 9 the Alps 119B 125A
5 California 1 eat now or wait until later 1 nothing
2 read Arabic nor write it 2 somewhere
112B 3 nor Kate knew the address 3 somebody
1 ,- — , the 4 his sister or his brother 4 nowhere
2 , the, , 5 and Sarah passed the exam easily 5 anybody
3 - — , , the, the 6 very comfortable nor very interesting 6 everything
7 larger than my old flat and closer to my office 7 Everyone
113A 1 0A A 8 something (see 125.2b), anything
12UA 9 Nobody
1 The. the, the 12 the
2 - — , ." i-i 1 her 3 Me 5 They, me, 10 everywhere, anywhere
ij ~~^ 2 me, he, 1 41, him, He them
3 The, the, a 14 ,• , 126A
4 a, ,a IS The i->im
S the 16 a, a. The, a, the, an 1 a two-hour concert
1 We, us 5 It Ч it 2 a fifty-year-old man
6 the 17 , the,
7 jg 2 them, they 6 They, they 10 she, I 3 a twenty-minute delay
3 It 7 You, you 4 a ten-page letter
8 , 19 The, the 4 I, it 8 they 5 a two-hour meeting
9 the, 20 - — ,
10 21 121A 126B
11 the 22 the the
1 their, ours 4 her, her, theirs 1 long, boring 4 angry
114A 2 My, hers 5 Our, theirs, ours 2 late 5 shy, embarrassed
1 all 9 A few of, many 3 your, yours 3 sad, wrong
2 each 10 many
3 some of, all of 11 every one of 121B 126C
4 any, any 12 most of 1 her own 3 your own 5 my own
5 Most 13 every 1 Are the children asleep?
2 your own 4 their own 6 his own
6 Neither of 14 each 2 Sydney is a very modern city.
7 Neither of 15 either of 122A 3 That building is over 500 years old.
8 much, a lot 16 half of 4 You don't sound very happy.
1 themselves 4 myself 7 ourselves 5 He looks a very healthy man.
17 each one 2 itself 5 himself
USA 6 The bridge is 1.55 kilometres long.
3 herself 6 yourselves
7 Have you seen my blue T-shirt?
1 some 6 some/any 1 T>H
2 some 7 any IZ^O
126D
3 some (see 1 15.5), any 8 some 1 by myself 3 by yourself
4 some (see 1 15.5) 9 Some 2 by herself 4 by themselves Opinion Size Age
5 any, some (see 1 15.5) 10 some/any horrible short old
1??P
1ЛЛ1\^
116A beautiful small middle-aged
1 4 myself 7 ugly large young
1 a few 5 a little 2 myself 5— 8-—~
2 a little 6 many/a lot of/a few 3 6 myself
3 a lot of 7 much Shape Colour Origin
r- -1 <44Tt
4 a lot of 8 much, many, much/a lot ot Iiil7
round grey English
1 J6B 1 myself 3 yourself 5 himself square red Italian
2 ourselves 4 themselves curly white German
1 little 5 a little, a little
2 few 6 little 122E
j a rew / a lew Material Purpose
1 each other 3 ourselves 5 each other
4 few, little 8 little
2 each other 4 themselves 6 themselves
glass shopping
117A 123A plastic sports
1 None 4 no 7 none leather writing
2 no 5 None PERSONAL PRONOUN POSSESSIVE REFLEXIVE
3 no 6 none SUBJECT OBJECT ADJECTIVE PRONOUN PRONOUN 126E
I me my mine myself 1 a short fat man
1 10Л
118A you you your yours yourself 2 a tall middle-aged woman
1 every 6 everybody he him his his himself
3 two smalt white paper cups
2 Everybody 7 all she her her hers herself
4 some tiny Japanese TV sets
3 All 8 every it it its ~~ ~~ itself
5 a handsome young doctor
4 everything 9 everything we us our ours ourselves
you you your yours yourselves 6 a cheap red plastic raincoat
5 all/everything - 10 all/everything 7 an attractive long blue coat
they them their theirs them-
selves 8 a pair of expensive black leather shoes
118B
1 All the/The whole 3 all/the whole ШВ 127A
2 all the 4 all the 1 Their, ours 6 I, myself 1 Wood is lighter than steel.
2 yours, mine 7 He, me, I, his Steel is harder than wood.
118C 3 her, she, herself 8 you, you, I, them, you Steel is stronger than wood.
1 every 3 every 4 they, us 9 your, we, ourselves 2 A bus is slower than a train.
2 all 4 all 5 yourself, it, your 10 It, his, hers A train is more comfortable than a bus.
343
Key to exercises
3 Cream is thicker than milk. 131A 5 They listen to the radio every mom ing У Every
Milk is healthier than cream. morning they listen to the radio.
1 the piano very well now. 6 I'm seldom at home before 8 o'clock.
Cream is more fattening than milk.
4 Swimming is cheaper than windsurfing. 2 your letters in the town centre early this morn- 7 Have you ever had a really serious illness?
Windsurfing is more exciting than swimming. ing. 8 I'll never forget our holiday together.
3 football in the park this afternoon. 9 She's always been interested in music.
Swimming is better exercise than windsurfing.
4 heavily in the north of Scotland yesterday 10 I always brush my teeth three times a day.
127B evening.
5 the map carefully later on in the day. 136A
1 worse 5 a little more advanced 6 angrily out of the room at the end of the meet-
2 better 6 a lot more complicated ing. 1 Simon is probably at Sarah's house at the
3 a lot easier than 7 rather bigger 7 the guitar beautifully at the concert last night. moment.
4 much simpler 8 more comprehensive 2 There will probably be an election early next
132A year.
127C 3 Perhaps we'll play tennis later this afternoon.
1 They've probably been trying to contact us. 4 They obviously enjoyed the film very much.
1 bigger and bigger
2 She probably went to the meeting last 5 You should definitely go and see the doctor.
2 worse and worse
week. 6 I definitely don't want to be home late tonight.
3 more and more polluted 3 They normally take their summer holidays in
4 more and more automated 7 Computers are certainly becoming more and
May. more important in our lives.
127D 4 Have you ever lived in a foreign country? 8 The bridge has probably been repaired by now.
5 I've never eaten Indian food.
1 The bigger a car is, the more expensive it is to 6 Do you still live in the same flat?
run. 137A
7 He only wants to borrow the money.
2 The worse the weather, the more dangerous it is 8 I probably won't see Martin again until next 1 rather S rather
to drive on the roads. weekend. 2 quite 6 quite
3 The older he gets, the more thoughtful he 9 We've almost finished painting the outside of 3 pretty/rather 7 quite/pretty
becomes. the house. 4 quite 8 rather
4 The more complicated the problem, the harder it 10 I always try to go jogging at least three times
is to find a solution. a week. 137B
11 We certainly haven't got any time to lose. 1 quite different 3 quite original
127E 12 I can certainly lend you some money until 2 quite useless 4 quite sure
1 the best 6 the most stupid next week. 5 quite impossible
2 the cheapest 7 The oldest 13 He's always complaining about something. 138A
3 the most reliable 8 the worst 14 I don't usually watch this TV programme.
4 the most expensive 9 the most famous 1 too dark 3 early enough
5 the largest 133A 2 too quietly 4 too loud
5 warm enough
128A 1 already 3 still 5 already
2 still, yet 4 still б yet, yet
138B
1 as tall as 3 as interesting as 1 enough 4 too many
2 as clever as 4 as cheap as 133B 2 too much 5 enough
3 too much
128B 1 You needn't clean the kitchen; I've already
done ityi've done it already.
1 An elephant isn't as tall as a giraffe. A giraffe 2 You don't need to tell me; 1 already know what 138C
isn't as strong as an elephant. An elephant isn't to do./l know what to do already. 1 I'm too tired to go to the cinema this evening.
as fast as a giraffe. 3 Haven't you received your invitation to the 2 The table was too heavy for me to move.
2 Gold isn't as strong as iron. Iron isn't as valu- party yet? 3 The children aren't tall enough to reach that
able as gold. 4 I still can't decide what to do this evening. shelf.
3 A gorilla isn't as intelligent as a human! A 5 I can still remember the first time I flew in a 4 They arrived too late to see the beginning of the
human isn't as strong as a gorilla. plane. film.
4 A bicycle isn't as expensive as a car. A bicycle 6 Robert still works for the same company in 5 Our old flat was much too small for us to live
isn't as fast as a car. A car isn't as easy to park London. in.
as a bicycle. 6 Не spoke too quietly for the people at the back
134A of the room to hear.
129A
1 Sue no longer works for the same company in
1 the most popular
London.
139A
2 more serious than 1 so 3 such, so S so 7 so
2 My brother isn't a young child any more.
3 friendly as 2 so 4 so 6 such 8 such
3 Her father is no longer unemployed.
4 the best
4 There is no longer a large ship-building industry
5 more generous than 140A
in Britain.
6 clever as
7 the hottest 1 earlier than S fluently as
135A 2 worse than 6 faster, faster
8 more self-confident than
9 the strangest all the time (1) always 3 the longest 7 better than
10 the tallest (2) normally, usually 4 more efficiently than 8 harder than
11 cheaper than (3) often, frequently
12 most enjoyable (4) sometimes 141A
(5) seldom, rarely 1 1 don't like travelling by train.
130A " (6) hardly ever at no time 2 He wasn't late for the appointment.
11 usually feel nervous before an interview. (7) never, not ever 3 We haven't got a lot of time.
2 I usually walk slowly when I'm tired. 4 I'm not enjoying myself very much.
3 I feel happy when I get good news. 135B 5 Robert doesn't work for a company in Man-
4 I'm a careful driver. 1 I've never seen that TV programme. chester.
5 1 usually study hard before an exam. 2 He's hardly ever late for appointments. 6 The weather isn't very nice today.
6 I'm a wonderful dancer. 3 They rarely go to the cinema nowadays. 7 She can't come to the party on Saturday.
7 You should pick up a baby carefully. 4 Is he often bad-tempered?/Is he bad-tempered 8 I haven't been working too hard recently.
8 My English is good. often? 9 She hasn't got a very interesting job.
344
Key to exercises
10 They may not have gone home. 9 You couldn't do me a favour, could you? 6 She's the person who gives me a lift to work
11 We didn't see you at school yesterday. 10 You don't know where Sarah is, do you? every day.
12 The bank doesn't open on Saturday after- 11 Switch on the light for me, will/would/can/ 7 The lock that was broken has now been repaired.
noons. could you? 8 Most of the people who work in Peter's office
13 My sister isn't going to work tomorrow. 12 Don't forget to lock the door, will you? are very nice.
14 The telephone hasn't been repaired. 13 Nobody was watching the TV, were they?
15 We don't play tennis every weekend. 14 Everyone will be here soon, won't they? 154A
16 I won't be seeing Martin tomorrow. 15 Nothing terrible has happened, has it? 1 who 5 who 9 who
16 There's plenty of time, isn't there? 2 (who) 6 (who) 10 that
142A 17 Pass me that magazine, will/would/can/ could 3 (that) 7 that
1 Did they play tennis yesterday? you? 4 (that) 8 (that)
2 Is he doing his homework? IS Let's have a cup of tea, shall we?
3 Has she got a lot to do today? 155A
4 Have they bought a new car? 148A 1 She's the woman whose husband teaches at
5 Do you know Simon Robinson? 1 Were you? 6 Are you? Annie's school.
6 Can he play the piano and the guitar? 2 Did you? 7 Have you? 2 He's the man whose flat was broken into.
7 Does the shop close at 6 o'clock? 3 Didn't they? 8 have you? 3 They're the couple whose children were injured
8 Would you like to go swimming? 4 Are you? 9 Haven't you? in the accident.
9 Will the job be finished soon? 5 Do you? 10 Would you? 4 She's the girl whose brother works in the post
office.
142B 149A 5 They're the people whose credit cards were
1 Did they visit 5 Have they gone 1 Can you tell me when the last bus leaves? stolen.
2 Did she buy 6 Can you play 2 Do you know if he is over 18? 6 I'm the person whose mother phoned the police.
3 Has she got 7 Does he work 3 Do you know if she can speak French?
4 Do you speak 8 Are you going 4 Can you explain how this machine works? 155B
5 Have you decided where you are going on 1 why/that 3 when 5 why/that
143A holiday? 2 where 4 where 6 when
1 are you going 7 do you come 6 Do you remember exactly what he told you?
2 are you 8 have you got 7 Do you know if you will be here tomorrow? 156A
3 were you reading 9 did you buy 8 Have you got any idea if she likes horse riding?
9 Can you remember if you switched off all the 1 The people who live next door helped us to move
4 does he visit 10 does she like the furniture.
5 will they do 11 did you see lights?
10 Do you know if everyone has gone home? 2 Have you still got the money that I gave you?
6 has she been waiting 12 was she talking 3 Sydney, which has a population of more than
150A three million, is Australia's largest city.
144A 4 Peter's sister, who I've known for years, is a
1 Who did you tell? 1 I can't 5 she does 9 I will very nice person.
2 Who wrote to you? 2 lam 6 1 haven't 10 they haven't 5 We saw Sue last night with that man who works
3 Who did you write to? 3 he did 7 he isn't 11 she hasn't in the library.
4 What is making that noise? 4 I don't 8 I was 12 he does 6 The chair that was broken has now been re-
5 What is he making? 1 САП
paired.
6 Who makes the decisions? 150И
7 Who did they help? 1 No, they can't 4 Yes, it is. 156B
8 Who helped them? 2 Yes, it does. 5 No, it didn't. 1 who 7 which
9 Who was she looking for? 3 No, he wasn't. 6 No, it doesn't. 2 5 that/which
10 Who was looking for her? 3 who 6 who
11 What moved? 151A
12 Who gave you the book? 1 Neither am I. 7 So do 1. 157A
2 So do I. 8 So did I. 1 where 3 whose 5 whose
145A 3 Neither have I. 9 So should I. 2 who/whom 4 where 6 when
1 What 5 Who 9 Whose 4 So would I. 10 So do I.
2 Where 6 When 10 How 5 Neither have I. 11 So would I 158A
3 How long 7 How often 11 Which 6 Neither have I. 12 Neither did I.
4 How many 8 How much 12 Why 1 The man 1 introduced you to is Sue's cousin.
152A 2 The hotel we stayed at overlooked the sea.
146A 3 The shop I bought the shoes from is closed.
1 Yes. I think so. 4 The people he works with like him very much.
1 Don't you like it? 2 Yes, I suppose so.
2 Isn't that your brother over there? 3 No, I don't think so. ('No, I think not.' is 158B
3 Can't you stay a little longer? possible, but less common)
4 Isn't she a pretty child? 4 No, I'm afraid not. 1 (i) Peter's party, which we are all invited to, is
5 Haven't I met you somewhere before? 5 Yes, I imagine so. next Saturday evening.
6 Isn't she going to work today? 6 No, I don't expect so./No. I expect not. (ii) Peter's party, to which we are all invited, is
7 Don't you want to come to the concert tonight? 7 Yes, I'm afraid so. next Saturday evening.
8 No, I don't suppose soTNo, I suppose not. 2 (i) Mr Mason, who we complained to, apolo-
147A 9 Yes, I expect so. gized for the mistake.
10 Yes, I imagine so. (ii) Mr Mason, to whom we complained, apolo-
1 You don't like this music, do you? gized for the mistake.
2 Robert isn't at work today, is he? 3 (i) The film Family Life, which I've heard good
3 I'm too late, aren't I? 1S3A reports about, is showing next week,
4 You haven't seen the newspaper, have you? 1 He's the man who painted my house. (ii) The film Family Life, about which I've
5 Lynne speaks French and German, doesn't 2 What's the name of the boy who telephoned heard good reports, is showing next week.
she? you?
6 They didn't go to the concert, did they? 3 What's happened to the money that was on my 158C
7 You'd like to have something to eat, wouldn't desk? 1 most of whom 4 neither of whom
you? 4 They're the people who offered Sue a job. 2 many of which 5 none of which
8 We're leaving tomorrow, aren't we? 5 The car that was stolen has now been found. 3 all of whom 6 both of which
345
Key to exercises
159A 162B 7 at ('in' is also possible), in

8 on
1 She lent me the money, which was very gener- 1 As 4 as a result 7 therefore 9 on ('at' is also possible), at
ous of her. 2 so 5 so 10 at/in, in, on
2 They had to wait for over an hour, which 3 Since 6 because
annoyed them very much. 166A
3 There was a lot of snow on the roads, which 162C
made driving dangerous. loff 6 in
1 It was such a warm evening (that) we had 2 on 7 onto/on
4 I knew you didn't want to go to the concert, dinner outside in the garden.
which is why I didn't buy you a ticket. 3 in/inside, out of 8 off, into
2 He was so nervous (that) he couldn't eat any- 4 outside 9 out of, into/in
5 There was a bus strike, which meant 1 had to thing.
take a taxi. 5 out of, on/onto
3 Our neighbours' party was so noisy (that) we
6 There was a delicious smell coming from the couldn't sleep.
kitchen, which made us all feel very hungry. 167A
4 The restaurant was so crowded (that) they
couldn't find anywhere to sit down. 1 above 3 over 5 under
160Л 5 We were all having such a good time (that) we 2 under 4 on top of 6 underneath
1 When 4 until 7 when didn't want to stop.
2 while S as soon as 8 when 168A (Possible answers)
3 until, before 6 just as 163A 1 behind
1 I'm going to the library to return a book. 2 in front of
161A 2 She's gone to the greengrocer's for some 3 between
1 Though they have a car, they rarely use it. potatoes. 4 up, down
2 Although he was innocent, he was sent to 3 He's taking the car to the garage to have it Sat
prison. serviced. 6 across
3 Even though he has a number of relatives living 4 He phoned me to invite me to his рапу. 7 next to, in
nearby, he never visits them. 5 1 get up early every day to go jogging. 8 from, to, in/at
4 Even though she never takes any kind of 6 They've gone to the pub for a drink. 9 to
exercise, she is quite fit and healthy. 10 opposite/in front of/behind/next to
163B 11 through/in
161B 12 along ('down' and 'up' are also possible)
1 It's used for taking corks out of bottles. 13 across/over ('along' is also possible)
1 All the trains were on time despite the heavy 2 It's used for cutting grass. 14 over ('from' is also possible)
snow. 3 It's used for making holes in paper. 15 past
2 Our coach didn't arrive late in spite of the 4 It's used for measuring temperature. 16 towards/to
terrible traffic.
3 A lot of people buy those houses despite the 163C 169A
high prices. 1 He's started walking to work so as to get more lat, 5 in, on 9 at, on
exercise. 2 ,in 6 at. in 10 in, in
161C 2 The government are going to increase taxes in 3 on 7 in 11 in
1 (i) She didn't apply for the job despite having order to raise more money. 4 , on Sat
the right qualifications. 3 We took a map with us on the journey so as not
(ii) She didn't apply for the job despite the fact to get lost. 170A
(that) she had the right qualifications. 4 They stopped work at 1 o'clock in order to have
2 (i) He stayed outside in the cold weather despite lunch. 1 on time 3 on time 5 in time
feeling ill. 2 in time 4 in time
(ii) He stayed outside in the cold weather despite 163D
the fact (that) he felt ill. 171A
1 He switched on the light so that he could see
3 (i) People continue to smoke in spite of know- what he was doing. 1 in the end 3 in the end 5 at the end
ing the dangers. 2 I turned down the music so that I wouldn't 2 at the end 4 in the end 6 at the end
(ii) People continue to smoke in spite of the fact disturb the neighbours.
(that) they know the dangers. 3 She repeated everything so that we would 172A
remember it. 1 during 4 for, during/in 7 while
161D 4 She's saving money so that she can buy a new 2 for 5 during 8 during/for
1 She likes hard work while/whereas he's quite car. 3 during/in 6 for, during/in
lazy.
2 She likes jazz and pop music while/whereas he 164A 173A
prefers classical music. 1 You'd better hurry up in case you miss your train. 1 from, until/to 3 from, until/to 5 by
3 She likes going out a lot while/whereas he 2 Take a book on the journey in case you get bored. 2 by 4 until/to 6 until
prefers staying at home. 3 Put on some suncream in case you get sunburnt.
4 She's very practical while/whereas he's quite 4 Wear a coat when you go out in case you catch 174A
idealistic. a cold.
5 She's very generous while/whereas he can be 1 for, before 3 for, before
5 You should lock the car in case someone tries to 2 for, ago 4 ago, since
rather mean. steal it.
162A 175A
164B
1 He phoned the police because he'd lost his 1 on, by 3 in, by S by, by
lif 3 incase 5 incase 2 by, on 4 on
wallet. 2 if 4 if
2 I didn't have any lunch because I wasn't
hungry. 176A
165A
3 Our plane was delayed because of the fog. las
4 He went to Paris because he wanted to learn 1 on, in 2 like
French. 2 at ('in' is also possible) 31ike
5 I took an umbrella because I thought it might 3 at/in, in 4 as ('like' is also possible in an informal style)
rain. 4 in, on Slike
6 He couldn't run very fast because of his bad 5 at ('in' is also possible) 6 like
leg. 6 in, in 7 as ('like' is also possible in an informal style)
346
Key to exercises
176В 8 In, on 2 I've thrown it away.

9 on, at 3 He's looking after her.
1 They look as if they've been arguing. 4 Are you looking forward to it?
10 at ('in' is also possible), in, since, in
2 It looks as if it's going to rain.
11 from, since 5 Can you fill it in?
3 She looks as if she's just had some good news. 6 She takes after him.
12 in
4 They look as if they've been running. 7 He can't do without it.
13 as. in, for, in/during
5 He looks as if he's going to fall.
14 on, under, in
15 of 187A
176C 16 at 1 2 3
1 She's SO years old, but she looks as if she was/ 17 on, on /IZ/ /S/ /Z/
were 30. 18 in/at, for, at washes waits opens
2 He's only a receptionist, but he acts as if he 19 with teaches Mick's cars
owned the hotel. 20 for, about misses stops Sally's
3 They're quite rich, but they behave as if they 21 from/to, to dishes admits drives
were poor. 22 for, with Alice's books shows
4 He's only got a cold, but he acts as if he was/ 23 of watches Bert's studies
were dying. 24 of hopes brings
5 It's my car, but he treats it as if it belonged to 25 with, in, on 187R
J.O ID
him. 26 between
27 of 1 2 3
177A 28 about, in /id/ /t/ /d/
1 with 3 with 5 in, with 29 to, about, in painted passed failed
2 in 4 with 30 to, for, in ended finished loved
invented hoped opened
178A (Possible answers) 184A waited danced planned
admitted watched studied
1 of 8 in 15 of 1 Have you sent your brother the letter?
2 to 9 on 16 at 2 I'll get Sally a present.
be d
3 about 10 of 17 of 3 Have you told your parents the news?
4 at 11 with 18 from/to 4 I bought you some stamps. 1S8A
1 QQ A
5 for 12 of 19 to 5 She lent Peter her car. 1 2 3 4

6 of 13 at/by 20 with, for 6 I kept you a seat. + -s + -es Д + -ies fi/Je + 'ves
7 He's prepared us a meal. waits catches copies shelves
179A 8 Will you give Mrs Woods this message? plates buzzes worries wives
runs misses flies knives
1 with 5 of 9 to/towards
2 to 6 in 10 for
184B pays finishes spies
1 They didn't offer me the job. admits tomatoes marries
3 between 7 between 11 for
2 She bought a book for her son. discos teaches
4 to 8 in 12 of
3 Can you pass me the salt?
180A 4 W i l l you lake this package to your parents? 188B
5 They have ordered us a taxi. 1 2 3 4
1 for 3 by 5 by, in 7 by
6 He showed the photographs to all his friends. +-ing jb +-ing fe+-ying x2+-i/ig
2 on 4 by 6 on 8 in, with
drying coming dying stopping
181A 185A playing making tying knitting
1 fill in 4 speak up 7 came across showing writing travelling
1 at 9 of 17 in fixing behaving planning
2 kept on 5 held up
2 to 10 of/about 18 of offering leaving shopping
3 gone up 6 turned down
3 about 11 of/about 19 about visiting admitting
4 to, about 12 of 20 for marrying
5 on 13 of 21 on
186A (Possible answers)
staying
6 to, for 14 of 22 into 1 took off 3 broke out
7 to, for 15 for 2 grows up 4 getting up/to get up
188C
8 from 16 after
186B 1 2 3 4
+-ed -/ +-ed фл-ied x2+-ed
182A 1 Would you like to try on this jacket?/Would you washed arrived applied robbed
1 for 4 on 7 to like to try this jacket on? pulled moved emptied trapped
2 of 5 from 8 about 2 I don't enjoy playing football any more. 1 think
discovered phoned carried dropped
3 about 6 of I'll give it up.
prayed hoped studied travelled
3 My wife wants me to shave off my mous- showed saved admitted
183A tacheTMy wife wants me to shave my mous-
1 out of 8 up 15 at
tache off. 188D
4 I have to speak to Mr Mason. I'd better ring him
2 inside 9 into 16 near 1 2
up.
3 Next to 10 down 17 in front of + -er/-est /e + -er/-est
5 That music is rather loud. Would you turn it
4 off 11 across 18 on higher highest nicer nicest
5 outside 12 towards 19 opposite ' slower slowest later latest
6 Behind 13 along 20 round shorter shortest simpler simplest
7 onto 14 past
186C cheaper cheapest wider widest
1 look after 3 came into blacker blackest whiter whitest
183B 2 get over 4 I ran into an old friend
1 at, in, at 3 4
2 in, on
186D
т$ + ~er/-est x 2 + -er/-est
3 of/about, to, on, in 1 got rid of 3 look back on happier happiest bigger biggest
4 at ('in' is also possible), in, for 2 come up with 4 put up with
busier busiest wetter wettest
5 in, in easier easiest fatter fattest
6 at, on 186E funnier funniest thinner thinnest
7 during, to 1 He's going to give it up. redder reddest
347
Key to exercises
188E 12
1 2 1 has he been losing, has he lost
+-/y -jl +-/v 2 have you looked, have you been looking 2 it's snowing is a mistake
lately gently happily 3 has she been doing, has she done
hopefully horribly luckily 4 have they been playing, have they played 43^
are winning is a mistake
really idly drily 5^
quickly probably studied С is passing is a mistake
showed heavily 1 read War and Peace since 1980
beautifully temporarily 2 studying Spanish for two years
13
suddenly 3 directing films since the 1960s IB 2В ЗА 4B SB 6A
definitely 4 raining since Monday
politely 5 worked for ten years
14
6 skied since 1989 1 'II (will) have left. 'II (will) be driving
7 acting since the 1970s 2 'II (will) have arrived. 'II (will) be checking-in
Answers to Progress Tests 3 Ml (will) be Hying
li 7i 4 'II (will) have arrived. 'II (will) be driving
5 Ml (will) be having
1 has 1 ... 1 've lived ...
2 'm (am) negotiating 2 Tolstoy wrote ... 15
3 nuns, leave 3 S
1 Robert was going to watch the film on TV but
4 'm (am) trying 4 ... Someone has stolen ...
5 Who discovered ... he fell asleep.
5 is becoming
2 1 was going to visit you but I did not have
t goes 6 We played tennis... enough time.
7 are disappearing 7 When did you pass ...
3 Sarah was going to change some traveller's
8 falls 8^ cheques but the bank was closed.
9 're (are) slaying 9 1 've never eaten ...
4 We were going to go to the concert but it was
10 is moving, are repairing 10 ... He 'i grown a beard.
cancelled.
lii 5 I was going to finish work early but my boss
7U asked me to work late.
1A 2В ЗА 4А 5В 6В 7В 8А I B 2A 3B 4B SA *B 7A 6 My parents were going to fly to Scotland but
21 8 В 9 В 10 В they decided to go by train.
1 The Titanic was travelling to New York ... 8 16
2 The juniper shrank when I washed it. 1 Carlo has lived in Rome for three years. 1 're (are) always complaining
3' 2 S 2 always arrives
4 I broke my toe ... 3 How long have you been studying English? 3 's (is) always looking
5 The mouse had a heart attack ... 4 My parents have been married for thirty 4 's (is) always helping
6 The footballer идо naming towards the goal ... years. 5 always have
7 James Dean was driving a sports car when he 5 /
died. 6 Sarah has known Simon for a long time.
7 Those men have been waiting outside since
17
2H 2.00. IB 2A ЗА 4B SB 6A 7В 8В
1 While I was writing a letter the phone rang. 8 /• 9 В 10 В
2 Did you read the newspaper as soon as it arrived? 9 My sister has lived in Brighton since 1980.
3 She didn't lock the door when she left the office. 10 The Rolling Stones rock group have been 18 i
4 The train was going through the tunnel when it playing together for over twenty years. I am writing to you in reply to your advertisement
suddenly stopped. in last Monday's Evening Argus.
5 Sally was washing her hair when the doorbell 9i
At the moment, I am working for Sun Travel, a
rang. IB 2A 3В 4В SB
company in London. / have worked/I have been
6 Did John Logic Baird invent the television or the
telephone? working there for two years. Before I joined Sun
7 They cried when they heard the bad news. Travel, / worked for a student travel company in
1 When I visited the town last month, they'd Spain. / worked there for a year. Before that, /
8 The cat was lying on the sofa when the mouse (had) built a new hospital.
came into the room. worked for Worldwide Travel in Brighton for a
2 When we'd (had) had dinner, we went out for a
year. Now I would like to move back to Brighton
3 walk.
and / am looking for a job with a travel company
Ibeen 3gone 3 When Sue looked in the fridge all the food had
in the town.
4 been gone.
2 been, been
4 I didn't know the way to John's house because I
5 gone 18 u Suggested answers
hadn't been there before.
5 Mike got really exhausted in his first marathon 1 What is the most embarrassing thing that has
1 It has just started to rain. because he hadn't run in such a long race before. ever happened to you in your life?
2 Have you finished that book yet? 2 I had a terrible experience last Saturday.
3 I haven't seen that film yet 10 3 This is what happened.
4 The bus has just left. 1 We'd (had) been wailing for an hour ... 4 I left my flat at 2 o'clock and went into town
5 Have you already done your shopping?/Have 2^ to do some shopping.
you done your shopping already? 3 We 'd (had) been living in Paris for ten years ... 5 I go shopping most Saturday afternoons.
( Bob has already applied for several jobsTBob 4^ 6 By 4 o'clock, I had finished shopping and I
has applied for several jobs already. 5 ... I'd (had) been working since early in the went into a cafe for a cup of coffee.
morning ... 7 While I was sitting in the cafe, I saw a friend
Si called Julie Jones and she joined me.
11 8 At around 4.30 Julie and I paid the bill and
1 has grown
2 have been making 1 '11 (will) meet 6 'm (am) going to take left the cafe.
3've(have) broken 2 's (is) going to rain 7 're (are) going to live 9 As we were leaving, I offered to give Julie a
4 've (have) been playing 3 'II (will) lend 8 'II (will) bite lift home in my car.
5 've (have) lost 4 '11 (will) look 9 'II (will) buy 10 She said she would like a lift so we walked to
6 've (have) been putting up 5 'II (will) teach 10 's (is) going to have the car park together.
348
Key to exercises
11 I always put my car in the same car park near 24 34

the town centre, but when we got to the car
park, I had a big surprise. I B 2C 3B 4A 5C 6C 7B I B 2A 3C 4B 5C 6A 7В 8С
12 My car was not there! 8A 9C 10B
35 Possible answers
13 Of course, I immediately thought that some- 25
one had stolen it. 1 Can 1 use your phone, please?
14 I was going to phone the police, but luckily I 1 'Yes, of course you can/may.' 2 Could I have the menu, please?
2 The law says that you can 't/aren 't allowed to 3 Could you explain something to me, please?
didn't.
15 I suddenly realised the truth! drive ... 4 Would you lend me some money?
5 Would you mind opening the door, please?
16 I had not driven into town that day! 3'
4 'Yes, of course you can/ may.' 6 I'll give you a lift home in my car.
17 I had come on the bus instead.
5 My brother can/is allowed to borrow ... 7 Shall I show you how to use the photocopier?
18 Imagine how stupid 1 felt.
8 How about a walk in the park/having a walk
19 My face went so red. 6'
7 My sister's daughter was allowed to stay up... in the park?
20 Julie just smiled and said 'Don't worry. We 9 Would you like to go to the cinema this
can take the bus home together!'
26 i evening?
10 Where shall we meet tomorrow?
18 iii Suggested answers 1 You don't have to be over 16 to get married. 11 Let's go swimming this weekend.
1 was walking 10 started 2 I must pass the exam 12 Why don't we watch a video this evening?
2 had been 11 took 3 You have to have an appointment to see the
3 had spent 12 stabbed manager. 36
4 were walking 13 was passing 4 You don't have to apologise.
5 You mustn't drive without a seat belt. 1 I go swimming a lot nowadays.
5 stopped 14 stopped 2^
6 asked 15 helped 3 / don 'I get up early these days.
7 had been drinking 16 visited 26 ii 4 My uncle used to live in San Francisco when
8 was 17 got 1 have to 3 must 5 having to he was younger.
9 refused 2 had to 4 have to 6 have to 5 Mike lived in Paris for a year.
6 Sarah used to like Madonna, but she doesn't
19 27 any more.
IB 2В ЗА 4B SB 6A 7A 8B 1C 2C ЗА 4B 5C 6B 7A 8C 7 /•
9 A 10 В 8 When I was a student / used to have a beard.
28 9 Where did you use to live?
20 i 1 •/ 10 ^
2 Mike didn 't need to go to work ...
IBoil
3^ 37 i 37 ii
2 leave
4 Sue didn't need to hurry home ...
3add 1 wouldn't go 1 a refusal
5 Kate didn't need to make ...
4 stir 2 Ml (will) be 2 a promise
5 leave 29 3 won't say 3 a refusal
4 Ml (will) call 4 a threat
20 ii I B 2A 3B 4C 5A 6C 7B 5 won't eat 5 a refusal
8A 9B IOC
1 Let's hurry. 3
3 Let's not make
2 Let's not tell 4 Let's stay
38
30
1 may as well apply 3 may as well sell
1 It may rain tonight. 4 may as well give up
21 i 2 Peter could be in the Sports centre.
2 may as well clean
1 's (is) 6 's (is) 11 are 3 Sally might have written to the bank. 39 i
2 's (is) 7 was 12 are 4 Ken may not have seen me. 1 The doctor recommended that I should see a
3 're (are) 8 was 13 Is 5 I might not be here tomorrow. specialist.
4 's (is) 9 was 14 were 6 The robbers may have had a key to the office. 2 I insisted that the shop assistant should give me
5 'm (am) 10 's (is) 7 The children might not be asleep. my money back.
8 People could be living on the moon in the 3 My teacher suggested that 1 should buy a larger
21 ii year 2050. dictionary.
1 Is, is 55 Was, wasn't, was 9 Mike may not have received my letter. 4 The traffic warden insisted that we should move
2 Is, isn't, 's (is) 6
6 were, were 10 Those people might be waving at us. our car.
3 Is, 's (is) 77 Were, weren't
4 aren't, 're (are) 31 39 ii
1 It may be very hot here tomorrow. 1 I'm pleased that you should remember my
22 2 I may be wrong. birthday.
1 There's (is). It's (is) 3 Anyone can be wrong. 2 I was surprised that Sue should offer me a job.
2 There are. They're (are) 4 Cats can live for 20 years. 3 I'm sorry that you should lose your wallet.
3 Is there, there is. It's (is) 5 Your cat may live for 20 years. 4 It was interesting that John should agree with me.
4 Are there, there are. They're (are)
5 There was. It was 32 40
6 There will be, They'll (will), be 1 Simon should be in his room. 1 I had more money
2 1 ought to finish the book soon. 2 1 hadn't been rude to Jim's wife
23 3 Maria should have received the letter yesterday. 3 Peter would listen to me
4 We shouldn't be late home tonight. 4 Annie hadn't eaten so much chocolate
1 5 I lived in the country
2 I've got a pain in my neck at the moment. 5 My parents ought to have arrived at their hotel a
few hours ago. 6 we could find a cure for cancer
3 Did you have a good journey yesterday? 7 it would stop raining
4
5 33 41
б We usually have dinner at 7 o'clock. 1 must be 5 can't have left 1 'd (would) rather have
7 'Have you got a car?' 'Yes, / have.' 2 can't be 6 must be 2 'd (would) rather, didn't tell
8 /• 3 must have gone 7 must have taken 3 'd (would) rather go
9 Did Madonna have blonde hair in 1991? 4 can't be 4 'd (would) rather not play
10 Have you got/Do you have л driving licence?
5 'd (would) rather, did
349
Key to exercises
42 2 a) wouldn't have woken up, hadn't gone 11 Do you want the job?
b) hadn't woken up, wouldn't have missed 12 Can you stan next month?
1 went 3 asked
c) hadn't missed, wouldn't have been
2 cleaned 4 bought 52 ii
49 1 They asked me where I worked.
43 i
1 Go now or I'll be very angry. 2 They asked me how long I had been working
1 have built a new motorway 2 Provided you help me now, I'll help you later. there.
2 keep the information on our computer 3 Give me your address and I'll write to you. 3 They asked me if I was on holiday in Eng-
3 arrested a man late last night 4 Unless they offer me a better job. I'll leave the land.
4 should take the medicine after meals company. 4 They asked me when I had arrived/when I
5 'II (will) have to sell the hotel 5 Г11 stay up and watch the film as long as it isn't arrived there.
6 criticizing him 5 They asked me if I had been to Britain before.
on too late.
7 'd (had) pulled down my old school 6 They asked me how long I was going to stay
6 Supposing you were in my place, what would
8 was following me you do? there.
7 Should I win the lottery, I'll give you half the 7 They asked me if I liked English food.
43 ii money. 8 They asked me if 1 had/had got any brothers
1 The president is being interviewed on TV at or sisters.
the moment. 50 i 9 They asked me how long I had been studying
2 The post is delivered twice a day. English.
1 ... if she fails ...
3 The old man was taken to hospital. 10 They asked me if I could speak any other
2 ... he wouldn 't have broken ...
4 The traffic lights were being repaired yester- languages.
3S
day. 4 If I don't have ...
5 This letter has been opened.
5 ... / wouldn't lend... 53
6 I remember being told the news. 1 She invited her friend to go to the cinema.
6^
7 Taxes should be reduced. 7 ... if / didn 't have to work ... 2 He offered to post the letter for her.
8 Ann must have been told about the accident. 3 The doctor advised me to take more exercise.
9 The 9.15 train had been cancelled, so I took a
later train.
sou 4 I promised not to drive too fast.
10 The law is going to be changed soon. 1 If we'd known the film was on TV, we would
have recorded it on our video. 54
43 Hi 2 If I didn't go to bed late every night, I wouldn't 1 Switch off your engine, please.
always be tired. 2 Where are you going?
1 was robbed 6 were seen 3 I'm going home.
3 If Janet had been in a hurry, she wouldn't have
2 was blown open 7 also want 4 Where do you live?
walked home.
3 was stolen 8 worked 5 Where have you just come from?
4 If I had enough money, I could go skiing next
4 took 9 disappeared week. 6 I've been at a friend's house all evening.
5 are looking 10 has not been seen 5 If we'd had an umbrella, we wouldn't have got 7 Can I see your driving licence, please?
wet. 8 Get out of the car, please.
44 9 Is it your car?
1 ... written with a typewriter. 51 i 10 I bought it last year.
2^ 11 You can go home.
1 I'm 25 years old.
3 ... made with three eggs.
2 I work in a bank.
4 ... painted by Leonardo da Vinci.
3 I've been working there for a year. 55 i
4 1 don't like my job very much. 1C 2B 3B 4B SA 6B 7A 8C
45 9 В IOC 11A 12 В 13 С 14В ISA
5 I'm in Europe on holiday.
1 will be given the information later 6 I'm having a great holiday. 16 В 17В 18В 19 С 20В 21В 22В
2 was sent to me 7 I arrived in London last week.
3 was knocked over in the street 8 I've been to Britain twice before. 55 ii
4 is expected that the president will visit Moscow 9 I'm going to Italy next week. 1 I stopped playing...
5 is said to have been invented in China 10 I can't speak Italian very well. 2•
6 is thought that the Queen of England is one of 11 I'll be in Italy for a week. 3 Thanks for letting me borrow...
the richest women in the world 4 Would you like to have...
7 are claimed to have visited the earth 51 ii 5 Walking can be ...
8 to cause skin cancer 6 It isn't easy to learn ...
1 (that) he had been working there for a year
2 her (that) he was looking for a better job 7 I went to the station to get my train.
46 8 They wanted me to go out with them.
3 (that) he liked travelling
1 're (are) having our roof repaired at the moment 4 (that) he had been to the United States 9 Everyone refused to help the old man.
2 'm (am) having a stereo fitted in my car 5 her (that) he had been/went to New York last 10 /"
3 has her flat cleaned once a week summer 11 How about playing tennis ...
4 had your eyes tested recently 6 (that) he would like to go to Australia one day 12 ... I saw some men building ...
5 had his briefcase stolen tost week 7 her (that) he had/had got one sister 13 Have you finished eating ...
8 (that) her name was Judy 14 I'm used to working ...
47 i 9 her (that) his sister didn't live in England 15 •<
I B 2B 3B 4C 5A 6C 10 (that) she lived in Spain 16 We're thinking of going...
17 Can you come ...
47 ii 52 i 18 I'm looking forward to seeing ...
1 stops 6 wouldn't buy 1 How old are you? 19 /
2 were 7 lie 2 Where do you work now? 20 Do you feel like listening...
3 '11 (will) switch 8 doesn't apologize 3 How long have you worked there? 21 Annie's mother made her eat her lunch.
4 'd (would) buy 9 Would you stop 4 Where did you go to school? 22 Do you want someone to help you movel
5 won't be 10 Will you phone 5 What exams did you take at school? someone to help you to move the table?
6 Can you drive a car?
48 7 How long have you been driving? 56
1 a) 'd (had) taken, wouldn't have got 8 Have you got/Do you have a car of your own? 1 the news surprising
b) 'd (had) known, wouldn't have gone 9 What are your hobbies? 2 shocked by the man's behaviour
c) hadn't gone, wouldn't have caught 10 What do you like doing in your free time? 3 travel interesting
350
Key to exercises
4 bored by the tennis match 63 i 67 ii Suggested answers

5 the sauna very relaxing 1 ,a 6 a, the 1^
57 2 the,the,the 7 a, the 2 ... I've got nothing left.
3 The С A' is also 8 ,— 3 There isn't anything good...
11 dropped my bag running for a bus. possible), the, the 9 the,the, 4 ... There's nobody living there.
2 We got lost driving through Paris. 4 the 10 the 5 We've looked everywhere ..., but we can't find
3 Having locked all the doors, I went to bed. 5 ,—- it anywhere.
4 Having just had a drink, I wasn't thirsty. 6/
63 ii 7^
58 1 Canberra is the capital of Australia. 8 There wasn't anywhere to sit down ...
1 ... and trousers? 2 San Diego is in Southern California.
2' 3 Is the Amazon the longest river in Latin 68
3 The news isn't... America ? 1 has got a powerful Japanese motorbike
4 How many people ... 4 Jamaica is an island in the Caribbean Sea. 2 looks beautiful this summer
5 Where are the scissors? 5 Snowdon is the highest mountain in England 3 seems a very cheerful woman
6 ... a new toothbrush. and Wales. 4 was wearing a long black leather coat
7' 6 Lake Michigan is in the United States. 5 had lunch at an expensive French restaurant
8 How much are these blue Levi's jeans? 7 The Gobi desert is in Asia.
8 The Uffizi is one of the most famous muse- 6 are around 5,000 years old
9 ... the children ...
ums in the world.
10 ^
9 The Statue of Liberty was made in France. 69 i
11 Your hair looks washed it? 1 Today is sunnier than yesterday.
12 Ten kilometres is a long way ... 10 Macy's is a famous department store on 34th
Street in New York. 2 My boyfriend isn't as clever as he thinks.
13 One of my brothers works in a shoe shop. 3 Ken is a much more careful driver than Simon.
14 Physics was my favourite subject...
15 '
64 i 4 You aren't taller than / am/me.
IB 2D ЗА 4D SA 6C 7B 5 What was the happiest day of your life?
16 • 6 The older my grandmother gets, the more
17 There was £30 in my wallet, but now it's 8D 9 В 10 D
gone. forgetful she becomes.
18 Some passers-by... 64 ii 7 Camping isn't as comfortable as staying in a
1 intelligent and charming hotel, but it's much healthier.
59 i 2 sing nor play the guitar 8 The problem of world pollution is getting worse
3 my girlfriend nor I enjoyed the party and worse.
1 this week's news
4 people like Monday mornings
2 the thieves' stolen car
5 one of Steven Spielberg's films 69 ii
3 the roof of the hotel
6 she wanted was a cup of coffee for breakfast 1 cheaper than playing golf
4 the price of your meal 7 much/a lot of French 2 fastest animal in the world
5 two weeks' vacation 8 houses have video phones 3 best thing to wake you up in the morning
6 the end of the film 9 of my sisters are/is married 10 of my friends 4 as big as Toyko
7 the middle of our English lesson have/has failed their driving test 5 most talented footballer in the world
8 the name of the girl who came to dinner 6 more exciting than listening to records
9 Jim's brother's girlfriend 65 i
10 the rising cost of petrol
1 Look! There's Sally and her boyfriend! Can 70
59 ii you see them? 1 very slowly 3 very hard
2 My brother looks very young, but he's older 2 rather reckless driver 4 very good actor
1 A friend of mine is having a party. than / am/me. 5 angrily
2 The town's only theatre is closed. 3 'Who's that outside?' 'It's me.'
3 Some neighbours of ours have offered to help 4 My girlfriend and I phone each other every 71
us. day. 1 My parents will be on holiday next week.
4 Britain's rainfall has been light this year. 5 Our flat was cheaper than theirs, but theirs is 2 I walked confidently into the exam room.
5 We've been visiting some relatives of ours. much smaller than ours. 3 We saw them in town on Saturday morning.
6 Did the old man hurt himself when he fell out 4 All the students worked hard last week.
60 of his bed? 5 The English like tea very much.
1 ... has information about hotel accommodation. 7 1 woke up, got dressed and made myself some 6 My grandmother went into hospital last
2 ... your hair cut? breakfast. week.
3 There is traffic news... 8 It's easy to cut y0«rse//when you're shaving. 7 My brother never helps with the housework.
4 ... without a lot of luggage. 9 When we warned her not to walk home by 8 We always start school at 9.00.
5 ... a loaf of bread!some bread ... and some herself, she just laughed at us. 9 My teacher is never late for class.
10 We were very annoyed with ourselves for 10 Robert no longer plays football.
spaghetti. forgetting about your party.
6 Where is the money ... Have you spent ft... 11 I'll never forget the first time we met.
7 We're having beautiful weather... 12 I always sleep 8 hours every night.
65 ii 13 Carla probably hasn't finished working yet.
8 Some of our furniture was damaged ... 14 We have already been waiting for an hour and
1 You ('One'is also possible) 5 yourself
г herself the bus still hasn't come.
61 3 they,their
6 It
7 they
la 7a 13 the 19 the 4 it 8 me, my 72
2 the 8л 14 a 20 The 1A 2C 3B 4C 5A/B 6B/C 7A
Зал 9a 15 an 21 the 66 8 A 9 В ЮС И A 12 С 13В 14С
4 The 10 the 16 the 22 an 15АУС
5 the 11 an 17 the 23 the IB 2C ЗА 4С
6 the 12 the 18 the 67 i 73
62 1 anything all day 1 as well as you do
2 anybody living in that house 2 more clearly than 1 do
1 Noise 3 The water 5 money 3 nothing to do today 3 more carelessly than I do
2 the noise 4 Water 6 the money 4 nowhere this week 4 best of all the students in her school
351
Key to exercises
74 81 i 4 I worked in a bank/or five years.

5 Ken and Kate are on holiday in August.
11 don 'I think politics a interesting. 1^ 6 1 always visit my parents at Christmas.
I It im 'I (or it's nor) raining at the moment. 2 Have you seen the book which was on my 7 Mike usually plays football at t
3 You haven 'I got any brothers or sisters. desk? be weekend.
4 My sister ooesn 't wort in London. 3S 8 You've known we for ten years.
5 Liz wouldn't like to live in the country. 4 The girl who answered the phone said you 9 1 was bom on January 3rd in 1968.
61 didn 't work yesterday. weren't at home. 10 Sarah was listening to the radio while she was
7 Sue won't be here next weekend. 5 Where's the newspaper which I bought/I taking a bath.
8 They haven't been waiting for us. bought this morning? 11 The doctors operated on the man just in time
6 Is that the man who sold you the car? to save his life.
75 7 She's the woman whose briefcase was stolen. 12 Are you doing anything at the end of next
1 Is she going by car? 8 Steven Spielberg's new film, which cost more week?
2 How often do you go swimming? than $100 million to make, will be showing in 13 I fell asleep in front of the TV during the
3 Which hotel did you slay at? British cinemas soon. football match.
4 Aren't you hungry? 9 Albert Davis, who is only 25 years old, is the 14 The builders say they'll have finished the job
5 Can't you stay any longer? new manager of Acme Export Ltd. by next weekend at the latest.
6 Have you eaten Indian food? 10 S 15 I found my new contact lenses strange at first,
7 How long has she been having piano lessons? 11 John's father gave me the taxi fare, which was but I got used to them in the end.
8 Doesn't he want to come out with us? very nice of him.
9 Who did you ask? 85
1» Who asked you? 81 u
I who 7 • Iwith 4 in (or'with') 7 as if (or'like')
76 2 8 2 in 5 like 8 as (or 'like')
1 didn't she? 5 shall we? 3 who/that 9 • 3 by, on б as
2 are you? 6 do you 4 —— 10 who/whom
3 doesn't it? 7 will/would/can/could you? 5 whose 11 whose 86
4 won't he? 8 wouldn't you? 6 where 12 which 1C 2B 3C 4C 5A 6В 7В 8А
9 A 10 В Н А 12 С 13В 14 А 15 С
77 82 16В 17 С 18 А 19 С 20В
1 Haven't you? 3 Did you? 5 Isn't he? I B 2A ЭВ 4A 5C «A 7C 8B
2 Does she? 4 Have you? 9 A 10 В 11С 12 В 13 A 14 В IS В 87
16 А 17В 18С 19C 20 В
1 The company has given Kathy Cobuild the
78 job.
1 Can you tell me where the nearest bank u? 83 2 My sister made me a cake on my last birthday.
2 What time do you usually finish work? 1 onto, next to 3 The receptionist will order us a taxi.
2 into, over 4 I've promised someone these concert tickets.
3'
4 Can you iciiieiiiber where you put my pen? 3 in, on, above
5 Have you decided what colour you are going to 4 to, from, in, in 88
paint the flat? 5 at, in, on, on, below 1 I turned down their offer of a job.
6 Do you know if the bridge has been repaired yet? 6 along, in front of, into 2 We kept on working through our lunch
7 When did you start to study English? 7 out of, onto, outside, round break.
8 inside, behind, off, into 3 Robert gave up playing football years ago.
79 9 under, down, on top of 4 People say that I take after my father.
1 No. he didn't. 4 No, I don't think so. 10 past, through, up 5 What time did you set off on your journey?
2 Yes, I'm afraid it is. 5 Yes, I hope so. II into, behind, in 6 Unemployment has gone up by 10% since last
3 Yes, I have. 6 Yes. I am. 12 on, through, from year.
13 off, across, towards 7 Our flight was held up by bad weather.
80 14 at, in, between, opposite 8 My grandfather never went back on a prom-
1 You aren't hungry and neither is Jim. ise.
2 Peter can drive and so can Sally. 84 9 Mr and Mrs James may never get over the
3 I'm in a hurry and so are you. 1 My interview is at 2 o'clock on Monday. tragic death of their son.
4 1 haven't seen the film and neither have you. 2 We've been waiting here/or ten minutes. 10 The bank's computer has broken down six
5 You saw what happened and so did we. 3 Are you leaving on Saturday morning? times this week already!
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Heinemman English Grammar-1992

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Heinemman English Grammar-1992

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The Heinemann ELT

Русская редакция: проф. БехП.А.

First published 1989

Designed by Mike Brain

Digby Beaumont, Colin Granger

ISBN 966-7269-23-Х © Методика, Киев.

Present continuous употребляется для выражения действия, которое происходит в момент

Present continuous употребляется также для выражения действия, которое происходит в

Present simple употребляется для выражения повторяемых и привычных действий.

Present simple также употребляется для выражения общепринятых истин.

Present continuous употребляется для Present simple употребляется для выражения

'At eight о 'clock last night I was watching TV.'

Past continuous и past simple часто употребляются в предложении одновременно.

Past continuous обозначает продолженные действия или ситуации, которые длились в

I was here at 3.00. I am still here now - at 4.00.

Someone has broken the window. [Кто-то

My name is Lynne Carter. I work for a travel company called

Look at the picture. It is ten to

7 Gone and been

Compare gone и been:

8 Present perfect \rithjust, yet and already

Present perfect часто употребляется с наречиями just, yet и already:

При присоединении к глаголам окончания -ing иногда происходят изменения в

Present perfect continuous также употребляется, когда действие происходило до недавнего

It's been snowing.

I've been cleaning my car. I've cleaned my car.

Иногда бывает незначительная разница между этими двумя формами.

11 Present perfect with for and since

For и since часто употребляются с present perfect для выражения действий,

for + length of time since + starting point

12 Present perfect and past simple

Present perfect также употребляется, когда Past simple употребляется, когда

13 Present perfect and present tense

Для обозначения длительности действия можно использовать present perfect, но не present

14 Past perfect simple

Earlier Past Past Present

Peter arrived late at different places yesterday.

EXERCISE 14B EXERCISE 14C

15 Past perfect continuous

Эта форма иногда называется 'past perfect progressive'.

При присоединении к глаголам окончания -ing иногда происходят изменения в

Earlier Past Past -Present

16 Future (Будущее время): will

will + infinitive without to (but see b below)

'11 = will won 't = will not

Tomorrow will be another cold day in all parts of the country.

think expect believe be sure be afraid hope

I expect they'll be here at around 10 o'clock tomorrow morning.

Oh. thank you.

С Moutd you Like

EXERCISE 16A EXERCISE 16B

Complete what Derek says using will/won't.

Look at those black clouds in the sky. It's going to rain.

Гт going to have a shower.

Will и going to употребляются для выражения будущего действия, но между ними

. 9 Present continuous for the future

what ore you doing

Look at Sally's diary for next week.

work meet do go see

53®. On Monday evening I'm going to a disco

20 Future: present continuous and going to

21 Present simple for the future