Method of Presenting Data

Raw Data: 2, 5, 6, 5, 8, 10, 4, 4, 12, 1, 3, 7

Frequency Distribution Method

(1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12)

Range = HOV – LOV

= 12 – 1
Range = 11
___
Class Interval (i) = √N
___
= √ 12
i = 3.46 or 3

Width (w) = Range

i
= 12
3
w = 4
_
Class Mark ( x) = LL + UL
2
_
Class No Class Limit Tallies Frequency (f) x
1 1–4 5 2.5
2 5–8 5 6.5
3 9 – 12 2 10.5

Histogram Frequency Polygon

6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
2.5 6.5 10.5 2.5 6.5 10.5

Cumulative Frequency

f cf < cf > (1 - 4) 42%

5 2 12 (5 - 8) 42%
5 7 7 (9 - 12) 16%
2 12 2

Pie Chart
Relative
Class No Class Limit Frequency Frequency Percentage Sector
1 1–4 5 0.42 42% 151.2°
2 5–8 5 0.42 42% 151.2°
3 9 – 12 2 0.16 16% 51.6°
Ungroup Data

Measures of Central Tendency

_
Mean ( x)

Simple Mean: x = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12

_
x = Ʃx = 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 + 12
n 6
_
x = 7

Weighed Mean: w = 20, 30, 10, 15, 25, 5

_
x = Ʃ(wx) = 2(20) + 4(30) 6(10) + 8(15) + 10(25) + 12(5)
n 6
_
x = 650 = 6.19
105

Mean for Simple Frequency Distribution

x f fx
2 3 6
_
4 6 24 x = Ʃfx
6 4 24 n
8 8 64
10 6 60 = 322
_ 39
12 12 144 x = 8.26
n = 39 Ʃfx = 322

Median (x˜)

x˜ = n+1 = 6+1 = 3.5th

2 2
x˜ = 8+6 = 7
2

Mode (x^)

x^ = no mode

Midrange = HS – LS = 12 – 3 = 5
2 2
Measure of Variability

_ _
x x /x–x/ /x–x/² x²
2 7 5 25 4
4 7 3 9 16
6 7 1 1 36
8 7 1 1 64
10 7 3 9 100
12 7 5 25 144

Range = HOV – LOV Variance (ō²)

_
= 12 – 2 a. Ʃ/ x – x/ ² b. n (Ʃx²) – (Ʃx) ²
n–1 n (n – 1)
Range = 10
ō² = 70 = (364) – (42) ²
5 6(5)

= 14 = 14

Mean Deviation (MD)

MD = Ʃ/ x – x/
N
= 18
6
MD = 3

Standard Deviation (ō) Semi-inter-quartile range (QD)

__
Ō= √ō² QD = Q3 – Q1
__ 2
= √14 Q3 = 3 (42) = 31.5
4
Ō= 3.74 Q1 = 1 (42) = 10.5
4
QD = 31.5 – 10.5
2
= 10.5
Group Data
Measure of Central Tendency
_
Mean (x)

Class f x fx d fd cf<
Interval
2–4 2 3 6 -1 -2 2
5–7 4 6 24 0 0 6
8 – 10 3 9 27 1 3 9
11 – 13 6 12 72 2 12 15

Long Method
_
x = Ʃfx
n
= 129
_ 15
x = 8.6

Short Method
_
x = x° + Ʃfd w
n

= 6+ 13 3
15
_
x = 8.6

Median (x˜)
x˜ = Lb + 7.5 – cf < w
f

= 7.5 + 7.5 – 6 3
3
x˜ = 9

Mode (x^)

x^ = Lb + dl w
du + dl

= 10.5 + 6 3
6+3
X^ = 10.5
_
True Mode = 3 x˜ - 2 x Crude Mode = LL + UL
= 3 (9) – 2 (8 – 6) 2
= 9.8 = 11 + 13
2
= 12
Measure of Variability
_ _
Class f x fx x /x-x/ f/x-x/ d fd d2 fd2 x2 fx2 cf<
2–4 2 3 6 8.6 5.6 11.2 -1 -2 1 2 9 18 2
5–7 4 6 24 8.6 2.6 10.4 0 0 0 0 36 144 6
8 - 10 3 9 27 8.6 0.4 1.2 1 3 1 3 81 243 9
11 - 13 6 12 72 8.6 3.4 20.4 2 12 4 24 144 864 15

Range = HRL – LRL = 13 – 2 = 11

Mean Deviation (MD)

_
MD = Ʃf/x-x/
n
= 43.2
15
MD = 2.88

Variance (ō²)

a. w² nƩfd2 – (Ʃfd)2
n (n-1)

ō² = 3² 15(29) - 13²
15(14)

= 11.4
b. n(Ʃfx²) – (Ʃfx)²
n (n-1)

ō² = 15(1269) – (129)²
15(14)
= 11.4

Standard Deviation (ō)

____
ō = √11.4
ō = 3.38

Semi-inter-quartile Range (QD)

QD = Q3 – Q1
2
Q3 = 10.5 + 11.25 – 9 3
6
= 11.63

Q1 = 4.5 + 3.75 – 2 3
4

= 5.81

QD = 11.63 – 5.81
2

QD = 2.91