Plant Protection 30.4.2009

NEW AND RESTRUCTURED
POST-GRADUATE CURRICULA & SYLLABI
PLANT PROTECTION
Entomology
Nematology
Plant Pathology
Education Division
Indian Council of Agricultural Research
New Delhi
April 2009
Contents
Page(s)
Executive Summary 3-4
BSMAC Composition 5
Preamble 6-8
Organization of Course Contents & Credit Requirements 9
Entomology 10-45
Course Structure – At a Glance 10

Course Contents 11
List of Journals 42
e-Resources 43
Suggested Broad Topics for Master’s and Doctoral Research 44
Nematology 46-64
Course Contents 47
List of Journals 63
e-Resources 64
Plant Pathology 65-87
Course Contents 66
List of Journals 87
e-Resources 87
Compulsory Non Credit Courses 88-92
Acknowledgements 93
2
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The new and restructured post-graduate academic programme for plant protection
sciences includes many new aspects/features, some of them are as follows.
Entomology
A detailed treatise on post-harvest losses due to insects, mites, rodents, birds

and microorganisms in stored grains and methods of their control
Role of soil arthropods in detritus feeding, litter breakdown and humus

formation
Acarology: Economic importance of mites to different crops, poly-houses,

stored products and honey bees
Commercial Entomology: Apiculture; sericulture; lac insects; insect pests of

public health importance, cattle, poultry and pet animals; termite proofing of
buildings; rodent control; organic methods of domestic pest management
Agricultural Ornithology: Pestiferous and beneficial birds associated with

different crops
Immature stages of insects: Their identification and significance for pest

management
DNA-based diagnostic and DNA finger-printing for taxonomy and

phylogeny
Marker-aided selection in resistance breeding
Resistance management strategies in transgenic crops
Scope of genetically engineered microbes and parasitoids in biological

control
Dynamism of IPM under changing cropping systems and climate
IPM under protected cultivation
Nematology
Entomopathogenic nematodes: Mass multiplication techniques,

formulations, field application and efficacy
Nematodes as biological model systems
Nematodes as indicators of pollution and their role in organic matter

recycling
3
Development of computer-based identification programmes
Nematode management options for organic farming and precision farming
Application of GIS and GPS technology for surveillance and management
Resistance genes and RNAi technology
Plant Pathology
Integrated approach in controlling post harvest diseases and improving shelf-

life of produce; knowledge of Codex Alimentarious for each product and
commodity
Plant Bio-security and Bio-safety: Invasive alien species, Bio-warfare,

National Regulatory Mechanism and International Agreements/Conventions;
issues related to GM crops; strategies for combating risks and costs
associated with agro-terrorism
Seed Health Technology: Sanitary and Phyto-sanitary issues under WTO
Mushroom Production Technology: Complete package for entrepreneurial

skills
Principles and Procedures of Certification: Role of international agencies in

certification and quality control, fixing tolerance limits for diseases and
insect pests in certification, accreditation of seed testing laboratories, role of
seed/planting material health certification in national and international trade
General
Introduction of compulsory non-credit courses on:

o Library and Information Services
o Technical Writing and Communication Skills
o Intellectual Property and its Management in Agriculture
o Basic Concepts in Laboratory Techniques
o Agricultural Research, Research Ethics and Rural Development
Programmes
o Disaster Management
Provision of budgetary estimates to the extent of Rs 50 crores for

implementation of revised curriculum in Plant Protection recommended.
4
BSMA Committee on Plant Protection
(Entomology/Plant Pathology/Nematology/Apiculture/Sericulture)
(Constituted by ICAR vide Office order No. F. No. 13 (1)/2007- EQR

dated January 14, 2008)
Name Address Specialization

Dr B. L. Jalali 10/95, HAU Campus, CCS Haryana Pl. Pathology
Former Director of Agricultural University, Hisar
Research, CCS HAU
Convener
Dr H. S. Gaur IARI, New Delhi Nematology
Dean & Joint Director
(Edu.)
Dr. R. Govindan Agricultural College, UAS, Entomology
Director of Instructions Bangalore
(Agri)
Dr. R.K. Jain Division of Plant Pathology Pl. Pathology
Head IARI New Delhi
Dr H. S. Rewal Dept. of Plant Pathology, PAU, Pl. Pathology
Prof. & Head Ludhiana
Dr. H.N. Gour Department of Plant Pathology, Pl. Pathology
Prof. & Head Maharana Pratap University of
Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur
Dr Hari Mohan Singh Dept. of Entomology, Entomology
Prof. & Head NDUA & T, Kumargunj, Faizabad
Dr Ashok Sharma Dept of Entomology, SKN College Entomology
Prof. & Head of Agriculture, Rajasthan
Agriculture University, Jobner
Campus, Bikaner
Dr. R.K. Walia Department of Nematology, Nematology
Professor CCS Haryana Agicultural
Member Secretary University, Hisar
5
PREAMBLE
Indian agricultural scenario has witnessed phenomenal strides over the last fifty
years, from acute food shortages to the ushering in of green revolution leading to food
stocks bulging to the seams. However, during the past few years, there has been a steady
decline in the overall agricultural growth rate, causing depletion in reserve food stocks,
with resultant emergent imports to keep the food stocks at desired levels.
The stagnation in agricultural growth has been a topic of debate among the planners
and decision makers of agricultural policies. Among the several contributing factors, the
role of pests and diseases has cut more ice than before. The importance of pests and
diseases is coming under scanner, particularly with the liberalization of global agricultural
trade. The WTO regulations facilitate the trade of agricultural commodities, but riddance
from pests and diseases in export-import oriented agricultural produce is required to be
strictly monitored and regulated by Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary certifications. Demand for
improvement in the qualitative traits of agricultural produce and their value addition, has
also contributed to the importance of plant protection measures.
The increasing application of biotechnology and nano-technology in agricultural
research, including plant protection, warrants thorough revision of our human resource
development strategies to meet the growing challenges. Consequently, restructuring the
curricula content and delivery systems and their recasting to produce globally competitive
manpower has gained primacy. Further, the shrinking job opportunities in National
Agricultural Research System (ICAR/SAUs) have put additional pressure on our education
system to prepare students in tune with the demands of the private sector.
To fulfill these objectives, the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) over
the years has developed strong academic linkages with various institutions and
professionals of the country to induce vital reforms in agricultural education for improving
its quality, relevance and uniformity across the country. Under this process, the Council
has recently revised course curricula and syllabi of UG programmes through IV Deans’
Committee. For restructuring of PG academic programme, a National Core Group (NCG)
constituted by the ICAR has now been mandated to revise the curricula and syllabi of
Masters and Doctoral programmes in all the disciplines of agriculture. The NCG further
constituted 18 Broad Subject Matter Area (BSMA) Committees to undertake this exercise
in their respective subject matter domains.
6
The BSMA Committee on Plant Protection seriously deliberated upon the issues
concerning agricultural education in general, and plant protection in particular. The
proposed academic resolutions, as applicable to most of the disciplines, were passed in a
combined meeting of Conveners and Member Secretaries of all the 18 BSMA Committees.
The curricula and syllabi of the three disciplines, viz., Entomology, Plant Pathology and
Nematology, were discussed at length in the meetings and workshop convened by the
BSMA Committee on Plant Protection. The opinions and suggestions invited from
institutions, eminent scientists, and other stakeholders (private entrepreneurs) were
reviewed by the BSMA Committee. This document was given a final shape after
presentation and discussion of the salient features of each discipline in a combined meeting
held on 23-24 June, 2008 at NAAS Complex, New Delhi. The new look and restructured
PG programme in Plant Protection has been designed in considerations based on: demands
of private sector harnessing commercial aspects, modern research tools and their
applications, supplementary skills required, and to enhance the global competitiveness and
employability of our students. Considerable efforts have, therefore, gone in for the
preparation of this final document.
While the restructured programme retains the classical contents of the subjects e.g.,
morphology, taxonomy, pest and disease spectrum of specific crops, biology/bionomics
etc.; the current issues and modern approaches have been given new thrust. Some of the
salient features of the revised curriculum are – application of biotechnological tools in
systematics and breeding of pest/disease resistant crop cultivars and biological control;
inclusion of sericulture, apiculture to encourage self-employment through cottage industry;
detailed treatise on stored grain pests to alleviate post-harvest losses; pest control
techniques for house-hold and pet animals etc. The curriculum also addresses aspects of
mushroom production technology to facilitate establishment of commercial units in peri-
urban areas and employment generation. Certification of planting material has gained
utmost importance in the wake of global trade regimes, therefore, a full course on
Principles and Procedures of Certification is proposed. Use of beneficial nematodes for the
biological control of insect pests of crops; nematodes as indicator of pollution; role of
nematodes in organic matter recycling, and their application as biological models - are
some other modern approaches incorporated in the syllabus. A list of relevant and latest
books has been provided for each course. Commonly used journals and web-sites pertaining
to the three subjects have been added for the benefit of students. Some contemporary broad
7
suggestive research topics are also listed for each subject to facilitate the students and their
supervisors in the selection of appropriate topics for theses/dissertations.
Another novel feature of new curriculum is the proposal for introduction of

compulsory non-credit courses on: i) Library and Information Services – to apprise the
students with the modern tools of information search and knowledge resources; ii)
Technical Writing and Communication Skills – to improve the thesis/research paper writing
skills and communication skills of students; iii) Intellectual Property and its Management
in Agriculture – to impart knowledge on the use of IPR as tool for wealth and value
creation in a knowledge-based society; iv) Basic Concepts in Laboratory Techniques – to
impart fundamental knowledge on the safety aspects and use of routine laboratory
techniques; v) Agricultural Research, Research Ethics and Rural Development
Programmes – to enlighten the students about the organization and functioning of
agricultural research systems at national and international levels, research ethics and rural
development programmes and policies of Government; iv) Disaster Management - to
introduce learners to the key concepts and practices of natural/man-made disaster
management, to equip them to conduct thorough assessment of hazards, and capacity
building.
It is the belief of BSMA Committee on Plant Protection that the restructured PG
academic programme, with an appropriate blend of classical and modern components,
would prove ideal for generating human resource competent to meet global challenges and
competitiveness, handling plant protection problems of farmers and farming needs leading
to higher productivity and profitability, security of the environment, besides enhancing their
employability both in public and private sectors.
8
ORGANIZATION OF COURSE CONTENTS
&
CREDIT REQUIREMENTS
Code Numbers
• All courses are divided into two series: 500-series courses pertain to Master’s level, and
600-series to Doctoral level. A Ph. D. student must take a minimum of two 600 series
courses, but may also take 500-series courses if not studied during Master’s
programme.
• Credit seminar for Master’s level is designated by code no. 591, and the two seminars
for Doctoral level are coded as 691 and 692, respectively.
• Similarly, 599 and 699 codes have been given for Master’s research and Doctoral
research, respectively.
Course Contents
The contents of each course have been organized into:
• Objective – to elucidate the basic purpose.
• Theory units – to facilitate uniform coverage of syllabus for paper setting.
• Suggested Readings – to recommend some standard books as reference material. This
does not unequivocally exclude other such reference material that may be recommended
according to the advancements and local requirements.
• A list of journals pertaining to the discipline is provided at the end which may be useful
as study material for 600-series courses as well as research topics.
• E-Resources - for quick update on specific topics/events pertaining to the subject.
• Broad research topics provided at the end would facilitate the advisors for appropriate
research directions to the PG students.
Minimum Credit Requirements
Subject Master’s programme Doctoral programme

Major 20 15
Minor 09 08
Supporting 05 05
Seminar 01 02
Research 20 45
Total Credits 55 75
Compulsory Non Credit Courses See relevant section
Major subject: The subject (department) in which the students takes admission
Minor subject: The subject closely related to students major subject (e.g., if the major
subject is Entomology, the appropriate minor subjects should be Plant Pathology &
Nematology).
Supporting subject: The subject not related to the major subject. It could be any
subject considered relevant for student’s research work.
Non-Credit Compulsory Courses: Please see the relevant section for details. Six
courses (PGS 501-PGS 506) are of general nature and are compulsory for Master’s
programme. Ph. D. students may be exempted from these courses if already studied
during Master’s degree.
9
ENTOMOLOGY
Course Structure – at a Glance
CODE COURSE TITLE CREDITS
ENT 501* INSECT MORPHOLOGY 1+1
ENT 502* INSECT ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND NUTRITION 2+1
ENT 503 PRINCIPLES OF TAXONOMY 2+0
ENT 504* CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS 2+1
ENT 505* INSECT ECOLOGY 1+1
ENT 506 INSECT PATHOLOGY 1+1
ENT 507* BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF CROP PESTS AND WEEDS 1+1
ENT 508* TOXICOLOGY OF INSECTICIDES 2+1
ENT 509 PLANT RESISTANCE TO INSECTS 1+1
ENT 510* PRINCIPLES OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT 1+1
ENT 511*# PESTS OF FIELD CROPS 1+1
ENT 512*# PESTS OF HORTICULTURAL AND PLANTATION CROPS 1+1
ENT 513 STORAGE ENTOMOLOGY 1+1
ENT 514 INSECT VECTORS OF PLANT VIRUSES AND OTHER PATHOGENS 1+1
ENT 515 GENERAL ACAROLOGY 1+1
ENT 516 SOIL ARTHROPODS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT 1+1
ENT 517 VERTEBRATE PEST MANAGEMENT 1+1
ENT 518* TECHNIQUES IN PLANT PROTECTION 0+1
ENT 519 COMMERCIAL ENTOMOLOGY 1+1
ENT 520 PLANT QUARANTINE 2+0
ENT 591 MASTER’S SEMINAR 1+0
ENT 599 MASTER’S RESEARCH 20
ENT 601 ADVANCED INSECT SYSTEMATICS 1+2

ENT 602 IMMATURE STAGES OF INSECTS 1+1
ENT 603 ADVANCED INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2+0
ENT 604 ADVANCED INSECT ECOLOGY 1+1
ENT 605 INSECT BEHAVIOUR 1+1
ENT 606 RECENT TRENDS IN BIOLOGICAL CONTROL 1+1
ENT 607 ADVANCED INSECTICIDE TOXICOLOGY 2+1
ENT 608 ADVANCED HOST PLANT RESISTANCE 1+1
ENT 609 ADVANCED ACAROLOGY 1+1
ENT 610 AGRICULTURAL ORNITHOLOGY 1+1
ENT 611** MOLECULAR APPROACHES IN ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 1+1
ENT 612** ADVANCED INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT 2+0
ENT 613/ PLANT BIOSECURITY AND BIOSAFETY 2+0
PL PATH 606$
ENT 691 DOCTORAL SEMINAR 1 1+0

ENT 692 DOCTORAL SEMINAR II 1+0
ENT 699 DOCTORAL RESEARCH 45

*Compulsory for Master’s programme; ** Compulsory for Ph.D. programme
#
One out of 511 or 512 is compulsory; $ Cross-listed with Plant Pathology
10
ENTOMOLOGY
Course Contents
ENT 501 INSECT MORPHOLOGY 1+1
Objective
To acquaint the students with external morphology of the insect’s body i.e.,
head, thorax and abdomen, their appendages and functions.
Theory
UNIT I
Principles, utility and relevance: insect body wall structure, cuticular
outgrowths, colouration and special integumentary structures in insects,
body tagmata, sclerites and segmentation.
UNIT II
Head- Origin, structure and modification; types of mouthparts and
antennae, tentorium and neck sclerites.
UNIT III
Thorax- Areas and sutures of tergum, sternum and pleuron, pterothorax;
Wings: structure and modifications, venation, wing coupling apparatus and
mechanism of flight; Legs: structure and modifications.
UNIT IV
Abdomen- Segmentation and appendages; Genitalia and their
modifications; Embryonic and post-embryonic development; Types of
metamorphosis. Insect sense organs (mechano-, photo- and chemo-
receptors).
Practical
Study of insect segmentation, various tagmata and their appendages;
preparation of permanent mounts of different body parts and their
appendages of taxonomic importance including male and female genitalia.
Sense organs.
Suggested Readings
Chapman RF. 1998. The Insects: Structure and Function. Cambridge
Univ. Press, Cambridge.
David BV & Ananthkrishnan TN. 2004. General and Applied Entomology.
Tata-McGraw Hill, New Delhi.
Duntson PA. 2004. The Insects: Structure, Function and Biodiversity.
Kalyani Publ., New Delhi.
Evans JW. 2004. Outlines of Agricultural Entomology. Asiatic Publ., New
Delhi.
Richards OW & Davies RG. 1977. Imm’s General Text Book of
Entomology. 10th Ed. Chapman & Hall, London.
Saxena RC & Srivastava RC. 2007. Entomology: At a Glance. Agrotech
Publ. Academy, Jodhpur.
Snodgross RE. 1993. Principles of Insect Morphology. Cornell Univ. Press,
Ithaca.
11
ENT 502 INSECT ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND 2+1
NUTRITION
Objective
To impart knowledge to the students on basic aspects of anatomy of
different systems, elementary physiology, nutritional physiology and their
application in entomology.
Theory
UNIT I
Scope and importance of insect anatomy and physiology.
UNIT II
Structure, modification and physiology of different systems- digestive,
circulatory, respiratory, excretory, nervous, sensory, reproductive,
musculature, endocrine and exocrine glands.
UNIT III
Thermodynamics; physiology of integument, moulting; growth,
metamorphosis and diapause.
UNIT IV
Insect nutrition- role of vitamins, proteins, amino acids, carbohydrates,
lipids, minerals and other food constituents; extra and intra-cellular micro-
organisms and their role in physiology; artificial diets.
Practical
Dissection of different insects to study comparative anatomical details of
different systems; preparation of permanent mounts of internal systems;
chromatographic analysis of free amino acids of haemolymph;
determination of chitin in insect cuticle; examination of insect haemocytes;
determination of respiratory quotient; preparation and evaluation of various
diets; consumption, utilization and digestion of natural and artificial diets.
Suggested Readings
Chapman RF.1998. Insects: Structure and Function. ELBS Ed., London.
Duntson PA. 2004. The Insects: Structure, Function and Biodiversity.
Kerkut GA & Gilbert LI. 1985. Comprehensive Insect Physiology,
Biochemistry and Pharmacology. Vols. I-XIII. Pergamon Press,
New York.
Patnaik BD. 2002. Physiology of Insects. Dominant, New Delhi.
Entomology. 10th Ed. Vol. 1. Structure, Physiology and
Development. Chapman & Hall, New York.
Saxena RC & Srivastava RC. 2007. Entomology at a Glance. Agrotech
Wigglesworth VB.1984. Insect Physiology. 8th Ed. Chapman & Hall, New
York.
ENT 503 PRINCIPLES OF TAXONOMY 2+0

Objective
To sensitize the students on the theory and practice of classifying
organisms and the rules governing the same.
Theory
UNIT I
12
Introduction to history and principles of systematics and importance.
Levels and functions of systematics. Identification, purpose, methods-
character matrix, taxonomic keys. Descriptions- subjects of descriptions,
characters, nature of characters, analogy vs homology, parallel vs
convergent evolution, intraspecific variation in characters, polythetic and
polymorphic taxa, sexual dimorphism.
UNIT II
Classification of animals: Schools of classification- Phenetics, Cladistics
and Evolutionary classification. Components of Biological Classification:
Hierarchy, Rank, Category and Taxon. Species concepts, cryptic, sibling
and etho-species, infra-specific categories. Introduction to numerical,
biological and cytogenetical taxonomy.
UNIT III
Nomenclature: Common vs Scientific names. International Code of
Zoological Nomenclature, criteria for availability of names, validity of
names. Categories of names under consideration of ICZN. Publications,
Principles of priority, and homonymy, synonymy, type concept in
zoological nomenclature. Speciation, anagenesis vs cladogenesis,
allopatric, sympatric and parapatric processes.
Suggested Readings
Blackwelder RE. 1967. Taxonomy - A Text and Reference Book. John
Wiley & Sons, New York.
Kapoor VC. 1983. Theory and Practice in Animal Taxonomy. Oxford &
IBH, New Delhi.
Mayr E. 1971. Principles of Systematic Zoology. Tata McGraw-Hill, New
Delhi.
Quicke DLJ. 1993. Principles and Techniques of Contemporary Taxonomy.
Blackie, London.
ENT 504 CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS 2+1

Objective
To introduce the students to the classification of insects up to the level of
families with hands-on experience in identifying the families of insects.
Theory
UNIT I
Brief evolutionary history of Insects- introduction to phylogeny of insects
and Major Classification of Superclass Hexapoda – Classes – Ellipura
(Collembola, Protura), Diplura and Insecta- Orders contained.
UNIT II
Distinguishing characters, general biology, habits and habitats of Insect
orders and economically important families contained in them.
Collembola, Protura, Diplura. Class Insecta: Subclass Apterygota –
Archaeognatha, Thysanura. Subclass: Pterygota, Division Palaeoptera –
Odonata and Ephemeroptera. Division: Neoptera: Subdivision:
Orthopteroid and Blattoid Orders (=Oligoneoptera: Plecoptera, Blattodea,
Isoptera, Mantodea, Grylloblattodea, Dermaptera, Orthoptera,
Phasmatodea, Mantophasmatodea, Embioptera, Zoraptera), Subdivision:
Hemipteroid Orders (=Paraneoptera): Psocoptera, Phthiraptera,
Thysanoptera and Hemiptera.
UNIT III
13
Distinguishing characters, general biology, habits and habitats of Insect
orders and economically important families contained in them (Continued).
Division Neoptera – Subdivision Endopterygota, Section Neuropteroid-
Coleopteroid Orders: Strepsiptera, Megaloptera, Raphidioptera,
Neuroptera and Coleoptera, Section Panorpoid Orders Mecoptera,
Siphonaptera, Diptera, Trichoptera, Lepidoptera, and Section
Hymenopteroid Orders: Hymenoptera.
Practical
Study of Orders of insects and their identification using taxonomic keys.
Keying out families of insects of different major Orders: Odonata,
Orthoptera, Blattodea, Mantodea, Isoptera, Hemiptera, Thysanoptera,
Phthiraptera, Neuroptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera and
Hymenoptera. Field visits to collect insects of different orders.
Suggested Readings
CSIRO 1990. The Insects of Australia: A Text Book for Students and
Researchers. 2nd Ed. Vols. I & II, CSIRO. Cornell Univ. Press,
Ithaca.
Freeman S & Herron JC. 1998. Evolutionary Analysis. Prentice Hall, New
Delhi.
Entomology. 10th Ed. Chapman & Hall, London.
Ross HH.1974. Biological Systematics. Addison Wesley Publ. Co.
Triplehorn CA & Johnson NF. 1998. Borror and DeLong’s Introduction to
the Study of Insects. 7th Ed. Thomson/ Brooks/ Cole,
USA/Australia.
ENT 505 INSECT ECOLOGY 1+1

Objective
To teach the students the concepts of ecology, basic principles of
distribution and abundance of organisms and their causes. Study life tables,
organization of communities, diversity indicies. Train students in sampling
methodology, calculation of diversity indicies, constructing life tables,
relating insect population fluctuations to biotic and/or abiotic causes.
Theory
UNIT I
History and Definition. Basic Concepts. Organisation of the Biological
world. Plato’s Natural Balance vs Ecological Dynamics as the modern
view. Abundance and diversity of insects, Estimates and Causal factors.
Study of abundance and distribution and relation between the two. Basic
principles of abiotic factors and their generalised action on insects.
Implications for abundance and distribution of organisms including insects-
Law of the Minimum, Law of Tolerance, and biocoenosis, Systems
approach to ecology.
UNIT II
Basic concepts of abundance- Model vs Real world. Population growth-
basic models – Exponential vs Logistic models. Discrete vs Continuous
growth models. Concepts of Carrying capacity, Environmental Resistance
and Optimal yield. Vital Statistics- Life Tables and their application to
insect biology. Survivorship curves. Case studies of insect life tables.
Population dynamics- Factors affecting abundance- Environmental factors,
14
dispersal and migration, Seasonality in insects. Classification and
mechanisms of achieving different seasonality- Diapause (Quiescence) -
aestivation, hibernation.
UNIT III
Biotic factors- Food as a limiting factor for distribution and abundance,
Nutritional Ecology. Food chain- web and ecological succession.
Interspecific interactions- Basic factors governing the interspecific
interactions- Classification of interspecific interactions - The argument of
cost-benefit ratios. Competition- Lotka-Volterra model, Concept of niche-
ecological homologues, competitive exclusion. Prey-predator interactions-
Basic model- Lotka-Volterra Model, Volterra’s principle. Functional and
numerical response. Defense mechanisms against predators/parasitoids-
Evolution of mimicry, colouration, concept of predator satiation; evolution
of life history strategies.
UNIT IV
Community ecology- Concept of guild, Organisation of communities-
Hutchinson Ratio, May’s d/w, Relation between the two and their
association with Dyar’s Law and Przibram's law. Relative distribution of
organisms, Concept of diversity- the Wallacian view. Assessment of
diversity. Diversity- stability debate, relevance to pest management. Pest
management as applied ecology.
Practical
Types of distributions of organisms. Methods of sampling insects,
estimation of densities of insects and understanding the distribution
parameters- Measures of central tendencies, Poisson Distribution, Negative
Binomial Distribution. Determination of optimal sample size. Learning to
fit basic population growth models and testing the goodness of fit. Fitting
Holling’s Disc equation, Assessment of prey-predator densities from
natural systems and understanding the correlation between the two.
Assessing and describing niche of some insects of a single guild.
Calculation of niche breadth, activity breadth and diagramatic
representation of niches of organisms. Calculation of some diversity
indices- Shannon’s, Simpson’s and Avalanche Index and understanding
their associations and parameters that affect their values. Problem solving
in ecology. Field visits to understand different ecosystems and to study
insect occurrence in these systems.
Suggested Readings
Chapman JL & Reiss MJ. 2006. Ecology: Principles & Applications. 2nd
Ed. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.
Gotelli NJ & Ellison AM. 2004. A Primer of Ecological Statistics. Sinauer
Associates, Inc., Sunderland, MA.
Gotelli NJ. 2001. A Primer of Ecology. 3rd Ed. Sinauer Associates, Inc.,
Sunderland, MA
Gupta RK. 2004. Advances in Insect Biodiversity. Agrobios, Jodhpur.
Krebs CJ. 1998. Ecological Methodology. 2nd Ed. Benjamin-Cummings
Publ. Co., New York.
15
Krebs CJ. 2001. Ecology: The Experimental Analysis of Distribution and
Abundance. 5th Ed. Benjamin-Cummings Publ. Co., New York.
Magurran AE. 1988. Ecological Diversity and its Measurement. Princeton
Univ. Press, Princeton.
Price PW. 1997. Insect Ecology. 3rd Ed. John Wiley, New York.
Real LA & Brown JH. (Eds). 1991. Foundations of Ecology: Classic
Papers with Commentaries. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Southwood TRE & Henderson PA. 2000. Ecological Methods. 3rd Ed.
Methuen & Co. Ltd., London.
Speight MR, Hunta MD & Watt AD. 2006. Ecology of Insects: Concepts
and Application. Elsevier Science Publ., The Netherlands.
Wilson EO & William H Bossert WH. 1971. A Primer of Population
Biology. Harvard University, USA.
Wratten SD & Fry GLA.1980. Field and Laboratory Exercises in Ecology.
Arnold, London.
ENT 506 INSECT PATHOLOGY 1+1

Objective
To teach the students about various microbes that are pathogenic to insects,
factors that affect their virulence; provide hands-on training in
identification, isolation, culturing various pathogens and assessing
pathogenicity.
Theory
UNIT I
History of insect pathology, infection of insects by bacteria, fungi, viruses,
protozoa, rickettsiae, spiroplasma and nematodes.
UNIT II
Epizootiology, symptomatology and etiology of diseases caused by the
above and the factors controlling these. Defense mechanisms in insects
against pathogens.
UNIT III
Examples of successful instances of exploitation of pathogens for pest
management and mass production techniques of pathogens. Safety and
registration of microbial pesticides. Use of insect pathogens in integrated
management of insect pests.
Practical
Familiarization with equipment used in insect pathology laboratory.
Identification of different groups of insect pathogens and symptoms of
infection. Isolation, culturing and testing pathogenicity of different groups
of pathogens. Testing Koch’s postulates. Estimation of pathogen load.
Extraction of pathogens from live organisms and soil. Bioassays to
determine median lethal doses.
Suggested Readings
Boucias DG & Pendland JC. 1998. Principles of Insect Pathology. Kluwer
Academic Publisher, Norwel.
Burges HD & Hussey NW. (Eds). 1971. Microbial Control of Insects and
Mites. Academic Press, London.
Steinhaus EA. 1984. Principles of Insect Pathology. Academic Press,
London.
16
ENT 507 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF CROP PESTS AND WEEDS 1+1
Objective
To train the students with theory and practice of biological control, mass
production techniques and field evaluation of various biological control
agents like parasitoids, predators and various entomopathogenic
microorganisms.
Theory
UNIT I
History, principles and scope of biological control; important groups of
parasitoids, predators and pathogens; principles of classical biological
control- importation, augmentation and conservation.
UNIT II
Biology, adaptation, host seeking behaviour of predatory and parasitic
groups of insects. Role of insect pathogenic nematodes, viruses, bacteria,
fungi, protozoa etc., their mode of action. Biological control of weeds using
insects.
UNIT III
Mass production of quality biocontrol agents- techniques, formulations,
economics, field release/application and evaluation.
UNIT IV
Successful biological control projects, analysis, trends and future
possibilities of biological control. Importation of natural enemies-
Quarantine regulations, biotechnology in biological control.
Semiochemicals in biological control.
Practical
Identification of common natural enemies of crop pests (parasitoids,
predators, microbes) and weed killers. Visits (only where logistically
feasible) to bio-control laboratories to learn rearing and mass production of
egg, egg-larval, larval, larval-pupal and pupal parasitoids, common
predators, microbes and their laboratory hosts, phytophagous natural
enemies of weeds. Field collection of parasitoids and predators. Hands-on
training in culturing, identification of common insect pathogens. Quality
control and registration standards for biocontrol agents.
Suggested Readings
Burges HD & Hussey NW. (Eds). 1971. Microbial Control of Insects and
De Bach P. 1964. Biological Control of Insect Pests and Weeds. Chapman
& Hall, New York.
Dhaliwal GS & Arora R. 2001. Integrated Pest Management: Concepts and
Approaches. Kalyani Publ., New Delhi.
Gerson H & Smiley RL. 1990. Acarine Biocontrol Agents – An Illustrated
Key and Manual. Chapman & Hall, New York.
Huffaker CB & Messenger PS. 1976. Theory and Practices of Biological
Control. Academic Press, London.
Ignacimuthu SS & Jayaraj S. 2003. Biological Control of Insect Pests.
Phoenix Publ., New Delhi.
Saxena AB. 2003. Biological Control of Insect Pests. Anmol Publ., New
Delhi.
Van Driesche & Bellows TS. Jr. 1996. Biological Control. Chapman &
Hall, New York.
17
ENT 508 TOXICOLOGY OF INSECTICIDES 2+1
Objective
To orient the students with structure and mode of action of important
insecticides belonging to different groups, development of resistance to
insecticides by insects, environmental pollution caused by toxic insecticides
and their toxicological aspects.
Theory
UNIT I
Definition and scope of insecticide toxicology; history of chemical control;
pesticide use and pesticide industry in India.
UNIT II
Classification of insecticides and acaricides based on mode of entry, mode
of action and chemical nature. Structure and mode of action of organo-
chlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, tertiary amines,
neonicotinoids, oxadiazines, phenyl pyrozoles, insect growth regulators,
microbials, botanicals, new promising compounds, etc.
UNIT III
Principles of toxicology; evaluation of insecticide toxicity; joint action of
insecticides- synergism, potentiation and antagonism; factors affecting
toxicity of insecticides; insecticide compatibility, selectivity and
phytotoxicity.
UNIT IV
Insecticide metabolism; pest resistance to insecticides; mechanisms and
types of resistance; insecticide resistance management and pest resurgence.
UNIT V
Insecticide residues, their significance and environmental implications.
Insecticide Act, registration and quality control of insecticides; safe use of
insecticides; diagnosis and treatment of insecticide poisoning.
Practical
Insecticide formulations and mixtures; quality control of pesticide
formulations; laboratory and field evaluation of bioefficacy of insecticides;
bioassay techniques; probit analysis; evaluation of insecticide toxicity and
joint action. Toxicity to beneficial insects. Pesticide appliances. Working
out doses and concentrations of pesticides; visit to toxicology laboratories.
Good laboratory practices.
Suggested Readings
Chattopadhyay SB. 1985. Principles and Procedures of Plant Protection.
Oxford & IBH, New Delhi.
Gupta HCL.1999. Insecticides: Toxicology and Uses. Agrotech Publ.,
Udaipur.
Ishaaya I & Degheele (Eds.). 1998. Insecticides with Novel Modes of
Action. Narosa Publ. House, New Delhi.
Matsumura F. 1985. Toxicology of Insecticides. Plenum Press, New York.
Perry AS, Yamamoto I, Ishaaya I & Perry R. 1998. Insecticides in
Agriculture and Environment. Narosa Publ. House, New Delhi.
Prakash A & Rao J. 1997. Botanical Pesticides in Agriculture. Lewis Publ.,
New York.
18
ENT 509 PLANT RESISTANCE TO INSECTS 1+1
Objective
To familiarize the students with types, basis, mechanisms and genetics of
resistance in plants to insects and role of plant resistance in pest
management.
Theory
UNIT I
History and importance of resistance, principles, classification,
components, types and mechanisms of resistance.
UNIT II
Insect-host plant relationships; theories and basis of host plant selection in
phytophagous insects.
UNIT III
Chemical ecology, tritrophic relations, volatiles and secondary plant
substances; basis of resistance. Induced resistance - acquired and induced
systemic resistance.
UNIT IV
Factors affecting plant resistance including biotypes and measures to
combat them.
UNIT V
Screening techniques; breeding for insect resistance in crop plants;
exploitation of wild plant species; gene transfer, successful examples of
resistant crop varieties in India and world.
UNIT VI
Role of biotechnology in plant resistance to insects.
Practical
Screening techniques for measuring resistance; measurement of plant
characters and working out their correlations with plant resistance; testing
of resistance in important crops; bioassay of plant extracts of
susceptible/resistant varieties; demonstration of antibiosis, tolerance and
antixenosis.
Suggested Readings
Dhaliwal GS & Singh R. (Eds). 2004. Host Plant Resistance to Insects -
Concepts and Applications. Panima Publ., New Delhi.
Maxwell FG & Jennings PR. (Eds). 1980. Breeding Plants Resistant to
Insects. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Painter RH.1951. Insect Resistance in Crop Plants. MacMillan, London.
Panda N & Khush GS. 1995. Plant Resistance to Insects. CABI, London.
Smith CM. 2005. Plant Resistance to Arthropods – Molecular and
Conventional Approaches. Springer, Berlin.
ENT 510 PRINCIPLES OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT 1+1

Objective
To familiarize the students with principles of insect pest management,
including concept and philosophy of IPM. Train students in computation
of ETL, implementing IPM programmes.
19
Theory
UNIT I
History and origin, definition and evolution of various related
terminologies.
UNIT II
Concept and philosophy, ecological principles, economic threshold
concept, and economic consideration.
UNIT III
Tools of pest management and their integration- legislative, cultural,
physical and mechanical methods; pest survey and surveillance,
forecasting, types of surveys including remote sensing methods, factors
affecting surveys; political, social and legal implications of IPM; pest risk
analysis; pesticide risk analysis; cost-benefit ratios and partial budgeting;
case studies of successful IPM programmes.
Practical
Characterization of agro-ecosystems; sampling methods and factors
affecting sampling; population estimation methods; crop loss assessment-
direct losses, indirect losses, potential losses, avoidable losses, unavoidable
losses. Computation of EIL and ETL; crop modeling; designing and
implementing IPM system.
Suggested Readings
Dhaliwal GS & Arora R. 2003. Integrated Pest Management – Concepts
and Approaches. Kalyani Publ., New Delhi.
Dhaliwal GS, Singh R & Chhillar BS. 2006. Essentials of Agricultural
Entomology. Kalyani Publ., New Delhi.
Flint MC & Bosch RV. 1981. Introduction to Integrated Pest Management.
1st Ed., Springer, New York.
Horowitz AR & Ishaaya I. 2004. Insect Pest Management: Field and
Protected Crops. Springer, New Delhi.
Ignacimuthu SS & Jayaraj S. 2007. Biotechnology and Insect Pest
Management. Elite Publ., New Delhi.
Metcalf RL & Luckman WH. 1982. Introduction of Insect Pest
Management. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Pedigo RL. 2002. Entomology and Pest Management. 4th Ed. Prentice Hall,
New Delhi.
Norris RF, Caswell-Chen EP & Kogan M. 2002. Concepts in Integrated
Pest Management. Prentice Hall, New Delhi.
Subramanyam B & Hagstrum DW. 1995. Integrated Management of
Insects in Stored Products. Marcel Dekker, New York.
ENT 511 PESTS OF FIELD CROPS 1+1

Objective
To familiarize the students about nature of damage and seasonal incidence
of insect pests that cause loss to major field crops and their effective
management by different methods.
Theory
Systematic position, identification, distribution, host-range, bionomics,
nature and extent of damage, seasonal abundance and management of
insect and mite pests and vectors.
20
UNIT I
Insect pests of cereals and millets and their management. Polyphagous
pests: grasshoppers, locusts, termites, white grubs, hairy caterpillars, and
non-insect pests (mites, birds, rodents, snails, slugs etc.).
UNIT II
Insect pests of pulses, tobacco, oilseeds and their management.
UNIT III
Insect pests of fibre crops, forages, sugarcane and their management.
Practical
Field visits, collection and identification of important pests and their natural
enemies; detection and estimation of infestation and losses in different
crops; study of life history of important insect pests.
Suggested Readings
Atwal AS, Dhaliwal GS & David BV. 2001. Elements of Economic
Entomology. Popular Book Depot, Chennai.
Dunston AP. 2007. The Insects: Beneficial and Harmful Aspects. Kalyani
Publ., New Delhi
Evans JW. 2005. Insect Pests and their Control. Asiatic Publ., New Delhi.
Nair MRGK. 1986. Insect and Mites of Crops in India. ICAR, New Delhi.
Prakash I & Mathur RP. 1987. Management of Rodent Pests. ICAR, New
Delhi.
Saxena RC & Srivastava RC. 2007. Entomology at a Glance. Agrotech
ENT 512 PESTS OF HORTICULTURAL AND PLANTATION CROPS 1+1

Objective
To impart knowledge on major pests of horticultural and plantation crops
regarding the extent and nature of loss, seasonal history, their integrated
management.
Theory
Systematic position, identification, distribution, host range, bionomics and
seasonal abundance, nature and extent of damage and management of
insect pests of various crops.
UNIT I
Fruit Crops- mango, guava, banana, jack, papaya, pomegranate, litchi,
grapes, ber, fig, citrus, aonla, pineapple, apple, peach and other temperate
fruits.
UNIT II
Vegetable crops- tomato, potato, radish, carrot, beetroot, cole crops, french
beans, chow-chow, brinjal, okra, all gourds, gherkin, drumstick, leafy
vegetables etc.
UNIT III
Plantation crop- coffee, tea, rubber, coconut, arecanut, cashew, cocoa etc.;
Spices and Condiments- pepper, cardamom, clove, nutmeg, chillies,
turmeric, ginger, beetlevine etc.
UNIT IV
Ornamental, medicinal and aromatic plants and pests in
polyhouses/protected cultivation.
21
Practical
Collection and identification of important pests and their natural enemies
on different crops; study of life history of important insect pests and non-
insect pests.
Suggested Readings
Atwal AS & Dhaliwal GS. 2002. Agricultural Pests of South Asia and their
Management. Kalyani Publ., New Delhi.
Butani DK & Jotwani MG. 1984. Insects and Vegetables. Periodical Expert
Book Agency, New Delhi.
Dhaliwal GS, Singh R & Chhillar BS. 2006. Essential of Agricultural
Srivastava RP.1997. Mango Insect Pest Management. International Book
Distr., Dehra Dun.
Verma LR, Verma AK & Goutham DC. 2004. Pest Management in
Horticulture Crops : Principles and Practices. Asiatech Publ., New
Delhi.
ENT 513 STORAGE ENTOMOLOGY 1+1

Objective
To focus on requirement and importance of grain and grain storage, to
understand the role of stored grain pests and to acquaint with various stored
grain pest management techniques for avoiding losses in storage.
Theory
UNIT I
Introduction, history of storage entomology, concepts of storage
entomology and significance of insect pests. Post-harvest losses in toto vis-
à-vis total production of food grains in India. Scientific and socio-economic
factors responsible for grain losses.
UNIT II
Important pests namely insects, mites, rodents, birds and microorganisms
associated with stored grain and field conditions including agricultural
products; traditional storage structures; association of stored grain insects
with fungi and mites, their systematic position, identification, distribution,
host range, biology, nature and extent of damage, role of field and cross
infestations and natural enemies, type of losses in stored grains and their
effect on quality including biochemical changes.
UNIT III
Ecology of insect pests of stored commodities/grains with special emphasis
on role of moisture, temperature and humidity in safe storage of food grains
and commodities. Stored grain deterioration process, physical and
biochemical changes and consequences. Grain storage- types of storage
structures i.e., traditional, improved and modern storage structures in
current usage. Ideal seeds and commodities’ storage conditions.
UNIT IV
Important rodent pests associated with stored grains and their non-chemical
and chemical control including fumigation of rat burrows. Role of bird
pests and their management. Control of infestation by insect pests, mites
and microorganisms. Preventive measures- Hygiene/sanitation,
disinfestations of stores/receptacles, legal methods. Curative measures-
Non-chemical control measures- ecological, mechanical, physical, cultural,
22
biological and engineering. Chemical control- prophylactic and curative-
Characteristics of pesticides, their use and precautions in their handling
with special emphasis on fumigants. Integrated approaches to stored grain
pest management.
Practical
Collection, identification and familiarization with the stored grains/seed
insect pests and nature of damage caused by them; detection of insect
infestation in stored food grains; estimation of losses in stored food grains;
determination of moisture content in stored food grains; familiarization of
storage structures, demonstration of preventive and curative measures
including fumigation techniques; treatment of packing materials and their
effect on seed quality. Field visits to save grain campaign, central
warehouse and FCI warehouses and institutions engaged in research or
practice of grain storage like CFTRI, IGSMRI, Hapur etc. (only where
logistically feasible).
Suggesting Readings
Hall DW. 1970. Handling and Storage of Food Grains in Tropical and
Subtropical Areas. FAO. Agricultural Development Paper No. 90
and FAO, Plant Production and Protection Series No. 19, FAO,
Rome.
Jayas DV, White NDG & Muir WE. 1995. Stored Grain Ecosystem.
Marcel Dekker, New York.
Khader V. 2004. Textbook on Food Storage and Preservation. Kalyani
Publ., New Delhi.
Khare BP. 1994. Stored Grain Pests and Their Management. Kalyani
Publ., New Delhi.
Subramanyam B & Hagstrum DW. 1995. Interrelated Management of
ENT 514 INSECT VECTORS OF PLANT VIRUSES AND 1+1

OTHER PATHOGENS
Objective
To teach the students about the different groups of insects that vector plant
pathogens, vector-plant pathogen interaction, management of vectors for
controlling diseases.
Theory
UNIT I
History of developments in the area of insects as vectors of plant
pathogens. Important insect vectors and their characteristics; mouth parts
and feeding processes of important insect vectors. Efficiency of
transmission.
UNIT II
Transmission of plant viruses and fungal pathogens. Relation between
viruses and their vectors.
UNIT III
Transmission of plant viruses by aphids, whiteflies, mealy bugs and thrips.
UNIT IV
Transmission of mycoplasma and bacteria by leaf hoppers and plant
hoppers.
23
UNIT V
Transmission of plant viruses by psyllids, beetles and mites. Epidemiology
and management of insect transmitted diseases through vector
management.
Practical
Identification of common vectors of plant pathogens- aphids, leafhoppers,
whiteflies, thrips, beetles, nematodes; culturing and handling of vectors;
demonstration of virus transmission through vectors- aphids, leafhoppers
and whiteflies.
Suggested Readings
Basu AN. 1995. Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) - Crop Pest and Principal
Whitefly Vector of Plant Viruses. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi.
Harris KF & Maramarosh K. (Eds.).1980. Vectors of Plant Pathogens.
Academic Press, London.
Maramorosch K & Harris KF. (Eds.). 1979. Leafhopper Vectors and Plant
Disease Agents. Academic Press, London.
Youdeovei A & Service MW. 1983. Pest and Vector Management in the
Tropics. English Language Books Series, Longman, London.
ENT 515 GENERAL ACAROLOGY 1+1

Objective
To aquaint the students with external morphology of different groups of
mites, train in identification of commonly occurring families of plant
associated mites, provide information about important mite pests of crops
and their management.
Theory
UNIT I
History of Acarology; importance of mites as a group; habitat, collection and
preservation of mites.
UNIT II
Introduction to morphology and biology of mites and ticks. Broad
classification- major orders and important families of Acari including
diagnostic characteristics.
UNIT III
Economic importance, seasonal occurrence, nature of damage, host range of
mite pests of different crops, mite pests in polyhouses, mite pests of stored
products and honeybees. Management of mites using acaricides, phytoseiid
predators, fungal pathogens etc. Culturing of phytophagous, parasitic and
predatory mites.
Practical
Collection of mites from plants, soil and animals; extraction of mites from
soil, plants and stored products; preparation of mounting media and slide
mounts; external morphology of mites; identification of mites up to family
level using keys; studying different rearing techniques for mites.
Suggested Readings
Chhillar BS, Gulati R & Bhatnagar P. 2007. Agricultural Acarology. Daya
Publ. House, New Delhi.
Gerson U & Smiley RL. 1990. Acarine Biocontrol Agents - An Illustrated
Key and Manual. Chapman & Hall, NewYork.
24
Gupta SK. 1985. Handbook of Plant Mites of India. Zoological Survey of
India, Calcutta.
Gwilyn O & Evans GO. 1998. Principles of Acarology. CABI, London.
Jeppson LR, Keifer HH & Baker EW. 1975. Mites Injurious to Economic
Plants. University of California Press, Berkeley.
Krantz GW. 1970. A Manual of Acarology. Oregon State Univ. Book Stores,
Corvallis, Oregon.
Qiang Zhiang Z. 2003. Mites of Green Houses- Identification, Biology and
Control. CABI, London.
Sadana GL. 1997. False Spider Mites Infesting Crops in India. Kalyani Publ.
House, New Delhi.
Walter DE & Proctor HC. 1999. Mites- Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour.
CABI, London.
ENT 516 SOIL ARTHROPODS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT 1+1

Objective
To impart knowledge about the different groups of arthropods found in soil,
interaction between the different groups, and role of soil arthropods in
humus formation. Hands-on training in sampling and identification of
different groups of soil arthropods.
Theory
UNIT I
Soil arthropods and their classification, habitats and their identification.
UNIT II
Estimation of populations; sampling and extraction methods.
UNIT III
Role of soil arthropods in detritus feeding, litter breakdown and humus
formation. Soil arthropods as bio-indicators of habitat qualities. Effect of
soil arthropod activity on soil properties.
UNIT IV
Harmful and beneficial soil arthropods and their management, inter-
relationship among arthropods and other soil invertebrates and soil
microorganisms. Anthropogenic effects on soil arthropods.
Practical
Sampling, extraction methods and identification of various types of soil
fauna; estimation and assessment of soil arthropod population; techniques
and culturing soil invertebrates.
Suggested Readings
Anderson JM & Ingram JSI. 1993. Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility: A
Handbook of Methods. CABI, London.
Dindal DL. 1990. Soil Biology Guide. A Wiley-InterScience Publ., John
Pankhurst C, Dube B & Gupta, V. 1997. Biological Indicators of Soil
Health. CSIRO, Australia.
Veeresh GK & Rajagopal D.1988. Applied Soil Biology and Ecology.
Oxford & IBH Publ., New Delhi.
ENT 517 VERTEBRATE PEST MANAGEMENT 1+1

Objective
To impart knowledge on vertebrate pests like birds, rodents, mammals etc.,
25
of different crops, their biology, damage they cause and management
strategies.
Theory
UNIT I
Vertebrate pests of different crops; biology of vertebrate pests such as
rodents, birds and other mammals. Biology of beneficial birds.
UNIT II
Population dynamics and assessment, patterns of pest damage and
assessment, roosting and nesting systems in birds.
UNIT III
Management strategies- physical (trapping, acoustics and visual), chemical
(poisons, repellents, fumigants and anticoagulants), biological (predators,
parasites), cropping practices, alteration of habitats, diversion baiting and
other eco-friendly methods- Operational practices- baiting, bioassays (LD50
studies), equipments and educative programmes.
Practical
Identification of important rodent and other vertebrate pests of agriculture,
food preference and hoarding, social behaviour, damage assessment, field
survey, population estimation, control operation and preventive methods.
Suggested Readings
Fitzwater WD & Prakash I. 1989. Handbook of Vertebrate Pest Control.
ICAR, New Delhi.
Prakash I & Ghosh PK.1997. Rodents in Indian Agriculture. Vol. I. State of
Art Scientific Publ., Jodhpur.
Prakash I & Ghosh RP.1987. Management of Rodent Pests. ICAR, New
Delhi.
Prater SH. 1971. The Book of Indian Animals. The Bombay Natural History
Society, Bombay.
Ali S. 1965. The Book of Indian Birds. The Bombay Natural History
Society, Bombay.
ENT 518 TECHNIQUES IN PLANT PROTECTION 0+1

Objective
To acquaint the students with appropriate use of plant protection
equipments and techniques related to microscopoy, computation, pest
forecasting, electrophoresis etc.
Theory
UNIT I
Pest control equipments, principles, operation, maintenance, selection,
application of pesticides and biocontrol agents, seed dressing, soaking,
root-dip treatment, dusting, spraying, application through irrigation water.
UNIT II
Soil sterilization, solarization, deep ploughing, flooding, techniques to
check the spread of pests through seed, bulbs, corms, cuttings and cut
flowers.
UNIT III
Use of light, transmission and scanning electron microscopy.
UNIT IV
Protein isolation from the pest and host plant and its quantification using
spectrophotometer and molecular weight determination using SDS/PAGE.
26
UNIT V
Use of tissue culture techniques in plant protection. Computer application
for predicting/forecasting pest attack and identification.
Suggested Readings
Alford DV. 1999. A Textbook of Agricultural Entomology. Blackwell
Science, London.
Crampton JM & Eggleston P. 1992. Insect Molecular Science. Academic
Press, London.
ENT 519 COMMERCIAL ENTOMOLOGY 1+1

Objective
To familiarize the students with entrepreneurial opportunities in
entomology, provide information on productive insects and their products,
as well as insect pests of public health and veterinary importance and their
management.
Theory
UNIT I
Bee keeping- General colony management during different seasons.
Seasonal management. Managing colonies for honey production and
pollination. Artificial queen rearing. Pests and diseases of honey bees. Bee
poisoning. Production and marketing of quality honey and value added
honey products. Establishment and maintenance of apiaries.
UNIT II
Study of different species of silkworms, characteristic features, moriculture,
silk and its uses, pests and diseases of silkworms, rearing and management
of silkworms. Lac insect- natural enemies and their management.
UNIT III
Economic and public health importance of insect pests in human habitation
and habitats, biology, damage and control of mosquitoes, houseflies, bed
bugs, ants, termites, cockroaches, flies, silverfish, head and body lice,
carpet beetles, cloth moths, crickets, wasps, house dust mites, insect pests
of cattle, poultry, pet animals and their management.
UNIT IV
Principles and methods of pest management in residential places and public
buildings, insecticides for domestic use and their safety, pre- and post-
construction termite proofing of buildings, appliances for domestic pest
control. Rodent control methods. Organic methods of domestic pest
management.
Practical
Assessing pest status in dwellings (labs, canteen or hostel), implementation
of pest control against flies, mosquitoes, bed bugs, cockroaches and
rodents. Pre- and post-construction termite proofing methods, control of
silverfishes in the library. Visit to poultry units and assessing pest status in
poultries. Evaluation of commercially available domestic insect pest control
products through bioassays. Identification of honey bee species, bee castes
and special adaptations, identification and handling of bee-keeping
equipments. Handling of honey bees-hive and frame inspection. Honey
extraction and processing methods of hive products extraction. Preparation
of bee-keeping projects for funding. Visit to bee nursery and commercial
apiaries. Silkworm rearing and management. Lac host and crop
27
management technology and processing of lac. Products and bye-products
of lac.
Suggested Readings
Aruga H. 1994. Principles of Sericulture. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi.
Atwal AS. 2006. The World of the Honey Bee. Kalyani Publ., New Delhi.
Ganga G. 2003. Comprehensive Sericulture. Vol. II. Silkworm Rearing and
Silk Reeling. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi.
Partiban S & David BV. 2007. Management of Household Pests and Public
Health Pests. Namratha Publ., Chennai.
Singh S. 1975. Beekeeping in India. ICAR, New Delhi.
ENT 520 PLANT QUARANTINE 2+0

Objective
To acquaint the learners about the principles and the role of Plant
Quarantine in containment of pests and diseases, plant quarantine
regulations and set-up.
Theory
UNIT I
Definition of pest, pesticides and transgenics as per Govt. notification;
relative importance; quarantine – domestic and international. Quarantine
restrictions in the movement of agricultural produce, seeds and planting
material; case histories of exotic pests/diseases and their status.
UNIT II
Plant protection organization in India. Acts related to registration of
pesticides and transgenics. History of quarantine legislations, PQ Order
2003. Environmental Acts, Industrial registration; APEDA, Import and
Export of bio-control agents.
UNIT III
Identification of pest/disease free areas; contamination of food with
toxigens, microorganisms and their elimination; Symptomatic diagnosis
and other techniques to detect pest/pathogen infestations; VHT and other
safer techniques of disinfestation/salvaging of infected material.
UNIT IV
WTO regulations; non-tariff barriers; Pest risk analysis, good laboratory
practices for pesticide laboratories; pesticide industry; Sanitary and
Phytosanitary measures.
Suggested Readings
Rajeev K & Mukherjee RC. 1996. Role of Plant Quarantine in IPM. Aditya
Books.
Rhower GG. 1991. Regulatory Plant Pest Management. In: Handbook of
Pest Management in Agriculture. 2nd Ed. Vol. II. (Ed. David
Pimental). CRC Press.
ENT 601 ADVANCED INSECT SYSTEMATICS 1+2

Objective
To familiarize the students with different schools of classification,
phylogenetics, classical and molecular methods, evolution of different
groups of insects. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Ethics
and procedure for taxonomic publications.
28
Theory
UNIT I
Detailed study of three schools of classification- numerical, evolutionary
and cladistics. Methodologies employed. Development of phenograms,
cladograms, molecular approaches for the classification of organisms.
Methods in identification of homology. Species concepts and speciation
processes and evidences. Zoogeography.
UNIT II
Study of different views on the evolution of insects- alternative phylogenies
of insects: Kukalova Peck and Kristensen. Fossil insects and evolution of
insect diversity over geological times.
UNIT III
Detailed study of International Code of Zoological Nomenclature,
including appendices to ICZN- Ethics.
UNIT IV
Concept of Phylocode and alternative naming systems for animals. A
detailed study of selected representatives of taxonomic publications - small
publications of species descriptions, revisionary works, monographs, check
lists, faunal volumes, etc. Websites related to insect taxonomy and
databases. Molecular Taxonomy, barcoding species.
Practical
Collection, curation and study of one taxon of insects- literature search,
compilation of a checklist, study of characters, development of character
table, construction of taxonomic keys for the selected group. Development
of descriptions, photographing, writing diagrams, and preparation of
specimens for “type like” preservation. Submission of the collections made
of the group. Multivariate Analysis techniques for clustering specimens
into different taxa, and development of phenograms. Rooting and character
polarisation for developing cladograms and use of computer programmes to
develop cladograms.
Suggested Readings
CSIRO 1990. The Insects of Australia: A Text Book for Students and
Researchers. 2nd Ed. Vols. I & II, CSIRO. Cornell Univ. Press,
Ithaca.
Dakeshott J & Whitten MA. 1994. Molecular Approaches to Fundamental
and Applied Entomology. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Freeman S & Herron JC. 1998. Evolutionary Analysis. Prentice Hall, New
Delhi.
Hennig W. 1960. Phylogenetic Systematics. Urbana Univ. Illinois Press,
USA.
Hoy MA. 2003. Insect Molecular Genetics: An Introduction to Principles
and Applications. 2nd Ed. Academic Press, New York.
Mayr E & Ashlock PD. 1991. Principles of Systematic Zoology. 2nd Ed.
McGraw Hill, New York.
Mayr E.1969. Principles of Systematic Zoology. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Blackie Academic and Professional, London.
Ross HH. 1974. Biological Systematics. Addison Wesley Publ. Co.,
London.
29
Wiley EO. 1981. Phylogenetics: The Theory and Practices of Phylogenetic
Systematics for Biologists. Columbia Univ. Press, USA.
ENT 602 IMMATURE STAGES OF INSECTS 1+1

Objective
To impart knowledge on morphology of immature stages of different
groups of insects. Train students in identification of common pest species
during their immature stages.
Theory
UNIT I
Types of immature stages in insect orders, morphology of egg, nymph/larva
and pupa, identification of different immature stages of crop pests and
stored product insects
UNIT II
Comparative study of life history strategies in hemi-metabola and holo-
metabola, immature stages as ecological and evolutionary adaptations,
significance of immature stages for pest management.
Practical
Types of immature stages; their collection, rearing and preservation.
Identification of immature insects to orders and families, in endopterygote
orders viz., Diptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera and Coleoptera using key.
Suggested Readings
Chu HF. 1992. How to Know Immature Insects. William Brown Publ.,
Iowa.
Peterson A. 1962. Larvae of Insects. Ohio University Press, Ohio.
Stehr FW. 1998. Immature Insects. Vols. I, II. Kendall Hunt Publ., Iowa.
ENT 603 ADVANCED INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2+0

Objective
To impart knowledge to the students on detailed physiology of various
secretory and excretory systems, moulting process, chitin synthesis,
physiology of digestion, transmission of nerve impulses, nutrition of
insects, pheromones etc.
Theory
UNIT I
Physiology and biochemistry of insect cuticle and moulting process.
Biosynthesis of chitin, chitin-protein interactions in various cuticles, types
of sclerotization.
UNIT II
Digestive enzymes, digestive physiology in phytophagous, wood boring
and wool feeding insects, efficiency of digestion and absorption, role of
endosymbionts in insect nutrition, nutritional effects on growth and
development; physiology of excretion and osmoregulation, water
conservation mechanisms.
UNIT III
Detailed physiology of nervous system, transmission of nerve impulses,
neurotransmitters and modulators. Production of receptor potentials in
different types of sensilla, pheromones and other semiochemicals in insect
life, toxins and defense mechanisms.
30
UNIT IV
Endocrine system and insect hormones, physiology of insect growth and
development- metamorphosis, polyphenism and diapause. Energetics of
muscle contractions.
Suggested Readings
Kerkut GA & Gilbert LI. 1985. Insect Physiology, Biochemistry and
Pharmacology. Vols. I-XIII. Pergamon Press, Oxford, New York.
Muraleedharan K. 1997. Recent Advances in Insect Endocrinology. Assoc.
for Advancement of Entomology, Trivandrum, Kerala.
ENT 604 ADVANCED INSECT ECOLOGY 1+1

Objective
To impart advanced practical knowledge of causal factors governing the
distribution and abundance of insects and the evolution of ecological
characteristics.
Theory
UNIT I
Characterisation of distribution of insects- Indices of Dispersion, Taylor’s
Power law. Island Biogeography. Population dynamics- Life tables, Leslie
Matrix, Stable age distribution, Population projections. Predator-Prey
Models- Lotka-Volterra and Nicholson-Bailey Model. Crop Modeling- an
introduction.
UNIT II
Insect Plant Interactions. Fig-figwasp mutualism and a quantitative view of
types of Associations. Role of insects in the environment. Adaptations to
terrestrial habitats. Evolution of Insect diversity and role of phytophagy as
an adaptive zone for increased diversity of insects. Evolution of resource
harvesting organs, resilience of insect taxa and the sustenance of insect
diversity- role of plants. Herbivory, pollination, predation, parasitism.
Modes of insect-plant interaction, tri-trophic interactions. Evolution of
herbivory, monophagy vs polyphagy. Role of plant secondary metabolites.
Host seeking behaviour of parasitoids. Meaning of stress- plant stress and
herbivory. Consequences of herbivory to plant fitness and response to
stress. Constitutive and induced plant defenses.
UNIT III
Biodiversity and Conservation- RET species, Ecological Indicators.
Principles of Population genetics, Hardy Weinberg Law, Computation of
Allelic and Phenotypic frequencies, Fitness under selection, Rates of
Evolution under selection. Foraging Ecology- Optimal foraging theory,
Marginal Value Theorem, and Patch departure rules, central place foraging,
Mean-variance relationship and foraging by pollinators, Nutritional
Ecology.
UNIT IV
Reproductive ecology- Sexual selection, Mating systems, Reproductive
strategies - timing, egg number, reproductive effort, sibling rivalry and
parent-offspring conflict. Agro-ecological vs Natural Ecosystems –
Characterisation, Pest Control as applied ecology- case studies.
Practical
Methods of data collection under field conditions. Assessment of
distribution parameters, Taylor’s power law, Iwao’s patchiness index,
31
Index of Dispersion, etc. Calculation of sample sizes by different methods.
Fitting Poisson and Negative Binomial distributions and working out the
data transformation methods. Hardy-Weinberg Law, Computation of
Allelic and Phenotypic Frequencies - Calculation of changes under
selection, Demonstration of genetic drift. Assessment of Patch Departure
rules. Assessment of Resource size by female insects using a suitable
insect model, fruit flies/Goniozus/Female Bruchids etc.- A test of
reproductive effort and fitness. Construction of Life tables and application
of Leslie Matrix – population projections, Stable age distribution.
Exercises in development of Algorithms for crop modeling.
Suggested Readings
Barbosa P & Letourneau DK. (Eds.). 1988. Novel Aspects of Insect-Plant
Interactions. Wiley, London.
Elizabeth BA & Chapman RF. 1994. Host-Plant Selection by
Phytophagous Insects. Chapman & Hall, New York.
Freeman S & Herron JC.1998. Evolutionary Analysis. Prentice Hall, New
Delhi.
Gotelli NJ & Ellison AM. 2004. A Primer of Ecological Statistics. Sinauer
Associates, Sunderland, MA.
Gotelli NJ. 2001. A Primer of Ecology. 3rd Ed., Sinauer Associates,
Sunderland, MA, USA.
Krebs C. 1998. Ecological Methodology. 2nd Ed. Benjamin-Cummings
Publ. Co., New York.
Krebs CJ. 2001 Ecology: The Experimental Analysis of Distribution and
Abundance. 5th Ed. Benjamin-Cummings Publ. Co., New York.
Magurran AE. 1988. Ecological Diversity and its Measurement. Princeton
University Press, Princeton.
Real LA & Brown JH. (Eds.). 1991. Foundations of Ecology: Classic
Papers with Commentaries. University of Chicago Press, USA.
Southwood TRE & Henderson PA. 2000. Ecological Methods. 3rd Ed.
Wiley Blackwell, London.
Strong DR, Lawton JH & Southwood R. 1984. Insects on Plants:
Community Patterns and Mechanism. Harward University Press,
Harward.
Wratten SD & Fry GLA. 1980. Field and Laboratory Exercises in Ecology.
Arnold Publ., London.
ENT 605 INSECT BEHAVIOUR 1+1

Objective
To acquaint the students with a thorough understanding of how natural
selection has led to various survival strategies manifested as behaviour in
insects.
Theory
UNIT I
Defining Behaviour- Concept of umwelt, instinct, fixed action patterns,
imprinting, complex behaviour, inducted behaviour, learnt behaviour and
motivation. History of Ethology- development of behaviorism and
ethology, contribution of Darwin, Frisch, Tinbergen and Lorenz; Studying
behaviour- Proximate and Ultimate approaches, behavioural traits under
32
natural selection, genetic control of behaviour and behavioural
polymorphism.
UNIT II
Orientation- Forms of primary and secondary orientation including taxes
and kinesis; Communication- primary and secondary orientation, responses
to environmental stimuli, role of visual, olfactory and auditory signals in
inter- and intra-specific communication, use of signals in defense, mimicry,
polyphenism; evolution of signals.
UNIT III
Reproductive behaviour- mate finding, courtship, territoriality, parental
care, parental investment, sexual selection and evolution of sex ratios;
Social behaviour- kin selection, parental manipulation and mutualism; Self-
organization and insect behaviour.
UNIT IV
Foraging- Role of different signals in host searching (plant and insects) and
host acceptance, ovipositional behaviour, pollination behaviour, co-
evolution of plants and insect pollinators. Behaviour in IPM- Concept of
super-normal stimuli and behavioural manipulation as potential tool in pest
management, use of semio-chemicals, auditory stimuli and visual signals in
pest management.
Practical
Quantitative methods in sampling behaviour; training bees to artificial
feeders; sensory adaptation and habituation in a fly or butterfly model,
physical cues used in host selection in a phytophagous insect, chemical and
odour cues in host selection in phytophagous insect (DBM or gram pod
borer), colour discrimination in honey bee or butterfly model, learning and
memory in bees, role of self-organization in resource tracking by
honeybees. Evaluation of different types of traps against fruit flies with
respect to signals; Use of honey bees/Helicoverpa armigera to understand
behavioural polymorphism with respect to learning and response to
pheromone mixtures, respectively.
Suggested Readings
Ananthkrishnan TN. (Ed.). 1994. Functional Dynamics of Phytophagous
Insects. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi.
Awasthi VB. 2001. Principles of Insect Behaviour. Scientific Publ.,
Jodhpur.
Bernays EA & Chapman RF. 1994. Host-Plant Selection by Phytophagous
Insects. Chapman & Hall, London.
Brown LB. 1999. The Experimental Analysis of Insect Behaviour. Springer,
Berlin.
Krebs JR & Davies NB. 1993. An Introduction to Behavioural Ecology. 3rd
Ed. Chapman & Hall, London.
Manning A & Dawkins MS. 1992. An Introduction to Animal Behaviour.
Cambridge University Press, USA.
Mathews RW & Mathews JR. 1978. Insect Behaviour. A Wiley-
InterScience Publ. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
ENT 606 RECENT TRENDS IN BIOLOGICAL CONTROL 1+1

Objective
To appraise the students with advanced techniques in handling of different
33
bioagents, modern methods of biological control and scope in cropping
system-based pest management in agro-ecosystems.
Theory
UNIT I
Scope of classical biological control and augmentative biocontrol;
introduction and handling of natural enemies; nutrition of entomophagous
insects and their hosts, dynamics of biocontrol agents vis-à-vis target pest
populations.
UNIT II
Mass culturing techniques, insectary facilities and equipments, basic
standards of insectary, viable mass-production unit, designs, precautions,
good insectary practices.
UNIT III
Colonization, techniques of release of natural enemies, recovery evaluation,
conservation and augmentation of natural enemies, survivorship analysis
and ecological manipulations, large-scale production of biocontrol agents,
bankable project preparation.
UNIT IV
Scope of genetically engineered microbes and parasitoids in biological
control, genetics of ideal traits in biocontrol agents for introgressing and for
progeny selections, breeding techniques of biocontrol agents.
Practical
Mass rearing and release of some commonly occurring indigenous natural
enemies; assessment of role of natural enemies in reducing pest
populations; testing side effects of pesticides on natural enemies; effect of
semiochemicals on natural enemies, breeding of various biocontrol agents,
performance of efficiency analyses on target pests; project document
preparation for establishing a viable mass-production unit /insectary.
Suggested Readings
Burges HD & Hussey NW. (Eds.). 1971. Microbial Control of Insects and
Coppel HC & James WM. 1977. Biological Insect Pest Suppression.
Springer Verlag, Berlin.
De Bach P. 1964. Biological Control of Insect Pests and Weeds. Chapman
& Hall, London.
Dhaliwal, GS & Koul O. 2007. Biopesticides and Pest Management.
Gerson H & Smiley RL. 1990. Acarine Biocontrol Agents – An Illustrated
Huffakar CB & Messenger PS. 1976. Theory and Practices of Biological
Control. Academic Press, London.
ENT 607 ADVANCED INSECTICIDE TOXICOLOGY 2+1

Objective
To acquaint the students with the latest advancements in the field of
insecticide toxicology, biochemical and physiological target sites of
insecticides, and pesticide resistance mechanisms in insects.
Theory
UNIT I
Penetration and distribution of insecticides in insect systems; insecticide
34
selectivity; factors affecting toxicity of insecticides.
UNIT II
Biochemical and physiological target sites of insecticides in insects;
developments in biorationals, biopesticides and newer molecules; their
modes of action and structural – activity relationships; advances in
metabolism of insecticides.
UNIT III
Joint action of insecticides; activation, synergism and potentiation.
UNIT IV
Problems associated with pesticide use in agriculture: pesticide resistance-
resistance mechanisms and resistant management strategies; pest
resurgence and outbreaks; persistence and pollution; health hazards and
other side effects.
UNIT V
Estimation of insecticidal residues- sampling, extraction, clean-up and
estimation by various methods; maximum residue limits (MRLs) and their
fixation; insecticide laws and standards, and good agricultural practices.
Practical
Sampling, extraction, clean-up and estimation of insecticide residues by
various methods; calculations and interpretation of data; biochemical and
biological techniques for detection of insecticide resistance in insects.
Suggested Readings
Busvine JR. 1971. A Critical Review on the Techniques for Testing
Insecticides. CABI, London.
Dhaliwal GS & Koul O. 2007. Biopesticides and Pest Management.
Hayes WJ & Laws ER. 1991. Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology.
Academic Press, New York.
Ishaaya I & Degheele (Eds.). 1998. Insecticides with Novel Modes of
Action. Narosa Publ. House, New Delhi.
Matsumura F. 1985. Toxicology of Insecticides. Plenum Press, New York.
O’ Brien RD. 1974. Insecticides Action and Metabolism. Academic Press,
New York.
Perry AS, Yamamoto I, Ishaaya I & Perry R. 1998. Insecticides in
Agriculture and Environment. Narosa Publ. House, New Delhi.
Prakash A & Rao J. 1997. Botanical Pesticides in Agriculture. Lewis Publ.,
New York.
ENT 608 ADVANCED HOST PLANT RESISTANCE 1+1

Objective
To familiarize the students with recent advances in resistance of plants to
insects and acquaint with the techniques for assessment and evaluation of
resistance in crop plants.
Theory
UNIT I
Importance of plant resistance, historical perspective, desirable
morphological, anatomical and biochemical adaptations of resistance;
assembly of plant species - gene pool; insect sources – behaviour in relation
to host plant factors.
35
UNIT II
Physical and chemical environment conferring resistance in plants, role of
trypsin inhibitors and protease inhibitors in plant resistance; biochemistry
of induced resistance – signal transduction pathways, methyl jasmonate
pathways, polyphenol oxidase pathways, salicylic acid pathways; effects of
induced resistance; exogenous application of elicitors.
UNIT III
Biotechnological approaches in host plant resistance- genetic manipulation
of secondary plant substances; incorporation of resistant gene in crop
varieties; marker-aided selection in resistance breeding.
UNIT IV
Estimation of plant resistance based on plant damage- screening and
damage rating; evaluation based on insect responses; techniques and
determination of categories of plant resistance; breakdown of resistance in
crop varieties.
Practical
Understanding mechanisms of resistance for orientation, feeding,
oviposition etc., allelochemical bases of insect resistance; macroculturing
of test insects like aphids, leaf/plant hoppers, mites and stored grain pests;
field screening- microplot techniques, infester row technique, spreader row
technique and plant nurseries; determination of antixenosis index, antibiosis
index, tolerance index, plant resistance index.
Suggested Readings
Panda N. 1979. Principles of Host Plant Resistance to Insects. Allenheld,
Osum & Co., New York.
Rosenthal GA & Janzen DH. (Eds.). 1979. Herbivores – their Interactions
with Secondary Plant Metabolites. Vol. I, II. Academic Press, New
York.
Sadasivam S & Thayumanavan B. 2003. Molecular Host Plant Resistance
to Pests. Marcel Dekker, New York.
Smith CM, Khan ZR & Pathak MD. 1994. Techniques for Evaluating
Insect Resistance in Crop Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
ENT 609 ADVANCED ACAROLOGY 1+1

Objective
To acquire a good working knowledge of identification of economically
important groups of mites up to the species level, a detailed understanding
of the newer acaricide molecules and utilization of predators.
Theory
UNIT I
Comparative morphology of Acari, phylogeny of higher categories in
mites, knowledge of commonly occurring orders and families of Acari in
India. Diagnostic characteristics of commonly occurring species from
families Tetranychidae, Tenuipalpidae, Eriophyidae, Tarsonemidae,
Phytoseiidae, Bdellidae, Cunaxidae, Stigmaeidae, Pymotidae, Cheyletidae,
Acaridae, Pyroglyphidae, Orthogalumnidae, Argasidae, Ixodidae,
Sarcoptidae. Soil mites in India.
UNIT II
Management of economical important species of mites in agriculture,
veterinary and public health; storage acarology.
36
UNIT III
Mites as vectors of plant pathogens; mode of action, structure-activity
relationships of different groups of acaricides; problem of pesticide
resistance in mites, resurgence of mites.
UNIT IV
Predatory mites, their mass production and utilization in managing mite
pests, acaropathogenic fungi- identification, isolation and utilization.
Practical
Identification of commonly occurring mites up to species, preparation of
keys for identification. Collection of specific groups of mites and preparing
their identification keys. Rearing phytoseiid mites and studying their role in
suppression of spider mites. Management of mite pests of crops using
acaricides, phytoseiid predators, fungal pathogens etc.
Suggested Readings
Evans GO.1992. Principles of Acarology. CABI, London.
Gerson H & Smiley RL. 1990. Acarine Biocontrol Agents- An Illustrated
Gupta SK. 1985. Handbook of Plant Mites of India. Zoological Survey of
India, Calcutta.
Krantz GW. 1970. A Manual of Acarology. Oregon State University Book
Stores, Corvallis, Oregon.
Sadana GL. 1997. False Spider Mites Infesting Crops in India. Kalyani
Publ. House, New Delhi.
ENT 610 AGRICULTURAL ORNITHOLOGY 1+1

Objective
To expose the students to the prevalence of birds in agricultural fields, their
habitat associations and the beneficial and harmful role played by birds in
crop fields and management of pest situations.
Theory
UNIT I
Status of agricultural ornithology in India, groups of birds associated with
agro-ecosystems. Habitat associations of birds in both wet and dry
agricultural systems. Association of birds with different cultivation
practices and crop stages, their seasonality and succession. Pestiferous and
beneficial birds associated with different crops, their general biology and
ecology. Food and feeding habits of birds in crop fields.
UNIT II
Nature of damage caused by birds in different crops. Foraging ecology of
birds in agricultural fields. Birds affecting stored grains in houses and
godowns. Beneficial role of birds in agriculture and attracting them to
field. Use of bird excreta in agriculture. Management of bird pests in
agriculture: physical, cultural, ecological and chemical methods.
Practical
Study of different groups of birds associated with agriculture, their
morphology and field identification. Field visits to different agro-
ecosystems. Study of bird associations with different crop stages. Study of
nesting and roosting habits of birds in agricultural habitats. Study of the
feeding habits, nature and types of damage caused by birds in selected
crops. Visits to godowns. Analysis and study of the use of bird excreta in
37
agriculture at a bird sanctuary. Field visits to paddy growing command
areas to study birds in crop fields. Assignments on assessing bird damage,
estimation of populations etc.
Suggested Readings
Dhindsa SR & Parasharya BM. 1998. Birds in Agricultural Ecosystem.
Society for Applied Ornithology, Hyderabad.
Mehrotra KN & Bhatnagar RK. 1979. Status of Economic Ornithology in
India- Bird Depredents, Depredations and their Management.
ICAR, New Delhi.
Vasudeva Rao & Dubey OP. 2006. Grainivorous Pests and their
Management. In: Vertebrate Pests in Agriculture, The Indian
Scenario (Ed: Sridhara, S.), Scientific Publ., Jodhpur.
ENT 611 MOLECULAR APPROACHES IN ENTOMOLOGICAL 1+1

RESEARCH
Objective
To familiarize the students with DNA recombitant techonology, marker
genes, transgenic plants, biotechnology in sericulture and apiculture.
Theory
UNIT I
Introduction to molecular biology; techniques used in molecular biology.
UNIT II
DNA and RNA analysis in insects- transcription and translocation
mechanisms. DNA recombinant technology, identification of
genes/nucleotide sequences for characters of interest. Genetic improvement
of natural enemies. Cell lines, genetic engineering in baculoviruses, Bt and
entomopathogenic fungi.
UNIT III
Genes of interest in entomological research- marker genes for sex
identification, neuropeptides, JH esterase, St toxins and venoms, chitinase,
CPTI; lectins and proteases. Peptides and neuropeptides, JH esterase, St
toxins and venoms, chitinase, Bt toxin, CPTI; trypsin inhibitors, lectins and
proteases, neuropeptides. Transgenic plants for pest resistance and diseases.
UNIT IV
Insect gene transformation; biotechnology in relation to silkworms and
honey bees; introduction of lectin genes for pest suppression; DNA finger
printing for taxonomy and phylogeny. Genetic improvement of inebriate
tolerance of natural enemies.
UNIT V
DNA-based diagnostics; insect immune systems in comparison to
vertebrates; molecular basis of metamorphosis; Sf transgenic technology
and implications; molecular biology of baculoviruses; insecticide
resistance. Resistance management strategies in transgenic crops.
Practical
Isolation of DNA/RNA; purity determinations; base pair estimation;
agarose gel electrophoresis; restriction mapping of DNA; demonstration of
PCR, RFLP and RAPD techniques.
Suggested Readings
Bhattacharya TK, Kumar P & Sharma A. 2007. Animal Biotehnology. 1st
Ed., Kalyani Publ., New Delhi.
38
Hagedon HH, Hilderbrand JG, Kidwell MG & Law JH. 1990. Molecular
Insect Science. Plenum Press, New York.
Oakeshott J & Whitten MA.. 1994. Molecular Approaches to Fundamental
and Applied Entomology. Springer Verlag.
Rechcigl JE & Rechcigl NA. 1998. Biological and Biotechnological
Control of Insect Pests. Lewis Publ., North Carolina.
Roy U & Saxena V. 2007. A Hand Book of Genetic Engineering. 1st Ed.,
Singh BD. 2008. Biotechnology (Expanding Horizons). Kalyani Publ., New
Delhi.
Singh P. 2007. Introductory to Biotechnology. 2nd Ed. Kalyani Publ., New
Delhi.
ENT 612 ADVANCED INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT 2+0

Objective
To acquaint the students with recent concepts of integrated pest
management. Surviellance and data base management. Successful national
and international case histories of integrated pest management, non
conventional tools in pest management.
Theory
UNIT I
Principles of sampling and surveillance; database management and
computer programming, simulation techniques and system analysis and
modeling.
UNIT II
Case histories of national and international programmes, their
implementation, adoption and criticisms, global trade and risk of invasive
pests.
UNIT III
Genetic engineering and new technologies- their progress and limitations in
IPM programmes, deployment of benevolent alien genes for pest
management- case studies; scope and limitations of bio-intensive and
ecological based IPM programmes. Application of IPM to farmers’ real-
time situations.
UNIT IV
Challenges, needs and future outlook; dynamism of IPM under changing
cropping systems and climate; insect pest management under protected
cultivation; strategies for pesticide resistance management.
Suggested Readings
Springer, Berlin.
Koul O & Cuperus GW. 2007. Ecologically Based Integrated Pest
Management. CABI, London.
Koul O, Dhaliwal GS & Curperus GW. 2004. Integrated Pest Management
-Potential, Constraints and Challenges. CABI, London.
39
Maredia KM, Dakouo D & Mota-Sanchez D. 2003. Integrated Pest
Management in the Global Arena. CABI, London.
Norris RF, Caswell-Chen EP & Kogan M. 2002. Concept in Integrated
Pedigo RL. 1996. Entomology and Pest Management. Prentice Hall, New
Delhi.
ENT 613/ PLANT BIOSECURITY AND BIOSAFETY 2+0

PL PATH 606
Objective
To facilitate deeper understanding on plant biosecurity and biosafety issues
in agriculture.
Theory
UNIT I
History of biosecurity, Concept of biosecurity, Components of biosecurity,
Quarantine, Invasive Alien Species, Biowarfare, Emerging/resurgence of
pests and diseases.
UNIT II
National Regulatory Mechanism and International Agreements/
Conventions viz., Agreement on Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary
(SPS) Measures/World Trade Organization (WTO), Convention on
Biological Diversity (CBD), International Standards for Phytosanitary
Measures, pest risk analysis, risk assessment models, pest information
system, early warning and forecasting system, use of Global Positioning
System (GPS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) for plant
biosecurity, pest/disease and epidemic management, strategies for
combating risks and costs associated with agroterrorism event, mitigation
planning, integrated approach for biosecurity.
UNIT III
Biosafety, policies and regulatory mechanism, Cartagena Protocol on
Biosafety and its implications, Issues related to release of genetically
modified crops.
Suggested Readings
FAO Biosecurity Toolkit 2008.
www.fao.org/docrep/010/a1140e/a1140e00.htm
Laboratory Biosecurity Guidance.
http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/biosafety/WHO_CD
S_EPR_2006.pdf
Grotto Andrew J & Jonathan B Tucker. 2006. Biosecurity: A
Comprehensive Action Plan.
http://www.americanprogress.org/kf/biosecurity_a_comprehensive_
action_plan.pdf
Biosecurity Australia.
www.daff.gov.au/ba;www.affa.gov.au/biosecurityaustralia
Biosecurity New Zealand. www.biosecurity.govt.nz
DEFRA.www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/diseases/control/biosecurity/index.htm
40
Randhawa GJ, Khetarpal RK, Tyagi RK & Dhillon. BS (Eds.). 2001.
Transgenic Crops and Biosafety Concerns. NBPGR, New Delhi.
Khetarpal RK & Kavita Gupta 2006. Plant Biosecurity in India - Status and
Strategy. Asian Biotechnology and Development Review 9(2): 39-
63.
Biosecurity for Agriculture and Food Production.
http://www.fao.org/biosecurity/
CFIA.http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/heasan/fad/biosecure.sht
ml
41
ENTOMOLOGY
List of Journals
Agricultural and Forest Entomology- Royal Entomological Society, UK
Annual Review of Entomology- Paloatto, California, USA
Applied Soil Ecology- Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Biopesticides International- Koul Research Foundation, Jalandhar
Bulletin of Entomological Research- CAB International, Wallingford, UK
Bulletin of Grain Technology- Food Grain Technologist Res. Association of
India, Hapur
Crop Protection- Elsevier’s Science, USA
Ecological Entomology -Royal Entomological Society, UK
Entomologia Experimentalis Applicata- Kluwer Academic Publishers, The
Netherlands
Entomon- Association for Advancement of Entomology, Kerala
Environmental Entomology- Entomological Society of America, Maryland,
USA
Indian Journal of Applied Entomology- Entomological Research Association,
Udaipur
Indian Journal of Entomology- Entomological Society of India, New Delhi
Indian Journal of Plant Protection- Plant Protection Society of India,
Hyderabad
Indian Journal of Sericulture- Central Silk Board, Bangalore
International Journal of Acarology- Indira Acarology Publishing House,
Minessota, USA
International Journal of Pest Management- Taylor and Francis, UK
Journal of Acarology- Acarological Society of India, UAS, Bangalore
Journal of Apiculture Research- IBRA, UK
Journal of Applied Entomology- Blackwell Science Ltd., Oxford, UK
Journal of Biocontrol- Society for Biocontrol Advancement, Bangalore
Journal of Economic Entomology- Entomological Society of America,
Maryland, USA
Journal of Entomological Research- Malhotra Publishing House, New Delhi
Journal of Insect Behaviour- Plenum Publishing Corporation, NY, USA
Journal of Insect Physiology- Pergamon Press, UK
Journal of Insect Science- Indian Society for the Advancement of Insect
Science, Ludhiana
Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, Elsevier Publ. Corporation, The
Netherlands
Journal of Soil Biology and Ecology, Indian Society of Soil Biology and
Ecology, UAS, Bangalore
Journal of Stored Products Research- Elsevier’s Science, USA
42
Pesticides Research Journal- Society of Pesticides Science, New Delhi
Pesticide Science – Oxford, London
Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology- New York, USA
Physiological Entomology- Royal Entomological Society, UK
Review of Applied Entomology- CAB International, Wallingford, UK
Systematic Entomology- Royal Entomological Society, UK
e-Resources
http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/Entomology/
http://www.ent.iastate.edu/list/
http://www.biologybrowser.org/
http://www.teachers.ash.org.au/aussieed/insects.htm
http://entomology.si.edu/
http://www.intute.ac.uk/healthandlifesciences/agriculture/
http://www.agriculture.gov.au/
http://www.gbif.org/
http://www.mosquito.org/
http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/fst/faculty/acree/pheronet/index.html
http://medent.usyd.edu.au/links/links.htm
http://www.ento.csiro.au/index.html
http://www.biocollections.org/lib/listbycat.php?cat=Entomology
http://www.IPMnet.org/DIR/
http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/acarology/
http://www.agnic.org/
http://ars-genome.cornell.edu/
http://www.tulane.edu/~dmsander/garryfavweb.html
http://www.ufsia.ac.be/Arachnology/Arachnology.html
http://www.ippc.orst.edu/IPMdefinitions/home.html
http://www.ippc.orst.edu/cicp/pests/vertpest.htm
http://ipmwww.ncsu.edu/cicp/IPMnet_NEWS/archives.html
http://nematode.unl.edu/wormsite.htm
http://www.bmckay.com/
http://ace.ace.orst.edu/info/extoxnet/pips/pips.html
http://www.ifgb.uni-hannover.de/extern/ppigb/ppigb.htm
http://www.ceris.purdue.edu/npirs/npirs.html
http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/pp/bluemold/
http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu
http://ippc.orst.edu/pestalert/
http://www.orst.edu/Dept/IPPC/wea/
http://www.barc.usda.gov/psi/bpdl/bpdl.html
http://www.nalusda.gov/bic/BTTOX/bttoxin.htm
http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/biocontrol/
http://entweb.clemson.edu/cuentres/
http://www.agr.gov.sk.ca/Docs/crops/cropguide00.asp
http://www.caf.wvu.edu/kearneysville/wvufarm6.html
43
http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/Environment/NHR/lepidoptera.html
http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/databaseframe.cfm
http://www.orst.edu/dept/infonet/
http://www.attra.org/attra-pub/fruitover.html
http://www.ceris.purdue.edu/napis/pests/index.html
http://danpatch.ecn.purdue.edu/~epados/farmstead/pest/src/
http://ipmwww.ncsu.edu/current_ipm/otimages.html
http://nematode.unl.edu/wormhome.htm
http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/
http://hammock.ifas.ufl.edu/en/en.html
http://www.rce.rutgers.edu/weeddocuments/index.htm
http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/ento/allied1.htm
http://biology.anu.edu.au/Groups/MES/vide/refs.htm
http://chrom.tutms.tut.ac.jp/JINNO/PESDATA/00database.html
http://agrolink.moa.my/doa/english/croptech/crop.html
http://nbo.icipe.org/agriculture/stemborers/default.html
http://www.bdt.org.br
http://www.bspp.org.uk/fbpp.htm
http://www.elsevier.com/inca/publications/store/3/5/6/
http://www.hbz-nrw.de/elsevier/00207322/
http://ianrhome.uni.edu/distanceEd/entomology/401_801_insectphysio.shtml
www.entsoc.org
http://aprtc.org/
http://www.ipmnet.org/news.html
http://www.pestnet.org/
www.fruitfly.org
www.celera.com
www.hgsc.bcm.tmc.edu/drosophila
http://sdb.bio.purdue.edu/fly/aimain/links
http://flybase.bio.indiana.edu/
http://naasindia.org/journals.htm
Suggested Broad Topics for Master’s and Doctoral Research

Strengthening of eco-friendly strategies of integrated insect and mite pest
management including:
o Biological control
o Bio-rational pesticides
o Host plant resistance
o Transgenic crop protection
o Judicious use of pesticides
o Molecular biosystematics
Investigations on ecological factors including:
o Survey and surveillance of insect and mite pests
o Forecasting of insect and mite pest population life-tables and
predictive models
44
o Insect and mite biology
o Population dynamics as influenced by abiotic and biotic factors
Studies on role of pollination including honeybees in increasing crop yields and
production of honey and other allied products and management of honeybee
diseases and mites
Pesticide resistance and Insecticide Resistance Management strategies
Biotypes of pests
Below ground biodiversity- Bio-indicator of soil health, role in decomposition
of litter, soil physico-chemical properties
Bioprospecting for protocols, peptides, genes, insecticidal proteins and
antibiotics
Climate change and pests
IPM in protected cultivation
Location specific IPM strategies in different cropping systems
Genetic improvement of natural enemies
Genetic improvement of silkworms
Refinement of silkworm rearing technology for different regions
Management of silkworm pests and diseases
Crop-pest modeling
Insect biochemistry- pheromones, hormones and neuropeptides
Insect physiology- metabolism and regulatory mechanisms.
Indigenous technology
Plants as sources of insecticides
Molecular systematics – finger printing of species
Insect systematics and phylogeny
45
NEMATOLOGY

NEMA 501* PRINCIPLES OF NEMATOLOGY 2+1
NEMA 502$ PRINCIPLES OF TAXONOMY 2+0
ENT 503
NEMA 503* STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF NEMATODES 2+1
NEMA 504* CLASSIFICATION OF NEMATODES 2+1
NEMA 505* NEMATOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES 1+2
NEMA 506* NEMATODE DISEASES OF CROPS 3+1
NEMA 507 NEMATODE BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2+1
NEMA 508 NEMATODE ECOLOGY 2+1
NEMA 509 NEMATODE INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER ORGANISMS 2+1
NEMA 510* NEMATODE MANAGEMENT 2+1
NEMA 511 BENEFICIAL NEMATODES 1+1
NEMA 512/ PRINCIPLES OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT 1+1
ENT 510$
NEMA 513/ DISEASE RESISTANCE IN PLANTS 2+0
PL PATH 513@
NEMA 514/ PLANT QUARANTINE 2+0
ENT 520$
NEMA 591 MASTER’S SEMINAR 1+0
NEMA 599 MASTER’S RESEARCH 20
NEMA 601 ADVANCES IN STRUCTURE AND SYSTEMATICS OF 2+1

NEMATODES
NEMA 602** CURRENT TOPICS IN NEMATODE DISEASE 2+1
DEVELOPMENT AND HOST RESISTANCE
NEMA 603** ADVANCES IN NEMATODE MANAGEMENT 2+1
NEMA 604 PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR NEMATOLOGY 2+1
NEMA 605/ PLANT BIOSECURITY AND BIOSAFETY 2+0
PL PATH 606@
NEMA 691 DOCTORAL SEMINAR I 1+0
NEMA 692 DOCTORAL SEMINAR II 1+0
NEMA 699 DOCTORAL RESEARCH 45

* Compulsory for Master’s programme; ** Compulsory for Doctoral programme
@
Cross-listed with Plant Pathology; $ Cross-listed with Entomology
46
NEMATOLOGY
Course Contents
NEMA 501 PRINCIPLES OF NEMATOLOGY 2+1

Objective
To project the importance of nematodes in agriculture and impart basic
knowledge on all aspects of plant nematology.
Theory
UNIT I
History and growth of Nematology; nematode habitats and diversity- plant,
animal and human parasites; useful nematodes; economic importance of
nematodes to agriculture, horticulture and forestry.
UNIT II
Gross morphology of plant parasitic nematodes; broad classification,
nematode biology, physiology and ecology.
UNIT III
Types of parasitism; nature of damage and general symptomatology;
interaction of plant parasitic nematodes with other organisms.
UNIT IV
Plant nematode relationships, cellular responses to infection by important
phytonematodes; physiological specialization among phytonematodes.
UNIT V
Principles and practices of nematode management; integrated nematode
management.
Practical
Studies on kinds of nematodes- free-living, animal, insect and plant
parasites; nematode extraction from soil; extraction of migratory
endoparasites, staining for sedentary endoparasites; examination of
different life stages of important plant parasitic nematodes, their symptoms
and histopathology.
Suggested Readings
Dropkin VH. 1980. An Introduction to Plant Nematology. John Wiley &
Sons, New York.
Perry RN & Moens M. 2006. Plant Nematology. CABI, London.
Singh RS & Sitaramaiah K. 1994. Plant Pathogens – Nematodes. Oxford
& IBH, New Delhi.
Thorne G. 1961. Principles of Nematology. McGraw Hill, New Delhi.
Walia RK & Bajaj HK. 2003. Text Book on Introductory Plant
Nematology. ICAR, New Delhi.
NEM 502/ PRINCIPLES OF TAXONOMY 2+0

ENT 503
Objective
To sensitize the students on the theory and practice of classifying
organisms and the rules governing the same.
Theory
UNIT I
Introduction to history and principles of systematics and importance.
Levels and functions of systematics. Identification, purpose, methods-
character matrix, taxonomic keys. Descriptions- subjects of descriptions,
47
characters, nature of characters, analogy vs homology, parallel vs
convergent evolution, intraspecific variation in characters, polythetic and
polymorphic taxa, sexual dimorphism.
UNIT II
Classification of animals: Schools of classification- Phenetics, Cladistics
and Evolutionary classification. Components of Biological Classification:
Hierarchy, Rank, Category and Taxon. Species concepts, cryptic, sibling
and etho-species, infra-specific categories. Introduction to numerical,
biological and cytogenetical taxonomy.
UNIT III
Nomenclature: Common vs Scientific names. International Code of
Zoological Nomenclature, criteria for availability of names, validity of
names. Categories of names under consideration of ICZN. Publications,
Principles of priority, and homonymy, synonymy, type concept in
zoological nomenclature. Speciation, anagenesis vs cladogenesis,
allopatric, sympatric and parapatric processes.
Suggested Readings
IBH, New Delhi.
Delhi.
Blackie, London.
NEMA 503 STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL 2+1

ORGANIZATION OF NEMATODES
Objective
Familiarization with structural organization of nematode body so as to
enable the students to understand biology, physiology and classification of
nematodes.
Theory
UNIT I
Introduction and general organization of nematode body.
UNIT II
Morphology and anatomy of nematode cuticle, hypodermis, musculature
and pseudocoelom.
UNIT III
Digestive system- structural variations of stoma, oesophagus, intestine and
rectum in nematodes.
UNIT IV
Reproductive system- terminology and variations in female and male
reproductive systems, nemic eggs and sperms, types of reproduction,
spermatogenesis and oogenesis.
UNIT V
Types and structure of excretory-secretory systems; nervous system and
associated sense organs.
48
Practical
Studies on variations in nematode shapes and sizes, morphological details
of cuticle, cuticular markings and ornamentation, variations in stoma,
oesophagus, rectum; types and parts of female and male reproductive
systems, sense organs, and excretory system.
Suggested Readings
Bird AF & Bird J. 1991. The Structure of Nematodes. Academic Press,
New York.
Chitwood BG & Chitwood MB. 1950. An Introduction to Nematology.
Univ. Park Press, Baltimore.
Maggenti AR. 1981. General Nematology. Springer-Verlag, New York.
Malakhov VV. 1994. Nematodes: Structure, Development, Classification
and Phylogeny. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC.
NEMA 504 CLASSIFICATION OF NEMATODES 2+1

Objective
Development of skills in the identification of plant parasitic nematodes up
to genera and species levels.
Theory
UNIT I
Principles of nematode systematics.
UNIT II
Placement of nematodes in Animal Kingdom and comparison with related
organisms.
UNIT III
Classification of Phylum Nematoda- Orders of Class Adenophorea and
Secernentea; Diagnosis of Order Tylenchida- Suborder Tylenchina,
Hoplolaimina and Criconematina; Infraorders Tylenchata and Anguinata-
their families and genera.
UNIT IV
Diagnosis of genera and families of Suborders Hoplolaimina and
Criconematina.
UNIT V
Orders Aphelenchida, Dorylaimida, Enoplida, Rhabditida with emphasis on
economically important taxa.
Practical
Identification of common plant parasitic nematodes belonging to Orders
Tylenchida, Dorylaimida, Aphelenchida and Enoplida up to generic level;
and up to species level for major nematode pests (root-knot, cyst nematodes
etc.) of crops. Identification of EPNs belonging to Order Rhabditida.
Suggested Readings
DeCramer W. 1995. The Family Trichodoridae: Stubby Root and Virus
Vector Nematodes. Kluwer Academic Press, Dordrecht.
Geraert E. 2006. Tylenchida. Brill.
Hunt DJ. 1993. Aphelenchida, Longidoridae and Trichodoridae – their
Systematics and Bionomics. CABI, Wallingford.
Siddiqi MR. 2000. Tylenchida: Parasites of Plants and Insects. 2nd Ed.
CABI, Wallingford.
49
NEMA 505 NEMATOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES 1+2
Objective
Understanding the principles, theoretical aspects and developing skills in
nematological techniques.
Theory
UNIT I
Principles and use of light, scanning and transmission electron
microscopes, and other laboratory equipments.
UNIT II
Survey and surveillance methods; collection of soil and plant samples;
techniques for extraction of nematodes from soil and plant material;
estimation of population densities.
UNIT III
Killing, fixing, clearing and mounting nematodes; measurements,
preparation of perineal patterns, vulval cones of cyst nematodes, en-face
views and body section of nematodes.
UNIT IV
In vitro and in vivo culturing techniques of plant parasitic, bacteriophagous,
mycophagus and omnivorous nematodes.
UNIT V
Staining nematodes in plant tissues; microtomy for histopathological
studies; collection of plant root exudates and their bioassay; preparation of
plant materials for exhibition.
UNIT VI
Application of molecular techniques in Nematology.
Practical
Collection of soil and plant samples; extraction of nematodes from soil by
Baermann funnel, sieving and decanting, elutriation and sugar centrifugal
methods; extraction of cysts from soil; extraction of nematodes from plant
material; estimation of population densities; staining plant material for
nematodes; killing and fixing nematodes, clearing nematodes by slow and
Seinhorst’s methods; preparation of temporary and permanent mounts;
measurements, drawing, microphotography, special preparation of
nematodes - perineal patterns, vulval cones, en-face and body sections;
collection of root exudates, preparation of exhibits of nematode diseased
plant material, in vitro culturing techniques of nematodes- callous culture,
excised root and carrot disc techniques.
Suggested Readings
Ayoub SM. 1981. Plant Nematology – An Agricultural Training Aid.
NemaAid Publications.
Barker KR, Carter CC & Sasser JN 1985. An Advanced Treatise on
Meloidogyne. Vol. II. Methodology. International Meloidogyne
Project, NCSU, Raliegh.
Southey JF. 1986. Laboratory Methods for Work with Plant and Soil
Nematodes. HMSO, London.
Zuckerman BM, Mai WF & Harrison MB. 1985. Plant Nematology
Laboratory Manual. Univ. of Massachusetts.
50
NEMA 506 NEMATODE DISEASES OF CROPS 3+1
Objective
To impart basic knowledge about the causal organism, nature of damage,
symptoms and control of nematode diseases of agricultural and
horticultural crops.
Theory
Diagnosis of causal organism, distribution, host range, biology and life
cycle, nature of damage, symptoms, interaction with other organisms, and
management of nematode diseases in different crops.
UNIT I
Cereal crops- Ear-cockle and tundu diseases of wheat, molya disease of
wheat and barley; rice root nematode, rice root-knot and cyst nematode
problems, ufra and white tip diseases of rice; lesion nematodes, cyst
nematodes of maize and sorghum.
UNIT II
Pulses, Sugar, Fibre, Fodder and Oilseed crops- Pigeon pea cyst nematode,
root knot nematode, reniform nematode, lesion, lance nematode, sugarbeet
cyst and soybean cyst nematode problems.
UNIT III
Vegetable crops- root-knot disease, reniform nematode, potato cyst
nematode; stem and bulb nematode. Nematode problems of protected
cultivation.
UNIT IV
Fruit crops- root-knot disease, reniform nematode, slow decline of citrus.
Mushroom- nematode problems.
UNIT V
Plantation, medicinal and aromatic crops- burrowing nematode problem of
banana, spices and condiments, root-knot and lesion nematode problems of
coffee and tea, red ring disease of coconut. Forests- Pine wilt disease.
Practical
Diagnosis of causal organisms; identification of different life cycle stages;
study of symptoms and histopathology of nematode damage in different
crops, study tours for field diagnosis of nematode problems.
Suggested Readings
Bhatti DS & Walia RK. 1992. Nematode Pests of Crops. CBS, New Delhi.
Evans AAF, Trudgill DL & Webster JM. 1994. Plant Parasitic Nematodes
in Temperate Agriculture. CABI, Wallingford.
Luc M, Sikora RA & Bridge J. 2005. Plant Parasitic Nematodes in
Subtropical and Tropical Agriculture. CABI, Wallingford.
Nickle WR. 1991. Manual of Agricultural Nematology. Marcel Dekker,
New York.
Perry RN & Moens M. 2006. Plant Nematology. CABI, Wallingford.
NEMA 507 NEMATODE BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2+1

Objective
To develop understanding of life cycle patterns, feeding and metabolic
processes in phytonematodes which have implications in their management.
51
Theory
UNIT I
Host finding and invasion, feeding, hatching, moulting; life cycle patterns
in different types of nematodes.
UNIT II
Types of reproduction, gametogenesis, embryogenesis and post
embryogenesis.
UNIT III
Chemical composition of nematodes, hydrolytic enzymes, pseudocoelome
and function of transport.
UNIT IV
Physiology of digestive system, intermediary metabolism.
UNIT V
Osmoregulation, physiology of excretory-secretory and neuromuscular
systems.
Practical
Studies on embryogenesis and post-embryogenesis, hatching, moulting, life
cycle development, feeding, enzymatic assay by electrophoresis.
Suggested Readings
Croll NA. 1970. The Behaviour of Nematodes: The Activity, Senses and
Responses. Edward Arnold, London.
Croll NA & Mathews BE. 1977. Biology of Nematodes. Blackie, Glasgow.
Lee DL. 2002. The Biology of Nematodes. Taylor & Francis, London.
Lee DL & Atkinson H J. 1976. Physiology of Nematodes. MacMillan,

London.
Perry RN & Wright DJ. 1998. The Physiology and Biochemistry of Free-
living and Plant Parasitic Nematodes. CABI, Wallingford.
Wallace HR. 1963. The Biology of Plant Parasitic Nematodes. Edward
Arnold, London.
NEMA 508 NEMATODE ECOLOGY 2+1
Objective
To understand the life of plant parasitic nematodes in their environment;
their survival strategies, and how to exploit these for their control.
Theory
UNIT I
Definition and scope; components of environment; evolution of nematodes;
ecological classification, prevalence, distribution and dispersal of
nematodes.
UNIT II
Role of nematodes in the food web; habitat and niche characteristics;
community analysis and population estimation models.
UNIT III
Effects of abiotic and biotic factors on nematodes.
UNIT IV
Environmental extremes and nematode behaviour- aggregation, swarming,
orientation, feeding and reproduction.
UNIT IV
Survival strategies of nematodes in adverse environment and absence of
host.
52
UNIT V
Modeling population dynamics and relations with crop performance;
ecological considerations in nematode management, data interpretation and
systems simulation.
Practical
Study of nematode fauna in varied agro-ecological systems, community
analysis of nematode populations, laboratory exercises on influence of
abiotic factors on movement and hatching, green-house experiments on
effect of abiotic factors on nematode populations and plant growth.
Suggested Readings
Croll NA. 1970. The Behaviour of Nematodes: The Activity, Senses and
Responses. Edward Arnold, London.
Croll NA & Mathews BE. 1977. Biology of Nematodes. Blackie, Glasgow.
Lee DL. 2002. The Biology of Nematodes. Taylor & Francis, London.
Norton DC. 1978. Ecology of Plant Parasitic Nematodes. John Wiley.

Poinar G. 1983. Natural History of Nematodes. Prentice Hall, Englewood
Cliffs.
Wallace HR. 1973. Nematode Ecology and Plant Disease. Edward Arnold,
London.
NEMA 509 NEMATODE INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER 2+1

ORGANISMS
Objective
To understand the role of nematodes in disease complexes involving
fungal, bacterial, viral and other organisms.
Theory
UNIT I
Concept of interaction and its importance in disease complexes and their
management involving nematode and other organisms.
UNIT II
Interaction of plant parasitic nematodes with wilt causing fungal pathogens.
UNIT III
Interaction of plant parasitic nematodes with root rot and other fungal
pathogens.
UNIT IV
Interaction of plant parasitic nematodes with bacterial pathogens, other
nematode species and arthropods.
UNIT V
Virus transmission by nematodes.
Practical
Green-house experiments to study the role of plant parasitic nematodes in
wilt/rot causing fungal and bacterial pathogens.
Suggested Readings
Khan MW. 1993. Nemic Interactions. Chapman & Hall, New York.
Lamberti F, Taylor CE & Seinhorst JW. 1975. Nematode Vectors of Plant
Viruses. Plenum Press, London.
Sasser JN & Jenkins WR. 1960. Nematology: Fundamentals and Recent
Advances with Emphasis on Plant Parasitic and Soil Forms.
Eurasia Publ. House, New Delhi.
53
NEMA 510 NEMATODE MANAGEMENT 2+1
Objective
To impart comprehensive knowledge about the principles and practices of
nematode management.
Theory
UNIT I
Concepts and history of nematode management; crop loss estimation,
ecological and socio-economic aspects, cost-benefit ratios and pest risk
analysis.
UNIT II
Chemical methods- nematicides, their types, classification, mode of action,
applicators and application methods, antidotes, and economizing
nematicidal use.
UNIT III
Cultural practices- crop rotations and cropping sequences, fallowing,
flooding, soil solarisation, time of sowing, organic amendments of soil, bio-
fumigation, antagonistic and trap crops, sanitation etc.
Physical methods- use of heat, hot water treatment and other methods of
disinfestations of planting material.
UNIT IV
Biological methods- concepts and terminology, use of predators and
parasites as biological control agents, their mass multiplication and field
use; phytotherapeutic methods – use of antagonistic plants and antinemic
plant products.
UNIT V
Genetic methods- plant resistance; legal methods- quarantine regulations;
integrated nematode management- concepts and applications.
Practical
In vitro screening of synthetic chemicals and plant products for nematicidal
activity, and their application methods; methods for screening of crop
germplasm for resistance against nematodes, laboratory exercises on
biocontrol potential of fungal, bacterial parasites, and predacious fungi and
nematodes.
Suggested Readings
Bhatti DS & Walia RK. 1994. Nematode Pest Management in Crops. CBS,
New Delhi.
Brown GL. 1977. The Nemtode Destroying Fungi. CBP, Guelph.
Brown RH & Kerry BR. 1987. Principles and Practice of Nematode
Control in Crops. Academic Press, Sydney.
Chen ZX, Chen SY& Dickson DW. 2004. Nematology: Advances and
Perpectives. Vol. II: Nematode Management and Utilization. CABI,
Wallingford.
Perry RN & Moens M. 2006. Plant Nematology. CABI, Wallingford.
Starr JL, Cook R & Bridge J. 2002. Plant Resistance to Parasitic
Nematodes. CABI, Wallingford.
Whitehead AG. 1997. Plant Nematode Control. CABI, Wallingford.
54
NEMA 511 BENEFICIAL NEMATODES 1+1
Objective
To sensitize about the use of nematodes for the biological control of insect
pests of crops, and application of some nematodes as biological models and
as indicators of environmental pollution.
Theory
UNIT I
Beneficial nematode fauna- predators, parasites of insects, molluscs and
other pests; Entomophilic nematodes- important groups, types of nematode-
insect associations; taxonomic characteristics of nematode parasites of
insects.
UNIT II
Host-parasite relations and life cycle of mermithids, entaphelenchids,
thelastomids, sphaerularids and tylenchids.
UNIT III
Entomopathogenic nematodes- Steinernema and Heterorhabditis, their
morphological characteristics, taxonomic status, biology and mode of
action.
UNIT IV
Entomopathogenic nematodes- mass multiplication techniques,
formulations, field applications and efficacy, success stories.
UNIT V
Nematodes as biological models, nematodes as indicators of pollution, role
of nematodes in organic matter recycling.
Practical
Isolation, identification, mass rearing and application methods of
entomopathogenic nematodes.
Suggested Readings
Gaugler R & Kaya HK. 1990. Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Biological
Control. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
Gaugler R. 2002. Entomophilic Nematology. CABI, Wallingford.
Grewal PS, Ehlars RU & Shapiro DI. 2005. Nematodes as Biocontrol
Agents. CABI, Wallingford.
Jairajpuri MS & Khan MS. 1982. Predatory Nematodes (Mononchida).
Associated Publ. Co., New Delhi.
Wood WB. 1998. The Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Cold Spring
Harbor Press.
Woodring JL & Kaya HK. 1988. Steinernematid and Heterorhabditid
Nematodes: A Handbook of Techniques. Southern Coop. Bull.,
Ark. Ag. Ext. Sta.
Zuckerman BM. (Ed.). 1980. Nematodes as Biological Models. Vols. I, II.
www2.oardc.ohio-state.edu/nematodes
NEMA 512/ PRINCIPLES OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT 1+1
ENT 510
Objective
To familiarize the students with principles of insect pest management,
including concept and philosophy of IPM. Train students in computation of
ETL, implementing IPM programmes.
55
Theory
UNIT I
History and origin, definition and evolution of various related
terminologies.
UNIT II
Concept and philosophy, ecological principles, economic threshold
concept, and economic consideration.
UNIT III
Tools of pest management and their integration- legislative, cultural,
physical and mechanical methods; pest survey and surveillance,
forecasting, types of surveys including remote sensing methods, factors
affecting surveys; political, social and legal implications of IPM; pest risk
analysis; pesticide risk analysis; cost-benefit ratios and partial budgeting;
case studies of successful IPM programmes.
Practical
Characterization of agro-ecosystems; sampling methods and factors
affecting sampling; population estimation methods; crop loss assessment-
direct losses, indirect losses, potential losses, avoidable losses, unavoidable
losses. Computation of EIL and ETL; crop modeling; designing and
implementing IPM system.
Suggested Readings
Dhaliwal GS, Ram Singh & Chhillar BS. 2006. Essentials of Agricultural
1st Ed., Springer, New York.
Horowitz AR & Ishaaya I. 2004. Insect Pest Management: Field and
Protected Crops. Springer, New Delhi.
Ignacimuthu SS & Jayaraj S. 2007. Biotechnology and Insect Pest
Management. Elite Publ., New Delhi.
Pedigo RL. 2002. Entomology and Pest Management. 4th Ed. Prentice Hall,
New Delhi.
Norris RF, Caswell-Chen EP & Kogan M. 2002. Concepts in Integrated
NEMA 513/ DISEASE RESISTANCE IN PLANTS 2+0

PL PATH 513
Objective
To acquaint with disease resistance mechanisms in plants.
Theory
UNIT I
Introduction and historical development, dynamics of pathogenicity,
process of infection, variability in plant pathogens, gene centres as sources
of resistance, disease resistance terminology.
56
UNIT II
Disease escapes, disease tolerance, disease resistance, types of resistance,
identification of physiological races of pathogens, disease progression in
relation to resistance, stabilizing selection pressure in plant pathogens.
UNIT III
Host defence system, morphological and anatomical resistance, preformed
chemicals in host defence, post infectional chemicals in host defence,
phytoalexins, hypersensitivity and its mechanisms.
UNIT IV
Gene-for-gene concept, protein-for-protein and immunization basis,
management of resistance genes. Strategies for gene deployment.
Suggested Readings
Dallice M et al.1996. Molecular Aspects of Pathogenicity and Resistance:
Requirement for Signal Transduction. APS, St Paul, Minnesota.
Deverall BJ. 1977. Defence Mechanisms in Plants. Cambridge Univ. Press,
Cambridge, New York.
Parker J. 2008. Molecular Aspects of Plant Diseases Resistance. Blackwell
Publ.
Robinson RA. 1976. Plant Pathosystems. Springer Verlag, New York.
Singh BD. 2005. Plant Breeding – Principles and Methods. 7th Ed. Kalyani
Publ., Ludhiana.
Van der Plank JE. 1975. Principles of Plant Infection. Academic Press,
New York.
Van der Plank JE. 1978. Genetic and Molecular Basis of Plant
Pathogenesis. Springer Verlag, New York.
Van der Plank JE. 1982. Host Pathogen Interactions in Plant Disease.
Van der Plank JE. 1984. Disease Resistance in Plants. Academic Press,
New York.
NEM 514/ PLANT QUARANTINE 2+0

ENT 520
Objective
Theory
UNIT I
UNIT II
UNIT III
57
UNIT IV
Suggested Readings
Books.
NEMA 601 ADVANCES IN STRUCTURE AND SYSTEMATICS 2+1

OF NEMATODES
Objective
Studies on the ultrastructure of plant parasitic nematodes based on TEM
and SEM, and appraisal of recent developments in their classification.
Theory
UNIT I
Ultrastructure of nematode body wall- cuticle, hypodermis and muscles;
nematode feeding apparatus, and other parts of alimentary canal.
UNIT II
Ultrastructure of nematode sense organs, reproductive and excretory-
secretory systems.
UNIT III
Principles and rules of nomenclature and classification; preparation of
illustrations, keys and compendia for nematode species and other taxa.
UNIT IV
Non-conventional approaches of nematode identification- molecular,
biochemical, immunodiagnostic, molecular characterization and DNA
finger-printing techniques.
UNIT V
Development of computer-based nematode identification programmes.
Practical
Detailed studies of morphological structures and identification of plant
parasitic nematodes up to species level. Drawing and measurements of
nematodes, preparation of compendia and keys. Identification of
species/races of root-knot and cyst nematodes using PAGE.
Suggested Readings
Barrington EJW. 1967. Invertebrate Structure and Function. Nelson,
Nairobi.
Chen ZX, Chen SY & Dickson DW. 2004. Nematology: Advances and
Perspectives. Vol. I. Nematode Morphology, Physiology and
Ecology. CABI, Wallingford.
Geraert E. 2006. Nematology Monographs and Perspectives. Vol. IV. Brill.
58
International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature 1999. International
Code of Zoological Nomenclature 4th Ed. The Natural History
Museum, London.
IBH, New Delhi.
Delhi.
Blackie, London.
NEMA 602 CURRENT TOPICS IN NEMATODE DISEASE 2+1

DEVELOPMENT AND HOST RESISTANCE
Objective
To update knowledge on the recent research trends in the field of plant
nematode relationships at genetic and molecular level.
Theory
UNIT I
Mechanisms of pathogenesis, cytological and biochemical changes induced
by nematode feeding.
UNIT II
Plant defense systems, role of phytoalexins etc. against major plant
parasitic nematodes.
UNIT III
Genetic basis of plant resistance to nematodes and identification of
resistance genes against economically important nematodes.
UNIT IV
Application of biotechnological methods in the development of nematode
resistant crop cultivars; resistance markers; incorporation of resistance by
conventional breeding and transgenic approaches.
UNIT V
Influence of microorganisms on plant nematode interactions.
Practical
Microtomy for study of histopathological changes induced by important
nematodes, screening techniques for assessment of resistance in crop
germplasm against nematodes.
Suggested Readings
Barker KR, Pederson GA & Windham GL. 1998. Plant and Nematode
Interactions. CABI, Wallingford.
Fenoll C, Grundler FMW & Ohl SA. 1997. Cellular and Molecular aspects
of Plant-Nematode Relationships. Kluwer Academic Press,
Dordrecht.
Lamberti F, Giorgi C & Bird D. 1994. Advances in Molecular Plant
Nematology. Plenum Press.
NEMA 603 ADVANCES IN NEMATODE MANAGEMENT 2+1

Objective
To keep abreast with latest developments and trends in nematode
management.
59
Theory
UNIT I
Isolation, identification, host specificity, mode of action, culturing and field
application potential of promising bio-control agents- predacious and
parasitic fungi; nematoxic fungal culture filtrates.
UNIT II
Isolation, identification, host specificity, mode of action, culturing and field
application potential of promising bio-control agents- parasitic and
nematode antagonistic bacteria; predacious mites and predacious
nematodes.
UNIT III
Mass culturing, formulation, quality control, bio-safety and registration
protocols of bio-control agents.
UNIT IV
Phytoalexins, allelochemicals, phytotherapeutic substances, novel
nematicides, deployment of resistant varieties and non-host crops in
nematode suppressive cropping systems, emergence of resistance breaking
biotypes, recent regulatory provisions and methods, quarantine and
disinfection.
UNIT V
Nematode management modules for integrated pest and disease
management in cropping systems. Nematode management options and
approaches for organic farming and precision farming. Application of GIS
and GPS technology for surveillance and management.
Practical
Green-house experiments on the efficacy of fungal and bacterial bio-control
agents, botanicals.
Suggested Readings
Perspectives Vol. II. Nematode Management and Utilization. CABI,
Wallingford.
Jana BL. 2008. Precision Farming. Reseachco Books & Periodicals Pvt.
Ltd., Delhi.
Lillesend TW, Kiefer RW & Chipman JW. 1979. Remote Sensing and
Image Interpretation. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Poinar GO Jr & Jansson H-B. 1988. Diseases of Nematodes. Vols. I, II.
CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
Starr JR, Cook R & Bridge J. 2002. Plant Resistance to Parasitic
Nematodes. CABI, Wallingford.
Tarafdar JC, Priputhi KP & Mahesh Kumar 2007. Organic Agriculture.
Scientific Publ., Jodhpur.
Upadhyaya RK, Walia RK & Dubey OP. 2004. IPM Systems in
Agriculture. Vol. IX. Phytonematology. Aditya Books, New Delhi.
NEMA 604 PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR 2+1

NEMATOLOGY
Objective
Appraisal on the application of modern biotechnological tools in
Nematology.
60
Theory
UNIT I
Cell biology- Structural and functional aspects; genetics and evolution in
plant parasitism in nematodes.
UNIT II
Caenorhabditis elegans- a model system for gerontology, cytogenetics,
physiology, nutritional, toxicological and pharmacological studies;
Heterodera glycines as a model for biology, proteomic and genomic
studies.
UNIT III
Chemoreception, neurobiology, and biochemical basis of communication in
nematodes, molecular basis of host recognition.
UNIT IV
Biochemical, genetical and molecular basis of plant nematode interaction;
histopathological, cellular and molecular changes in host feeding cells,
resistance genes and RNAi technology.
UNIT V
Biochemical and molecular basis of survival strategies in nematodes,
molecular mechanism of host resistance against plant parasitic nematodes,
molecular and novel approaches for nematode management.
Practical
Isolation and quantification of proteins from nematode juveniles and eggs;
molecular weight determination of nematode protein; β-esterase
polymorphism in root-knot nematode; nematode DNA isolation from
juveniles and eggs; RFLP of nematode DNA; nematode DNA amplification
using PCR for nematode identification, RNAi technology.
Suggested Readings
Perspectives. Vol. I. Nematode Morphology, Physiology and
Ecology. CABI, Wallingford.
Fenoll C, Grundler FMW & Ohl SA. 1997. Cellular and Molecular aspects
of Plant-Nematode Relationships. Kluwer Academic Publ.,
Dordrecht.
Gommers EJ & Maas PW. 1992. Nematology from Molecule to Ecosystem.
European Soc. of Nematologists.
Lamberti F, Giorgi C. & Bird D. 1994. Advances in Molecular Plant
Nematology. Plenum Press.
Perry RN & Wright DJ. 1998. The Physiology and Biochemistry of Free-
living and Plant Parasitic Nematodes. CABI, London.
Riddle DL. 1997. C. elegans II. Cold Spring Harbor Press.
Wood WB. 1988. The Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Cold Spring
Harbor Press.
Zuckerman BM. 1980. Nematodes as Biological Models. Vols. I, II.
NEMA 605/ PLANT BIOSECURITY AND BIOSAFETY 2+0

PL PATH 606
Objective
in agriculture.
61
Theory
UNIT I
History of biosecurity, concept of biosecurity, components of biosecurity,
Quarantine, Invasive Alien Species, biowarfare, emerging/resurgence of
pests and diseases.
UNIT II
National Regulatory Mechanism and International
Agreements/Conventions viz., Agreement on Application of Sanitary and
Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures/World Trade Organization (WTO),
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), International Standards for
Phytosanitary Measures, pest risk analysis, risk assessment models, pest
information system, early warning and forecasting system, use of Global
Positioning System (GPS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) for
plant biosecurity, pest/disease and epidemic management, strategies for
UNIT III
Biosafety and its implications, issues related to release of genetically
modified crops.
Suggested Readings
S_EPR_2006.pdf
action_plan.pdf
DEFRA.
www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/diseases/control/biosecurity/index.htm
63.
Biosecurity for Agriculture and Food
Production.http://www.fao.org/biosecurity/
CFIA.
http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/heasan/fad/biosecure.shtml
62
NEMATOLOGY
List of Journals
Annals of Applied Nematology - Society of Nematologists, USA
Current Nematology - Bioved Research Society, Allahabad, India
Egyptian Journal of Agronematology – Egyptian Society of Agricultural
Nematology
Indian Journal of Nematology - Nematological Society of India
International Journal of Nematology - Afro-Asian Society of Nematologists, Luton
Japanese Journal of Nematology - Japanese Nematological Society
Journal of Nematology - Society of Nematologists, USA
Journal of Nematode Morphology and Systematics –Jaen, Universidad de Jaen
Nematologia Brasiliera – Brazilian Nematological Society
Nematologia Mediterranea – Istituto per la Protezione delle Plante (IPP) – Sect. of
Bari of the CNR, Italy
Nematology - Brill Academic Publishers, UK
Nematropica - Organization of Nematologists of Tropical America
Pakistan Journal of Nematology - Pakistan Society of Nematologists
Russian Journal of Nematology - Russian Society of Nematologists
e-Resources
http://www.nematologists.org/ (The Society of Nematologists)
http://nematology.ucdavis.edu/ (Deptt. of Nematology, Univ. of California,
Davis)
http://www.ifns.org/ (International Federation of Nematology Societies)
http://www.inaav.ba.cnr.it/nemmed.html (Nematologia Mediterranea)
http://nematode.unl.edu/Nemajob.htm (Nematology Employment Bulletin Board)
http://nematode.unl.edu/ (University of Nebraska - Lincoln Nematology)
http://nematode.unl.edu/wormsite.htm (Links to Other Nematology Resources)
http://nematode.unl.edu/SON/jon.htm (Journal of Nematology)
http://www.nematology.ucr.edu/ (Deptt. of Nematology, Univ. of California,
Riverside)
http://entnemdept.ifas.ufl.edu/ (Univ. of Florida, Entomology & Nematology
Dept.)
http://www.brill.nl/m_catalogue_sub6_id8548.htm (Nematology - journal)
http://www.ars.usda.gov/main/site_main.htm?modecode=12752900 (Nematology
Lab., USDA)
http://flnem.ifas.ufl.edu/HISTORY/nem_history.htm (Nematology history)
http://www.nematology.ugent.be/ (Nematology Unit, Ghent University)
http://www.entm.purdue.edu/nematology/ (The Purdue Nematology Lab.)
http://www.bspp.org.uk/ppigb/nematolo.htm#a-z (Links to Nematology labs)
http://www.nem.wur.nl/UK/ (Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen Univ.)
http://onta.ifas.ufl.edu/ (The Organization of Nematologists of Tropical America)
http://www.openj-
gate.org/Articlelist.asp?Source=1&Journal_ID=103267.(Nematology Newsletter)
http://nematology.umd.edu/nematology.html (Plant Nematology Laboratory,
Maryland)
http://www.biology.leeds.ac.uk/nem/ (Plant Nematology Lab., University of
Leeds)
63
http://www.plantpath.iastate.edu/dept/labs/tylka/ (Iowa State University,
Nematology Lab)
http://nematologists.org.au/newsletters.html (Australasian Association of
Nematologists)
http://soilplantlab.missouri.edu/nematode/ (Plant Nematology Laboratory,
Missouri)
http://www.eumaine.ugent.be/ (European Master of Science in Nematology)
http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/jjn (The Japanese Journal of Nematology)

Identification of key nematode pests emerging in regional agro-ecosystems
Development of molecular diagnostic tools of phytonematodes
Nematode problems of peri-urban and protected agriculture systems, and their
management
Role of nematodes in organic matter recycling
Modelling nematode populations for disease forecasting and predicting yield losses
Nematodes as indicators of environmental pollution
Identification of cost effective nematode-suppressive cropping systems for specific
agro-ecosystems
Isolation, identification and characterization of phytochemicals for nematoxicity
Disinfection of nematode-infected planting material through eco-friendly sanitary
methods
Characterization of molecular markers and genes governing resistance to key
nematode pests
Management of nematodes with antagonistic bacteria
Bionomics of potential bio-control agents and their field efficacy
Devising non-chemical methods of nematode management in mushroom
cultivation
Development of nematode management modules for IPM systems
Field efficacy and formulation of entomopathogenic nematodes against foliar and
soil-borne insect pests of crops
Study of disease complex involving nematodes and other plant pathogens.
Nematode suppressive rhizospheric microorganisms.
64
PLANT PATHOLOGY

PL PATH 501* MYCOLOGY 2+1
PL PATH 502* PLANT VIROLOGY 2+1
PL PATH 503* PLANT BACTERIOLOGY 2+1
PL PATH 504* PRINCIPLES OF PLANT PATHOLOGY 3+0
PL PATH 505* DETECTION AND DIAGNOSIS OF PLANT DISEASES 0+2
PL PATH 506 PRINCIPLES OF PLANT DISEASE MANAGEMENT 2+1
PL PATH 507 DISEASES OF FIELD AND MEDICINAL CROPS 2+1
PL PATH 508 DISEASES OF FRUITS, PLANTATION AND ORNAMENTAL CROPS 2+1
PL PATH 509 DISEASES OF VEGETABLE AND SPICES CROPS 2+1
PL PATH 510 SEED HEALTH TECHNOLOGY 2+1
PL PATH 511 CHEMICALS IN PLANT DISEASE MANAGEMENT 2+1
PL PATH 512 ECOLOGY OF SOIL-BORNE PLANT PATHOGENS 2+1
PL PATH 513 DISEASE RESISTANCE IN PLANTS 2+0
PL PATH 514/ INSECT VECTORS OF PLANT VIRUSES AND OTHER PATHOGENS 1+1
ENT 514$
PL PATH 515 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PLANT DISEASES 2+1
PL PATH 516 INTEGRATED DISEASE MANAGEMENT 2+1
PL PATH 517 MUSHROOM PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY 2+1
PL PATH 518 EPIDEMIOLOGY AND FORECASTING OF PLANT DISEASES 2+1
PL PATH 519 POST HARVEST DISEASES 2+1
PL PATH 520/ PLANT QUARANTINE 2+0
ENT 520$
PL PATH 591 MASTER’S SEMINAR 1+0
PL PATH 599 MASTER’S RESEARCH 20
PL PATH 601 ADVANCED MYCOLOGY 2+1

PL PATH 602 ADVANCED VIROLOGY 2+1
PL PATH 603 ADVANCED BACTERIOLOGY 2+1
PL PATH 604** MOLECULAR BASIS OF HOST-PATHOGEN INTERACTION 2+1
PL PATH 605 PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES OF CERTIFICATION 1+0
PL PATH 606 PLANT BIOSECURITY AND BIOSAFETY 2+0
PL PATH 691 DOCTORAL SEMINAR I 1+0

PL PATH 692 DOCTORAL SEMINAR II 1+0
PL PATH 699 DOCTORAL RESEARCH 45

*Compulsory for Master’s programme; ** Compulsory for Ph. D. programme;
$
Cross-listed with Entomology
65
PLANT PATHOLOGY
Course Contents
PL PATH 501 MYCOLOGY 2+1

Objective
To study the nomenclature, classification and characters of fungi.
Theory
UNIT I
Introduction, definition of different terms, basic concepts.
UNIT II
Importance of mycology in agriculture, relation of fungi to human affairs,
history of mycology.
UNIT III
Concepts of nomenclature and classification, fungal biodiversity,
reproduction in fungi.
UNIT IV
The comparative morphology, ultrastructure, characters of different groups
of fungi up to generic level: (a) Myxomycota and (b) Eumycota- i)
Mastigomycotina ii) Zygomycotina, iii) Ascomycotina, iv)
Basidiomycotina, v) Deuteromycotina. Lichens types and importance,
fungal genetics and variability in fungi.
Practical
Detailed comparative study of different groups of fungi; collection,
identification and preservation of specimens. Isolation and identification of
plant pathogenic fungi.
Suggested Readings
Ainsworth GC, Sparrow FK & Susman HS. 1973. The Fungi – An
Advanced Treatise. Vol. IV (A & B). Academic Press, New York.
Alexopoulos CJ, Mims CW & Blackwell M.2000. Introductory Mycology.
5th Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Mehrotra RS & Arneja KR. 1990. An Introductory Mycology. Wiley
Eastern, New Delhi.
Sarbhoy AK. 2000. Text book of Mycology. ICAR, New Delhi.
Singh RS. 1982. Plant Pathogens – The Fungi. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi.
Webster J. 1980. Introduction to Fungi. 2nd Ed. Cambridge Univ. Press,
PL PATH 502 PLANT VIROLOGY 2+1

Objective
To acquaint with the structure, virus-vector relationship, biology and
management of plant viruses.
Theory
UNIT I
History of plant viruses, composition and structure of viruses.
UNIT II
Symptomatology of important plant viral diseases, transmission, chemical
and physical properties, host virus interaction, virus vector relationship.
UNIT III
Virus nomenclature and classification, genome organization, replication
and movement of viruses.
66
UNIT IV
Isolation and purification, electron microscopy, protein and nucleic acid
based diagnostics.
UNIT V
Mycoviruses, phytoplasma arbo and baculoviruses, satellite viruses,
satellite RNAs, phages, viroids, prions. Principles of the working of
electron-microscope and ultra-microtome.
UNIT VI
Origin and evolution, mechanism of resistance, genetic engineering,
ecology, and management of plant viruses.
Practical
Study of symptoms caused by viruses, transmission, assay of viruses,
physical properties, purification, method of raising antisera, serological
tests, electron microscopy and ultratomy, PCR.
Suggested Readings
Bos L. 1964. Symptoms of Virus Diseases in Plants. Oxford & IBH., New
Delhi.
Brunt AA, Krabtree K, Dallwitz MJ, Gibbs AJ & Watson L. 1995. Virus of
Plants: Descriptions and Lists from VIDE Database. CABI,
Wallington.
Gibbs A & Harrison B. 1976. Plant Virology - The Principles. Edward
Arnold, London.
Hull R. 2002. Mathew’s Plant Virology. 4th Ed. Academic Press, New
York.
Noordam D. 1973. Identification of Plant Viruses, Methods and
Experiments. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi.
PL PATH 503 PLANT BACTERIOLOGY 2+1
Objective
To acquaint with plant pathogenic prokaryote (procarya) and their
structure, nutritional requirements, survival and dissemination.
Theory
UNIT I
History and introduction to phytopathogenic procarya, viz., bacteria,
MLOs, spiroplasmas and other fastidious procarya. Importance of
phytopathogenic bacteria.
UNIT II
Evolution, classification and nomenclature of phytopathogenic procarya
and important diseases caused by them.
UNIT III
Growth, nutrition requirements, reproduction, preservation of bacterial
cultures and variability among phytopathogenic procarya.
UNIT IV
General biology of bacteriophages, L form bacteria, plasmids and
bdellovibrios.
UNIT V
Procaryotic inhibitors and their mode of action against phytopathogenic
bacteria.
UNIT VI
Survival and dissemination of phytopathogenic bacteria.
67
Practical
Isolation, purification, identification and host inoculation of
phytopathogenic bacteria, staining methods, biochemical and serological
characterization, isolation of plasmid and use of antibacterial
chemicals/antibiotics.
Suggested Readings
Goto M. 1990. Fundamentals of Plant Bacteriology. Academic Press, New
York.
Jayaraman J & Verma JP. 2002. Fundamentals of Plant Bacteriology.
Kalyani Publ., Ludhiana.
Mount MS & Lacy GH. 1982. Phytopathogenic Prokaryotes. Vols. I, II.
Verma JP, Varma A & Kumar D. (Eds). 1995. Detection of Plant
Pathogens and their Management. Angkor Publ., New Delhi.
Verma JP. 1998. The Bacteria. Malhotra Publ. House, New Delhi.
PL PATH 504 PRINCIPLES OF PLANT PATHOLOGY 3+0

Objective
To introduce the subject of Plant Pathology, its concepts and principles.
Theory
UNIT I
Importance, definitions and concepts of plant diseases, history and growth
of plant pathology, biotic and abiotic causes of plant diseases.
UNIT II
Growth, reproduction, survival and dispersal of important plant pathogens,
role of environment and host nutrition on disease development.
UNIT III
Host parasite interaction, recognition concept and infection,
symptomatology, disease development- role of enzymes, toxins, growth
regulators; defense strategies- oxidative burst; Phenolics, Phytoalexins, PR
proteins, Elicitors. Altered plant metabolism as affected by plant pathogens.
UNIT IV
Genetics of resistance; ‘R’ genes; mechanism of genetic variation in
pathogens; molecular basis for resistance; marker-assisted selection;
genetic engineering for disease resistance.
UNIT V
Disease management strategies.
Suggested Readings
Agrios GN. 2005. Plant Pathology. 5th Ed. Academic Press, New York.
Heitefuss R & Williams PH. 1976. Physiological Plant Pathology. Springer
Verlag, Berlin, New York.
Mehrotra RS & Aggarwal A. 2003. Plant Pathology. 2nd Ed. Oxford &
IBH, New Delhi.
Singh RS. 2002. Introduction to Principles of Plant Pathology. Oxford &
IBH, New Delhi.
Singh DP & Singh A. 2007. Disease and Insect Resistance in Plants.
Upadhyay RK & Mukherjee KG. 1997. Toxins in Plant Disease
Development and Evolving Biotechnology. Oxford & IBH, New
Delhi.
68
PL PATH 505 DETECTION AND DIAGNOSIS OF 0+2
PLANT DISEASES
Objective
To impart training on various methods/techniques/instruments used in the
study of plant diseases/pathogens.
Practical
UNIT I
Methods to prove Koch’s postulates with biotroph and necrotroph
pathogens, pure culture techniques, use of selective media to isolate
pathogens.
UNIT II
Preservation of plant pathogens and disease specimens, use of
haemocytometer, micrometer, centrifuge, pH meter, camera lucida.
UNIT III
Microscopic techniques and staining methods, phase contrast system,
chromatography, use of electron microscope, spectrophotometer,
ultracentrifuge and electrophoretic apparatus, disease diagnostics,
serological and molecular techniques for detection of plant pathogens.
Evaluation of fungicides, bactericides etc.; field experiments, data
collection and preparation of references.
Suggested Readings
Baudoin ABAM, Hooper GR, Mathre DE & Carroll RB. 1990. Laboratory
Exercises in Plant Pathology: An Instructional Kit. Scientific Publ.,
Jodhpur.
Dhingra OD & Sinclair JB. 1986. Basic Plant Pathology Methods. CRC
Press, London, Tokyo.
Fox RTV. 1993. Principles of Diagnostic Techniques in Plant Pathology.
CABI Wallington.
Mathews REF. 1993. Diagnosis of Plant Virus Diseases. CRC Press, Boca
Raton, Tokyo.
Pathak VN. 1984. Laboratory Manual of Plant Pathology. Oxford & IBH,
New Delhi.
Forster D & Taylor SC. 1998. Plant Virology Protocols: From Virus
Isolation to Transgenic Resistance. Methods in Molecular Biology.
Humana Press, Totowa, New Jersey.
Matthews REF. 1993. Diagnosis of Plant Virus Diseases. CRC Press,
Florida.
Noordam D. 1973. Identification of Plant Viruses, Methods and
Experiments. Cent. Agic. Pub. Doc. Wageningen.
Trigiano RN, Windham MT & Windham AS. 2004. Plant Pathology-
Concepts and Laboratory Exercises. CRC Press, Florida.
Chakravarti BP. 2005. Methods of Bacterial Plant Pathology. Agrotech,
Udaipur.
PL PATH 506 PRINCIPLES OF PLANT DISEASE MANAGEMENT 2+1

0bjectives
To acquaint with different strategies for management of plant diseases.
69
Theory
UNIT I
Principles of plant disease management by cultural, physical, biological,
chemical, organic amendments and botanicals methods of plant disease
control, integrated control measures of plant diseases. Disease resistance
and molecular approach for disease management.
UNIT II
Foliage, seed and soil application of chemicals, role of stickers, spreaders
and other adjuvants, health vis-a-vis environmental hazards, residual effects
and safety measures.
UNIT III
History of fungicides, bactericides, antibiotics, concepts of pathogen,
immobilization, chemical protection and chemotherapy, nature, properties
and mode of action of antifungal, antibacterial and antiviral chemicals.
Practical
In vitro and in vivo evaluation of chemicals against plant pathogens; ED
and MIC values, study of structural details of sprayers and dusters.
Suggested Readings
Fry WE. 1982. Principles of Plant Disease Management. Academic Press,
New York.
Hewitt HG. 1998. Fungicides in Crop Protection. CABI, Wallington.
Marsh RW. 1972. Systemic Fungicides. Longman, New York.
Nene YL & Thapliyal PN. 1993. Fungicides in Plant Disease Control.
Palti J. 1981. Cultural Practices and Infectious Crop Diseases. Springer-
Verlag, New York.
Vyas SC. 1993 Handbook of Systemic Fungicides. Vols. I-III. Tata
McGraw Hill, New Delhi.
PL PATH 507 DISEASES OF FIELD AND MEDICINAL CROPS 2+1

Objective
To educate about the nature, prevalence, etiology, factors affecting disease
development and control measures of field and medicinal crop diseases.
Theory
UNIT I
Diseases of Cereal crops- wheat, barley, rice, pearl millet, sorghum and
maize.
UNIT II
Diseases of Pulse crops- gram, urdbean, mungbean, lentil, pigeonpea, soybean.
UNIT III
Diseases of Oilseed crops- rapeseed and mustard, sesame, linseed,
sunflower, groundnut, castor.
UNIT IV
Diseases of Cash crops- cotton, sugarcane.
UNIV V
Diseases of Fodder legume crops- berseem, oats, guar, lucerne, cowpea.
UNIT VI
Medicinal crops- plantago, liquorice, mulathi, rosagrass, sacred basil,
mentha, ashwagandha, Aloe vera.
70
Practical
Detailed study of symptoms and host parasite relationship of important
diseases of above mentioned crops. Collection and dry preservation of
diseased specimens of important crops.
Suggested Readings
Joshi LM, Singh DV & Srivastava KD. 1984. Problems and Progress of
Wheat Pathology in South Asia. Malhotra Publ. House, New Delhi.
Rangaswami G. 1999. Diseases of Crop Plants in India. 4th Ed.. Prentice
Hall of India, New Delhi.
Ricanel C, Egan BT, Gillaspie Jr AG & Hughes CG. 1989. Diseases of
Sugarcane, Major Diseases. Academic Press, New York.
Singh RS. 1998. Plant Diseases. 7th Ed. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi.
Singh US, Mukhopadhyay AN, Kumar J & Chaube HS. 1992. Plant
Diseases of Internatiobnal Importance. Vol. I. Diseases of Cereals
and Pulses. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
PL PATH 508 DISEASES OF FRUITS, PLANTATION AND 2+1

ORNAMENTAL CROPS
Objective
To acquaint with diseases of fruits, plantation, ornamental plants and their
management.
Theory
UNIT I
Introduction, symptoms and etiology of different fruit diseases. Factors
affecting disease development in fruits like apple, pear, peach, plum,
apricot, cherry, walnut, almond, strawberry, citrus, mango, grapes, guava,
ber, banana, pineapple, papaya, fig, pomegranate, date palm and
management of the fruits diseases.
UNIT II
Symptoms, mode of perpetuation of diseases of plantation crops such as
tea, coffee, rubber and coconut and their management.
UNIT III
Symptoms and life cycle of pathogens. Factors affecting disease
development of ornamental plants such as roses, gladiolus, tulip, carnation,
orchids, marigold, chrysanthemum and their management.
Practical
Detailed study of symptoms and host parasite relationship of representative
diseases of plantation crops. Collection and dry preservation of diseased
specimens of important crops.
Suggested Readings
Gupta VK &.Sharma SK. 2000. Diseases of Fruit Crops. Kalyani Publ.,
New Delhi.
Pathak VN. 1980. Diseases of Fruit Crops. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi.
Singh RS. 2000. Diseases of Fruit Crops. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi.
Walker JC. 2004. Diseases of Vegetable Crops. TTPP, India.
PL PATH 509 DISEASES OF VEGETABLE AND SPICES CROPS 2+1

Objective
To impart knowledge about symptoms, epidemiology of different diseases
of vegetables and spices and their management.
71
Theory
UNIT I
Nature, prevalence, factors affecting disease development of bulb, leafy
vegetable, crucifers, cucurbits and solanaceaous vegetables. Diseases of
protected cultivation.
UNIT II
Symptoms and management of diseases of different root, bulb, leafy
vegetables, crucifers, cucurbits and solanaceaous vegetable crops.
UNIT III
Symptoms, epidemiology and management of diseases of different spice
crops such as black pepper, saffron, cumin, coriander, turmeric, fennel,
fenugreek and ginger.
Practical
Detailed study of symptoms and host pathogen interaction of important
diseases of vegetable and spice crops.
Suggested Readings
Chaube HS, Singh US, Mukhopadhyay AN & Kumar J. 1992. Plant
Diseases of International Importance. Vol. II. Diseases of
Vegetable and Oilseed Crops. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs,
New Jersey.
Gupta VK & Paul YS. 2001. Diseases of Vegetable Crops. Kalyani Publ.,
New Delhi
Sherf AF & Mcnab AA. 1986. Vegetable Diseases and their Control.
Wiley InterScience, Columbia.
Singh RS. 1999. Diseases of Vegetable Crops. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi.
Gupta SK & Thind TS. 2006. Disease Problem in Vegetable Production.
Scientific Publ., Jodhpur.
Walker JC. 1952. Diseases of Vegetable Crops. McGraw-Hill, New York.
PL PATH 510 SEED HEALTH TECHNOLOGY 2+1

Objective
To acquaint with seed-borne diseases, their nature, detection, transmission,
epidemiology, impacts/loses and management.
Theory
UNIT I
History and economic importance of seed pathology in seed industry, plant
quarantine and SPS under WTO. Morphology and anatomy of typical
monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous infected seeds.
UNIT II
Recent advances in the establishment and subsequent cause of disease
development in seed and seedling. Localization and mechanism of seed
transmission in relation to seed infection, seed to plant transmission of
pathogens.
UNIT III
Seed certification and tolerance limits, types of losses caused by seed-borne
diseases in true and vegetatively propagated seeds, evolutionary adaptations
of crop plants to defend seed invasion by seed-borne pathogens.
Epidemiological factors influencing the transmission of seed-borne
diseases, forecasting of epidemics through seed-borne infection.
72
UNIT IV
Production of toxic metabolites affecting seed quality and its impact on
human, animal and plant health, management of seed-borne
pathogen/diseases and procedure for healthy seed production, seed health
testing, methods for detecting microorganism.
Practical
Conventional and advanced techniques in the detection and identification of
seed-borne fungi, bacteria and viruses. Relationship between seed-borne
infection and expression of the disease in the field.
Suggested Readings
Agarwal VK & JB Sinclair. 1993. Principles of Seed Pathology. Vols. I &
II, CBS Publ., New Delhi.
Hutchins JD & Reeves JE. (Eds.). 1997. Seed Health Testing: Progress
Towards the 21st Century. CABI, Wallington.
Paul Neergaard. 1988. Seed Pathology. MacMillan, London.
Suryanarayana D. 1978. Seed Pathology. Vikash Publ., New Delhi.
PL PATH 511 CHEMICALS IN PLANT DISEASE MANAGEMENT 2+1

Objective
To impart knowledge on the concepts, principles and judicious use of
chemicals in plant disease management.
Theory
UNIT I
History and development of chemicals; definition of pesticides and related
terms; advantages and disadvantages of chemicals.
UNIT II
Classification of chemicals used in plant disease control and their
characteristics.
UNIT III
Chemicals in plant disease control, viz., fungicides, bactericides,
nematicides, antiviral chemicals and botanicals.
UNIT IV
Formulations, mode of action and application of different fungicides;
chemotherapy and phytotoxicity of fungicides.
UNIT V
Handling, storage and precautions to be taken while using fungicides;
compatibility with other agrochemicals, persistence, cost-benefit ratio,
factor affecting fungicides.
UNIT VI
General account of plant protection appliances; environmental pollution,
residues and health hazards, fungicidal resistance in plant pathogens and its
management.
Practical
Acquaintance with formulation of different fungicides and plant protection
appliances. Formulation of fungicides, bactericides and nematicides; in
vitro evaluation techniques, preparation of different concentrations of
chemicals including botanical pesticides based on active ingredients against
pathogens; persistence, compatibility with other agro-chemicals; detection
of naturally occurring fungicide resistant mutants of pathogen; methods of
application of chemicals.
73
Suggested Readings
Bindra OS & Singh H. 1977. Pesticides - An Application Equipment.
Nene YL & Thapliyal PN. 1993. Fungicides in Plant Disease Control. 3rd
Ed. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi.
Torgeson DC (Ed.). 1969. Fungicides. Vol. II. An Advanced Treatise.
Vyas SC. 1993. Handbook of Systemic Fungicides. Vols. I-III. Tata
McGraw Hill, New Delhi.
PL PATH 512 ECOLOGY OF SOIL-BORNE PLANT PATHOGENS 2+1

Objective
To provide knowledge on soil-plant disease relationship.
Theory
UNIT I
Soil as an environment for plant pathogens, nature and importance of
rhizosphere and rhizoplane, host exudates, soil and root inhabiting fungi.
Types of biocontrol agents.
UNIT II
Inoculum potential and density in relation to host and soil variables,
competition, predation, antibiosis and fungistasis.
UNIT III
Suppressive soils, biological control- concepts and potentialities for
managing soil borne pathogens.
Practical
Quantification of rhizosphere and rhizoplane microflora with special
emphasis on pathogens; pathogenicity test by soil and root inoculation
techniques, correlation between inoculum density of test pathogens and
disease incidence, demonstration of fungistasis in natural soils; suppression
of test soil-borne pathogens by antagonistic microorganisms. Isolation and
identification of different biocontrol agents.
Suggested Readings
Baker KF & Snyder WC. 1965. Ecology of Soil-borne Plant Pathogens.
John Wiley, New York.
Cook RJ & Baker KF. 1983. The Nature and Practice of Biological Control
of Plant Pathogens. APS, St Paul, Minnesota.
Garret SD. 1970. Pathogenic Root-infecting Fungi. Cambridge Univ. Press,
Hillocks RJ & Waller JM. 1997. Soil-borne Diseases of Tropical Crops.
CABI, Wallington.
Parker CA, Rovira AD, Moore KJ & Wong PTN. (Eds). 1983. Ecology and
Management of Soil-borne Plant Pathogens. APS, St. Paul,
Minnesota.
PL PATH 513 DISEASE RESISTANCE IN PLANTS 2+0

Objective
To acquaint with disease resistance mechanisms in plants.
74
Theory
UNIT I
Introduction and historical development, dynamics of pathogenicity,
process of infection, variability in plant pathogens, gene centres as sources
of resistance, disease resistance terminology.
UNIT II
Disease escapes, disease tolerance, disease resistance, types of resistance,
identification of physiological races of pathogens, disease progression in
relation to resistance, stabilizing selection pressure in plant pathogens.
UNIT III
Host defence system, morphological and anatomical resistance, preformed
chemicals in host defence, post infectional chemicals in host defence,
phytoalexins, hypersensitivity and its mechanisms.
UNIT IV
Gene-for-gene concept, protein-for-protein and immunization basis,
management of resistance genes. Strategies for gene deployment.
Suggested Readings
Deverall BJ. 1977. Defence Mechanisms in Plants. Cambridge Univ. Press,
Mills Dallice et al.1996. Molecular Aspects of Pathogenicity and
Resistance: Requirement for Signal Transduction. APS, St Paul,
Minnesota.
Parker J. 2008. Molecular Aspects of Plant Diseases Resistance. Blackwell
Publ.
Robinson RA. 1976. Plant Pathosystems. Springer Verlag, New York.
Singh BD. 2005. Plant Breeding – Principles and Methods. 7th Ed. Kalyani
Publ., Ludhiana
Van der Plank JE. 1975. Principles of Plant Infection. Academic Press,
New York.
Van der Plank JE. 1978. Genetic and Molecular Basis of Plant
Pathogenesis. Springer Verlag. New York.
Van der Plank JE. 1982. Host Pathogen Interactions in Plant Disease.
Van der Plank JE. 1984. Disease Resistance in Plants. Academic Press,
New York.
PL PATH 514/ INSECT VECTORS OF PLANT VIRUSES AND 1+1

ENT 514 OTHER PATHOGENS
Objective
To teach the students about the different groups of insects that vector plant
pathogens, vector-plant pathogen interaction, management of vectors for
controlling diseases.
Theory
UNIT I
History of developments in the area of insects as vectors of plant
pathogens. Important insect vectors and their characteristics; mouth parts
and feeding processes of important insect vectors. Efficiency of
transmission.
75
UNIT II
Transmission of plant viruses and fungal pathogens. Relation between
viruses and their vectors.
UNIT III
Transmission of plant viruses by aphids, whiteflies, mealy bugs and thrips.
UNIT IV
Transmission of mycoplasma and bacteria by leaf hoppers and plant
hoppers.
UNIT V
Transmission of plant viruses by psyllids, beetles and mites. Epidemiology
and management of insect transmitted diseases through vector
management.
Practical
Identification of common vectors of plant pathogens- aphids, leafhoppers,
whiteflies, thrips, beetles, nematodes; culturing and handling of vectors;
demonstration of virus transmission through vectors- aphids, leafhoppers
and whiteflies.
Suggested Readings
Basu AN. 1995. Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) - Crop Pest and Principal
Whitefly Vector of Plant Viruses. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi.
Harris KF & Maramarosh K. (Eds.).1980. Vectors of Plant Pathogens.
Academic Press, London.
Maramorosch K & Harris KF. (Eds.). 1979. Leafhopper Vectors and Plant
Disease Agents. Academic Press, London.
Youdeovei A & Service MW. 1983. Pest and Vector Management in the
Tropics. English Language Books Series, Longman, London.
PL PATH 515 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PLANT DISEASES 2+1

Objective
To study principles and application of ecofriendly and sustainable
management strategies of plant diseases.
Theory
UNIT I
Concept of biological control, definitions, importance, principles of plant
disease management with bioagents, history of biological control, merits
and demerits of biological control.
UNIT II
Types of biological interactions, competition, mycoparasitism, exploitation
for hypovirulence, rhizosphere colonization, competitive saprophytic
ability, antibiosis, induced resistance, mycorrhizal associations, operational
mechanisms and its relevance in biological control.
UNIT III
Factors governing biological control, role of physical environment,
agroecosystem, operational mechanisms and cultural practices in
biological control of pathogens, pathogens and antagonists and their
relationship, biocontrol agents, comparative approaches to biological
control of plant pathogens by resident and introduced antagonists, control
of soil-borne and foliar diseases. Compatibility of different bioagents.
76
UNIT IV
Commercial production of antagonists, their delivery systems, application
and monitoring, biological control in IDM, IPM and organic farming
system, biopesticides available in market. Quality control system of
biocontrol agents.
Practical
Isolation, characterization and maintenance of antagonists, methods of
study of antagonism and antibiosis, application of antagonists against
pathogen in vitro and in vivo conditions. Study of cfu/g.
Suggested Readings
Campbell R. 1989. Biological Control of Microbial Plant Pathogens.
Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.
Cook RJ & Baker KF. 1983. Nature and Practice of Biological Control of
Plant Pathogens. APS, St. Paul, Mennisota.
Fokkemma MJ. 1986. Microbiology of the Phyllosphere. Cambridge Univ.
Press, Cambridge.
Gnanamanickam SS (Eds). 2002. Biological Control of Crop Diseases.
CRC Press, Florida.
Heikki MT & Hokkanen James M (Eds.). 1996. Biological Control -
Benefits and Risks. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.
Mukerji KG, Tewari JP, Arora DK & Saxena G. 1992. Recent
Developments in Biocontrol of Plant Diseases. Aditya Books, New
Delhi.
PL PATH 516 INTEGRATED DISEASE MANAGEMENT 2+1
Objective
To emphasize the importance and need of IDM in the management of
diseases of important crops.
Theory
UNIT I
Introduction, definition, concept and tools of disease management,
components of integrated disease management- their limitations and
implications.
UNIT II
Development of IDM- basic principles, biological, chemical and cultural
disease management.
UNIT III
IDM in important crops- rice, wheat, cotton, sugarcane, chickpea, rapeseed-
mustard, pearlmillet, kharif pulses, vegetable crops and fruit crops.
Practical
Application of biological, cultural, chemical and biocontrol agents, their
compatibility and integration in IDM; demonstration of IDM in certain
crops as project work.
Suggested Readings
Gupta VK & Sharma RC. (Eds). 1995. Integrated Disease Management
and Plant Health. Scientific Publ., Jodhpur.
Mayee CD, Manoharachary C, Tilak KVBR, Mukadam DS & Deshpande
Jayashree (Eds.). 2004. Biotechnological Approaches for the
Integrated Management of Crop Diseases. Daya Publ. House, New
Delhi.
77
Sharma RC & Sharma JN. (Eds). 1995. Integrated Plant Disease
Management. Scientific Publ., Jodhpur.
PL PATH 517 MUSHROOM PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY 2+1

Objective
To develop mushroom cultivation skills for entrepreneurial activity.
Historical development of mushroom cultivation and present status of
mushroom industry in India.
Theory
UNIT I
Historical development of mushroom cultivation and present status,
taxonomy, classification, food, medicinal value, uses of mushroom, edible
and poisonous mushrooms.
UNIT II
Life cycle of cultivated mushrooms, reproduction and strain improvement,
maintenance of pure culture, preparation of spawn and facilities required
for establishing commercial spawn lab.
UNIT III
Preparation of substrate for mushroom cultivation, long, short and indoor
composting methods, formulae for different composts and their
computation, qualities and testing of compost, uses of spent mushroom
compost/substrate.
UNIT IV
Facilities for setting up mushroom farm for seasonal and environmentally
control cultivation, requirement and maintenance of temperature, relative
humidity, CO2, ventilation in cropping rooms, cultivation technology of
Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus sp., Calocybe indica, Lentinus edodes and
Ganoderma lucidum.
UNIT V
Insect pests, diseases and abnormalities of cultivated mushroom and their
management, post harvest processing and value addition, economics of
mushroom cultivation, biotechnology and mushroom cultivation.
Practical
Preparation of spawn, compost, spawning, casing, harvesting and post-
harvest handling of edible mushroom; identification of various pathogens,
competitors of various mushroom.
Suggested Readings
Chadha KL & Sharma SR. 2001. Advances in Horticulture (Mushroom).
Vol. XIII. Malhotra Publ. House, New Delhi.
Chang ST & Hays WA. 1997. The Biology and Cultivation of Edible
Mushrooms. Academic Press, New York.
Chang ST & Miles PG. 2002. Edible Mushrooms and their Cultivation.
CRC Press, Florida.
Kapur JN. 1989. Mushroom Cultivation. DIPA, ICAR, New Delhi.
Dhar BL. 2005. Cultivation Technology of High Temperature Tolerant
White Button Mushroom. DIPA, ICAR, New Delhi.
78
PL PATH 518 EPIDEMIOLOGY AND FORECASTING 2+1
OF PLANT DISEASES
Objective
To acquaint with the principles of epidemiology and its application in
disease forecasting.
Theory
UNIT I
Epidemic concept and historical development, pathometry and crop growth
stages, epidemic growth and analysis.
UNIT II
Common and natural logrithms, function fitting area under disease progress
curve and correction factors, inoculum dynamics, population biology of
pathogens, temporal spatial variability in plant pathogens.
UNIT III
Survey, surveillance and vigilance, crop loss assessment and models.
UNIT IV
Principles and pre-requisites of forecasting, systems and factors affecting
various components of forecastings, some early forecasting, procedures
based on weather and inoculum potential, modeling disease growth and
disease prediction.
Practical
Measuring diseases, spore dispersal and trapping, weather recording,
survey, multiplication of inoculum, computerized data analysis, function
fitting, model preparation and validation.
Suggested Readings
Campbell CL & Madden LV. 1990. Introduction to Plant Disease
Epidemiology. John Wiley & Sons. New York
Cowling EB & Horsefall JG. 1978. Plant Disease. Vol. II. Academic
Press, New York.
Laurence VM, Gareth H & Frame Van den Bosch (Eds.). The Study of
Plant Disease Epidemics. APS, St. Paul, Minnesota.
Nagarajan S & Murlidharan K. 1995. Dynamics of Plant Diseases. Allied
Publ., New Delhi.
Thresh JM. 2006. Plant Virus Epidemiology. Advances in Virus Research
67, Academic Press, New York.
Van der Plank JE. 1963. Plant Diseases Epidemics and Control.
Zadoks JC & Schein RD. 1979. Epidemiology and Plant Disease
Management. Oxford Univ. Press, London.
PL PATH 519 POST HARVEST DISEASES 2+1

Objective
To acquaint with post harvest diseases of agricultural produce and their
ecofriendly management.
Theory
UNIT I
Concept of post harvest diseases, definitions, importance with reference to
environment and health, principles of plant disease management as pre-
harvest and post-harvest, merits and demerits of biological/phytoextracts in
controlling post-harvest diseases.
79
UNIT II
Types of post harvest problems both by biotic and abiotic causes,
rhizosphere colonization, competitive, saprophytic ability, antibiosis,
induced resistance, microbial associations, concept, operational
mechanisms and its relevance in control.
UNIT III
Factors governing post harvest problems both as biotic and abiotic, role of
physical environment, agro-ecocystem leading to quiescent infection,
operational mechanisms and cultural practices in perpetuation of pathogens,
pathogens and antagonist and their relationship, role of biocontrol agents
and chemicals in controlling post-harvest diseases, comparative approaches
to control of plant pathogens by resident and introduced antagonists.
Isolation, characterization and maintenance of pathogens, role of different
storage.
UNIT IV
Integrated approach in controlling diseases and improving the shelf life of
produce, control of aflatoxigenic and mycotoxigenic fungi, application and
monitoring for any health hazard, knowledge of Codex Alimentarious for
each product and commodity.
Practical
Isolation characterization and maintenance of pathogens, role of different
storage conditions on disease development, application of antagonists
against pathogens in vivo and in vitro conditions. Comparative efficacy of
different chemicals, fungicides, phytoextracts and bioagents.
Suggested Readings
Pathak VN. 1970. Diseases of Fruit Crops and their Control. IBH Publ.,
New Delhi.
Chaddha KL & Pareek OP. 1992. Advances in Horticulture Vol. IV,
Malhotra Publ. House, New Delhi.
PL PATH 520/ PLANT QUARANTINE 2+0

ENT 520
Objective
Theory
UNIT I
UNIT II
UNIT III
80
UNIT IV
Suggested Readings
Books.
PL PATH 601 ADVANCED MYCOLOGY 2+1

Objective
To acquaint with the latest advances in Mycology.
Theory
UNIT I
General introduction, historical development and advances in mycology.
UNIT II
Recent taxonomic criteria, morphological criteria for classification.
Serological, Chemical (chemotaxonomy), Molecular and Numerical
(Computer based assessment) taxonomy.
UNIT III
Interaction between groups: Phylogeny. Micro conidiation, conidiogenesis
and sporulating structures of fungi imperfecti. Morphology and
reproduction of representative plant pathogenic genera from different
groups of fungi. Sexual reproduction in different groups of fungi.
UNIT IV
Population biology, pathogenic variability/vegetative compatibility.
UNIT V
Heterokaryosis and parasexual cycle. Sex hormones in fungi.
Pleomorphism and speciation in fungi. Mechanism of nuclear inheritance.
Mechanism of extra-nuclear inheritance. Biodegradation.
Practical
Study of conidiogenesis- phialides, porospores, arthospores. Study of fruit
bodies in Ascomycotina. Identification of fungi up to species level. Study
of hyphal anastomosis. Morphology of representative plant pathogenic
genera from different groups of fungi.
Suggested Readings
Alexopoulos CJ, Mimms CW & Blackwell M. 1996. Introductory
Mycology. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Dube HC. 2005. An Introduction to Fungi. 3rd Ed. Vikas Publ. House, New
Delhi.
Kirk PM, Cannon PF, David JC & Stalpers JA. (Eds.). 2001. Ainswsorth
and Bisby’s Dictionary of Fungi. 9th Ed., CABI, Wallington.
Ulloa M & Hanlin RT. 2000. Illustrated Dictionary of Mycology. APS, St.
Paul, Mennisota.
Webster J & Weber R. 2007. Introduction to Fungi. Cambridge Univ.
Press, Cambridge.
81
PL PATH 602 ADVANCED VIROLOGY 2+1
Objective
To educate about the advanced techniques and new developments in the
field of Plant Virology.
Theory
UNIT I
Mechanism of virus transmission by vectors, virus-vector relationship,
bimodal transmission and taxonomy of vectors and viruses, vector
specificity for classes of viruses, virus replication, assembly and
architecture, ultrastructural changes due to virus infection, variation,
mutation and virus strains.
UNIT II
Immunoglobulin structure and functions of various domains, methods of
immunodiagnosis, hybridoma technology and use of monoclonal antibodies
in identification of viruses and their strains, Polymerase Chain Reaction.
UNIT III
Genome organization, replication, transcription and translational strategies
of pararetroviruses and gemini viruses, satellite viruses and satellite
RNA genome organization in tobamo-, poty-, bromo, cucummo, ilar and
tospoviruses.
UNIT IV
Gene expression and regulation, viral promoters, molecular mechanism of
host virus interactions, virus induced gene, molecular mechanism of vector
transmission, symptom expression, viroids and prions.
UNIT V
Genetic engineering with plant viruses, viral suppressors, a RNAi
dynamics, resistant genes. Viruses potential as vectors, genetically
engineered resistance, transgenic plants.
UNIT VI
Techniques and application of tissue culture. Origin, evolution and inter-
relationship with animal viruses.
Practical
Purification of virus(es), SDS-PAGE for molecular weight determination,
production of polyclonal antiserum, purification of IgG and conjugate
preparation, serological techniques (i) DAC-ELISA (ii) DAS -ELISA (iii)
DIBA (iv) Western blots (v) (ab) 2-ELISA, vector transmission (one each
with aphid, leaf hopper and whitefly), methods for collecting vectors and
their maintenance, nucleic acid isolation, DOT-blot, southern hybridization,
probe preparation and autoradiography, PCR application and viral genome
cloning, sequencing annotation of genes.
Suggested Readings
Davies 1997. Molecular Plant Virology: Replication and Gene
Expression. CRC Press, Florida.
Fauquet et al. 2005. Vius Taxonomy. VIII Report of ICTV. Academic
Press, New York.
Gibbs A & Harrison B. 1976. Plant Virology - The Principles. Edward
Arnold, London.
Jones P, Jones PG & Sutton JM. 1997. Plant Molecular Biology: Essential
Techniques. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
82
Khan JA & Dijkstra. 2002. Plant Viruses as Molecular Pathogens.
Howarth Press, New York.
Maramorosch K, Murphy FA & Shatkin AJ. 1996. Advances in Virus
Research. Vol. 46. Academic Press, New York.
Pirone TP & Shaw JG. 1990. Viral Genes and Plant Pathogenesis.
Springer Verlag, New York.
Roger Hull 2002. Mathew’s Plant Virology (4th Ed.). Academic Press, New
York.
Thresh JM. 2006. Plant Virus Epidemiology. Advances in Virus Research
67. Academic Press, New York.
PL PATH 603 ADVANCED BACTERIOLOGY 2+1
Objective
To provide knowledge about the latest advances in phytobacteriology.
Theory
UNIT I
Current approaches for the characterization and identification of
phytopathogenic bacteria. Ultrastructures and biology of bacteria.
UNIT II
Current trends in taxonomy of phytopathogenic procarya.
UNIT III
Role of enzyme, toxin, expolysaccharide, polypeptide signals in disease
development. Mechanism of wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum) development,
mechanism of soft rot (Erwinia spp.) development, mechanism of Crown
gall formation (Agrobacterium tumifaciens).
UNIT IV
Host-bacterial pathogen interaction, quorum-sensing phenomenon, Type III
secretion system, HR/SR reactions, R-genes, Avr-genes, hrp genes,
Effector protein.
UNIT V
Molecular variability among phytopathogenic procarya and possible host
defense mechanism(s). Genetic engineering for management of bacterial
plant pasthogens-gene silencing, RNAi technology.
UNIT VI
Epidemiology in relation to bacterial plant pathogens. Development of
diagnostic kit.
UNIT VII
Beneficial prokaryotes- Endophytes, PGPR, phylloplane bacteria and their
role in disease management. Endosymbionts for host defence.
Practical
Pathogenic studies and race identification; plasmid profiling of bacteria;
fatty acid profiling of bacteria; RAPD prolfiling of bacteria and variability
status; Endospore, Flagiler staining; test for secondary metabolite
production, cyanides, EPS, siderophore; specific detection of
phytopathogenic bacteria using species/pathovar specific primers. Basic
techniques in diagnostic kit development, molecular tools to identify
phytoendosymbionts.
Suggested Readings
Dale JW & Simon P. 2004. Molecular Genetics of Bacteria. John Wiley &
Sons, New York.
83
Garrity GM, Krieg NR & Brenner DJ. 2006. Bergey’s Manual of
Systematic Bacteriology: The Proteobacteria. Vol. II. Springer
Verlag, New York.
Gnanamanickam SS. 2006. Plant-Associated Bacteria. Springer Verlag,
New York.
Mount MS & Lacy GH. 1982. Plant Pathogenic Prokaryotes. Vols. I, II.
Sigee DC. 1993. Bacterial Plant Pathology: Cell and Molecular Aspects.
Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.
Starr MP. 1992. The Prokaryotes. Vols. I – IV. Springer Verlag, New
York.
PL PATH 604 MOLECULAR BASIS OF HOST-PATHOGEN 2+1
INTERACTION
Objective
To understand the concepts of molecular biology and biotechnology in
relation to host-pathogen interactions.
Theory
UNIT I
Importance and role of biotechnological tools in Plant Pathology- Basic
concepts and principles to study host pathogen relationship.
UNIT II
Molecular basis of host-pathogen interaction- fungi, bacteria and viruses;
recognition system, signal transduction.
UNIT III
Induction of defense responses- pathogenesis related proteins, HR, reactive
oxygen species, phytoalexins and systemic acquired resistance,
Programmed Cell Death, Viral induced gene silencing.
UNIT IV
Molecular basis of gene-for-gene hypothesis; R-gene expression and
transcription profiling, mapping and cloning of resistance genes and
marker-aided selection, pyramiding of R genes.
UNIT V
Biotechnology and disease management; development of disease resistance
plants using genetic engineering approaches, different methods of gene
transfer, biosafety issues related to GM crops.
Practical
Protein, DNA and RNA isolation, Plasmids extraction,PCR analysis, DNA
and Protein electrophoresis, bacterial transformation.
Suggested Readings
Chet I. 1993. Biotechnology in Plant Disease Control. John Wiley &
Sons, New York.
Gurr SJ, Mc Pohersen MJ & Bowlos DJ. (Eds.). 1992. Molecular Plant
Pathology - A Practical Approach. Vols. I & II, Oxford Univ. Press,
Oxford.
Mathew JD. 2003. Molecular Plant Pathology. Bios Scientific Publ., UK.
Ronald PC. 2007. Plant-Pathogen Interactions: Methods in Molecular
Biology. Humana Press, New Jersey.
84
Stacey G & Keen TN. (Eds.). 1996. Plant Microbe Interactions. Vols. I-III.
Chapman & Hall, New York; Vol. IV. APS Press, St. Paul,
Minnesota.
PL PATH 605 PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES OF 1+0

CERTIFICATION
Objective
To acquaint with certification procedures of seed and planting material.
Theory
UNIT I
Introduction to certification. International scenario of certification and role
of ISTA, EPPO, OECD etc. in certification and quality control.
UNIT II
Case studies of certification systems of USA and Europe. National
Regulatory mechanism and certification system including seed
certification, minimum seed certification standards. National status of seed
health in seed certification. Methods for testing genetic identity, physical
purity, germination percentage, seed health etc.
UNIT III
Fixing tolerance limits for diseases and insect pests in certification and
quality control programmes. Methods used in certification of seeds,
vegetative propagules and in vitro cultures. Accreditation of seed testing
laboratories. Role of seed/ planting material health certification in national
and international trade.
Suggested Readings
Association of Official Seed Certifying
Agencies.http://www.aosca.org/index.htm.
Hutchins D & Reeves JE. (Eds.). 1997. Seed Health Testing: Progress
Towards the 21st Century. CABI, UK.
ISHI-veg Manual of Seed Health Testing Methods.
http://www.worldseed.org/en-
us/international_seed/ishi_vegetable.html
ISHI-F Manual of Seed Health Testing Methods.
http://www.worldseed.org/en-us/international_seed/ishi_f.html
ISTA Seed Health Testing Methods. http://www.seedtest.org/en/content---
1--1132--241.html
Tunwar NS & Singh SV. 1988. Indian Minimum Seed Certification
Standards. Central Seed Certification Board, Department of
Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Government
of India, New Delhi.
US National Seed Health System. http://www.seedhealth.org/
PL PATH 606 PLANT BIOSECURITY AND BIOSAFETY 2+0

Objective
in agriculture.
85
Theory
UNIT I
History of biosecurity, Concept of biosecurity, Components of biosecurity,
Quarantine, Invasive Alien Species, Biowarfare, Emerging/resurgence of
pests and diseases.
UNIT II
National Regulatory Mechanism and International
Agreements/Conventions viz., Agreement on Application of Sanitary and
Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures/World Trade Organization (WTO),
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), International Standards for
Phytosanitary Measures, pest risk analysis, risk assessment models, pest
information system, early warning and forecasting system, use of Global
Positioning System (GPS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) for
plant biosecurity, pest/disease and epidemic management, strategies for
UNIT III
Biosafety and its implications, Issues related to release of genetically
modified crops.
Suggested Readings
S_EPR_2006.pdf
action_plan.pdf
DEFRA.
www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/diseases/control/biosecurity/index.htm
63.
Biosecurity for Agriculture and Food Production.
http://www.fao.org/biosecurity/
CFIA.http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/heasan/fad/biosecure.sht
ml
86
PLANT PATHOLOGY
List of Journals
Annals of Applied Biology – Cambridge University Press, London
Annual Review of Phytopathology – Annual Reviews, Palo Alto, California
Annual Review of Plant Pathology - Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur
Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology - Canadian Phytopathological Society, Ottawa
Indian Journal of Biotechnology - National Institute of Science Communication and
Information Resources, CSIR, New Delhi
Indian Journal of Mycopathological Research- Indian Society of Mycology, Kolkata.
Indian Journal of Virology - Indian Virological Society, New Delhi
Indian Phytopathology - Indian Phytopathological Society, New Delhi
Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology - Society of Mycology and Plant Pathology,
Udaipur
Journal of Phytopathology - Blackwell Verlag, Berlin
Mycologia - New York Botanical Garden, Pennsylvania
Mycological Research - Cambridge University Press, London
Physiological Molecular Plant Pathology - Academic Press, London
Phytopathology - American Phytopathological Society, USA
Plant Disease - The American Phytopathological Society, USA
Plant Disease Research – Indian Society of Plant Pathologists, Ludhiana
Plant Pathology - British Society for Plant Pathology, Blackwell Publ.
Review of Plant Pathology - CAB International, Wallingford
Virology- New York Academic Press
e-Resources
www.shopapspress.org
www.apsjournals.apsnet.org
www.apsnet.org/journals
www.cabi_publishing.org
www.springer.com/life+Sci/agriculture
www.backwellpublishing.com
www.csiro.au
www.annual-reviews.org
Pathogenesis and characterization of plant pathogens
Survey and surveillance
Induction of resistance using biotic and abiotic elicitors
Variability in plant pathogens
Plant-Virus-Vector relationships
Genome organization of plant pathogens
Dynamics of plant pathogen propagules and their biology
Molecular tools in disease diagnosis
Molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis in crops and seeds
Rhizosphere in pathogenesis of seed-borne plant pathogens
Transgenic resistance
Development of disease prediction models in disease forecasting
Integrated Disease Management
Molecular Taxonomy of different plant pathogens
Development of Rapid Diagnostic methods
87
Development and Formulation of Improved Biocontrol Agent
COMPULSORY NON-CREDIT COURSES
(Compulsory for Master’s programme in all disciplines; Optional for Ph.D. scholars)
PGS 501 LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SERVICES 0+1

PGS 502 TECHNICAL WRITING AND COMMUNICATIONS
0+1
SKILLS
PGS 503 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND ITS
1+0
(e-Course) MANAGEMENT IN AGRICULTURE
PGS 504 BASIC CONCEPTS IN LABORATORY TECHNIQUES 0+1
PGS 505 AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, RESEARCH ETHICS
1+0
(e-Course) AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES
PGS 506
DISASTER MANAGEMENT 1+0
(e-Course)
Course Contents
PGS 501 LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SERVICES 0+1
Objective
To equip the library users with skills to trace information from libraries
efficiently, to apprise them of information and knowledge resources, to
carry out literature survey, to formulate information search strategies, and
to use modern tools (Internet, OPAC, search engines etc.) of information
search.
Practical
Introduction to library and its services; Role of libraries in education,
research and technology transfer; Classification systems and organization
of library; Sources of information- Primary Sources, Secondary Sources
and Tertiary Sources; Intricacies of abstracting and indexing services
(Science Citation Index, Biological Abstracts, Chemical Abstracts, CABI
Abstracts, etc.); Tracing information from reference sources; Literature
survey; Citation techniques/Preparation of bibliography; Use of CD-ROM
Databases, Online Public Access Catalogue and other computerized library
services; Use of Internet including search engines and its resources; e-
resources access methods.
PGS 502 TECHNICAL WRITING AND COMMUNICATIONS SKILLS 0+1

Objective
To equip the students/scholars with skills to write dissertations, research
papers, etc.
To equip the students/scholars with skills to communicate and articulate in
English (verbal as well as writing).
Practical
Technical Writing - Various forms of scientific writings- theses, technical
papers, reviews, manuals, etc; Various parts of thesis and research
88
communications (title page, authorship contents page, preface, introduction,
review of literature, material and methods, experimental results and
discussion); Writing of abstracts, summaries, précis, citations etc.;
commonly used abbreviations in the theses and research communications;
illustrations, photographs and drawings with suitable captions; pagination,
numbering of tables and illustrations; Writing of numbers and dates in
scientific write-ups; Editing and proof-reading; Writing of a review article.
Communication Skills - Grammar (Tenses, parts of speech, clauses,
punctuation marks); Error analysis (Common errors); Concord;
Collocation; Phonetic symbols and transcription; Accentual pattern: Weak
forms in connected speech: Participation in group discussion: Facing an
interview; presentation of scientific papers.
Suggested Readings
Chicago Manual of Style. 14th Ed. 1996. Prentice Hall of India.
Collins’ Cobuild English Dictionary. 1995. Harper Collins.
Gordon HM & Walter JA. 1970. Technical Writing. 3rd Ed. Holt, Rinehart
& Winston.
Hornby AS. 2000. Comp. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of
Current English. 6th Ed. Oxford University Press.
James HS. 1994. Handbook for Technical Writing. NTC Business Books.
Joseph G. 2000. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 5th Ed.
Affiliated East-West Press.
Mohan K. 2005. Speaking English Effectively. MacMillan India.
Richard WS. 1969. Technical Writing. Barnes & Noble.
Robert C. (Ed.). 2005. Spoken English: Flourish Your Language. Abhishek.
Sethi J & Dhamija PV. 2004. Course in Phonetics and Spoken English. 2nd
Ed. Prentice Hall of India.
Wren PC & Martin H. 2006. High School English Grammar and
Composition. S. Chand & Co.
PGS 503 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND ITS 1+0

(e-Course) MANAGEMENT IN AGRICULTURE
Objective
The main objective of this course is to equip students and stakeholders with
knowledge of intellectual property rights (IPR) related protection systems,
their significance and use of IPR as a tool for wealth and value creation in a
knowledge-based economy.
Theory
Historical perspectives and need for the introduction of Intellectual
Property Right regime; TRIPs and various provisions in TRIPS Agreement;
Intellectual Property and Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), benefits of
securing IPRs; Indian Legislations for the protection of various types of
Intellectual Properties; Fundamentals of patents, copyrights, geographical
indications, designs and layout, trade secrets and traditional knowledge,
trademarks, protection of plant varieties and farmers’ rights and bio-
diversity protection; Protectable subject matters, protection in
biotechnology, protection of other biological materials, ownership and
period of protection; National Biodiversity protection initiatives;
Convention on Biological Diversity; International Treaty on Plant Genetic
Resources for Food and Agriculture; Licensing of technologies, Material
89
transfer agreements, Research collaboration Agreement, License
Agreement.
Suggested Readings
Erbisch FH & Maredia K.1998. Intellectual Property Rights in Agricultural
Biotechnology. CABI.
Ganguli P. 2001. Intellectual Property Rights: Unleashing Knowledge
Economy. McGraw-Hill.
Intellectual Property Rights: Key to New Wealth Generation. 2001. NRDC
& Aesthetic Technologies.
Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. 2004. State of Indian
Farmer. Vol. V. Technology Generation and IPR Issues. Academic
Foundation.
Rothschild M & Scott N. (Ed.). 2003. Intellectual Property Rights in
Animal Breeding and Genetics. CABI.
Saha R. (Ed.). 2006. Intellectual Property Rights in NAM and Other
Developing Countries: A Compendium on Law and Policies. Daya
Publ. House.
The Indian Acts - Patents Act, 1970 and amendments; Design Act, 2000;
Trademarks Act, 1999; The Copyright Act, 1957 and amendments; Layout
Design Act, 2000; PPV and FR Act 2001, and Rules 2003; National
Biological Diversity Act, 2003.
PGS 504 BASIC CONCEPTS IN LABORATORY TECHNIQUES 0+1

Objective
To acquaint the students about the basics of commonly used techniques in
laboratory.
Practical
Safety measures while in Lab; Handling of chemical substances; Use of
burettes, pipettes, measuring cylinders, flasks, separatory funnel,
condensers, micropipettes and vaccupets; washing, drying and sterilization
of glassware; Drying of solvents/chemicals. Weighing and preparation of
solutions of different strengths and their dilution; Handling techniques of
solutions; Preparation of different agro-chemical doses in field and pot
applications; Preparation of solutions of acids; Neutralisation of acid and
bases; Preparation of buffers of different strengths and pH values. Use and
handling of microscope, laminar flow, vacuum pumps, viscometer,
thermometer, magnetic stirrer, micro-ovens, incubators, sandbath,
waterbath, oilbath; Electric wiring and earthing. Preparation of media and
methods of sterilization; Seed viability testing, testing of pollen viability;
Tissue culture of crop plants; Description of flowering plants in botanical
terms in relation to taxonomy
Suggested Readings
Furr AK. 2000. CRC Hand Book of Laboratory Safety. CRC Press.
Gabb MH & Latchem WE. 1968. A Handbook of Laboratory Solutions.
Chemical Publ. Co.
90
PGS 505 AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, RESEARCH ETHICS 1+0
(e-Course) AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES
Objective
To enlighten the students about the organization and functioning of
agricultural research systems at national and international levels, research
ethics, and rural development programmes and policies of Government.
Theory
UNIT I
History of agriculture in brief; Global agricultural research system: need,
scope, opportunities; Role in promoting food security, reducing poverty and
protecting the environment; National Agricultural Research Systems
(NARS) and Regional Agricultural Research Institutions; Consultative
Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR): International
Agricultural Research Centres (IARC), partnership with NARS, role as a
partner in the global agricultural research system, strengthening capacities
at national and regional levels; International fellowships for scientific
mobility.
UNIT II
Research ethics: research integrity, research safety in laboratories, welfare
of animals used in research, computer ethics, standards and problems in
research ethics.
UNIT III
Concept and connotations of rural development, rural development policies
and strategies. Rural development programmes: Community Development
Programme, Intensive Agricultural District Programme, Special group –
Area Specific Programme, Integrated Rural Development Programme
(IRDP), Panchayati Raj Institutions, Co-operatives, Voluntary
Agencies/Non-Governmental Organisations. Critical evaluation of rural
development policies and programmes. Constraints in implementation of
rural policies and programmes.
Suggested Readings
Bhalla GS & Singh G. 2001. Indian Agriculture - Four Decades of
Development. Sage Publ.
Punia MS. Manual on International Research and Research Ethics. CCS,
Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar.
Rao BSV. 2007. Rural Development Strategies and Role of Institutions -
Issues, Innovations and Initiatives. Mittal Publ.
Singh K.. 1998. Rural Development - Principles, Policies and
Management. Sage Publ.
PGS 506 DISASTER MANAGEMENT 1+0

(e-Course)
Objectives
To introduce learners to the key concepts and practices of natural disaster
management; to equip them to conduct thorough assessment of hazards,
and risks vulnerability; and capacity building.
Theory
UNIT I
Natural Disasters- Meaning and nature of natural disasters, their types and
effects. Floods, Drought, Cyclone, Earthquakes, Landslides, Avalanches,
91
Volcanic eruptions, Heat and cold Waves, Climatic Change: Global
warming, Sea Level rise, Ozone Depletion
UNIT II
Man Made Disasters- Nuclear disasters, chemical disasters, biological
disasters, building fire, coal fire, forest fire. Oil fire, air pollution, water
pollution, deforestation, Industrial wastewater pollution, road accidents, rail
accidents, air accidents, sea accidents.
UNIT III
Disaster Management- Efforts to mitigate natural disasters at national and
global levels. International Strategy for Disaster reduction. Concept of
disaster management, national disaster management framework; financial
arrangements; role of NGOs, Community-based organizations, and media.
Central, State, District and local Administration; Armed forces in Disaster
response; Disaster response: Police and other organizations.
Suggested Readings
Gupta HK. 2003. Disaster Management. Indian National Science
Academy. Orient Blackswan.
Hodgkinson PE & Stewart M. 1991. Coping with Catastrophe: A
Handbook of Disaster Management. Routledge.
Sharma VK. 2001. Disaster Management. National Centre for Disaster
Management, India.
92
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
To embellish our gratitude, the BSMA Committee wishes to place on record the
valuable technical inputs received from all the stakeholders involved in this effort. First
and foremost, we are indebted to Dr. J. C. Katyal, Chairman, National Core Group, and
Vice Chancellor, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar for his stewardship and
overall guidance on the issues to be addressed by the BSMA Committees. The logistic
support provided by Dr R. J. Rabindra, Project Director, and his team of scientists for
facilitating to hold a Workshop of all the stakeholders at PDBC Bangalore is thankfully
acknowledged. We are thankful to Dr H. S. Gaur, Dean and Joint Director (Education),
IARI, New Delhi for organizing the BSMA Committee meetings at IARI. The committee
is also indebted to Dr S. P. Tiwari, DDG (Education) and Dr R. K. Mittal, ADG (EQR),
ICAR for providing input and all the administrative support. The critical inputs provided
by Dr T. P. Rajendran, ADG (Plant Protection), ICAR, were helpful in designing this
document. The basic document (first draft) prepared by the faculty of Plant Protection,
CCS HAU has served as the basis for the BSMA Committee and the efforts of the HAU
faculty are highly appreciated.
93

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NEW AND RESTRUCTURED

POST-GRADUATE CURRICULA & SYLLABI

Executive Summary 3-4

Organization of Course Contents & Credit Requirements 9

Course Structure – At a Glance 10

Compulsory Non Credit Courses 88-92

 A detailed treatise on post-harvest losses due to insects, mites, rodents, birds

 Role of soil arthropods in detritus feeding, litter breakdown and humus

 Acarology: Economic importance of mites to different crops, poly-houses,

 Commercial Entomology: Apiculture; sericulture; lac insects; insect pests of

 Agricultural Ornithology: Pestiferous and beneficial birds associated with

 Immature stages of insects: Their identification and significance for pest

 DNA-based diagnostic and DNA finger-printing for taxonomy and

 Marker-aided selection in resistance breeding

 Resistance management strategies in transgenic crops

 Scope of genetically engineered microbes and parasitoids in biological

 Dynamism of IPM under changing cropping systems and climate

 IPM under protected cultivation

 Entomopathogenic nematodes: Mass multiplication techniques,

 Nematodes as biological model systems

 Nematodes as indicators of pollution and their role in organic matter

 Nematode management options for organic farming and precision farming

 Application of GIS and GPS technology for surveillance and management

 Resistance genes and RNAi technology

 Integrated approach in controlling post harvest diseases and improving shelf-

 Plant Bio-security and Bio-safety: Invasive alien species, Bio-warfare,

 Seed Health Technology: Sanitary and Phyto-sanitary issues under WTO

 Mushroom Production Technology: Complete package for entrepreneurial

 Principles and Procedures of Certification: Role of international agencies in

 Introduction of compulsory non-credit courses on:

 Provision of budgetary estimates to the extent of Rs 50 crores for

(Constituted by ICAR vide Office order No. F. No. 13 (1)/2007- EQR

Name Address Specialization

Another novel feature of new curriculum is the proposal for introduction of

Subject Master’s programme Doctoral programme

ENT 591 MASTER’S SEMINAR 1+0

ENT 599 MASTER’S RESEARCH 20

ENT 601 ADVANCED INSECT SYSTEMATICS 1+2

ENT 691 DOCTORAL SEMINAR 1 1+0

ENT 699 DOCTORAL RESEARCH 45

ENT 503 PRINCIPLES OF TAXONOMY 2+0

ENT 504 CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS 2+1

ENT 505 INSECT ECOLOGY 1+1

ENT 506 INSECT PATHOLOGY 1+1

ENT 510 PRINCIPLES OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT 1+1

ENT 511 PESTS OF FIELD CROPS 1+1

ENT 512 PESTS OF HORTICULTURAL AND PLANTATION CROPS 1+1

ENT 513 STORAGE ENTOMOLOGY 1+1

ENT 514 INSECT VECTORS OF PLANT VIRUSES AND 1+1

ENT 515 GENERAL ACAROLOGY 1+1

ENT 516 SOIL ARTHROPODS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT 1+1

ENT 517 VERTEBRATE PEST MANAGEMENT 1+1

ENT 518 TECHNIQUES IN PLANT PROTECTION 0+1

ENT 519 COMMERCIAL ENTOMOLOGY 1+1

ENT 520 PLANT QUARANTINE 2+0

ENT 601 ADVANCED INSECT SYSTEMATICS 1+2

ENT 602 IMMATURE STAGES OF INSECTS 1+1

ENT 603 ADVANCED INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2+0

ENT 604 ADVANCED INSECT ECOLOGY 1+1

ENT 605 INSECT BEHAVIOUR 1+1

ENT 606 RECENT TRENDS IN BIOLOGICAL CONTROL 1+1

ENT 607 ADVANCED INSECTICIDE TOXICOLOGY 2+1

ENT 608 ADVANCED HOST PLANT RESISTANCE 1+1

A detailed treatise on post-harvest losses due to insects, mites, rodents, birds

Role of soil arthropods in detritus feeding, litter breakdown and humus

Acarology: Economic importance of mites to different crops, poly-houses,

Commercial Entomology: Apiculture; sericulture; lac insects; insect pests of

Agricultural Ornithology: Pestiferous and beneficial birds associated with

Immature stages of insects: Their identification and significance for pest

DNA-based diagnostic and DNA finger-printing for taxonomy and

Marker-aided selection in resistance breeding

Resistance management strategies in transgenic crops

Scope of genetically engineered microbes and parasitoids in biological

Dynamism of IPM under changing cropping systems and climate

IPM under protected cultivation

Entomopathogenic nematodes: Mass multiplication techniques,

Nematodes as biological model systems

Nematodes as indicators of pollution and their role in organic matter

Nematode management options for organic farming and precision farming

Application of GIS and GPS technology for surveillance and management

Resistance genes and RNAi technology

Integrated approach in controlling post harvest diseases and improving shelf-

Plant Bio-security and Bio-safety: Invasive alien species, Bio-warfare,

Seed Health Technology: Sanitary and Phyto-sanitary issues under WTO

Mushroom Production Technology: Complete package for entrepreneurial

Principles and Procedures of Certification: Role of international agencies in

Introduction of compulsory non-credit courses on:

Provision of budgetary estimates to the extent of Rs 50 crores for