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CATHODIC PROTECTION
CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK
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LAIKEN S.A. Av. Ramón Carrillo 332 (C1275AHH) – Buenos Aires – Argentina
Tel: (54)-11-4304-0111 Fax: (54)-11-4305-6785 email: sales@laiken.com.ar
Web site: www.laiken.com.ar
CATHODIC PROTECTION
CATHODIC PROTECTION
INDEX
1. Anode Typical Installation.................................................................................................. 2

2. Cathodic Protection Accessories
2.1. Test Point .................................................................................................................... 3
2.2. “Carbofill” Coke Backfill............................................................................................... 4
2.3. “Corrcarb” Coke Backfill .............................................................................................. 5
2.4. Manual Regulated Rectifiers ....................................................................................... 6
3. Magnesium Anodes
3.1. Magnesium anodes – Galvomag and AZ63 – LK08, LK04, LK14, LK22 .................... 8
3.2. Magnesium ribbon – Galvomag (High Potential Alloy)................................................ 10
3.3. Extruded Magnesium rod – Galvomag (High Potential Alloy) ..................................... 11
3.4. Magnesium anodes for heat exchangers – LK20, LK21 ............................................. 12
3.5. Pictures of Magnesium anodes................................................................................... 13
4. Zinc Anodes
4.1. Zinc anodes LK87, LK88, LK89 .................................................................................. 14
4.2. Zinc anodes for cathodic protection and grounding - LK45 to LK60 ........................... 15
4.3. Zinc ribbon .................................................................................................................. 16
4.4. Zinc anodes for ship hulls - LK34, LK43 ..................................................................... 19
4.6. Zinc anodes for ship hulls – LK37, LK39, LK42 .......................................................... 21
4.8. Zinc Reference Electrode………………………………………………………………….. 23
4.9. Pictures of Zinc anodes for ship hulls ......................................................................... 24
5. Aluminium Anodes
5.1. Galvalum anodes for interior bottom of oil tanks - LK44, LK44b, LK17....................... 25
5.2. Galvalum anodes for interior bottom of oil tanks – LK3/60 ......................................... 26
5.3. Galvalum anodes for ballast tanks - LK45 to LK60 ..................................................... 27
5.4. Galvalum anodes for marine environment - LK70,LK71,LK72,LK73,LK74,LK75........ 28
5.5. Galvalum anode for marine environment - LK70 A ................................................... 30
5.6. Galvalum anode for marine environment - LK70 F ..................................................... 32
5.7. Galvalum anode for marine environment - LK71 A ..................................................... 34
5.8. Galvalum bracelets for submerged pipelines - LK90, LK91 ........................................ 36
5.9. Galvalum anode for marine environment - LK95 ........................................................ 41
5.10. Galvalum anode for oil offshore platforms - LK98 ....................................................... 43
5.11. Galvalum anode for oil offshore platforms - LK99 ....................................................... 45
5.12. Pictures of Aluminium anodes..................................................................................... 47
6. Graphite Anodes
6.1. Graphite Anodes ......................................................................................................... 48
6.2. Center connected graphite anode............................................................................... 49
6.3. End connected graphite anode ................................................................................... 50
6.4. Pictures of Graphite anodes ……………………………………………………………….. 51
7. High Silicon – Cast Iron Anodes
7.1. Fe-Si-Cr Stick anodes - LK260F, LK260G .................................................................. 52
7.2. Fe-Si-Cr Tubular anodes – LK2284, LK4884 .............................................................. 54
8. Mixed Metal Oxide – Titanium Anodes
8.1. Titanium MMO Tubular anode .................................................................................... 55
8.2. Titanium MMO Individual anode ................................................................................. 56
8.3. Pictures of Titanium MMO anodes ………………………………………………………… 57
LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003 -1-

ACCESSORIES
GALVANIC ANODE
TYPICAL INSTALLATION
LAIKEN S.A. explains in the following scheme the installation of a galvanic anode
connected to an underground pipeline.

ACCESSORIES
TEST POINT
The Test Point is a product designed

to be used in various applications. It is
used for measuring potentials,
jumping insulating joints and for
connecting the galvanic anodes to the
structure to be protected, as well as
other applications.
The Test Point is manufactured in cast

iron and the steel conduit is made of a
1-inch diameter pipe.
The Test Points are painted in various
colors, according to the customers´
preferences.

ACCESSORIES
“CARBOFILL” COKE BACKFILL

Backfill is widely used in cathodic protection systems for increasing the effective size of
groundbed anodes. By reducing the anode-to-earth resistance and current density, anode
consumption level is lowered and a longer life can be expected for the anode. In order to
achieve these properties, the backfill must be a good electrical conductor such as
LAIKEN’s CARBOFILL. Carbofill is made of Calcined Petroleum Coke.
Backfill Composition Backfill Characteristics

Fixed Carbon 98.50 % Grade 1 mm (max)
Volatile 0.50 % Resistivity 1.25 ohm-cm
Sulphur 0.50 % Specify Gravity 1.01 gr/cm3
Ashes 0.50 %
Moisture 0.20 %
LAIKEN’s CARBOFILL does not contaminate the soils as it doesn’t contain tensioactives
or surfactants in its formula.

ACCESSORIES
“CORRCARB” COKE BACKFILL

Backfill is widely used in cathodic protection systems for increasing the effective size of
groundbed anodes. By reducing the anode-to-earth resistance and current density, anode
consumption level is lowered and a longer life can be expected for the anode.
LAIKEN is the representative for South America of SASOL CARBO–TAR, a world-wide

producer of carbon products and the supplier of CORRCARB Backfill.
CORRCARB is specially used at deep groundbeds where a superior-quality backfill is

required. Corrcarb presents very low anode-to-earth resistance, low particle resistance,
high conductivity, good chemical resistance to anodic products, and a suitable particle size
distribution to facilitate the egress of gas while maintaining good conductivity. Corrcarb is
dust free which is very helpful when installing at deep groundbeds as it can be simply
poured. Therefore, it does not need chemical surfactants in its composition. This has
positioned Corrcarb as one of the purest Backfills available.
ELEMENT LIMITS TEST METHOD

ASTM D 4239 – 94
Fixed Carbon 99.50 % min
100 % - (% Ash + % VCM)
ASTM D 4422 – 89 and
Ash & Volatiles 0.50 % max
BS 1016 Part 4, respectively
Sulphur 0.25 % max ASTM D 4239 – 94
Moisture 0.15 % max ASTM D 3173 - 87
Bulk Density ( 0-3 mm) 1000 gr/cm3 (63 lbs/ft3) ASTM D 527
Consumption Rate 0.028 kg / A-yr
200 kPa 0.2180 ohm-cm

400 kPa 0.1509 ohm-cm
Resistivity vs. Pressure 600 kPa 0.1139 ohm-cm

800 kPa 0.0959 ohm-cm
1000 kPa 0.0831 ohm-cm
Particle Size Distribution < 1mm ASTM D 293-69
The Corrcarb particle distribution size has been selected to minimize interfacial resistance
and maximize conductivity, while promoting the egress of gas during normal groundbed
operations. The specific Corrcarb PSD allows one to operate deep well anode groundbeds
at high current outputs, on a continuous basis under all soils conditions.

ACCESSORIES
MANUAL-REGULATED RECTIFIERS
Cathodic protection systems with impressed current anodes require stable direct current.
In order to convert alternating current into direct current, a rectifier is used.
Manual-Regulated Rectifiers
3-Phase input, 50 Volts 50 Amps
Oil-Filled Cabinet
1. CABINET:
The cabinet type Series 2, with oil bath, is built following the specifications N3TD1317PG,
N3TD1318PG, and N3TD1321PG. The cabinet contains the transformer, the rectifier unit,
and the devices that regulate the output voltage. Input and output connectors,
measurement instruments, and the input switch, are all installed inside anti-explosive
boxes. The cabinet is fully zinc-coated. Its cover is built for avoiding water or snow
accumulation.
2. FRAMES:
The cabinet contains a steel frame including the transformer, the rectifier unit, and the
output voltage regulator device.
3. SUPPORT:
The cabinet has built in his basement two U-shaped steel bars UPN80, with four holes for
installing it on a pedestal.
4. TRANSFORMER:
The transformer is a 3-phase insulator, with dry insulation, Class F (155 C), better than 40
Mohms between coils and between coils and ground. Its core is built by Fe-Si oriented
grain, and coils of electrolytic copper. It has less than 5 % of loss, measured at full power.
5. RECTIFIER UNIT:
3-phase, full wave bridge, cooled by natural convection. It uses 1200V reverse-peak
voltage diodes, mounted on aluminum heat-exchangers, allowing the unit to work
continuously at 75 amps RMS. It is protected against overloading by means of NH00
fuses. Over-voltage protection is built by RC networks and metallic oxide varistors.
6. REGULATION:
6.1 Tabs:
Output voltage regulation can be done by means tabs on the secondary coil of the
transformer, connected to a panel placed inside the cabinet. A coarse adjust of 0, 10, 20,
30, and 40 volts, and a fine one of 10 volt-by-volt positions can be performed by using of
removable nickel-coated copper bridges.

ACCESSORIES
MANUAL-REGULATED RECTIFIERS
6.2 Variable autotransformer:
In those cases where a fine continuous adjusts is desirable, controlled from outside the
cabinet, a variable autotransformer (variac) is installed between the input voltage and the
primary coil of the transformer. A small motor and a mechanical speed reduction unit allow
to control, by means of two push bottoms, the output voltage without need of dismounting
the cabinet cover.
7. INSTRUMENTS:
A microprocessor-based system performs the measurement of input AC voltage (between
phases), output DC voltage, and output DC current. All those measurements are shown
simultaneously on a liquid crystal display (LCD).
8. INPUT AND OUTPUT CONNECTORS:

Input connectors are muzzle-muzzle kind, with insulated contacts, polyamide body, and
protected contacts for cables up to 10 mm2. Output connectors are screw-threaded over a
polyamide base, for cables up to 35 mm2.
9. SCREWS AND NUTS:

All screws, nuts and washers are brass-made, with the exception of those used for
mounting of the transformer and output boxes, which are steel-made.
10. PROTECTION AGAINST ATMOSPHERIC DISCHARGES:

An over-voltage discharger is placed on the input, between phases and ground. All diodes
of the rectifier unit are protected by metallic-oxide varistors. All sensitive electronic devices
have varistors and voltage-transient suppressor diodes. Two varistors are placed on the
DC-output.
11. WARRANTY:
These equipments are warranted for the term of one (1) year, covering fails originated on
component failures or building defects.

MAGNESIUM ANODES
MAGNESIUM ANODES
GALVOMAG (High Potential) and AZ63 ALLOYS
Magnesium anodes are traditionally used for cathodic protection of oil and gas pipelines,
and all kinds of buried pipelines. Each anode is delivered with a 3.5 mts cable, welded to
the head of the anode, and is presented in a bag filled with backfill. The cable is a single-
conductor of 4mm2 of cross-section; it is made of electrolytic copper and provided with
thermoplastic insulation type TW. The backfill composition includes bentonite, hydrated
plaster and sodium sulfate, and the quantities vary accordingly to the conditions of the soil.
Type 08
Types 04, 14, 22
LK01/08 LK01/04 LK01/14 LK01/14b LK01/22

ANODES
LK02/08 LK02/04 LK02/14 LK02/14b LK02/22
Dimensions mm in. mm in. mm in. mm in. mm in.
a 650 25.5 615 24.5 512 20.2 1200 47.2 780 31
b 94 3.5 63 2.5 126 5 85 3.3 126 5
c 88 3.6 60 2.4 140 5.5 85 3.3 125 5
Weight kg lbs. kg lbs. kg lbs. kg lbs. kg lbs.
Nominal Wt. 8 17 4 9 14.5 32 14.7 32.5 22.5 50
Back-Fill 15 33.5 15 33.5 15 33.5 15 33.5 15 33.5
In order to identify the anodes quickly, remember the suffix indicates the nominal weight (in kg) and the prefix
indicates the alloy (01 for GALVOMAG, 02 for AZ63 alloy).
Dimensions and weight should be considered with the typical tolerances for cast pieces.

MAGNESIUM ANODES
MAGNESIUM ANODES
GALVOMAG HIGH POTENTIAL ALLOY
ALLOY COMPOSITIONS TYPICAL ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ELEMENT % Amperes Hr / Lb. 500 - 550
Aluminum 0.01 Efficiency 50 – 55 %
Manganese (min) 0.50 – 1.30 Closed Circuit Potential -1.50 V to -1.75 V
Iron (max) 0.03 Open Circuit Potential -1.70 V to -1.75 V
Nickel (max) 0.001
Copper (max) 0.02
Other (max) 0.30
Magnesium Balance
AZ63 ALLOYS
Grade “A” Grade “B” Grade “C” Amperes Hr / Lb. 500 - 540
ELEMENT % % % Efficiency 50 – 54 %
Aluminum 5.3 – 6.7 5.3 – 6.7 5.0 – 7.0 Closed Circuit Potential
-1.45 V to -1.55 V
(Copper/Copper Sulfate)
Zinc 2.5 – 3.5 2.5 – 3.5 2.0 – 4.0
Open Circuit Potential
-1.50 V to -1.60 V
Manganese (min) 0.15 0.15 0.10 (Copper/Copper Sulfate)
Impurities
Iron (max) 0.003 0.003 0.003
Nickel (max) 0.002 0.003 0.003
Copper (max) 0.02 0.05 0.10
Silicon (max) 0.10 0.30 0.30
Others (max) 0.30 0.30 0.30
Magnesium Balance Balance Balance

MAGNESIUM ANODES
MAGNESIUM RIBBON (High Potential Alloy)
The Magnesium Ribbon, used for cathodic protection of metallic structures, is made of
GALVOMAG alloy. It is particularly useful for pipelines buried in soils with a resistivity
higher than 6000 Ohm-cm, where a GALVOMAG alloy anode can drain more current than
any other anode. The ribbon can be installed by mechanical ways and it may also be
installed at the time of locating the pipeline. The ribbon is sold in 300 mts. rolls with the
following dimensions:
Exterior diameter: 850 mm
Interior diameter: 450 mm
Width: 220 mm
Dimensions mm in.
a 9.5 3/8
b 19 6/8
c 3.2 1/8
Weight 0.37 kg/mts 2.7 lbs/ft
ALLOY COMPOSITIONS
ELEMENT %
Aluminum 0.01
Manganese (min) 0.50 – 1.30
Iron (max) 0.03
Nickel (max) 0.001
Copper (max) 0.02
Other (max) 0.30
Magnesium Balance
TYPICAL ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Amperes Hr / Lb. 500 - 550
Efficiency 50 – 55 %
Closed Circuit Potential -1.50 V to -1.75 V
Open Circuit Potential -1.70 V to -1.75 V
LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003 - 10 -

MAGNESIUM ANODES
EXTRUDED MAGNESIUM RODS (High Potential Alloy)
CATHODIC PROTECTION OF BURIED

PIPELINES IN HIGH RESISTIVE SOILS
Magnesium rods are made of GALVOMAG alloy, which is particularly used in soils where
its high resistivity makes it impossible to drain enough current with traditional magnesium
anodes. As rods have a greater surface-mass ratio, they drain more current than traditional
anodes. For example, a rod of 6 m (length) and 25 mm (diameter) in a high resistive soil
(6000 ohm-cm) will drain 80 mA, while a 8 kg anode will drain 25 mA. Magnesium rods are
provided with a cable of 3.5 m. (length) by 4 mm2 (cross-section), and they are available in
different sizes:
Diameter: 19, 21 y 25 mm
Length: 1.5, 3 and 6 m
ELEMENT % Amperes Hr / Lb. 500 - 550
Aluminium 0.01 Efficiency 50 – 55 %
Manganese (min) 0.50 – 1.30 Closed Circuit Potential -1.50 V to -1.75 V
Iron (max) 0.03 Open Circuit Potential -1.70 V to -1.75 V
Nickel (max) 0.001
Copper (max) 0.02
Other (max) 0.30
Magnesium Balance

MAGNESIUM ANODES
MAGNESIUM ANODES
CATHODIC PROTECTION OF HEAT EXCHANGERS
LK20 and LK21 anodes are specially created for protecting heat exchanger from corroding.
The design of these anodes reduces costs of renewing the cathodic protection because
these anodes do not require to be welded to the structure. When the renewal of the
cathodic protection is needed, the anode is unscrewed from a fixing device and replaced,
while the fixing device remains attached to the structure. LK20 and LK21 anodes are made
of GALVOMAG (High Potential) or AZ63 alloy and they are provided as spare-parts.
Insulating
plug
Insulating washer
Fixing nut
Washer
Anode
Insulating plate
Plate for fixing anode to

heat exchanger
ANODES Dimensions a b c d
mm 50 50 54 80
LK 20
in. 1.98 1.98 2.12 3.14
mm 50 94 102 130
LK 21
in. 1.98 3.70 4.0 5.12

MAGNESIUM ANODES
Magnesium Anodes LK 01/08

for oil & gas pipelines
Magnesium Anode LK 01/14 packaged
Magnesium Anodes LK 01/14

for oil & gas pipelines
Magnesium Anodes LK 21
for heat exchangers

ZINC ANODES
ZINC ANODES LK87 LK88 LK89

CATHODIC PROTECTION OF BURIED STRUCTURES
The chemical composition of these anodes meets the following specifications: MIL-A-
18001, IRAM 677 and ASTM-B-418-80. Each anode is delivered with a 3.5 m cable,
welded to the head of the anode, and is presented in a bag filled with 15 kg of backfill. The
cable is a single-conductor of 4mm2 of cross-section; it is made of electrolytic copper and
provided with thermoplastic insulation type TW.
Electrical ANODES LK 87 LK 88 LK 89
conductor
Dimensions mm mm mm
a 660 600 570
Zinc Anode b 50 60 85
c 38 45 70
Backfill Gross
7 kg 9 kg 19 kg
Weight
Dimensions and weight should be considered with the

typical tolerances for cast pieces.
COMPOSITION OF ZINC ALLOYS
ASTM-B-418 Type I
ASTM-B-418 Type II
MIL-A-18001-K
ELEMENT % ELEMENT %
Fe (max) 0.005 Fe (max) 0.0014
Pb (max) 0.006 Pb (max) 0.003
Cu(max) 0.005 Cu(max) 0.002
Al 0.1 – 0.5 Al (max) 0.005
Cd 0.025 – 0.07 Cd (max) 0.003
Zn Remainder Zn (max) Remainder
LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003 -14 -

ZINC ANODES
ZINC ANODES
CATHODIC PROTECTION AND GROUNDING
OF HIGH VOLTAGE TOWERS
Due to its low current output and long life, these anodes are used both for cathodic
protection of steel structures (High Voltage towers, reinforcing bars, tanks, etc) and as
earthing electrode for electrical grounding of these structures. The anode is delivered with
a cable and backfill; cable dimensions and backfill quantity and quality should be specified
in the purchase order. The chemical composition of these anodes meets the following
specifications: MIL18001, IRAM 677 y ASTM B418-80.
LK45 LK46 LK47 LK48 LK49 LK50 LK51 LK52 LK53 LK54 LK55 LK56 LK57 LK58 LK59 LK60
Dim. mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm
a 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
b 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
c 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
e 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
Gross
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 14.4 16.2 18 19.8 21.6 23.4 25.2 27
Wt.(Kg)
ASTM-B-418 Type I
ASTM-B-418 Type II
MIL-A-18001-K
ELEMENT % ELEMENT %
Fe (max) 0.005 Fe (max) 0.0014
Pb (max) 0.006 Pb (max) 0.003
Cu(max) 0.005 Cu(max) 0.002
Al 0.1 – 0.5 Al (max) 0.005
Cd 0.025 – 0.07 Cd (max) 0.003

ZINC ANODES
ZINC RIBBON
CATHODIC PROTECTION OF BURIED PIPELINES

The Zinc Ribbon provides excellent and low-cost cathodic protection for buried pipelines
as it can be installed simultaneously with the installation of the pipeline, in the same ditch.
Additionally, Zinc Ribbon enables the use of zinc in higher resistivity soils, where traditional
zinc anodes cannot be used.
CATHODIC PROTECTION OF INTERIOR OF WATER PIPELINES

The Zinc Ribbon will protect interior of saltwater pipelines (with or without coating) cost-
effectively.
CATHODIC PROTECTION FOR SHIRT PIPES

Zinc Ribbon protects pipelines which enclose other pipelines in the inside, in case the shirt
pipe gets wet.
CATHODIC PROTECTION OF SUCTION PIPES OF WATER WELLS

Zinc Ribbon will protect the suction pipes and also the pump in hard water wells.
CATHODIC PROTECTION OF BALLAST TANKS

Laiken´s Zinc Ribbon eliminates the “screening effect” in cathodic protection systems of
Ballast Tanks. Additionally, it protects those spaces which accumulate water when empty.
CATHODIC PROTECTION OF INTERIOR BOTTOM OF FUEL STORAGE TANKS

Zinc Ribbon prevents fuel storage tanks from corroding due to the action of the water
remaining at the bottom of the tank.
The chemical composition of these anodes meets the specifications: MIL18001.
ASTM-B-418 Type I
ASTM-B-418 Type II
MIL-A-18001-K
ELEMENT % ELEMENT %
Fe (max) 0.005 Fe (max) 0.0014
Pb (max) 0.006 Pb (max) 0.003
Cu(max) 0.005 Cu(max) 0.002
Al 0.1 – 0.5 Al (max) 0.005
Cd 0.025 – 0.07 Cd (max) 0.003

ZINC ANODES
ZINC RIBBON
TYPICAL ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Amperes - hr / Lb. (theorical) 372
Efficiency 95%
Amperes - hr / Lb. (real) 353
Electrode Potential (Cu/CuSO4) 1.110 V
Cross-section
Dimensions
DIMENSIONS Super Standard Minor Minimum

Cross-section – diagonals (mm) 25 x 32 16 x 22 13 x 14 9 x 12
Weight (kg/m) 3.60 1.80 0.90 0.38
Roll dimensions
30 m 60 m 150 m 300 m
(ask for special lengths)
Tolerance: ± 5 %

ZINC ANODES
ZINC RIBBON
10000
5000
2000
1000 SEA WATER
500
200
100
50
25
10
0.01 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.0 2 5 10 20 50 100
200 500 1000
Current drained for various lengths in different resistivity values with AV: -0.25 V.

ZINC ANODES
ZINC ANODES LK34 LK43

CATHODIC PROTECTION OF SHIP HULLS
These anodes are the ones traditionally used for cathodic protection of ships, vessels and
pontoons. Its chemical composition meets the following specifications: MIL-A-18001,
A.R.A. Zinc/67, IRAM 677 and ASTM B-418-80.
Dimensions (mm) Net Weight (kg)

ANODES
a b c d e f g Mg Al Zn
LK34 365 130 76 620 4.8 38 3.1 5.0 13.0
LK43 230 76 38 310 3.2 15.8 0.5 0.8 2.2

ZINC ANODES

A.R.A. Zinc/67, IRAM 677 and ASTM B-418-80.

ANODES
a b c d e f g Mg Al Zn
LK36 300 150 32 254 32 4.8 76 2.2 3.5 9.5
LK38 610 150 32 254 32 4.8 135 4.4 7.0 18.4

ZINC ANODES
ZINC ANODES LK37 LK39 LK42

A.R.A. Zinc/67 , IRAM 677 and ASTM B-418-80.

ANODES
a b c d e f Mg Al Zn
LK37 304 80 32 404 32 4.8 1.0 1.7 4.4
LK39 150 150 32 254 32 4.8 1.2 1.9 5.0
LK42 150 80 32 254 32 4.8 0.5 0.8 2.1

ZINC ANODES

These anodes are the ones traditionally used for cathodic protection of ship hulls and
helms. The hydrodynamic shape of LK40 is designed to oppose minimum resistance to the
flow of water. In case of placing a continuous line of anodes, LK40 anodes should be
placed at the beginning and at the end of the line, while LK41 anodes should be placed in
the middle part. The chemical composition of these anodes meets the following
specifications: MIL-A-18001, A.R.A. Zinc/67, IRAM 677 and ASTM B-418-80.
Aluminium Magnesium Zinc

ANODES Gross Wt. Net Wt. Gross Wt. Net Wt. Gross Wt. Net Wt.
(kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg)
LK40 8.7 8.1 5.8 5.2 22.2 21.6
LK41 8.6 8.0 5.6 5.0 21.6 21.0

ZINC ANODES
ZINC REFERENCE ELECTRODE
The pure zinc electrode is suitable as a permanently installed reference electrode. It is

used for potential difference measurements in the interior of tanks, pipelines, etc.
In order to identify the electrode needed, the following code system should be used:
This example is for a zinc electrode code LKZE50/200
LKZE50/200
LKZE: Zinc electrode

50: Diameter in mm
200: Anode length in mm

ZINC ANODES
ZINC ANODES FOR

Zinc Anodes LK 37 (left) and LK 36 (right)
Zinc Anodes LK 43

ALUMINIUM ANODES
GALVALUM III ALUMINIUM ANODES LK44 LK44B LK17

CATHODIC PROTECTION OF INTERIOR BOTTOM OF OIL TANKS
These anodes are especially manufactured for protecting the interior bottom of oil tanks
from the corrosive action of the saltwater mixed with crude oil. In order to get the best
results from these anodes and achieve the normal operating conditions, the anodes should
always be submerged in water. Regarding the installation and fixation to the bottom of the
oil tank, we provide a bolt and nut along with each anode. The bolt has to be welded to the
tank and fixed to the anode with the nut.
ANODES LK44 LK44B LK17

Dimensions mm mm mm
a 125 65 90
b 300 300 200
c 50 50 50
Gross Wt (Kg) 23 12 7.5
GALVALUM III COMPOSITION ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ELEMENT % Electrode Potential (Cu/CuS04) -1.15 V
Zn 2.80 – 6.50 % Nominal Efficiency 85%
Hg 0.00 % Nominal Ampere Hours / pound 1150
In 0.010 – 0.02 %
Si 0.08 – 0.2 %
Cu (max) 0.006 %
Fe (max) 0.120 %
Other Ea. (max) 0.02 %
Aluminium Remainder

ALUMINIUM ANODES
GALVALUM III ALUMINIUM ANODES LK3/60

CATHODIC PROTECTION OF INTERIOR BOTTOM OF OIL TANKS
These anodes are especially manufactured for protecting the interior bottom of oil tanks
from the corrosive action of the saltwater mixed with crude oil. In order to get the best
results from these anodes and achieve the normal operating conditions, the anodes should
always be submerged in water. Regarding the installation and fixation, an eye bolt core is
provided for hanging the anode from a steel wire rather than from the HMWPE connection
cable. This improves the safety conditions of the oil tank as it protects the HMWPE cable
from being torn off causing the anode to fall and therefore provoking a spark inside the
tank. The anodes are also provided with a thermo shrinkable tube which protects the
HMWPE cable and seals the connection anode-cable.
Thermo shrinkable tube

DIMENSIONS
a b Net weight
Eye bolt core
mm in mm in kg lb
76 3 1520 60 18.7 41.2
Dimensions and weight should be considered with the

typical tolerances for cast pieces.
GALVALUM III COMPOSITION
ELEMENT %
Zn 2.80 – 6.50 %
Hg 0.00 %
In 0.010 – 0.02 %
Si 0.08 – 0.2 %
Cu (max) 0.006 %
Fe (max) 0.120 %
Other Ea. (max) 0.02 %
Aluminium Remainder
ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Electrode Potential (Cu/CuS04) -1.15 V
Nominal Efficiency 85%
Nominal Ampere Hours / pound 1150

ALUMINIUM ANODES
GALVALUM III ALUMINIUM ANODES LK45 to LK60

CATHODIC PROTECTION OF BALLAST TANKS
LK45 LK46 LK47 LK48 LK49 LK53 LK54 LK55 LK56 LK57 LK58 LK59 LK60
Dimension mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm
a 800 900 1000 1100 1200 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
b 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800
c 38 38 38 38 38 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
d 38 38 38 38 38 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
e 6 6 6 6 6 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
Net Wt.
3.1 3.5 3.9 4.3 4.7 5.3 6.0 6.6 7.3 8.0 8.7 9.3 10.0
(Kg)
Gross Wt.
3.6 4.0 4.4 4.8 5.2 6.2 7.0 7.7 8.4 9.2 9.9 10.6 11.4
(Kg)
Zn 2.80 – 6.50 Nominal Efficiency 85%
Hg 0.00 Nominal Ampere Hours / pound 1150
In 0.010 – 0.02
Si 0.08 – 0.2
Cu (max) 0.006
Fe (max) 0.120
Other Ea. (max) 0.02
Aluminium Remainder

ALUMINIUM ANODES

FOR METALIC STRUCTURES IN MARINE ENVIRONMENT
ANODES LK70 LK71 LK72 LK73 LK74 LK75

Dimensions mm mm mm mm mm mm
a 1200 1300 1360 1000 1400 1500
b 100 50 140 130 90 100
c 100 130 100 110 60 100
d 110 140 110 150 90 100
Net Weight (Kg) 34 24 54 46 25 40
For type A and B anodes, the core dimensions are: 2 in. (wide) x ¼ in. (thick), except for
LK74: 1½ in. x ¼ in. For type C anodes, the core consists in two Schedule 80 pipes (2 in
diameter) welded to a bar with “L” shaped cross-section. For type D anodes, the core
consists in a rod (e= diameter= 1 in.; length= 1800 mm; f=150 mm).
These anodes meet NACE STANDARD RP 03787-87, Metallurgical and

Inspection Requirements for Cast Sacrificial Anodes for offshore applications.

ALUMINIUM ANODES


In 0.010 – 0.02
Si 0.08 – 0.2
Cu (max) 0.006
Fe (max) 0.120
Aluminium Remainder

ALUMINIUM ANODES
GALVALUM III ALUMINIUM ANODE LK70 A

CURRENT OUTPUT WEIGHT (Kg)

INITIAL FINAL NET GROSS
2.27 A (*) 1.67 A (*) 33.6 35.7
ANODE LK70-A a b c d e f t
Dimensions (mm) 1200 110 100 1500 38 4.7 90
Dimensions and weight should be considered with the typical tolerances for cast pieces
(*) Current was calculated for a resistivity of 25 Ohm-cm (saltwater)

“Driving Potential” = 0.25 V (vs. Cu/Cu Sulfate)

ALUMINIUM ANODES

In 0.010 – 0.02
Si 0.08 – 0.2
Cu (max) 0.006
Fe (max) 0.120
Aluminium Remainder

ALUMINIUM ANODES
GALVALUM III ALUMINIUM ANODE LK70 F

2.06 A (*) 1.67 A (*) 15.5 17.6
ANODE LK70-F a b c d e f t
Dimensions (mm) 1200 95 50 1500 38 4.7 90


ALUMINIUM ANODES
GALVALUM III ALUMINIUM ANODE LK70 F

In 0.010 – 0.02
Si 0.08 – 0.2
Cu (max) 0.006
Fe (max) 0.120
Aluminium Remainder

ALUMINIUM ANODES


2.1 A (*) 1.67 A (*) 21.4 23.5
ANODE LK71-A a b c d e f t
Dimensions (mm) 1200 135 50 1500 38 4.7 120


ALUMINIUM ANODES

In 0.010 – 0.02
Si 0.08 – 0.2
Cu (max) 0.006
Fe (max) 0.120
Aluminium Remainder

ALUMINIUM ANODES
GALVALUM III ALUMINIUM BRACELETS LK90 LK91

CATHODIC PROTECTION OF SUBMERGED PIPELINES
Interior Coating Dimensions (inches) Net Weight Gross

ANODES
Diameter thickness r t l g (Kg) Weight (Kg)
5 3 13 1 1
LK90 6 /8 /32 3 /32 1 /2 13 /4 11/4 18.20 20
5 3 13 1 1 1
LK91 8 /8 /32 4 /32 1 /2 13 /4 1 /4 22.26 25

ALUMINIUM ANODES
GALVALUM III ALUMINIUM BRACELETS LK90 LK91

CATHODIC PROTECTION OF SUBMERGED PIPELINES
In 0.010 – 0.02
Si 0.08 – 0.2
Cu (max) 0.006
Fe (max) 0.120
Aluminium Remainder

ALUMINIUM ANODES
TAPERED BRACELETS
INT. DIAM. TYPE (*) THICKNESS LENGTH GAP NET WT. GROSS WT.
mm mm mm mm kg kg
60 T 32 305 25 5.0 5.9
89 T 32 305 25 6.8 7.7
114 T 38 305 32 10.4 11.3
114 T 38 489 32 20.9 22.7
141 T 38 397 32 16.8 18.1
168 T 38 286 38 14.5 16.3
168 TB2 38 343 19 14.5 16.3
168 T 38 346 38 16.3 18.1
168 T 38 457 32 27.2 29.0
168 T 44 540 38 33.6 35.4
168 ST 44 553 38 35.8 37.7
187 TB2 57 241 25 20.0 20.9
219 T 38 286 38 17.7 20.0
219 T 38 364 38 22.7 25.0
219 T 38 503 38 37.2 39.5
219 TB1 57 676 - 37.2 39.5
219 T 64 406 38 44.0 45.8
238 ST w/sockets 38 343 76 32.2 34.0
241 TB2 64 267 51 29.5 30.4
273 T 38 323 51 22.7 25.9
273 T 38 451 51 34.5 36.7
273 T 35 476 38 36.7 39.0
273 T 44 559 51 53.5 55.8
273 ST 44 565 51 56.3 59.4
273 TB1 83 622 - 59.4 65.8
273 ST 44 1016 64 103.0 107.5
324 T 38 375 51 33.6 38.1
324 T 38 425 38 42.64 45.4
324 ST 38 539 57 54.0 59.4
324 T w/sockets 38 584 102 56.7 59.4
324 T 51 498 51 67.6 73.5
324 ST1 35 800 51 74.8 80.3
345 T w/sockets 38 356 102 31.3 34.0
356 ST 38 536 57 59.4 65.3
356 ST 44 553 51 69.9 75.8
406 ST 44 508 57 76.7 83.5
406 ST1 38 813 51 95.3 102.0
406 ST 51 584 64 95.7 102.5
(*) T = Tapered ST = Semi-Tapered
TB1 = Tapered-Bolt-On (One Half Only) ST1= Semi-Tapered (One End Only)
TB2 = Tapered-Bolt-On
ALUMINIUM ANODES
CONCRETE COATED PIPE BRACELETS
mm mm mm mm kg kg
168 CC 38 368 76 18.6 20.4
175 IT 38 495 51 28.1 29.9
219 CC 38 216 51 13.6 15.0
219 CC 44 413 38 39.9 42.2
225 IT 38 419 51 28.6 30.4
273 CC 44 464 64 47.2 51.3
273 CC 44 559 51 53.5 58.1
273 CC 51 441 51 54.4 58.5
273 CC 51 19 64 61.7 66.2
279 IT 38 495 51 41.0 46.7
305 CC 38 416 51 40.8 45.4
305 CC 51 299 51 40.8 45.4
324 CC 29 406 51 30.8 36.7
324 CC 32 406 51 33.6 36.3
324 CC 29 546 38 43.6 49.4
324 CC 38 480 51 50.8 56.7
324 CC 44 470 76 59.0 64.9
324 CC 38 676 76 67.6 73.5
330 IT 38 419 51 41.3 43.6
356 CC 32 426 51 41.7 48.1
356 CC 51 533 76 90.3 86.2
406 CC 32 305 51 30.4 37.2
406 CC 25 533 51 47.2 54.4
406 CC 25 629 38 58.1 65.3
406 CC 38 445 51 58.1 65.3
406 CC 32 635 38 70.3 77.6
406 CC 44 470 76 71.7 78.9
406 CC 38 553 51 76.2 83.5
406 CC 64 340 76 77.1 84.4
456 CC 41 437 111 62.6 70.3
457 CC 64 318 76 81.7 89.4
457 CC 44 495 64 85.3 93.0
457 CC 44 480 51 85.3 93.0
457 RT 70 632 111 98.0 105.7
457 CC 44 702 76 119.3 127.0
457 CC 51 540 64 108.0 116.1
508 CC 44 216 95 34.0 38.6
508 CC 44 241 51 45.4 54.0
508 CC 44 260 51 50.4 59.0
508 CC 38 419 76 65.0 73.0

ALUMINIUM ANODES
mm mm mm mm kg Kg
508 CC 41 406 64 71.2 79.4
508 CC 64 254 51 72.6 80.7
508 CC 48 362 76 73.0 81.2
508 CC 57 324 64 78.0 86.2
508 CC 48 413 76 85.7 93.9
508 CC 41 540 64 86.2 94.8
508 CC 64 356 64 93.4 102.0
508 CC 44 502 64 94.8 103.4
508 CC 51 727 76 159.7 167.8
610 CC 32 330 51 52.6 63.1
610 CC 44 283 76 64.0 74.4
610 CC 44 359 76 80.3 90.7
610 CC 44 222 76 80.3 90.7
610 CC 95 152 89 80.3 90.7
610 CC 38 432 64 84.4 94.8
610 CC 54 286 64 85.3 95.7
610 CC 51 333 64 87.5 98.0
610 CC 64 276 76 90.7 101.2
610 CC 44 470 76 105.7 116.1
610 CC 51 406 76 105.7 116.1
610 CC 79 254 64 106.9 119.3
610 CC 76 270 76 106.9 119.3
610 CC 51 432 76 115.2 125.7
610 CC 79 273 51 120.2 130.6
610 CC 36.5 730 76 135.2 145.6
610 CC 51 498 76 130.2 140.6
610 CC 44 616 76 142.9 153.3
610 CC 51 908 76 234.1 244.5
610 CC 60 845 76 270.4 280.3
635 CCB 89 114 51 55.8 Variable
635 CCB 114 127 51 84.8 Variable
635 CC 41 551 127 114.3 125.2
762 CC 51 254 76 81.7 93.0
762 CC 70 216 76 98.4 105.7
762 CC 57 273 102 99.8 113.0
762 CC 51 318 76 105.7 117.0
762 CC 64 340 76 140.6 152.0
762 CC 57 394 76 146.5 157.9
914 CC 51 387 76 155.1 171.0
914 CC 57 384 76 173.7 189.6
914 CC 76 320 102 190.5 206.4
914 CC 76 934 76 573.4 596.5
1016 CC 83 730 102 529.8 555.2
1016 CC 108 549 102 534.8 560.2
(*) CC = Concrete Coated (square bracelet) TR = Reversely Tapered Bracelet
IT = Internally Tapered Bracelet CCB = Square-Bolt-On Bracelet

ALUMINIUM ANODES
GALVALUM III ALUMINIUM ANODE LK95


2.67 A (*) 2.3 A (*) 65 73
ANODE LK95 a b c d e f t
Dimensions (mm) 1350 145 130 1750 51 12.5 110

LK95 meets NACE requirements RP 03787-87
ALUMINIUM ANODES

In 0.010 – 0.02
Si 0.08 – 0.2
Cu (max) 0.006
Fe (max) 0.120
Aluminium Remainder

ALUMINIUM ANODES

CATHODIC PROTECTION OF OIL OFFSHORE PLATFORMS

4.11 A (*) 3.75 A (*) 136 149
ANODE LK98 a b c e t
Dimensions (mm) 2400 190 125 51 115
Dimensions and weights should be considered with the typical tolerances of cast pieces

LK98 meets the following requirement: NACE standard RP 0387-87
ALUMINIUM ANODES

In 0.010 – 0.02
Si 0.08 – 0.2
Cu (max) 0.006
Fe (max) 0.120
Aluminium Remainder

ALUMINIUM ANODES


5.4 A (*) 4.2 A (*) 290 390
ANODE LK99 a b c d e t
Dimensions (mm) 3000 240 215 3770 114.3 190

LK99 meets NACE requirements RP 03787-87
ALUMINIUM ANODES

In 0.010 – 0.02
Si 0.08 – 0.2
Cu (max) 0.006
Fe (max) 0.120
Aluminium Remainder

ALUMINIUM ANODES
Aluminium Anodes LK 44
for protection of interior bottom of oil tanks
Aluminium Anodes LK 120

for cathodic protection of piers
Aluminium Bracelets LK 90
for cathodic protection of submerged pipelines
Various Aluminium Anodes

GRAPHITE ANODES
GRAPHITE ANODES
LAIKEN has always worked with graphite and knows everything about its amazing physical
and electrical properties. Due to the nature of its atomic structure, graphite makes an
excellent electrical conductor and presents a high chemical resistance. In addition to its
good mechanical properties, graphite is easily machined. All of these properties make
cathodic protection grade graphite an excellent material for impressed current anodes.
Graphite anodes are provided with cable with two possible connection alternatives: center-
connected or end-connected. Some soils may require special cable insulation, therefore
we provide High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Cable (HMWPE) for anodes close to the
surface, and HALAR cable for deep ground-bed anodes were the presence of chlorides or
petroleum hydrocarbons may attack a regular cable coating. Impregnation is also
important in graphite anodes because it assures longer life to the anode as it protects it
from incrustations of chemical agents. Several substances are used to impregnate
graphite anodes; we use linseed oil and paraffin.
GRAPHITE Anode Dimensions Tolerances

Length 1520 mm 60 in ± 10%
Diameter 76 mm 3 in ± 5%
2 2
Cross-section 4530 mm 7 in ± 5%
Weight 12.30 kg 27 lb ± 10%
GRAPHITE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS VALUE
Density 1.68 g/cm3
Purity 99.9%
Porosity < 3%
Particle Size < 0.155 mm
Maximum electrical resistivity 7 µohm-m
Surface treatment Impregnated with linseed oil / paraffin
Longitudinal tensile strength 7000 kN/m2 (min)
Transversal tensile strength 4000 KN/m2 (min)
Longitudinal compression strength 25000 kN/m2 (min)
Transversal compression strength 20000 kN/m2 (min)
Coefficient of thermal expansion 0.40 x 10-6 /°C
CABLE CHARACTERISTICS VALUE
Cross-section 10 mm2
Insulation HMWPE / TW / KYNAR or HALAR
Length As requested by the customer

GRAPHITE ANODES
CENTER CONNECTED GRAPHITE ANODE
Hexcel anode capping and potting compound
Neoprene washer
Novoid “C” asphaltic based sealing compound
0.75” diameter hole drilled to indicated depth with maximum

deviation of 0.25” from true center
Anode lead wire
LEAD CONNECTOR
anode lead wire
bronze
threaded rod
3” x 60” or 4” x 80” fully impregnated, drilled, solid graphite anode

GRAPHITE ANODES
END CONNECTED GRAPHITE ANODE

GRAPHITE ANODES
Center Connected Graphite Anodes for Impressed Current Systems

for Cathodic Protection of buried pipelines, casings…

HIGH SILICON–CAST IRON ANODES
FE-SI-CR STICK ANODES LK260F – LK260G

High Silicon – Cast Iron Anodes are used to protect buried and submerged metallic
structures. These anodes have proven high reliability in different environments such as salt
water, fresh water, and soils. For application on fresh water and normal soil, Silicon Iron
anodes are the appropriate ones. In the presence of chloride, it is recommended to use
High Silicon – Chromium – Cast Iron anodes commercially known as “Durichlor”.
Chromium improves the performance of the anode, making high-durability anodes, which
are resistant to abrasion on acid environments. Therefore, the “Durichlor” alloy is the most
frequently used for Silicon-Iron anodes.
Fe-Si-Cr anodes present low consumption rates of 0.5 to 1.0 lb/A-yr, depending on the soil
characteristics. Furthermore, during operation, silicon dioxide is generated on the surface
of the anode, decreasing the rate of consumption. These anodes are designed to operate
with a current density of 1 Amp/ft2. Fe-Si-Cr anodes can be installed bare, but if a coke
backfill is used, the discharge area is increased and the anode-to-earth resistance is
diminished, therefore decreasing the current density and the consumption rate to
approximately 0.25 lbs/A-yr.
The anode is provided with cable of various types according to working conditions. For
deep groundbeds, we recommend HALAR Type as it presents a high resistance to
corrosion due to chlorides and petroleum hydrocarbons. In order to assure a long-lasting
connection of the cable to the anode, the leaded connection is sealed with a heat-shrink
PE cap, which protects the connection from the action of moisture.
ANODE CHARACTERISTICS
Nominal Discharge at a current density of:
Nominal weight 21 kg (46 lbs)
0.75 A/ft2 1.0 A/ft2
Total length 1525 mm (60 in.)
( 8.1 A/m2) (11 A/m2)
Diameter 50.8 mm (2 in.)
2.0 Amps 2.6 Amps
Area 0.243 m2 (2.6 ft2)
(*) Maximum amperage based on maximum value in
manufacturer publications, 15 year minimum life
2
criterion ( 0.7 lbs/amp-yr at 80% utilization) or 1 A/ft
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
CABLE PROPERTIES
Density 0.07 kg/cm3
2 Cross-section 10 mm2
Tensile Strength 1100 – 1500 kg/cm
HMWPE / TW / KYNAR
Coef. of thermal expansion 40-150°C 13.1x10-6 /°C Insulation
or HALAR
Fusion point 1160 – 1250 °C As requested by the
Length
customer

FE-SI-CR STICK ANODES LK260F – LK260G

Regarding anode consumption rate, the use of coke breeze lowers the consumption rate to
a typical value of 0.70 lbs/A-yr. The maximum stable current density of discharge depends
on the working conditions of the anode. For example, marine environment or strong
electrolytes do not have limitations to current density, but clay soils suffer of “electro
osmotic drying”. This phenomenon dries up clay soils, thus increasing earth-to-anode
resistance.
LK 260F
LK 260G
ANODE COMPOSITIONS (%)

TYPE TYPE
ELEMENT
“DURIRON” “DURICHLOR”
Silicon 13.35 – 15.35 14.20 - 14.75
Chromium 0 3.25 – 5.00
Carbon 0.7 – 0.9 0.70 - 1.10
Manganese 0.4 – 0.7 1.50 max
Molybdenum 0.20 max 0.20 max
Copper 0.50 max 0.50 max
Sulphur 0 - 0.06 0.06
Phosphorous 0 - 0.05 0.05
Iron Balance Balance

FE-SI-CR TUBULAR ANODES LK 2284 – LK 4884

LAIKEN also sells ANOTEC “Chill Cast” Tubular anodes called “CENTERTEC”, as
representatives of ANOTEC for South America. These anodes from ANOTEC are “Chill
Cast” in metal molds. This fact assures consistent weight, greater density, lower flake
graphite boundary, and lower chemical segregation than sand cast anodes. ”Chill Cast”
also improves the mechanical strength, resulting in less field breakage during
transportation and installation. Fe-Si-Cr anodes are specially used in chloride and sulphate
environments due to the presence of Chromium in the alloy. Furthermore, “Chill Cast”
Fe-Si-Cr anodes perform a 19 % better than Sand Cast ones, in chloride and sulphate
environments.
CENTERTEC anodes have center connection between anode and cable in order to avoid
the “necking end effect”. These anodes feature a special connection a one piece low
resistance cable connector (less than 0.0015 ohms) and an extra wall thickness at the
center-connect area to protect the connection. This connection strength is superior to the
copper cable strength.
ANODE COMPOSITION (%) Dimensions of

LK 2284 LK 4884
Anode
ELEMENT ASTM A518 Grade 3 Nom. Weight 23 kg (50 lbs) 57 kg (122 lbs)
Silicon 14.20 - 14.75 Nom. Length 2130 mm (84 in) 2130 mm (84 in)
Chrome 3.25 – 5.00 Nom. Diameter 56 mm (2.2 in) 122 mm (4.8 in)
2 2
Nom. Area 0.39 m (4.2 ft ) 0.82 m2 (8.8 ft2)
Carbon 0.70 - 1.10
Manganese 1.50 max Nominal Discharge at a current density of:

Molybdenum 0.20 max 0.75 A/ft2 2.0 A/ft2
Anode
( 8.1 A/m2) (11 A/m2)
Copper 0.50 max LK 2284 3.2 Amps 3.8 Amps
Iron Balance LK 4884 6.6 Amps 8.8 Amps.
Other sizes and shapes are available.

TITANIUM MMO ANODES
TITANIUM MMO TUBULAR ANODES

TITANIUM MMO TUBULAR Anodes are Titanium tubes with a mixed metal oxide coating
which activates the titanium core. Titanium anodes represent the modern material for
cathodic protection systems. Titanium Mixed Metal Oxide (MMO) anodes have an
extremely low consumption rate, measured in milligrams/A-yr, which means a long lifetime
for the anode. Ti MMO anodes present a very high chemical stability, even in low pH
environments or in the presence of chlorine.
“Anode Strings” can be assembled with several tubular anodes connected each other with
cable where each anode end is connected to the following anode end. These anode
strings are widely used in deep groundbeds. In this case, the string behaves as a thin,
long, single anode, eliminating the need of a junction box and reducing the cost of
materials and labor.
Anode strings demand a careful selection of the cable, with the following options: a
PVDF/HMWPE cable for use in deep groundbeds where the presence of chloride may
attack regular HMWPE. If the environment does not present chlorides, HMWPE represent
an economical and durable option. For seawater applications, Exane Rig cable is
recommended. Like in any impressed current system, Ti MMO anodes perform better if a
high quality carbonaceous backfill is used in the groundbed.
Max. Rated Max. Rated

Application Anode Type Lifetime Temperature Temperature
Output (amps) Output (amps)
FW/ST 2.5/50 2.0
Soil 20 years
FW/ST 2.5/100 4.0
Fresh or FW/ST 2.5/50 Above 5°C 4.0 Below 5°C 2.0 A
20 years
Brackish Water FW/ST 2.5/100 (40°F) 8.0 (40°F) 4.0 A
MT 2.5/50 Above 10°C 4.0 Below 10°C 2.0 A
Mud-Saline 15 years
MT 2.5/100 (50°F) 8.0 (50°F) 4.0 A
Mud-Fresh or MT 2.5/50 Above 5°C 3.0 Below 5°C 1.5 A
20 years
Brackish MT 2.5/100 (40°F) 6.0 (40°F) 3.0 A
SWT 2.5/50 Above 10°V 25.0 Below 10°C 12.5 A
Sea Water 15 years
SWT 2.5/100 (50°F) 50.0 (50°F) 25.0 A
Cable Wire Nominal weight Max Current

Outer jacket Inner jacket Features
Specifications size kg/m lbs/ft Output (amps)
#8 0.13 0.09 27
HMWPE HMWPE None Economical
#6 0.18 0.12 50
#8 0.13 0.09 27 Chlorine-
PVDF/HMWPE HMWPE PVDF
#6 0.18 0.12 50 resistant
Exane irradiated Highly flexible
Exane Rig
4/0 0.90 0.61 cross-linked None 560 High current
Cable
polyolefin capacity

TITANIUM MMO ANODES
TITANIUM MMO SINGLE ANODES

TITANIUM MMO Single Anodes are Titanium tubes with a mixed metal oxide coating
which activates the titanium core. Titanium anodes represent the modern material for
cathodic protection systems. Titanium Mixed Metal Oxide (MMO) anodes have an
extremely low consumption rate, measured in milligrams/A-yr, which means a long lifetime
for the anode. Ti MMO anodes present a very high chemical stability, even in low pH
environments or in the presence of chlorine.
“Single Anodes” are used for cathodic protection of buried structures in groundbeds with
widely varying soil resistivities. These anodes are provided with one cable for every single
anode. Ti MMO Single Anodes combine a tough and lightweight product, ease of handling,
ease of installation, and a superior mechanical connection. A leak-proof moisture seal is
needed to prevent moisture from disconnecting the anode.
Several cables can be used with Ti MMO anodes: a HMWPE/ PVDF, Kynar or Halar cable
for use in deep groundbeds where the presence of chloride may attack regular HMWPE. If
the environment does not present chlorides, HMWPE represent an economical and
durable option. Like in any impressed current system, Ti MMO anodes perform better if a
high quality carbonaceous backfill is used in the groundbed.
Rated Output Weight

Anode Type
10 yrs 15 yrs 20 yrs Unweighted Weighted
1 x 45 in. 5.5 – 6.0 4.0 – 4.5 3.0 – 3.5 1.4 lbs 4.0 lbs
1 x 60 in. 7–8 5–6 4–5 1.6 lbs 6.0 lbs
1 x 90 in. 11 – 12 8-9 6–7 2.0 lbs 9.0 lbs
Cable Wire Nominal weight Max Current

Outer jacket Inner jacket
Specifications size kg/m lbs/ft Output (amps)
#8 0.13 0.09 27
HMWPE HMWPE None
#6 0.18 0.12 50
HMWPE / PVDF, #8 0.13 0.09 27
HMWPE PVDF
Kynar or Halar #6 0.18 0.12 50

TITANIUM MMO ANODES
Titanium MMO Anode String for onshore and offshore applications

2 Manual de Proteccin Catdica Cathodic Protection Handboo

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CATHODIC PROTECTION

CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK

1. Anode Typical Installation.................................................................................................. 2

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003 -1-

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003 -2-

The Test Point is a product designed

The Test Point is manufactured in cast

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003 -3-

“CARBOFILL” COKE BACKFILL

Backfill Composition Backfill Characteristics

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003 -4-

“CORRCARB” COKE BACKFILL

LAIKEN is the representative for South America of SASOL CARBO–TAR, a world-wide

CORRCARB is specially used at deep groundbeds where a superior-quality backfill is

ELEMENT LIMITS TEST METHOD

Sulphur 0.25 % max ASTM D 4239 – 94

Moisture 0.15 % max ASTM D 3173 - 87

Consumption Rate 0.028 kg / A-yr

200 kPa 0.2180 ohm-cm

Resistivity vs. Pressure 600 kPa 0.1139 ohm-cm

Particle Size Distribution < 1mm ASTM D 293-69

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003 -5-

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003 -6-

8. INPUT AND OUTPUT CONNECTORS:

9. SCREWS AND NUTS:

10. PROTECTION AGAINST ATMOSPHERIC DISCHARGES:

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003 -7-

Types 04, 14, 22

LK01/08 LK01/04 LK01/14 LK01/14b LK01/22

a 650 25.5 615 24.5 512 20.2 1200 47.2 780 31

b 94 3.5 63 2.5 126 5 85 3.3 126 5

c 88 3.6 60 2.4 140 5.5 85 3.3 125 5

Weight kg lbs. kg lbs. kg lbs. kg lbs. kg lbs.

Nominal Wt. 8 17 4 9 14.5 32 14.7 32.5 22.5 50

Back-Fill 15 33.5 15 33.5 15 33.5 15 33.5 15 33.5

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003 -8-

ALLOY COMPOSITIONS TYPICAL ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES

ELEMENT % Amperes Hr / Lb. 500 - 550

Aluminum 0.01 Efficiency 50 – 55 %

Manganese (min) 0.50 – 1.30 Closed Circuit Potential -1.50 V to -1.75 V

Iron (max) 0.03 Open Circuit Potential -1.70 V to -1.75 V

Nickel (max) 0.001

Copper (max) 0.02

Other (max) 0.30

ALLOY COMPOSITIONS TYPICAL ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Iron (max) 0.003 0.003 0.003

Nickel (max) 0.002 0.003 0.003

Copper (max) 0.02 0.05 0.10

Silicon (max) 0.10 0.30 0.30

Others (max) 0.30 0.30 0.30

Magnesium Balance Balance Balance

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003 -9-

MAGNESIUM RIBBON (High Potential Alloy)

Weight 0.37 kg/mts 2.7 lbs/ft

Manganese (min) 0.50 – 1.30

Iron (max) 0.03

Nickel (max) 0.001

Copper (max) 0.02

Other (max) 0.30

TYPICAL ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Amperes Hr / Lb. 500 - 550

Closed Circuit Potential -1.50 V to -1.75 V