EnE 205 –Environmental Engineering Laboratory 1 27 March 2010

Evaluation of Kangkong (Ipomoea aquatica) Grown on Floodwater of

Artex Compound in Malabon
Addressing Public Health Concerns
ROWENA M. BRIONES
INLA DIANA Z. CAYABYAB
DANILYN D.C. ESPIRITU
SOPHEAP LIM
VERNSONE PHENGSOULITH
JOSEPH D. RETUMBAN

M.S. Environmental Engineering Program

Department of Environmental Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman

Adviser:
Louernie de Sales-Papa
Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman

Abstract: Climate change has greatly altered the environment and ecosystem like Artex Compound which has
remained under floodwater throughout the year. This paper addresses public health concerns in the consumption of
kangkong grown in the area and proposes propagation and market strategies. Based on the TDS (total dissolved
solids) calculated which is at 3000 to 4500 ppm, the floodwater at Artex was classified as brackish. Also, considering
the local activities, the floodwater was categorized under class SC of DAO 34. Water analysis has shown an increase
in parameters from December to March greatly due to an increase in ambient temperature which affects the rate of
chemical and biological activities. Water quality at different points within the compound also reflects the activities
done in the area and the characteristics of effluents discharged from sources located near these points. The
propagation experiments showed that the floodwater is suitable for kangkong propagation. In addition to this,
kangkong grown in this area turned out to be safe for consumption and do not impose adverse effect to human health
based on the metal toxicity analysis performed.

1. INTRODUCTION of the anxieties of the locals about the safety of

1.1 Background of the Study
Climate change has greatly altered the
environment causing major changes in land
coverage, temperature and even the existence of
some living things. In the Philippines, successive
typhoons and rain falls outside the rainy season is
experienced and some places have remained flooded
for long periods of time. Artex Compound is an 8.5
hectare property which has remained flooded
affecting more than 150 families.
At present, plants such as kangkong and fishes
like janitor fish, catfish and mudfish thrives in this
flooded environment. However, consumption of
these has raised public health concerns as a lot of
garbage and other pollutants were washed into the
compound.
eating kangkong grown on floodwater.
1.3 Objectives
The paper assessed the possible health hazards
in propagating and consuming kangkong grown in
the study area. This paper provided a
characterization of the floodwater in its physico-
chemical and biological properties. It also shows the
metal concentration in the floodwater and kangkong
that will adversely affect the public health.
In addition, the safety of kangkong as food is
and metal toxicity analysis was performed. This
paper also recommends additional income-
generating source of the community by propagating
and marketing of kangkong. Basic financial study
was also presented.

1.2 Statement of the Problem 1.4 Significance of the Study

Residents of Artex Compound have started
adapting to flood as part of their daily lives since the
closure of the factory. Floodwater imposes several
public concerns including water-borne diseases.
Kangkong grows inside the compound.
However, this plant seems to be of no value because
This paper identifies the physico-chemical,
bacteriological and heavy metal concentrations of
the floodwater that affects the propagation of the
kangkong and the absorption of metals.
The results from the physico-chemical
properties of the floodwater set the parameters on
how to propagate the kangkong abundantly and

1
healthy under controlled conditions. The 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
bacteriological properties of the floodwater on the
other hand guide the community on proper way of In the past few years, there have been a lot of
cooking to ensure no bacteria are consumed. studies concerning about toxic metal contamination
This paper also helps the community gain of soil, aqueous waste streams and groundwater.
extra income by propagating kangkong in the One of the most commonly used method for dealing
recommended area. The income can be used as with heavy metal pollution in the biosphere is the
additional fund for the livelihood and other use of plants. The process is called
community activities. phytoremediation, where plants extract, sequester
and/or detoxify pollutants from the medium by
1.5 Scope and Limitations absorbing the metals into their system.
To simulate the situation in Artex, sample of Ipomoea aquatic, locally known as Kangkong
floodwater was taken to UP Diliman. Kangkong is an abundant green leafy vegetable in the
were grown under controlled conditions. Floodwater Philippines which grows in stagnant streams,
per set-up is only up to 20 liters and stagnant freshwater swamps, muddy fields, and pools. Other
condition was assumed. Propagation of Kangkong names for kangkong are aquatic morning glory,
reached 21 days. swamp cabbage, water spinach, potato vine, and
The AAS testing was done at InChem water convolvulus.
Laboratory. The metals are cadmium (Cd), A study on the heavy metal uptake of
chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and nickel kangkong was made by Serrano under the Institute
(Ni). of Chemistry at University of the Philippines
Financial analysis in the propagation of (2002). Results showed the behavior of metal
kangkong is from the initial set-up to one-year accumulation in the different plant parts – Cd: stems
propagation. Analysis is on average expected < leaves < roots; Pb: roots < stems < leaves; Cu:
output, not considering any unexpected leaves < stems < roots; Zn: roots < stems < leaves.
circumstances that will affect the propagation in the Moreover, the study showed that heavy metal
future. uptake of kangkong increases with increasing length
of treatment.
1.6 Conceptual Framework Another study on kangkong is made by
Marcussen et al. in Hanoi, Vietnam (2007). The
Site ocular inspection Artex officials & study aims to assess the concentrations of 38
residents elements in soil and kangkong cultivated under
Interview with officials
Brgy. Panghulo, different degrees of wastewater exposure. Results
Malabon officials
Field sampling at Artex showed that the uptake of elements in kangkong
depend greatly on the organic carbon content in the
Kangkong (Artex)
soil and not on the soil pH and the total element
In-situ sampling Floodwater collection collection concentration in the soil.
Moreover, Gothberg et al. (2004) studied the
- Color - pH - Heavy metals effect of nutrient levels on the uptake of heavy
- DO
- Turbidity
- BOD5
metals, especially mercury, cadmium, and lead, in
- Temperature
- Conductivity - TSS kangkong. It was established that metals accumulate
- TDS in plant tissues through absorption in the root
- Coliform
- Oil & grease system. The result of the study indicated that the
- Heavy metals lower the nutrient strength in the medium, the higher
Kangkong
the metal concentrations that accumulated in the
propagation Laboratory test different plant parts and vice versa.
The method employed in this experiment for
the heavy metal analysis is taken from the work of
Daily test Initial & final test
Pungor (1995) employing Flame Atomic Absorption
Spectroscopy Method.
- pH - pH - Kangkong number of
- Color - Color leaves
- Turbidity - Turbidity - Kangkong length of
- Temperature - Temperature stem
- Conductivity - Conductivity 3. METHODOLOGY
- Heavy metals

3.1 Study Process

Figure 1 Conceptual Framework of the Study
Floodwater of Artex Compound was collected
for laboratory test on pH, DO, BOD5, TSS, TDS, oil
& grease, coliform and heavy metals. The
procedures of each analysis performed were based

2
from the Standard Methods for the Examination of Table 1 Laboratory results for sample point 1
Water and Wastewater. Sample Point 1 (Inlet)
Parameter
In-situ testing was also done using 11 Dec 11 Jan 01 Mar
Time Collected 10:55 am 9:15am 9:56 am
conductivity meter and Hach colorimeter.
Floodwater depth, m 0.94 0.98 0.86
To prepare the kangkong for AAS, leaves were Temperature, °C 29.0 27.7 28.0
separated from the stems and roots then dried for Temperature (ambient), °C 31.5 29.5 33.0
Temperature rise, °C 0 -1.3 0.3
two hours. After drying, four grams each of ground Conductivity, µS 3.3 5.3 7.4
kangkong leaves and kangkong stems (roots Turbidity, NTU 1 3 19
included) were brought to char. Two milliliters Color, PCU 47 22 105
pH 7.00 6.61 8.16
(2mL) each of distilled water and concentrated nitric DO, mg/L 6.9 4.8 4.5
acid were added to the char and evaporated. After BOD5, mg/L - 15.6 12.0
cooling of the sample, 20mL of concentrated nitric TSS, mg/L 4.5 13 4.5
TDS, mg/L - 3220 4454
acid was again added to redissolve the kangkong Oil & grease, mg/L - - 52.6
residue. The solution was cooled to room Total Coliform, MPN/100mL 170x10 80x103 1600x102
temperature before filtering and then transferred to a Fecal Coliform, MPN/100mL - 80x103 220x102

100mL volumetric flask.

Kangkong propagation was performed using Table 2 Laboratory results for sample point 2
the floodwater from Artex Compound. Three setups
Sample Point 2 (Dumpsite)
using Artex floodwater and a control setup using Parameter
11 Dec 11 Jan 01 Mar
distilled water were completed for 21days. An initial Time Collected 10:35 am 9:31am 10:05 am
20L volume of water was used to grow kangkong in Floodwater depth, m 0.99 1.02 0.92
Temperature, °C 29.0 27.6 27.5
a basin. Daily monitoring of pH, temperature, Temperature (ambient), °C 27.9 27.4 33.0
conductivity, color and turbidity was done whereas Temperature rise, °C 0 -1.4 -0.1
the water level was recorded weekly. The length and Conductivity, µS 3.2 5.4 7.3
Turbidity, NTU 3 4 22
number of leaves of the plant was recorded for each Color, PCU 47 30 171
setup at the start and in the end of propagation. pH 6.70 6.97 7.89
DO, mg/L 5.7 2.9 5.4
BOD5, mg/L - 15.6 19.2
3.2 Method of Analysis TSS, mg/L 9 21 14
Data and results of the experiment were TDS, mg/L - 3256 4258
compared with the DAO 34 water quality criteria for Oil & grease, mg/L - - 31.4
Total Coliform, MPN/100mL - 140x103 >1600x102
coastal and marine waters since the floodwater in Fecal Coliform, MPN/100mL - 90x103 >1600x102
Artex Compound was categorized under Class SC.
Metal concentration on kangkong plant was also
Table 3 Laboratory results for sample point 3
analyzed against the maximum estimated safe and
adequate daily dietary intake (ESADDI). Parameter
Sample Point 3 (Residential)

After the analysis of data and results, strategies 11 Dec 11 Jan 01 Mar
Time Collected 11:07 am 9:46am 10:16 am
on how to propagate kangkong inside the compound Floodwater depth, m 1.05 0.90 0.93
was formulated along with its potential for Temperature, °C 27.4 27.9 27.2
Temperature (ambient), °C 28.1 28.5 33.0
marketability.
Temperature rise, °C 0 0.5 -0.7
Conductivity, µS 3.1 5.0 7.3
Turbidity, NTU 4 3 14
Color, PCU 60 35 177
pH 6.50 7.63 7.70
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION DO, mg/L 7.4 2.4 4.4
BOD5, mg/L - 29.4 22.8
TSS, mg/L 6 28 31
4.1 Wastewater Characterization TDS, mg/L - 3106 4414
There were three sampling dates at least Oil & grease, mg/L - - 44.8
one month apart. Within this period of sampling, Total Coliform, MPN/100mL - 1600x10 3 >1600x102
Fecal Coliform, MPN/100mL - 1600x10 3 >1600x102
seasonal changes have occurred, from rainy season
during the 1st sampling on December 11 to summer
on the last sampling on March 1. This change in The effects of hot climate are very evident in
weather conditions, aside from other factors, greatly the results. First, the water depth has decreased by 1
affected the results of the analysis. Some parameters m. This evaporation of the floodwater may cause
gave very different values for the three sampling pollutants to be more concentrated which is apparent
periods. There were also three points where samples in the increase of turbidity, TSS, TDS, conductivity
were taken- from the inlet, dumpsite, and residential and color during the sampling in March. This may
area. The in-situ and laboratory results are shown in also be due to the proliferation of algae during the
Tables 1 to 3. summer period as suggested by the green color of
filtered suspended solids.
For all the samples tested, the DO
concentration was observed to be lower during
summer, when the temperature of water is high

3
 compared to the rainy season. At lower
temperatures, more oxygen is dissolved in water. pH
also increased possibly due to the increase in
bathing frequency during summer period.
BOD5 and coliform were found to be highest
at point 3, which is the residential area. A possible
explanation to this is that some houses do not have
septic tanks and their drainage leads directly to the
floodwater.
The results also showed that the influent has
the highest levels of oil & grease. Since a lot of
houses are situated near the flooded factory, effluent
from these residences is washed into the water
during storms.
4.3 Heavy Metal Analysis
The sample of kangkong plant from Artex has
Cr (1.154 mg/L on leaves, 1.382 mg/L on stems and
roots), Cu (0.439 mg/L on leaves, 0.502 mg/L on
stems and leaves), and Pb (7.018 mg/L on leaves).
The high concentration of Pb in the leaves is
because of the lead-laden dust in the environment
from air-borne gasoline emissions (Bassuk). Artex is
a residential compound, even though the floodwater
has no heavy metals, the dust, sediments, smoke
from the vehicles stick to the leaves and stems of the
kangkong (see Figure 2).

4.2 Floodwater Classification

Water is categorized into fresh water and
marine (salt) water. Furthermore, salt water is
categorized based on TDS amount as brackish,
highly brackish, saline, sea water and brine. Table 4
shows the TDS amount per water classification.

Table 4 Water classification based on TDS

Water Total Dissolved Solids
Classification [ppm]
Fresh water < 1,000 Figure 1 Heavy metals concentration comparison in kangkong
Brackish 1,000 – 5,000 leaves and stems
Highly
5,000 – 15,000
brackish
Saline 15,000 – 30,000
Sea water 30,000 – 40,000
Table 6 lists down the maximum estimated
Brine > 40,000 safe and adequate dietary intake of an average adult,
Source: (Desalination) 70 kg, and 19-50 years old for Cr, Cu and Pb.

Floodwater at the case study has a TDS value Table 6 Maximum estimated safe and adequate dietary intake of
of 3,000 to 4,500 ppm which falls on the category of an average adult for metal
brackish water. Maximum Estimated Safe
Several activities are observed at the site Metal
and Adequate Dietary
which are boating and fishing. Kangkong plants and Intake (ESADDI)
[mg/cap/day]
banana tree are even observed at some locations
Chromium 0.2a
inside the compound. Based on DAO 34, water Copper 2.2b
which serves its purpose for recreational (i.e. Lead 0.25c
boating) and fishing activities class II must be (a) The US National Research Council (Cabrera-Vique, 2004)
(b) International Programme on Chemical Safety (Copper)
classified under class C or SC. Thus, floodwater of (c) (Mount Isa Mines, 2007)

Artex Compound was classified as class SC.

Analysis of metal concentration on kangkong
Table 5 Comparison with DAO 34 Class SC plant was done in wet weight basis. Table 7
Max, min values Std value (DAO 34 provides the conversion of the laboratory result (in
Parameter
Point 1 Point 2 Point 3 Class SC) mg of metal concentration on dried kangkong per
8.16, 7.89, 7.70, liter of solution) to the dry and wet weight basis (in
pH 6.0-9.0 Passed
6.61 6.70 6.50
DO, mg/L 6.9, 4.5 5.7, 2.9 7.4, 2.4 5 Failed mg of metal concentration per gram of kangkong).
15.6, 19.2, 29.4,
BOD5, mg/L 7-10 Failed
12.0 15.6 22.8
not more
13.00, 21.00, 30.90, than 30 Table 7 Metal concentration on kangkong plant grown at Artex
TSS, mg/L Passed Compound
4.50 9.00 6.00 mg/L
increase
4454, 4258, 4414, Metal
TDS, mg/L - - Laboratory Metal Concentration
3220 3256 3106
Oil & grease, Metal Results Concentration at Wet
52.60 31.40 44.80 3 Failed
mg/L [mg/L] at Dry Weight Weight basis
3
Total Coliform, 80x10 , 1600x10 Basis [mg/g] [mg/g]
140x103 3 5000 Failed
MPN/100mL 170x10 Chromium 1.27 0.032 0.0044
Fecal Coliform, 80x103, 3 1600x10 Copper 0.47 0.012 0.0016
90x10 - -
MPN/100mL 220x102 3
Lead 7.018 0.175 0.0242
Table 1 Metal concentration and daily kangkong consumption at
wet weight basis

Metal Concentration at Daily Kangkong

Wet Weight Basis Consumption at Wet
[mg/g] Weight Basis [g/cap/d]
Metal

Level of Level of
Actual Actual
Concern Concern

Chromium 0.0044 0.03 6.67 45.66

Copper 0.0016 0.33 6.67 1,353.27
Lead 0.0242 0.037 6.67 10.32

Based from the computations of maximum

level of concerns either intake of kangkong or
permitted contamination, the kangkong grown from
Artex is safe to eat.
Among these metals, lead might be alarming.
Though the leaves show higher concentration, lead
from air-borne emissions is only surface adhering;
and can be removed totally by washing. Washing
with water alone removes only small amount of lead
from the leaves. Washing with dilute (1%) vinegar
or dilute (0.5%) dishwashing liquid, however,
removes the lead to control levels. The amount of
lead taken up by plants for most part forms a
negligible input into our total diets (Bassuk).
4.4 Kangkong Propagation Analysis
In the initial setup, no heavy metals were
detected both in the wastewater and kangkong
sample. After 21 days of propagation, copper was
already detected in the water at a concentration of
0.02 mg/L. In addition, the kangkong stems, after
harvesting, were found to contain 0.062 mg/L Cu
and 0.429 mg/L Cr. This indicates that the metals
detected in the kangkong did not come from the
wastewater since the initial wastewater used had no
detection.
The results show an average of 91% increase
in the number of stems and 116% increase in the
number of leaves for the kangkong grown in the
floodwater while those grown using distilled water
has only 67% increase in the number of stems and
105% increase in the number of leaves. There is an
evident increase in the growth rate of kangkong
grown in the floodwater, based on the increase in
the number of stems and leaves, compared to
kangkong grown in distilled water.
4.5 Strategies on Kangkong Propagation and
Marketability
Kangkong was proven to be safe to eat so
strategies to appropriately propagate, handle and
market these was formulated. Figure 3 shows the
existing and proposed area where kangkong can be
grown.
Figure 2 Existing (a) and proposed (b) area of kangkong
propagation
The profile view of the propagation area is
shown in Figure 4 as well as the materials to be used
to control the kangkong spread. Typical net would
be used to manage the plant growth within the
prearranged area and also to prevent the floating
wastes from entering the area. The estimated cost
for the construction of the net around the
propagation area is PhP 2,527.90. The return of
investment is expected at the third month of market
with a monthly income of PhP 3,000 except for the
first month with an expected income of only PhP
750.
Figure 3 Profile view of proposed propagation area
The price of kangkong will also be cheaper for
the Artex residents which will only cost PhP 5.00
per bundle whereas it will be PhP 10.00 for the
outside market. Prior to marketing, the kangkong
should be wash with dilute (1%) vinegar or dilute
(0.5%) dishwashing liquid to eliminate or reduce the
metals that adhered in the leaves and stems
(Bassuk). Moreover, salmonella and E. coli can be
eliminated by means of thorough washing and
cooking at 60oC for at least 5 minutes (Beuchat,
Jaquette, & Mahon, 1996).

5
5. CONCLUSION
With the current situation of Artex, the
residents have learned to cope with the environment.
To make use of the resources naturally occurring at
the site, strategies to propagate kangkong was
presented. Based on the TDS calculated at 3000 to
4500 ppm, the floodwater was classified as brackish
water and was categorized under class SC of DAO
34.
During summer, the high temperature causes
an increase in the rates of evaporation and chemical
and biological activities. An increase in the values
of TDS, conductivity, turbidity and color was
observed as pollutants were concentrated in the
water. The DO levels measured in March were
lower as compared to the results in December. The
pH level was also observed to be higher during
summer, which can be explained by the increase in
human activities particularly bathing frequency.
Another apparent change is the greenish color of
suspended solids which suggests proliferation of
algae during summer.
Oil and grease was found to be highest at the
inlet, which could have come from residential and
commercial establishments near the area whose
effluents were washed into the water and entered the
Artex Compound. Fecal coliform counts and BOD5
were highest at the residential site where some
houses have drains and sanitary pipes leading
directly to the floodwater.
The propagation experiment suggests that the
floodwater is suitable for kangkong propagation. In
addition to this, kangkong grown at Artex turned out
to be safe for consumption based on the metal
toxicity analysis. To reduce the metal concentration
on kangkong leave and stem, washing with vinegar
solution (1%) or dilute dishwashing liquid (0.5%)
should be done. On the other hand, salmonella and
E. coli can be eliminated thorough washing and
cooking of kangkong at 60°C for at least 5 minutes.
6. RECOMMENDATION
To fully characterize the floodwater, water
analysis should be done monthly or quarterly within
a period of at least one year to determine the yearly
average values of these parameters.
Since kangkong thrives in the floodwater, the
conditions in these waters could be appropriate for
other aquatic plant species or for hydroponic
purposes. Aside from kangkong, some fishes can
also survive in the floodwater. Since some residents
eat these fishes, it is a good study to undertake
which will benefit the community.
If the metal concentrations of the sample
exceed the level of concern, biological half-life of
the metal accumulation can be computed to
determine the time when the body can metabolize
6
and eliminate the metal by normal biological
processes. In this case, a better recommendation is
to limit the intake of kangkong to acceptable
equivalent concentrations.
The metal readings in the kangkong leaves
were due to the environment and not to adsorption
from the floodwater. A noodle factory is located
near the compound and further studies can be made
to determine if the air emissions of the factory have
significant effect in the metal adherence of the
kangkong.
Lastly, if the strategies regarding kangkong
propagation was followed and implemented, the
savings from the selling of kangkong can be used as
capital for other livelihood programs.
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