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Azetidin = β-lactamin
CAÙC THUOÁC CHÍNH
Penicillin: (PENAM)
penicillin G; penicillin V S
methicillin; oxacillin N
ampicillin; amoxicillin; O
carbenicillin; ticarcillin
N
O
CAÙC THUOÁC CHÍNH
Cephalosporin (CEPHEM) S
N
O
Thế hệ I :cephalexin; cephalothin
Thế hệ II: cefoxitin; cefaclor
Thế hệ III: cefotaxime; cefoperazone; ceftriaxone
Thế hệ IV: cefepime
MONOBACTAM: aztreonam
NH
O
CÔ CHEÁ KHAÙNG KHUAÅN
CÔ CHEÁ ÑEÀ KHAÙNG
monobactam
NHOÙM PENICILLIN
60mg/L 20 g/L
ÑIEÀU CHEÁ
Baùn toång hôïp
R
H H
HN 4 H H
S H2 N 4
O A- condition S
6 5 6 5
7 N 3 B-condition 7 N 3
O
1 O
H 2
COOH 1 COOH
H 2
Penicillin 6-aminopenicillinic acid
A-condition = Aclylase
B-condition = 1. Me2SiCl2 2. n-Bu-OH, -40oC 3. H2O, 0oC
R1
H H H H
H2N 4 HN 4
S S
R'COCl, Et3N O
6 5 6 5
7 N 3 7 N 3
O O
1 1 COOH
COOH
H 2 H 2
COOH
O
HO N CH3
H2 O, pH 1,3-1,5 O
(II) S CH3
HN
NH 2
Amoxcicillin
R
H H
HN 4
S
O
6
Tính chaát vaät lyù 7
5
N 3
O
1 COOH
H 2
Penicillin
Caùc penicillin döôùi daïng muoái hoaëc daïng acid laø nhöõng boät traéng
khoâng muøi khi tinh khieát.
Phoå UV
1600 cm-1
Benzylpenicillin K
(BP 2007)
Absorbance (2.2.25)
Dissolve 94.0 mg in water R and dilute to 50.0 ml with the same solvent.
Measure the absorbance of the solution at 325 nm, 280 nm and at the
maximum at 264 nm, diluting the solution, if necessary, for the
measurement at 264 nm. The absorbances at 325 nm and 280 nm do not
exceed 0.10 and that at the maximum at 264 nm is 0.80 to 0.88,
calculated on the basis of the undiluted (1.88 g/l) solution. Verify the
resolution of the apparatus (2.2.25); the ratio of the absorbances is at
least 1.7.
R
H H
HN 4
S
O
6
Tính chaát vaät lyù
5
7 N 3
O
1 COOH
H 2
Năng suất quay cực
Penicillin
Penicillin
• Taïo muoái natri vaø kali (bền)
Tan trong nöôùc, pha tieâm
Natri amoxicillin
K Benzylpenicillin
Tính chaát hoùa hoïc
R
H H
HN 4
S
O
6 5
Tính acid 7 N 3
Procain benzylpenicillin
Benzathin benzylpenicillin
Tính chaát hoùa hoïc
R
H H
HN 4
S
O
6 5
7 N 3
O
1 COOH
H 2
Penicillin
Tính acid
• Taïo thaønh nhöõng este, tieàn chaát cuûa PNC coù khaû naêng phoùng thích
trôû laïi caùc khaùng sinh naøy in vivo.
Bacampicillin HCl
Tính khoâng beàn cuûa voøng beta lactam
(OH- hay penicillinase)
O
H H H
H H R S
R N S
OH HO C HN
penicillin O N
O O COOH
CO2 H
acid penicilloic
S S
S - CO2
ROCHN N COOH ROCHN N COOH
ROCHN CO2H H
N
H O OH
acid penilloic
H
R C NH H
S R C NH
CH3 S
O CH3
N O
CH3
CO N CH3
O
D COOH
D COOH
O 2+ O O
2+ O M
M
O O
N CH 3 N X
Ac Ac
HN S CH 3 HN S
H H H H
H H
R C N S R C N S
CH 3 NH 2OH CH 3
O O
N CH 3 HN CH 3
O O
NH
COOH COOH
OH
Cu2+
H
R C N S CH 3
O
HN CH 3
O
NH
CO
O
Cu O
(xanh ngoc)
Tính khoâng beàn cuûa voøng beta lactam
(acid mạnh, nóng hoặc HgCl2)
H H
R R
NH H NH H
S S
O O
N HN
O O
H CH2 O2 H CO2H
R
NH
HS
O
R H H H N
N
S O
CO2H
O
HN
HO R
O N
CO2H HS
O
acid penicilloic HN
O
CO2H
H HS
S
ROCHN ROCHN + H 2N COOH
CO2 H O
N
H
penilloaldehyd D-penicillamin
acid penilloic
H H H2 O
CH2 CO HN S O C C NH H H
CH3 S
N CH3 N
O COO
O H R
H COO R'
Peni G Peni V
H H
H H H H
C CO NH S HO C CO NH S
NH2 NH2
N
N
O
H COO Na O
H COO Na
Amoxicillin
Ampicillin
Kieåm nghieäm
Ñònh tính: H H
CH2 CO HN S
CH3
N CH3
- Phoå IR O
H COO R'
- Saéc kyù lôùp moûng
- Phaûn öùng vôùi hydroxylamin, sau ñoù vôùi CuSO4
- Phaûn öùng maøu vôùi acid H2SO4
- Phaûn öùng maøu vôùi dd formaldehyd trong H2SO4
Kieåm nghieäm
Kieåm tinh khieát
- pH
- Naêng suaát quay cöïc
- Caùc taïp chaát thoâng thöôøng: Thí duï kim loaïi naëng
- Caùc taïp chaát lieân quan: Thí duï N,N-dimethylanilin (trong
ampicillin hoaëc amoxicillin) baèng saéc kyù khí.
H H
H H H H
C CO NH S HO C CO NH S
NH2 NH2
N
N
O
H COO Na O
H COO Na
Amoxicillin
Ampicillin
Kieåm nghieäm
Ñònh löôïng
phaân huûy
Penicilin D-penicillamin + acid penaldic
H H H2 O
CH2 CO HN S O C C NH H H
CH3 S
N CH3 N
O COO
O H R
H COO R'
Peni G Peni V
• Phoå heïp gaàn gioáng penicillin nhoùm I, nhöng coù khaû naêng
khaùng laïi penicillinase do S. aureus tieát ra.
O CH3
H H
CO HN S
CH3
O CH3 N CH3
O
H COO Na
Meticillin
PENICILLIN NHOÙM II
Meticillin, oxacillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin,
H H
C C CO HN S
CH3
N C CH3
Y O N CH3
O
H COO Na
isoxazolylpenicillin
X Y
-------------------------------------------------------------
Oxacillin (Bristopen) H H
Cloxacillin (Orbenin) Cl H
Dicloxacillin (Dicloxil) Cl Cl
Fluocloxacillin (Floxapen) Cl F
Chuù yù: söï ña thay theá laøm giaûm hoaït tính khaùng sinh
H H
CH2 CO HN S
CH3
N CH3
O
H COO R'
HOOC
C NH
S
NH2 O
O COOH
penicillin N
2S,5R,6R)-6-[[(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetyl]amino]-3, 3-dimethyl-7-oxo-
4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid
(2S,5R,6R)-6-[[(2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl]amino]-3,3-
dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid,
Phoå khaùng khuaån III-A
Ampicillin, Amoxicillin…
Taùc ñoäng treân caùc maàm ñeà khaùng vôùi ampicillin nhö:
Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia, Pseudomonas…
Piperacilin phoái hôïp vôùi aminosid hoaëc vôùi chaát öùc cheá
betalactamase
PENICILLIN NHOÙM IV (α-carboxy-PNC)
Carbenicillin, ticarcillin, carindacillin
H
H H
Ar C CO HN S
COO Z H O H H
N C C HN S
O SO3H
H COO Na
N
O COO Na
Ar Z
Sulbenicillin
Na Carbenicillin
Beàn veà maët hoùa hoïc
Hoaït tính KK töông tôï caùc
Carindacillin
OCH3
CH CO HN
S
COOH CH3
S N CH3
O
COOH
Temocillin
PENICILLIN NHOÙM VI (Amidino-PNC)
N CH NH
Phoå KK heïp, taäp trung chuû yeáu treân VK gram aâm.
azepan-1-ylmethanimine
ÑAÏI CÖÔNG
• Nhieàu loaïi vi khuaån coù khaû naêng tieát ra caùc enzym beta
lactamase phaân huûy caùc khaùng sinh hoï beta lactamine.
Söï saûn sinh caùc enzym naøy coù theå laø töï nhieân hay tieáp
nhaän ñöôïc.
• Men beta lactamase bao goàm penicilinase vaø
cephalosporinase.
CÔ CHEÁ TAÙC ÑOÄNG
• Sau khi gaén vôùi men penicillinase, caùc chaát naøy seõ bò
phaân huûy.
Acid clavuclanic (suicide inhibitor)
H H
O CH2 OH
H
C
N
H
O H COOH
Sultamicillin O O
H H O N N
S OCH
H 2 N
N CH 3
O H COOH
Thienamycin :
S S
NH2 NH CH NH
IMIPENEM
NH
HO HO
NH 2 NH
H3C H3C
S S
N benzyl formimidat N
O O
COOH COOH
- Nhaân penem vaø nhoùm COOH ôû C2 caàn thieát cho hoaït tính khaùng khuaån.
- C*6 (S) thay vì C*6 (R) ôû penicillin vaø cephalosporin khaùng enzym cuûa VK
Beàn vöõng vôùi men beta lactamase, phoå khaùng khuaån raát roäng, bao goàm:
- Deã bò phaân huûy bôûi dehydropeptidase ôû oáng thaän khi söû duïng thöôøng
keát hôïp imipenem vôùi cilastin (chaát öùc cheá enzym dehydropeptidase) ñeå giôùi
cilastin
O CH 3
N
HO CH 3 CH 3
NH
H3 C
S
N
O
CO 2H
Meropenem
NH
HO
HN
S
N
O
CO 2H
Imipenem
NH
HO
HN
S
N
O
CO 2H
Imipenem
S
N
O
CO 2H
Imipenem