‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﺎﺧﻮﺫ ﻋﻦ ﳎﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺼﺪﺭ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻳﺖ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‬

‫‪2002‬‬ ‫ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ‪ -‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‬

‫ﻏﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﺪﺱ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺩﺭﻭﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﲨﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻷﻨﻔﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻴﻬﺔ‬

‫)*(‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻧﻔﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻬﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻏﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻡ ﳜﻀﻊ ﻟﺘﻔﺤﺺ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻳﻘﻮﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﺑﺎﺕ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺼﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﳑﻜﻨﺔ‪.‬‬

‫>‪ . M‬ﺭﻭﺯﻧﱪﮒ<‬

‫ﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻟﻨﺪﺭﺱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ >‪ .J‬ﻓﻠﻮﺱ<‪ .‬ﺇﻧﻪ ﻃﺒﻴﺐ ﺃﺳﻨﺎﻥ ﻳﻨﻜ ﱡ‬
‫ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﺿﺎﻩ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻳﻬﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﳝﻠﻚ‬
‫<‬
‫><‬
‫ﺑﻼ ﺷﻚ ﺃﺳﻨﺎﻧﺎ ﻭﻟﺜﺔ ﳕﻮﺫﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻏﺎﻓﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺗﻨﺒﻌﺚ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻤﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ‬
‫>‬

‫ﻧﻜﻬﺘﻪ)‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻫﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻬﺎ ﻣﺮﺿﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﳌﺸﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺤﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻬﻧﻢ ﳛﺠﻤﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺇﻋﻼﻣﻪ ﳌﺎ ﻳﺴﺒﺒﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮﺝ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻬﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻤﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫‪ ،drip‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻛﻢ‬ ‫‪postnasal‬‬ ‫ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺘﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻧﻔﻲ ﺍﳋﻠﻔﻲ‬ ‫‪pool‬‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻐﺬﻯ ﲜﻤﻴﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﳋﻠﻔﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺴﺎﻥ ﻃﺒﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﺳﻨﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﲣﻠﱢﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ ﻭﺭﺍﺀﻫﺎ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻏﺮﺓ ﺑﺄﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻤﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺳﺘﺨﻔﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻀﻎ ﺑﻀﻊ ﻟﻘﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻀﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺐ ﻳﻘﻲ ﺍﳌﺮﻳﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻜﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻬﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺑﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﱠﻨﻔﹶﺲ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟَﺒﺨَﺮ‬
‫)‪ .2)halitosis‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟَﺒﺨَﺮ ﻳﱪﺯ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺎ ﻣﺜﲑﺍ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﲪﻴﻤﺔ ﲢﻈﻰ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﻭﺫﺍﺕ ﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﻌﺪﺩ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﳉﺮﺛﻮﻣﻴﺎﺕ )ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ(‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﱠﻨﻔﹾﺲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﳌﻼﻳﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟَﺒﺨَﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﺢ ﺃﻬﻧﻢ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ>ﻓﻠﻮﺱ< ﻻ‬
‫ﻳﻌﻠﻤﻮﻥ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﲑ ﺇﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺽ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺑﻴﻨﺖ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺃﺟﺮﺍﻫﺎ >‪ .P‬ﻧﺎﺩﻭﭬﺴﻜﻲ< ]ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬
‫ﰲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺭﻳﻮ ﺩﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﲑﻭ[ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺯﻳﻞ ﺃﻥ ‪ 31%‬ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻣﺼﺎﺏ ﺑﻨﻜﻬﺔ ﻛﺮﻳﻬﺔ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺠﻢ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻀﺎﻣﲔ ﺧﻄﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ‬
‫ﺫﻛﺮ‪ 24%‬ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺃﻬﻧﻢ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺻﺤﺒﺔ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻣﺼﺎﺏ ﺑﺎﻟَﺒﺨَﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪ 62%‬ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‬
‫ﺻﺮﺣﻮﺍ ﺑﺄﻬﻧﻢ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮﻭﻥ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﻬﻢ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺮﺽ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺪﺃ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻋﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﺮ ﻓﺮﻳﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻏﺴﻮﻝ ﻟﻠﻔﻢ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ)‪ ،(3‬ﻣﺼﻤﻢ ﻻﻗﺘﻨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻤﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻗﻄﲑﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ‪ .‬ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ ﺑﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ >‪ .J‬ﺗﻮﻧﺰﻳﺘﺶ< ]ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﺮﻳﺘﺶ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ[ ﻳﻘﻮﻣﻮﻥ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟَﺒﺨَﺮ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﳌﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻜﺒّﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ‬
‫‪ 2001/6‬ﺷﺎﺭﻙ ‪ 350‬ﺷﺨﺼﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻋﻘﺪﺗﻪ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻷﲝﺎﺙ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ )‪ (ISBOR‬ﰲ ﻃﻮﻛﻴﻮ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪﺍﺛﺔ ﻋﻬﺪﻫﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﺗﺴﺎﻉ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻳﻌﻜﺲ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ )ﻭﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻮﺍﺱ( ﺑﺎﻣﺘﻼﻙ ﻧﻔﹶﺲ ﺯﻛﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺋﺤﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﻼﻉ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﲔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪2000‬‬
‫ﺃﻧﻔﻘﻮﺍ ‪ 1.8‬ﺑﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺮﺍﺀ ﻣﻌﺎﺟﲔ ﺍﻷﺳﻨﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﳓﻮ ‪ 715‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﲦﻦ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﳓﻮ ‪ 740‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻟﺸﺮﺍﺀ ﻏﺴﻮﻻﺕ ﻓﻤﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫) ‪(4‬‬
‫ﺃﻋﻼﻙ‬
‫ﻏﺴﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﻨﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪ 950‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﲦﻦ ﹸﻓﺮَﺵ ﺍﻷﺳﻨﺎﻥ ﻭﺧﻴﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻴﻞ)‪ .(5‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ‪‬ﺗﺴ‪‬ﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﺻﻼ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﳌﺆﻛﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻮﻬﻧﺎ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻛﻲ ﳛﺘﻔﻈﻮﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻃﻴﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻨﻔﻖ ﻣﺒﻠﻎ ‪ 650‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺮﺍﺀ ﻣﻄﻴ‪‬ﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟّﻨﻔﹶﺲ ‪ fresheners breath‬ﻏﲑ ﺍﻷﻋﻼﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺴﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻤﻮﻳﺔ ـ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﺃﻗﺮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻨﺎﻉ ـ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺧﺼﻴﺼﺎ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
 ‫)**(‬ ‫ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺌﺤﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﳌﻌﻈﻢ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟَﺒﺨَﺮ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺟﺮﺍﻫﺎ >‪ D‬ﭬﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﺳﺘﻨﱪﮒ< ]ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺲ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ [ISBOR‬ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻭﻧﻮﻩ ]ﰲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻟﻮﭬﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮﻟﻮﻛﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻠﺠﻴﻜﺎ[ ﻭﻓﺮﻳﻘﻨﺎ ]ﰲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺗﻞ‬
‫ﺃﺑﻴﺐ[‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ‪ 85 - %90‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟَﺒﺨَﺮ ﻣﻨﺸﺆﻫﺎ ﺟﻮﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺋﺢ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺒﻌﺜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺩﻏﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻹﺑﻄﲔ ﻭﺍﻷﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻌﻠﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻪ ﻳﻨﺠﻢ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﺏ )ﺍﻷﻳﺾ( ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺮﻭﰊ‪.‬‬

‫)***(‬
‫ﺍﻟ َﺒﺨﹶﺭ‪/‬ﻟﻤﺤﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ‬
‫• ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺮ )ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻜﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻬﺔ( ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺃﺛﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﳋﻮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺪﻋﻰ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺭﻫﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﻲﺀ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ‪.‬‬

‫• ﺑﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮﻥ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺎ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺮ ﻛﻴﻔﹰﺎ ﻭﻛﻤًﺎ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ‬

 ‫ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺒﺼﺮﺍﺕ ‪ insights‬ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﳜﺺ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﳍﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﰎ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺄﻛﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺮ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ‪.‬‬

‫• ﳝﺜﻞ ﺗﻄﻴﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻭﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ ﲡﺎﺭﺓ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ‬

‫ﺗﻨﻔﻖ ﻣﻼﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬
‫‪floss‬‬ ‫ﻟﺸﺮﺍﺀ ﻣﻌﺎﺟﲔ ﺍﻷﺳﻨﺎﻥ ﻭﺧﻴﻮﻁ ﺍﻷﺳﻨﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻭﻏﺴﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ ﻭﺃﻗﺮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻨﺎﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻄﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟّﻨﻔﹶﺲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﺴﺘﻮﻃﻦ ﺍﻟﻔ َﻢ ﻣﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﰲ ﺧﻴﺎﺭﺍﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻔﻀﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻏﺬﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﭙﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲨﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻫﻀﻢ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﭙﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻨﺔ ﺣﻘﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻤﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻨﻒ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻼﻫﻮﺍﺋﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﰲ ﺃﻱ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺳﻠﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﳍﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺮﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺾ‬
‫‪skatole‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﺗﻮﻝ‬ ‫‪mercaptan methyl‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺳﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﭙﺘﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺯﻫﻴﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫‪indole‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺯ؛ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻹﻧﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺸﺮ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﻋﻔﻨﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺘﺠﻬﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺜﺚ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺴﺨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﭙﻮﺗﺮﺳﲔ‬ ‫‪cadaverine‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺩﺍﭬﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫‪acid isovaleric‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﲪﺾ ﺍﻹﻳﺰﻭﭬﺎﻟﲑﻳﻚ‬ ‫‪putrescine‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺸﺮ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺮﻗﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻻ ﻋﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ َﻧﻔﹶﺲ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﺫﺍ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻫﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻏﻭﺒﺔ‬

‫)****(‬

‫ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺘﺠﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻤﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺭﻭﺍﺋﺤﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺾ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﳍﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺳﺪ‬
‫ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺘﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﭙﺘﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﺗﻮﻝ‬

‫ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺍﳉﺜﺚ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺩﺍﭬﺮﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺴﺦ‬ ‫ﭘﻮﺗﺮﺳﲔ‬

‫ﺍﻹﻳﺰﻭﭬﺎﻟﲑﻳﻚ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺮﻗﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺣﺪﻳﺜﺎ ﺑﲔ >‪ .W‬ﻟﻮﺵ< ]ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻣﺘﺸﻴﮕﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪microflora‬‬ ‫‪ [ISBOR‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻮﺭﺍ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺮﻭﻳﺔ )ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻬﺮﻱ(‬
‫ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﳛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﭙﻼﻙ( ‪ .plaques‬ﻭﻗﺪ‬
‫ﺣﺼﻞ ﻟﻮﺵ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻟﻠﺼﺤﺔ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟَﺒﺨَﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ِﻣ ‪‬ﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻮﺍﻫﻨﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﻌﻜﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﹶﻓ ‪‬ﻬ َﺮﺳَﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻮﺭﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻤﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻷﺻﺤﺎﺀ ﻭﺃﻭﻟﺌﻚ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺑﲔ ﺑﺎﻟَﺒﺨَﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻬﻧﻰ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺻﻴﻒ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﳋﻠﻔﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻷﺳﻨﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺜﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﱠﻨﻔﹶﺲ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻪ؛ ﺇﺫ‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺎﺏ ﺑﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﻐﻼﻓﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﲡﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻐﺬﺍﺀ ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺘﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻧﻔﻲ ﺍﳋﻠﻔﻲ ‪ drip postnasal‬ـ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺷﻮﻫﺪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺭﺑﻊ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﰎ ﻓﺤﺼﻬﻢ ـ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻤﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﰲ ﺟﺮﻳﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺯﺗﲔ‬
‫ﺣﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺗﺪﻋﻰ ﺣﺼﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺯﺗﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﺴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻀﻼﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺣﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺯﺗﲔ ﺫﺍﻬﺗﺎ‬
‫ﻛﺮﻳﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻻ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﻧﻜﻬﺔ ﻛﺮﻳﻬﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻏﲑ ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ )ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻟﺪﻯ ‪ - 2 3‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻬﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﺎﻓﻌﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺼﻴﺎﺕ( ﻭﻻ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻃﺒﺎﺀ ﻭﺃﻃﺒﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﻨﺎﻥ ﱂ ﻳﺴﻤﻌﻮﺍ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﺃﺧﺬﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺨﺺ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻤﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻪ ﺳﻮﺀ ﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ)‪) (6‬ﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﺮﻙ‬
‫ﻭﺭﺍﺀﻩ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﺳﻨﺎﻥ( ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﺜﺔ ﻭﺳﻮﺀ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﻨﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﳋﺮّﺍﺟﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳉﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﺏ ﳚﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ ﻭﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺬﺭﺓ ﻭﺍ ﹸ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺋﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﻱ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻳﻌﺰﺯ ﺟﻔﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻔﻤﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻡ ﻭﻛﺜﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ( ﳝﻜﻨﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺳﻮﺀﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﲔ‬
‫ﻋﺪﻭﺍ ﺑﺎﺭﺯﺍ ﻟﻠﱠﻨﻔﹶﺲ ﺍﻟﺰﻛﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﲔ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻀﻌﻒ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﺍﻹﳚﺎﰊ‬
‫ﲢﺠﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺌﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺪﺧﲔ؛ ﺇﺫ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﺎﻥ ﳚﻔﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺘﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻧﻔﻲ ﺍﳋﻠﻔﻲ‬
 ‫ﻭﺁﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺜﺔ ﺳﻮﺀﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﺮﻙ ﻓﻀﺎﻟﺔ)‪ (7‬ﲣﺘﻠﻂ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﻭﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻗﺪ ﺗ‪‬ﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻤﻮﻳﺔ ﺳﻠﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﳍﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻟﻪ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺳﺪ؛ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺎﺩﰐ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺩﺍﭬﲑﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﭙﻮﺗﺮﺳﲔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫‪disease periodontal‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺘﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻪ ﺑﺂﻓﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺘﺨﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﺜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻔﺘﺎﺣﺎ ﺟﻴﺪﺍ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﰿ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﺳﻨﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﺪ ﺳﻠﻔﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺍﳍﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ﻭﻣﻴﺘﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﭙﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﺩﺗﲔ ﺳﺎﻣﺘﲔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻛﻮﻬﻧﻤﺎ ﻛﺮﻳﻬﱵ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺋﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻬﻧﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺫﻳﺎ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻌﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻠﺜﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻴﻨﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺎﻡ ﻬﺑﺎ>‪ .I‬ﻛﻼﻳﻨﱪﮒ< ]ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﻙ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺳﺘﻮﱐ ﺑﺮﻭﻙ[ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺄﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻠﺜﺔ ﺗﺒﻌﺚ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﻧﺘﻨﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺰﺭﻉ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪ ﰲ‬
‫ﻭﺳﻂ ﻻﻫﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲪﻮﺽ ﺃﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﻛﺸﻒ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ‬
‫‪Porphyromonas‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫‪denticola Treponema‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ـ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻟﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫‪coating‬‬ ‫ـ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﳛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﻏﻼﻟﺔ‬ ‫‪ gingivalis‬و‪forsythus Bacteroides‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﻀﻊ ﺩﻗﺎﺋﻖ ﰲ ﻋﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺳﻨﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﺔ ﻟﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺒﻄﻬﺎ ﻟﻮﺵ ﻭﺗﺪﻋﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼ‬ ‫‪BANA‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪degrade‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ )‪ .BANA(8‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺇﻧﺰﳝﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﺽ‬
‫ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺍ ﻣﻠﻮﻧﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻐﺮﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺒﲔ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺇﳚﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟَﺒﺨَﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺛﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻤﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﻻﻏﺘﺬﺍﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻜﺎﻛﺮ )ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ(‬
‫ﻋﻮﺿﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﭙﺮﻭﺗﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﻋﺘﱪﺕ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺎ ﻏﲑ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﱠﻨﻔﹶﺲ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺎﻡ ﻬﺑﺎ >‪ .N‬ﺳﺘﲑﺭ< ﰲ ﳐﺘﱪﻩ ﺗﻮﺣﻲ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻗﺴﻤﺎ ﻛﺒﲑﺍ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﭙﺮﻭﺗﲔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺳﻜﺮﻳﺔ ‪ glycoproteins‬ﻭﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬
‫ﲦﺎﻟﺔ ﺳﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﭙﺮﻭﺗﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻐﺘﺬﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻜﺎﻛﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﺘﻨﺺ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﭙﺮﻭﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﺗﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﭙﺮﻭﺗﻴﲏ ﻋﺎﺭﻳﺎ ﻟﺘﻬﻀﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﻟﭙﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺑﲔ ﺳﺘﲑﺭ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻭﻧﻮﻩ ﻣﺆﺧﺮﺍ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻟﻮﱐ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﻄﺮ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺎﺏ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺰﱘ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻪ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺍﻧﺸﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺴﺎﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﱢﻴﺔ‬
‫)*****(‬

‫<ﺭﻭﰊ( >ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺃﳕﻮﺫﺟﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺿﻰ( ﺳﻴﺪﺓ ﺣﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺍﻡ ﺟﺬﺍﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻈﻬﺮ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺪﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎ ﻧﺎﺟﺤﺎ ﻭﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﲢﻈﻰ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺗﺘﻤﻨﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﻌﺎﱐ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ‬
‫ﺃﺧﱪﻬﺗﺎ ﺯﻣﻴﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺛﻼﺛﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻔﺴَﻬﺎ ﻛﺮﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺋﺤﺔ ‪.‬ﻭﻣﻨﺬ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﺭﻭﰊ ﰲ ﺧﻮﻑ ﺩﺍﺋﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺸﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ َﻧﻔﹶﺴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﲣﺎﻃﺐ ﺍﻟﺰﺑﺎﺋﻦ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ﻭﲤﻀﻎ ﺍﻷﻋﻼﻙ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﺭﻭﰊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻃﺒﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﺳﻨﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﻭﺗﺴﻮّﻙ‬
‫ﺃﺳﻨﺎﻬﻧﺎ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﺃﻭ ﲬﺲ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﻛﻞ ﻳﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﻨﻈﻒ ﻟﺴﺎﻬﻧﺎ ﻭﲣﻠﻞ ﺃﺳﻨﺎﻬﻧﺎ ﻭﺗﺘﻐﺮﻏﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺴﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻤﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻬﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﺠﻨﺐ ﺗﻘﺒﻴﻞ ﺯﻭﺟﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﲢﺠﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺏ‬
‫ﺟﺴﺪﻳﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻔﻼﺕ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﻖ ﻓﻜﺎﻧﺖ ﺭﻭﰊ ﲢﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﻑ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺢ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻙ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻧﻜﻬﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻬﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﱂ ﺗﺼﺎﺭﺡ ﺃﺣﺪﺍ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺣﻀﺮﺕ ﺭﻭﰊ ﺇﱃ ﻋﻴﺎﺩﺗﻨﺎ ﰲ ﻬﻧﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻧﻔﺠﺮﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻜﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺳﺮّﺕ ﺇﻟﻴﻨﺎ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻌﺮ ﺑﻜﻮﻬﻧﺎ ﻧﺎﺟﺤﺔ ﰲ ﺣﻴﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻫﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﴰﻤﻨﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﱂ ﻧﻜﺘﺸﻒ ﺃﻱ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺳﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﱂ ﺗﺒﲔ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﻘﺪ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﻧﻔﺎﺱ ﺭﻭﱐ ﻧﻘﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺭﻭﰊ ﻭﺍﳌﻼﻳﲔ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻳﺸﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ« ﺭﻫﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺮ«‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﳋﻮﻑ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺨﺮ‪ .‬ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1997‬ﻗﺎﻡ ‪ <B .M.‬ﺳﺘﺎﻳﻦ[ >ﻭﻫﻮ ﺧﺒﲑ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻫﺎﺏ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﰲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮﺭﻧﻴﺎ ﰲ ﺳﺎﻥ ﺩﻳﻴﮕﻮ[ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﴰﻠﺖ ‪1206‬‬
‫ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻟﱪﺗﺎ ﰲ ﻛﻨﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺒﲔ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻥ ‪ 15.8‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺌﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﻭﺍ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﻴﲔ‬
‫ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺄﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ‪ 2.7%‬ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺻﺮﺣﻮﺍ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻗﻠﻘﻬﻢ ﲞﺼﻮﺹ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺃﻧﻔﺎﺳﻬﻢ ﻳﻌﻮﻕ‬
‫ﳎﺮﻯ ﺣﻴﺎﻬﺗﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻄﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻓﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺌﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺑﺄﻬﻧﻢ ﻳﺘﺠﻨﺒﻮﻥ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻔﻼﺕ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺧﻮﻓﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﻜﺸﺎﻑ ﺃﻣﺮ ﺃﻧﻔﺎﺳﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻬﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺑﲔ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻫﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺮ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﺆﻭﻥ ﺑﺄﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﻔﺮﺿﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﺰﺍﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻀﻤﻨﺖ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺑﲔ ﺑﺮﻫﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺘﻬﻢ ﳏﺎﻣﲔ ﻭﺃﺳﺎﺗﺬﺓ ﻭﻗﻀﺎﺓ ﻭﳑﺜﻠﲔ‬
‫ﻭﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻷﻃﺒﺎﺀ ﻭﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺎ ﺭﻓﻴﻌﺎ ﻭﺷﺨﺼﺎ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻃﺒﻴﺐ ﺃﺳﻨﺎﻥ ﺁﻣﻼ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳜﻔﻲ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ ﺑﺮﻫﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺮ ﻗﻠﻘﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺣﺎﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺃﺣﺪ ﺯﻣﻼﺋﻲ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺇﻗﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺎﺑﲔ ﺑﺮﻫﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺮ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﻓﻌﺖ ﺍﻣﺮﺃﺗﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻀﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻭﺍﺟﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﺋﻠﺔ‪ :‬ﻋﻢ ﺗﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﺃﻧﺖ؟ ﺃﻧﺎ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺑﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﻈﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ ﺑﺮﻫﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﺑﺮﺍﻫﲔ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ ﺗﺪﻋﻮﻫﻢ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺑﺄﻥ َﻧﻔﹶﺴﻬﻢ‬
‫ﻳﺒﻌﺚ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﻛﺮﻳﻬﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻔﺴﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﳌﺬﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻛﺮﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺋﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻫﺎﺗﲔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺘﲔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﻼﺯﻣﺘﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﺇﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺨﺮ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺪﻋﻮ‬
‫ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺘﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺑﺄﻬﻧﻢ ﻣﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺑﲔ ﺑﺮﻫﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻜﻬﺘﻬﻢ ﻛﺮﻳﻬﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺭﻳﺐ ﻷﻬﻧﻢ ﻳﺴﻴﺌﻮﻥ ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﺗﺼﺮﻓﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻌﺘﱪﻭﻬﻧﺎ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺳﺎ ﻟﻠﻨﻜﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻬﺔ ـ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﻓﺬ ﺃﻭ ﺣﻚ ﺍﻷﻧﻒ ـ‬
‫ﻭﺇﻥ ﻗﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺑﲔ ﺑﺮﻫﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺮ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺪﻳﻦ ﻟﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺑﺄﻥ ﳐﺎﻭﻓﻬﻢ ﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺸﺄ ﻧﻔﺴﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻟﻘﺪ ﻻﺣﻈﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻙ ﻣﻊ‬
‫‪<E.‬ﺇﻳﻠﻲ[ >ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺗﻞ ﺃﺑﻴﺐ[ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺑﲔ ﺑﺮﻫﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺮ ﻣﻴﺎﻟﻮﻥ ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﻢ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻬﻧﻢ ﻣﻴﺎﻟﻮﻥ ﻟﻺﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺳﺎﻭﺱ‬
‫)‪(9‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺑﲔ ﺑﺮﻫﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺮ‬ ‫‪obsession compulsion.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻬﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮﻭﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻞ ﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻻ ﺟﻮﺩ ﳍﺎ‪.‬‬
‫)******(‬
‫ﻨﺼﺎﺌﺢ ﻤﻔﻴﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﹶﺱ ﺍﻟﻁﻴّﺏ‬
‫•ﻧﻈﱢﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﳋﻠﻔﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺴﺎﻧﻚ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﻨﻈﻒ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺱ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺫﻳﺔ ﻟﺴﺎﻧﻚ ﻭﺍﻛﺘﻒ‬
‫ﲜﺮﻑ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻁ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻥ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲡﻨﺐ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺀ‪.‬‬

‫•ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻓﻄﻮﺭﺍ ﺟﻴﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﻨﻈﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ ﻭﳛﺮﺽ‬

 ‫ﺳﻴﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺎﺏ‪.‬‬

‫•ﺍﺗﻖ ﺟﻔﺎﻑ ﻓﻤﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﳌﻀﻎ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻜﺔ ﺑﻀﻊ ﺩﻗﺎﺋﻖ‬

‫ﺃﻥ ﳜﻔﻒ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻪ‪ .‬ﺍﺷﺮﺏ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ‪.‬‬

‫•ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻏﺴﻮﻻ ﻓﻤﻮﻳﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻀﻤﻀﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺮﻏﺮﺓ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳝﻨﻊ ﲡﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺋﺢ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻞ‪.‬‬

‫•ﻧﻈﻒ ﻓﻤﻚ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻃﻌﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺷﺮﺑﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺋﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺼﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻬﻮﺓ‪ .‬ﺗﺄﻛﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺭﻳﺞ ﺑﲔ ﺃﺳﻨﺎﻧﻚ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻃﻌﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺷﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﭙﺮﻭﺗﲔ‪.‬‬

‫•ﺳﻮّﻙ ﺃﺳﻨﺎﻧﻚ ﻭﺧﻠﻠﻬﺎ )ﺃﻱ ﻧﻈﻒ ﺗﻔﺎﺭﻳﺞ ﺃﺳﻨﺎﻧﻚ(‬

‫ﲝﺴﺐ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻃﺒﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﺳﻨﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫•ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺘﻚ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﺪ‬

‫ﺃﺻﺪﻗﺎﺋﻚ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺑﲔ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻜﻬﺔ ﻓﻤﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻚ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻭﺛﻖ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﺇﻥ ﻛﻨﺖ ﻣﺼﺎﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺨﺮ ﺃ ‪‬ﻭ ﻻ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺪﻋﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺁﺭﺍﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ ﻫﻮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺒﺨﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺩﻭﺭﺍ ﻭﻗﺎﺋﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﻣﻜﺒﻮﺣﺔ‬ ‫‪fungus Candida‬‬ ‫ﺗﺆﻭﻱ ﺃﻟﺴﻨﺘﻨﺎ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻀﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺃﺑﻴﺪﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ )ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺍﺕ( ﺗﻜﺎﺛﺮﺕ‬
‫‪severe‬‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﺸﺮﺕ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻓﺎﺋﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻵﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﺷﺪ ﻭﺧﺎﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟَﺒﺨَﺮ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳋﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﺜﻠﻰ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻹﺑﻘﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ‬
‫ﲢﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺸﺨﻴﺹ ﺍﻟ َﺒﺨﹶﺭ‬

‫)*******(‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻷﻧﻒ ﻭﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﺭﻱ )ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻟﻚ(‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﻔﻴﺔ)‪ ،(10‬ﻓﻔﻲ ‪ 10%5-‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﺄﰐ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻬﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﻒ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻨﺠﻢ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻬﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﳉﻴﻮﺏ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻮﻕ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻁ ﺃﻭ ﲤﻨﻌﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻗﺎﺩﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻬﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻣﺮﺃﺓ ﻋﻤﺮﻫﺎ ‪ 28‬ﻋﺎﻣﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺧﺮﺯﺓ ﻣﻨﻄﻤﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺟﻮﻑ ﺍﻷﻧﻒ‪،‬‬
‫ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺃﺩﺧﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺨﺮﻫﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻃﻔﻠﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻳﺸﺘﻬﺮ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﺑﺈﺩﺧﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺃﻧﻮﻓﻬﻢ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﳒﻴﺞ ‪ discharge‬ﺃﻧﻔﻲ ﻋﻔﻦ ﻳﻠﻄﺦ ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻣﻬﻢ‪،‬‬
‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﳚﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺶ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻱ ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﻏﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻧﻮﻑ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺗﻨﺒﻌﺚ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻓﺠﺄﺓ‬
‫ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﻛﺮﻳﻬﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﻨﻔﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺑﻼﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﺸﺮﺍﺀ ﻣﻄﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱠﻨﻔﹶﺲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺧﺸﻴﺘﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﲟﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺯﺗﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﻴﺤﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ‪ 3%‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟَﺒﺨَﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﲟﺠﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ 1%‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟَﺒﺨَﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﺎﻫﺪ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺃﺫﻛﺮ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﺘﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻚ ‪-fish‬‬
‫‪ .syndrome‬ﻳﺸﻌﺮ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺘﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻌﺎﻬﺑﻢ ﻭﻋﺮﻗﻬﻢ ﺗﻨﺒﻌﺚ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ‬ ‫‪odor‬‬

‫ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻚ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺍﻹﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﲟﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺋﺤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﺬﺍ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻌﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺐ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻫﺆﻻﺀ ﺍﳌﺮﺿﻰ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟّﻨﻔﹾﺴﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺇﻥ ﻣﺘﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻚ )ﺃﻭ ﺑﻴﻠﺔ ﺛﻼﺛﻲ ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﲔ‬
‫‪ (trimethylaminuria‬ﺗﻨﺠﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻹﻧﺰﳝﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻔﻜﻚ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺛﻼﺛﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻟﻪ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻚ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻪ ﻳﺄﰐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﺓ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺷﺠﻌﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﺪﺭﺓ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺳﺒﺒﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ‬
‫ﺃﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻪ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺩﻋﻮﻯ ﻗﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺷﺎﺭﻛﺖ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺼﻔﱵ‬
‫ﺧﺒﲑﺍ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ(‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺸﺄ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻣﻜﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ ﻭﺍﻷﻧﻒ ﻫﻮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻧﺎﺩﺭ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﻱﺀ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﻣﻐﻠﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺸﲑ‬
‫ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﺓ )ﺑﻌﻜﺲ ﺍﳉﺸﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ( ﺇﱃ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺮﺿﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺎﺳﻮﺭ ‪ intestine‬ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻰ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ َﺟﺰ‪‬ﺭ ‪ reflux‬ﻣﻌﺪﻱ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺪﻓﻊ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﱴ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﻡ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﺘﻔﻆ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﻳﻄﺮﺡ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻫﻮ ﳌﺎﺫﺍ ﻳﺒﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻜﻬﺔ )ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻢ( ﺃﻗﺮﺍﻬﻧﻢ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﻻ ﻳﺸﻌﺮﻭﻥ ﺑﺄﻧﻔﺎﺳﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺌﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻮﻝ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻳﻌﺘﺎﺩ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ َﻧ ﹶﻔﺴِﻪ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺗﺒﺪﻭ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺑﻴﻨﺖ ﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﹸﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﰲ‬
‫ﳐﺘﱪﻧﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻣﻊ >‪ .I‬إﻳﻠﻲ< ﻭ >‪ .R. B‬ﮔﺮﻳﻨﺴﺘﺎﻳﻦ< ﻭﻏﲑﳘﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻓﻠﲔ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻬﻢ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ >ﻓﻠﻮﺱ< ﻗﺎﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲤﻴﻴﺰ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺃﻓﻮﺍﻫﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳ‪‬ﺴﺘﺨﺮﺝ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ )ﻣﺜﻼ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﻤﻮﻥ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺮﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺃﺳﻨﺎﻬﻧﻢ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻴﻞ ‪.(toothpick‬‬

‫ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺑﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻨﻔﺚ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﻮﺍﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺸﻘﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺎ ﻋﱪ ﺃﻧﻮﻓﻨﺎ؛ ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺣﺼﻮﻟﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺸﻘﺔ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺰﻓﻮﺭ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﺟﺪﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺮﺀ‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻜﻬﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻛﺮﻳﻬﺔ ﻣﺎ ﱂ ﳜﱪﻩ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻭﻥ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﳌﺎ ﻳﺴﺒﺒﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮﺝ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺇﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺑﲔ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻣﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﺒﻌﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﳑﺎ ﻳﺪﻋﻮ ﻟﻠﺴﺨﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻼﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻄﻴﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻏﲑ‬ ‫‪products freshening breath‬‬ ‫)‪(11‬‬
‫ﺍﻟّﻨﻔﹶﺲ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺎﺑﲔ ﺑﺎﻟَﺒﺨَﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﳜﺸﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻁ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ‬
‫‪ ،phobia‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺳﺦ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﺼﺎﺏ‬ ‫‪halito‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻊ ﻳﺪﻋﻰ ﺭﻫﺎﺏ ﺍﻟَﺒﺨَﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻜﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻬﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﻻﺋﻞ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﺆﻳﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬
‫‪.(48‬‬

‫ﻤﻘﺎﺭﺒﺔ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ‬
‫)********(‬

‫ﻭﻣﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲨﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻱ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺒﺐ ﻟﻠﺒﺨﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺍﳌﺘﻬﻢ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺑﺈﺣﺪﺍﺛﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﱠﻦ ﻓﺮﻳﻘﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺜﻲ ـ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻣﻊ >‪ .J. H‬ﻛﺎﰊ<‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻊ > ‪ .Ch. A. G‬ﻣﺎﻛﻠﻮﺗﺶ< ]ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺗﻮﺭﻧﺘﻮ[ ـ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻔﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻬﻢ ﺑﺈﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﻨﻜﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻬﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺤﻤﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫‪monitor sulfide‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺮﻗﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻔﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ >‪ .M‬ﺷﻮﻭ< ]ﻣﻦ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮﺭﻧﻴﺎ[‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﺸﻜﻜﺎ ﺑﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﰲ‬
‫ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﺃﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﻟﺒﻴﻊ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟَﺒﺨَﺮ ‪ ،meter halito‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻉ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺁﻻﻓﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻧﺰ‪-‬ﻣﻴﺪﻝ< ]ﻭﻫﻮ‬ ‫>‪.A‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﻟﻠﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ ﻭﺃﻃﺒﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺳﻨﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1999‬ﺃﻋﻠﻦ‬
‫ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺃﻭﻓﻴﺪﻭ ﰲ ﺇﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ[ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻔﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳓﻮ ﻏﲑ‬
 ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻟﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺒﺒﻪ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺯﺋﺒﻘﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺌﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ‬
‫)*********(‬

‫ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1999‬ﻛﻨﺖ ﺧﺒﲑﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﻭﺭﻧﺮ‪-‬ﻻﻣﱪﺕ‬

‫)ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻧﺪﳎﺖ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻓﺎﻳﺰﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ‬
‫ﺴﺮ‪‬ﺕ ‪ (certs‬ﰲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟ ‪‬‬ ‫‪listerine‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟ ﱢﻠﺴ‪‬ﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﻗﺎﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﺮﻳﺚ ﺃﺷﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻛﺒﺴﻮﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﺯﺍﻋﻤ ﹰﺔ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﻜﺎﻓﺢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻪ ﺑﺎﻃﻨﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺩﻋﺖ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﻭﺭﻧﺮ‪-‬ﻻﻣﱪﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﺮﻳﺚ‬
‫ﺃﺷﻮﺭ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﺩﻋﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﻛﺎﺫﺑﺔ ﻭﻣﻀﻠﻠﺔ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﻬﺗﺎ ﺗﻠﻄﻒ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻪ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﻏﲑ ﻋﺎﺩﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﻬﻧﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺃﺻﺪﺭﺕ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺌﻨﺎﻑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺣﻜﻤﺎ ﻟﺼﺎﱀ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﻭﺭﻧﺮ‪-‬ﻻﻣﱪﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺪﺕ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﻴّﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺛﻮﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺑﺎﳌﻨﺸﺄ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻃﲏ ﻟﻠﺒﺨﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﻣﻜﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﺸﺄ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻪ‬

‫ﻭﰲ ﻳﻮﻡ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻘﻮﺩ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﳌﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻔﻴﺪ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻭﳏﻤﻮﻝ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻌﻄﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟَﺒﺨَﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﺗﺘﻤﺎﺷﻰ ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎ‬ ‫‪scores‬‬ ‫)‪(12‬‬
‫ﺍﳉﻴﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﺍﻹﺣﺮﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﻘﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﺘﻔﻖ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫‪chromatoraphy‬‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﺮﺍﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻀﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻣﻮﻥ)‪ ،(13‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻳﻠﺠﺄ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟَﺒﺨَﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻌﲔ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟَﺒﺨَﺮ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺏ ﻳﺴﻌﻰ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ ـ ﺃﻱ ﲣﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﻨﺎﻥ ﻭﺗﻨﻈﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺮﺷﺎﺓ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻔﺎ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺎ ـ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟَﺒﺨَﺮ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭﻫﻜﺴﻴﺪﻳﻦ ‪ ،chlorhexidine‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺩﻭﺍﺀ ﻣﻀﺎﺩ ﻟﻠﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﺜﺔ ﻭﻳﺒﺎﻉ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﻭﺻﻔﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﺛﺒﺖ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻪ ﰲ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻟَﺒﺨَﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﻒ ﻳﻐﲑ ﻟﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﻨﺎﻥ ﻭﻳﻔﺴﺪ ﺣﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻭﻕ ﻭﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻘﺮﺣﺎﺕ ﻓﻤﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭﻫﻜﺴﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﻋﻜﻮﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﲢﻮﻝ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺮﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﻼﺟﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻠﺒﺨﺮ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺁﻻﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﲔ‪ .‬ﻓﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ ﻫﻮ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻵﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻞ ﺇﻬﻧﺎ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻳﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺑﻠﻲ ﺻﻤﻎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻜﺎ ‪ Mastic Gum‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺍﻟﻼﺫﻥ ‪ Ladanum‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻭﺭﺩ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ ﰲ‬
‫‪Pistacia‬‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺮﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺠﲑﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪Resin‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﱘ‪ .‬ﻭﺻﻤﻎ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻜﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺭﺍﺗﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﺗﺰﺭﻉ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺟﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻛﻴﻮﺱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫‪Lentiscus‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﻋﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺣﻠﺖ ﳏﻞ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻜﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﲑ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻤﻎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳉﺮﻭﺡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺒﲔ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻪ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻀﻎ ﺍﻷﻋﻼﻙ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻌﺎﺏ ﻭﻳﻘﺘﻞ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟّﻨﻔﹶﺲ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻀﻐﺎ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﳓﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻟﺘﻄﻴﻴﺐ ﺍﻟّﻨﻔﹶﺲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﺸﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﺍﻓﺔ )ﺗﺎﻳﻼﻧﺪ( ﻭﺑﺬﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﻧﺴﻮﻥ )ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ( ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻘﺪﻭﻧﺲ )ﺇﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ( ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺮﻧﻔﻞ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ( ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺮﻓﺔ )ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺯﻳﻞ(‪ .‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺬﺍﻕ ‪ flavor‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‬
‫ﲤﺘﻠﻚ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ؛ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﺼﺪﺍﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻤﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﲢﻮﻱ ﺯﻳﻮﺗﺎ ﻋﻄﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﻮﻛﺎﻟﻴﭙﺘﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺳﺎﻟﻴﺴﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﻴﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﲢﺎﺩ ﺃﻃﺒﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺳﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﲔ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮﺕ ﰲ ﺃﺣﺪ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺃﻣﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎ ﻓﻌﺎﻻ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﳛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺑﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻮﺋﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻄﻴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﱠﻨﻔﹶﺲ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﺭﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻄﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟّﻨﻔﹶﺲ ﺗﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﺟﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻳﻜﺸﻒ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺳﺘﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ؛ ﺇﺫ ﺇﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮﺓ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻗﺼﲑ ﺍﻷﻣﺪ ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﲔ ‪ 20‬ﻭ ‪ 120‬ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺟﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺳﻴﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺃﻃﻮﻝ ﺣﱴ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻨﺎﻉ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺎ ﺟﻴﺪﺍ ﰲ ﻋﻼﺝ ﺍﻟّﻨﻔﹶﺲ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﻩ ﻗﺼﲑ ﺍﻷﻣﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﻐﲑﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫‪.oils essetial‬‬

‫ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﻤﺲ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﺃﺗﻴﺤﺖ ﱄ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺻﺔ ﻟﺸﻢ ﺃﻓﻮﺍﻩ ﺁﻻﻑ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ‪ ،‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﳌﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﴰﻤﺖ ﺃﻓﻮﺍﻫﻬﻢ‬
‫ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺻﻴﺎﻡ ﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻔﲑ )ﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟ ‪‬ﻐﻔﹾﺮﺍﻥ(‬ ‫)‪(14‬‬
‫ﺧﻠﺴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺟﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﻄﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟ ﹸﻜﻨ‪‬ﺲ‬
‫ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎ ﻛﻠﻴﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ‬ ‫‪Camembert‬‬ ‫‪ .Kippur‬ﺇﻥ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺟﱭ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﳑﱪﺕ‬ ‫‪Yom‬‬

‫ﺍﳉﱭ ﺍﳍﻮﻟﻨﺪﻱ ﺍﻷﺻﻔﺮ ‪ .Edam‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟّﻨﻔﹶﺲ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﻭﺣﻴﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺋﺢ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺒﺒﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻧﻄﻠﻘﺖ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻭﻣﺪﻯ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮﻥ ﻧﻘﺎﺷﻬﻢ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬
‫ﻟﻦ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬ ‫)‪(15‬‬
‫ﺍﻟّﻨﻔﹶﺲ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﻑ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟَﺒﺨَﺮ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﺳﺘﺰﻭﺩﻧﺎ ﲟﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﺸﻔﻬﺎ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪﻧﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻞ ﻟﻠﺒﺨﺮ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ ﻭﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻣﺮ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺧﱪﺓ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳒﻬﻠﻪ؛ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻮﺍﺋﻢ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺼﺪﺭ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻷﻧﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻮﺯﺗﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟّﻨﻔﹶﺲ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻪ ﻻﺗﺰﺍﻝ‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺪﺭﺳﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺑﲔ ﺑﺮﻫﺎﺏ ﺍﻟَﺒﺨَﺮ‬
‫ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟَﺒﺨَﺮ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺮّﻓﻪ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﳉﺘﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻣﺮﺍ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﺄﺛﲑﻩ ﰲ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺎﺗﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻤﻴﻘﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﺆﻟﻒ‬
‫‪Mel Rosenberg‬‬
‫ﻧﺸﺄ ﰲ ﻛﻨﺪﺍ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻘﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﲔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .1969‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﳉﺮﺛﻮﻣﻴﺎﺕ )ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ( ﰲ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﮔﻮﻟﺪ ﺷﻠﻴﭭﺮ ﻟﻄﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﻨﺎﻥ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺗﻞ ﺃﺑﻴﺐ‪ .‬ﺣﺼﻞ ﺭﻭﺯﻧﱪﮒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺟﻮﺍﺋﺰ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍ ﻷﲝﺎﺛﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺒﻮﺃ ﻣﻨﺎﺻﺐ ﺃﻛﺎﺩﳝﻴﺔ ﻓﺨﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻭﻛﻨﺪﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1996‬ﺃﻧﺸﺄ ﺑﺎﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻙ ﻣﻊ >‪ .K‬ﻟﻴﺪﻧﻮ<ﺑﺪﻋﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫‪ ،InnoScent‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﳌﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺭﻭﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻧﺸﺮ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺎ ﻟﻸﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﺣﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺰادة‬
‫‪Production and Origin of Oral Malodor: A Review of Mechanisms and‬‬
‫‪Methods of Analysis. J. Tonzetich in Journal of Periodontology, Vol. 48, No.‬‬
‫‪l, pages 13-20; January 1977.‬‬
‫‪What to Do about Halitosis. C. Scully, S. P. Porter and J. Greenman in‬‬
‫‪British Medical Journal, Vol. 308, pages 217-218; January 22, 1994.‬‬
‫‪Clinical Assessment of Bad Breath: Current Concepts. M. Rosenberg in‬‬
‫‪Journal of the American Dental Association, Vol. 127, pages 475-482; April‬‬
‫‪1996.‬‬
‫‪Bad Breath: Research Perspectives. Second edition. Edited by M.‬‬
‫‪Rosenberg. Ramot Publishing, Tel Aviv University, 199?.‬‬
‫‪Tel Aviv University's Web site on bad breath: www.tau.ac.il/~melros/‬‬
‫‪Possible causes of halitosis: www.tau.ac.il/~melros/bda/index.html‬‬
‫‪Bacterial species that inhabit the mouth:‬‬
‫‪www.tau.ac.il/~melros/faq/5.html‬‬
‫‪Scientific American, April 2002‬‬

‫‪(*)The Science of Bad Breath‬‬

‫‪(**) The Source of the Smell‬‬
 (***) Overview/Halitosis
(****) Most Unwanted List
(*****) Olfactory Obsessions
(******) Tips for Good Breath
(*******)More Halitosis Diagnosis
(********)A Fresh Approach
(*********)Odor in the Court

.‫ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ‬:‫( ﺍﻟﻨﻜﻬﺔ‬1)

‫ ﻭﺗﻌﲏ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ‬osis ‫ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﻭﺗﻌﲏ ﺍﻟّﻨﻔﹶﺲ‬halitus ‫( ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﻜﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬2)
.‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺌﺔ‬
(‫ )ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ‬mouthwash two-phase (3)
.‫ ﻭﺗﺪﻋﻰ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻀﻴﻐﺔ‬،gum ‫( ﲨﻊ ﻋﻠﻜﺔ‬4)
(‫ )ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ‬.‫ ﺃﺧﺮﺝ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺃﺳﻨﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ‬:‫( ﲣﻠﻞ ﻓﻼﻥ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻷﻛﻞ‬5)
(6) poor oral hygiene
.‫(اﻟﻔﻀﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﺸﻲء‬7)
: benzoyl-DL-arginine-naphthylamide. ‫(وهﻲ اﻷﺣﺮف اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻤﺴﻤﺎة‬8)
)‫(اﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ‬
: "Patient, Smell Thyself" by S. Mirsky; Anti Gravity Scientific ‫(اﻧﻈﺮ‬9) [
American, August 1996].
(10)nasal passages
.‫ زآﻴﺔ اﻟﺮاﺋﺤﺔ‬:‫(ﻧﻜﻬﺔ ﻃﻴﺒﺔ‬11)
score.‫(ﺟﻤﻊ ﺣﺮز‬12)
)‫ )اﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ‬.‫ اﻟﺤﺎد اﻟﺸﻢ‬:‫(اﻟﺸﻤﺎم‬13)
.‫ وهﻮ ُﻣ َﺘ َﻌﺒﱠﺪ اﻟﻴﻬﻮد‬،‫ آﻨﻴﺲ‬:‫(ﻣﻔﺮدهﺎ‬14)
: Plenty to Sniff At" " by M. Schmiedeskump; News and Analysis, ‫(اﻧﻈﺮ‬15) [
))‫اﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ‬Scientific American, March 2001]. (

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