Các Phương Pháp Khử Dạng Vô Định

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Gioi han dang VO dinh la nhilng gioi han rna ta khong the tim chung bang each ap dung true tiep cac dinh Iy v~ gioi han va cac gioi han co ban trinh bay trong Sach giao khoa. Do do muon tinh gioi han dang vo dinh cua ham s6, ta phai tim each khir cac dang vo dinh d~ bien d6i thanh dang xac dinh cua gioi h~

Trong chuang trinh toan THPT, cac dang vo dinh thirong g~p la :

Q, 00, 00-00, 0.00, 100 o 00

Sau day la nQi dung tirng dang cu th~.

I. GIOI HAN DANG VO BINH !

.. . 0

Gioi han dang vo dinh ~ Ia mot trong nhirng gioi han thuong g~p nhAt d6i voi bai toan tinh gioi han cua ham s6. B~ tinh cac gioi han dang nay, plnrong phap chung Ia su dung cac phep bien d6i ( phan tich da thirc thanh nhan nr, nhan ca nr va m~u voi bieu thirc lien hQ'P, them bat, ... ) d~ klnr cac thanh phAn co gioi han b~ng 0, dua v~ tinh gioi han xac dinh, Chinh cac thanh phan co gioi han bang 0 nay gay nen dang vo dinh,

B~ tinh gioi han dang vo dinh ~, tnnrc h~t giao vien cAn ren luyen cho hoc sinh ky nang nhan dang.

1. Nhan dang giOi han vo dinh Q

•• • • 0

B~ giai bai toan tim gioi han cua ham s6, hoc sinh cAn xac dinh gioi han cAn tim thuoc dang xac dinh hay vo dinh, N~u gioi han do la vo dinh thi phai xet xem no thuoc dang vo dinh nao d~ co phirong phap giai thich hQ'P. B6i vay viec ren luyen ky nang nhan dang cho hoc sinh co quan trong, giup hoc sinh dinh huang diroc each giai, tranh nhirng sai xot co th~ m~c phai.

B6i voi dang vo dinh ~, viec nhan dang khong kho khan l~m vi hoc sinh tlnrong g~p gioi han :

lim f(x) rna lim f(x) = lim g(x) = 0

X~Xo g(x) X~Xo X~Xo

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Nhimg d,!ng vo dinh thU'irng g~p trong hili todn tim giOi h,!n cua ham so

Tlnrc te hoc sinh hay g~p tnrong hop !~~o ~~ rna f{xo) ~ g(xo) ~ o. Ngoai ra

trong mot s6 bai toan hoc sinh phai thirc hien cac phep bien d6i d~ chuyen v~ dang vo dinh ~, sau do moi ap dung cac phuong phap khir cac thanh phan co

gioi han bang O.

Khi giang day, giao vien nen dua ra mQt s6 bai toan d~ nhan manh cho hoc sinh viec nhan dang nhir :

. f(x) 0 0

lim -- rna lim f(x) *- 0 hoac lim g(x) *- 0

x~xo g(x) x~xo 0 x~xo

Tranh tinh trang hoc sinh khong nhan dang rna ap dung ngay phuong phap giai.

(Yeu cau chung ella nhieng bili tQ,p la : " Tinh cdc giUi h~n sau ''). Vi du 1 : r., = lim \- 2

• x---)2X +1

Bai giai:

L = 10 x - 2 _ 2 - 2 - 0 Im------

1 x---)2 x2+ 1 22 + 1

Vi du 2 : L2 = lim x : 2

• x-» 1 x-I

Bai gidi :

o X + 2 , {lim(x+2) = 1 +2 = 3

L = hm-- = 00 VI x~ 1 2 2

2 x -e-l x2 _ 1 hm(x - 1) = 1 - 1 = 0

X---) 1

Vidy.3: L3 = lim(_!_I-+-I)

X---» 1 x- x-

Bai giai :

L = lim(_1 __ 3 ) = lim(X2 -3x +2J = 3 x---»l x-I x2-1 x -e-I x2-1

_ 0 ((X-l)(X-2)J 0 (x-2) 1-2 1

-~I~ (x-l)(x+l) =~I~(x+l) = 1+1 =-"2

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Dang vo dinh ~ duoc nghien ciru voi cac loai cu th~ sau :

2. Loai 1: lim f((X» rna f(x), g(x) la cac da thirc va f(xo) = g(xo) = 0

X~Xo g X

Phuong ph tip : Khir dang vo dinh bang each phan tich ca nr va mfru thanh nhan nr voi nhan nr chung la (x - xo).

Gia sir : f(x) = (x - XO).fl(X) va g(x) = (x - XO).gl(X). Khi do : lim f(x) = lim (x - xo)f] (x) = lim f] (x)

X---)Xo g(x) X---)Xo (x - xo)g] (x) X---)Xo g] (x)

Neu gioi han lim f] ((x» vfrn a dang vo dinh

X---)Xo gl x

khi khong con dang vo dinh,

Q thi ta lap lai qua trinh klnr d~n

o ..

Vi dy tip dyng :

vr a 4 L 1· 2x2- 5x +2

I u: = 1m ------;,--------

• 4 x---)2 x2+x - 6

Bizi gidi :

Ta phan tich ca tll va mfru thanh nhan nr voi nhan tll chung : x - 2

L = lim 2x2- 5x +2 = lim (x - 2)(2x - 1) =

4 x~2 x2+x _ 6 x---)2 (x - 2)(x + 3)

= lim 2x - 1 = 2.2-1 = ~

x~2 x+3 2+3 5

V~y L4 =~

vr a 5 L 1· x2_ 3x +2

I U : 5 = im ----::----

• x---)2 x2_ 4x + 4

Bizi giai:

L = lim x2_ 3x +2 = lim (x - 2)(x -1) =

5 x---)2 x2_ 4x + 4 x---)2 (x - 2)2 . x-I

= hm--=oo x---)2 X - 2

( Vi gioi han cua nr bang 1, gioi han cua mfru bang 0) V~y L4 =00

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Vi d 6· L = 1· x+x2+x3+ ... +xn_ n ( N*)

I U . 6 1m 3 m,n E

. x---)I X+X2+X + ... +Xill_ m

Bai giai : Ta se phan tich tir va m~u thanh nhan nr voi nhan tir chung: x - 1 b&ng each tach va nhom nhu sau :

x + x2 + x3 + + x" - n = (x - 1) + (x2 - 1) + (x3 - 1) + + (xTI - 1)

x + x2 + x3 + + x'" - m = (x - 1) + (x2 - 1) + (x3 - 1) + + (x'" - 1)

Khi do:

L - 1· x+x2+x3+ ... +xn- n _ 1· (x- 1)+(x2- 1)+(x3- 1)+ ... +(xn- 1)

-1m -1m =

6 x-ol x+x2+x3+ ... +xm_ m x-ol (x- 1)+(x2- 1)+(x3- 1)+ ... +(xm- 1)

_. (X-1)[l + (x + 1) + ... + (Xn-1+ xn-2+ ... + X +1)J

- 11m =

x-ol (x- 1)[1 + (x + 1) + ... + (xm-1+ xm-2+ ... + X + 1) J

= lim 1 + (x + 1) + + (xn-1+ xn-2+ + X + 1) =

x-el 1 + (x + 1) + + (xm-1+ xm-2+ + X + 1)

= 1 + (1 + 1) + + (1n-I+ In-2+ + 1 +1)

1 + (1 + 1) + + (1 m-l + 1 m-Z + + 1 + 1 )

n(n + 1)

= 1+2+3+ +n _ 2 _ n(n + 1)

1+2+3+ +m - m(m + 1) m(m + 1)

2

Va L = n(n + 1) .Y 6 m(m + 1)

Baigiai:

1. 2x4- 5x3+3x2+ x-II· (x-l)(2x3- 3x2+1)

L7 = im = 1m -------,:-------,----

X~ 1 3x4 - 8x3 + 6x2 - 1 x---) I (x-l )(3x3 - 5x2 +x+ 1)

1· 2X3_3x2+1 1· (x-1)(2x2-x-1)

= 1m = 1m --------,----

X---) 13x3 - 5x2+ X + 1 X---) 1 (x-1)(3x2 - 2x -1)

2x2_ x -1 . (x -1)(2x+l)

= lim = lim __:_______:_....:..__-_.:_

X~ 13x2 - 2x -1 X~ 1 (x -1)(3x+ 1)

= lim 2x+ 1 = 2.1 + 1 = ~

x-» 1 3x+ 1 3.1 + 1 4

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V~y L7=%

K€tluQ_n:

Phuong phap d~ giai bai t~p loai nay la phan tich da thirc thanh nhan tir voi nhan tu chung la x - Xo. Yeu cAu d6i voi hoc sinh la :

Phai n~m virng cac phirong phap phan tich da thirc thanh nhan tir, cac hang d&ng thirc, cong tlnrc phan tich tam thirc bac hai, da thirc b~c ba thanh nhan

nr: fix) ~ ax'+ bx + c ~ (x - xo{ ax - :J, (ltXo) ~ 0)

Ngoai cac hang dang tlnrc dang nho, hoc sinh cAn nho cac hang dang thirc

b" l' n bn ( b)( n-l n-2b bn-2 bn-1) N*

o xung a: a - = a - a + a + ... + a + , n E

n bn ( b)( n-l n-2b bn-2 bn-1) 1';' hie l'

a + = a + a - a + ... - a + ,n a so tu n len e.

B~ hoc sinh d~ nhrr, cAn lAy cac tnrong hQ'P cu th~ nhir : n = 2, 3, 4 va

, h dW bie n 1 ( 1)( n-l n-2 1)

truong Q'P ~c iet : x - = x - x + x + ... + x + .

Tuy theo d~c diem tirng bai rna bien d6i mot each linh hoat d~ khir dang vo dinh, Trong qua trinh thirc hanh, nhieu khi sau cac bien d6i dll khir cac thanh

phAn co gioi han bang 0 ta vfrn g~p gioi han dang vo dinh ~ moi ( thirong Ia

"don gian" hon so voi gioi han ban dAu). Toi day ta ti~p tuc qua trinh khir d~n khi gioi han cAn tim khong con dang vo dinh Q thi thoi.

. .. 0

Bai t~p tl}' luy~n

1) lim x: - 3x + 2 x~l x -4x+3

2) lim (1 + x)(1 + 2x)(1 + 3x) -1

x~o x

100 2 1

3) lim x - x +

x -e-l x50 - 2x + 1

4) limxn+1-(n+l)+n

x~l (x _1)2

3. Loai 2: lim f«X)) rna f(x), g(x) chua cac din thirc cling bac va f(xo)=g(xo)= 0

x~xo g x

Phuong ph tip : Nhan ca tu va mfru voi bieu thirc lien hQ'P nrong irng cua bieu tlnrc chua din tlnrc (goi t~t la phuong phdp nhdn lien h(YJJ hay dung biJu thuc lien h(YJJ) d~ true cac nhan nr x - Xo fa khoi cac din thirc, nham khir cac thanh phan co gioi han bang o. Bieu thirc chua din thirc co th~ la nr, mfru hay ca

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tir va mfru cua phan thirc c~n tim gioi han ). Liru y la co th~ nhan lien hQ'P mot hay nhieu l~n d~ khir dang vo dinh,

Cac cong thirc tlnrong duoc su dung khi nhan lien hQ'P la :

(JA_±$i) ( JA_ =+= $i) = A - B , (A ~ 0, B ~ 0) (ifA ± ~)(~ =+=ifA~+~) =A ± B

Giao vien c~n cho hoc sinh thay duoc hai cong thirc nay xuat phat tir hai hang dang thirc sau d~ hoc sinh d~ nho :

(a-b)(a+b)=a2-b2 (a±b)(a2 =+= ab+b2)=a3±b3

. .J3x - 2 - x Vidu8: L8=hm--2--

• x~2 x - 4

Bai giai : Nhan ca tir va mfru voi bieu thirc lien hQ'P nrong irng, ta

duQ'c:

L -1· .J3x - 2 - x_I· (.J3x - 2 - x)( .J3x - 2 + x)

8 - 1m 2 - 1m __:___-----::----~===---.:.-

x~2 X - 4 x~2 (x2_ 4)(.J3x - 2 + x)

. 3x - 2 - x2 . (x - 2)(-x + 1)

=~ =~ =

x~2 (x2_ 4)(.J3x - 2 + x) x~2 (x - 2)(x + 2)( .J3x - 2 + x)

= lim - x + 1 = -2 + 1 = 1

x~2 (x + 2)(.J3x - 2 + x) (2 + 2)(.J3.2-2+2) 16

1

V~y L8=-16

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L 1· ~-1

9= im rt:

x-» -I "x+5 - 2

Vi dy.9 :

Bai giiii:

M -1 [(M -l)(M +1) J( -Jx+5 +2)

L = lim = lim =

9 x--) -1 -Jx+5 - 2 x--) -1 [( -Jx+5 - 2)( -Jx+5 + 2) ] (M + 1)

= lim (x + 2 - 1)(£+5 +2) = lim (x + 1)(£+5 +2) =

X~ -I (x + 5 - 4)( .Jx+2 + 1) X~ -I (x + 1)( .Jx+2 + 1)

= lim £+5 + 2 = .J=I+5 + 2 = 2

X~ -I .Jx+2 + 1 .J-1 + 2 + 1

V~y L9 = 2

, 10 L 1· ~ - 1 ( N*)

VI du : 10 = im rrfX ,m, n E

x---).1 x-I

Bai giiii :

. ~-1 LIO = lim rif;. =

x-» 1 m x-I

= lim (~ -1)[(~r-I+(~r-2+ +~+lJ[(rif;.)m-I+(~)m-2+ +~+lJ =

x~ 1 (~ _ 1) [(~)m-I+(~)m-2+ +~ + 1] [(~r-I+(~)"-2+ +~ + 1 ]

= lim (x - 1)(~+w./?+ +rr6.+1) =

x-» 1 (x _ 1)(~xn-I+~xn-2+ +~+1)

1. ~xm-I +~xm-2 + ... +rr6. + 1 m

-1m -

-x~1 ~xn-I+~xn-2+ ... +~+1 -11

m LIO =n

Kit lu(in:

Phuong phap dung bieu thirc lien hQ'P la phirong phap chu y~u duoc S11 dung d~ tinh cac gioi han co chua din thirc cung bac. Co th~ xem day la " thuat toan" co ban cho phep tinh duoc kha nhieu gioi han cua ham s6 chua din thirc, phirong huang ra rang, d~ hieu.Viec xac dinh bieu thirc lien hQ'P la kh6ng qua

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kho khan d6i voi hoc sinh. Tuy nhien giao vien c~n rim luyen ky nang xac dinh va nhan bieu tlnrc lien hop khi tinh gioi han, Theo each nay, nhieu bai tom tuy giai dUQ"C nhung phai qua cac phep bien d6i dai dong voi bieu thirc c6ng kenh, N~u dung cac giai khac nhir them bat, d6i bien se cho Uri giai ngan gon hon.

Bid t~p tl}" luy~n

1) lim x3 -rx+3

x-ol x-I

2) lim x2 -4

x~-2 2 + ~3x - 2

3)lim~-~

x~a x2 _a2

4) lim ~-~x2-x+l

x-o-l x2-1

5) lim ~1+ax

x~O x

6)lim~-~

x~O x

4. Loal 3: lim f((X)) rna f(x) chua cac can thirc khong cung bac va f(xo)=g(xo)= 0

X---)Xo g X

Phuong ph tip : SU dung thu~t toan them bat d6i voi f(x) d~ co th~ nhan bieu thirc lien hop. Chang han nhir :

. f(x) . r4u(x) -R./v(x) mG::\

L= lim _= lim ,(Vu(xo) -1v(xo) = O,g(xo) = 0)

x-» Xo g(x) x-» Xo g(x)

Ta bien d6i :

L = lim ~-~ = lim [ ~ - cJ + [c - ~J =

X~Xo ~(x) x~xo g(x)

1° \/u(x) - c 1° R./v(x) - c

=lm -lm....!...._--

x-» Xo g(x) x-» Xo g(x)

T&i day cac gioi han t, ~ lim ~) - c, L, ~ lim ~) - c deu tinh duoc

x-» Xo g X x-» Xo g x

bang each nhan lien hop.

Vi dy tip dyng :

Vi du 11 : L = lim JX+3 - <fX_+7

• 11 x-o I x2- 3x+2

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Bai giai :

. .Jx+3 - ~x+7 . (.Jx+3-2) + (2- ~x+7)

Lll = lim 2 = lim 2 =

X~ I X - 3x+2 X~ I X - 3x+2

. .Jx+3 -2 . 2- ~x+7

=Iim 2 +Iim 2 =

X~ I X - 3x+ 2 X~ I X - 3x+ 2

. (.Jx+3 -2)(.Jx+3+2) . (2- ~x+7)[ 4+2~x+7 +(~X+7)2J

= lim + lim --------;=--------~

x-» 1 (x2 - 3x+2)( .Jx+3+2) x-» 1 (x ' - 3x+2) [ 4 + 2:Jx+7 + (~X+7)2 ]

= lim x+3-4 + lim 8-(x+7) =

x-» I (x2 - 3x+2)( ../x+3+2) x-» I (x2 - 3x+2) [ 4 + 2~x+7 + (:JX+7)2 ]

1· x-I 1· I-x

=~ +~ =

X~ 1 (x -1)(x -2)( .Jx+3+2) X~ 1 (x -1)(x -2)[ 4+ 2~x+7 +(~X+7)2 ]

1· 1 1· -1

=lm + 1m =

X~ 1 (x -2)(.Jx+3+2) X~ 1 (x -2)[ 4+2~x+7 +(~X+7)2J

1 -1

= + =

(l-2)(.Jl +3+2) (1-2)[ 4+ 2~1 +7 +(~1 +7)2 ]

1 1 1

=--+-=--

4 12 6

. .../1 +2x - {/1 +3x

Vi du 12 : Ll2 = lim 2

• x~o X

Bai giai :

. ../1 +2x - ~1 +3x . [..11 +2x - (x+ 1) ] +[ (x+ 1) - .vI +3x ]

Ll2 = lim 2 = lim 2 =

x~o X x~o X

=lim Jf+2X - (x+l) +lim (x+l) - WBx =

x~o x2 x~o x2

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. [.J1+2x - (x+l)] [.J1+2x +(x+l)]

=Iim +

x~o X2[ .Jl+2x +(x+l)]

+lim [(x+l) - ~][(x+l)2 +(x+l)~ +(~)2]

x~o x2 [(x+ 1)2 + (x+ l)ttl +3x +(ttl +3X)2]

= lim (1 +2x) - (x+ 1)2 + lim (x+ 1)3 - (1 +3x) =

x~o x2 [ "1 +2x +(x+ 1) ] x~o x2 [(x+ 1)2 + (x + 1)~1 +3x + (~1 +3X)2 ]

. - 1. x+3

=hm +hm =

x~o "1 +2x +(x+ 1) x~o (x+ 1)2 + (x + 1)~1 +3x + (~1 +3X)2

-1 0+3

- + -

- "1+2.0 +(0+1) (0+1)2 +(0+1)~1+3.0 +(~1+3.0)2 -

1 1

=--+1=-

2 2

Kit [u¥-n :

Phuong phap chung d~ tinh cac gioi han cua bieu tlnrc chua cac din thirc khong cung bac hi them, bat mot IUQ"ng nao do, tach thanh nhieu gioi han r6i nhan lien hQ"P. cAn hru Y la co th~ them bat met hang s6 (fhuong chon la u(xo) hoac v(xo)) hay mot bieu thirc. Viec them bat dira tren d~c diem tirng bai va phai that tinh t~. Thuat toan them bat con duoc ap dung hieu qua d6i voi cac dang vo dinh khac.

1)lim~-~

x~o x

Bai t~p tl}" luy~n

2) lim "x + 11 - ~8x + 43

x~-2 2X2 +3x-2

3) lim ~1 + ax - r.:Jl + bx

x~o x

4) lim "2X+l.-~x2 +1

x~o Sl Il X

5) lim rx+2 - ~x + 20

«-vt ~x+9-2

6) lim "1+4x ~~1+6X

x~o x

5. GiOi han dang vo dinh Q cua ham s6 hreng ghie

.. . 0 .

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Phuong ph tip : Thirc hien cac phep bien d6i dai s6 va 1UQ'Ilg giac d~ sir dung cac k~t qua gioi han co ban sau day:

1· smx 1 1· x 1

+) Im-- =, Im-o- =

x~o X x~o SlllX

o 0

+) lim smax = lime smax .a) =a.lim smax =a

x~o x x~o ax x~o ax

10 sinax 10 (sinax bx ax) 10 sinax 10 bx 10 ax a

+) 1m = 1m .--.- = 1m 0 1m--. 1m-=-

x~o sinbx x~o ax sinbx bx x~o ax x~o sinbx x~o bx b

10 tgax 10 (sinax a ) 10 sinax 10 a

+) 1m--= 1m --0 = 1m--o 1m =a

x~o X x~o ax cosax x~o ax x~o cosax

Trong qua trinh bien d6i, hoc sinh cAn v~n dung 1inh hoat cac cong thirc hrong giac, them bat, nhan lien hQ'P 0 0 0

Vi dy tip dyng

Vi du 13 : L = lim 1 +s~nax - cosax

• 13 x~o 1- smbx - cosbx

Bid giai:

L 10 1 +sinax - cosax 10 1- cosax+sinax

= 1m = 1m-------

13 x~o 1- sinbx - cosbx x~o 1- cosbx - sinbx

20 2ax 20 ax ax sm -+ sm-cos-

= lim 2 2 2

x~o 0 2 bx 0 bx bx

2sm - - 2sm-cos-

2 2 2

2 0 ax (0 ax ax)

o smT smT+cosT

=hm -

x~o 0 bx (0 bx bX)

2sm- sm- - cos-

2 2 2

oax oax ax

sm- sm-+cos-

= lim 2 .lim 2 2

x~o 0 bx x~o 0 bx bx

sm- sm- - cos-

2 2 2

a b

L -10 l-cosax

Vi dy.14: 14 - im 2

x---)o X

Bai giai:

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2sin2 ax

L 1· 1-cosax 1· 2 1·

14 = 1m 2 = 1m 2 = 1m

x~o X x~o X x~o

[ . ax]2 [. aX]2

Slll- 2 2 Sln-

----=-2 ~ = ~ lim 2

ax 2 2 x~o ax

- -

2 2

2

Vi du 15 : L = lim 1 + xsinx - cos2x

• 15 x~o sin+x

Bai giiii:

L - 1· 1 + xsinx - cos2x _ 1· (1- cos2x) + xsinx

15 - x~ sin+x - x~ sin+x

= lim 2sin2x + xsinx = lim sinx(2sinx + x) = lim 2sinx + x =

X~ 0 sin 2 ) X~ 0 sin 2 x X~ 0 sin x

= 1im(2+~ =2+ 1im~=2+1=3

X~ 0 SIn x X~ 0 slnx

V~y LIS = 3

vr d 16· L - 10 1- cosx.coszx. o.cosnx ( N*)

I \l . 16 - 1m 2 n E

x~o X

Bai giiii:

L -10 1- cosx.coszx.i.cosnx

- 1m =

16 X~ 0 x2

10 1-cosx+cosx-cosxcos2x+. 0 0 +cosx.coszx.. .costn-I )x-cosxocos2xo 0 ocosnx

= 1m--------------------------~~----~--~---------------

X~ 0 x2

10 1-cosx+cosx(1- cos2x)+00.+cosxocos2xoo.cos(n-1)x(1- cosnx)

= 1m----------~----~---- __ .---------~~~------~

x~o x2

_ 10 1-cosx 10 cosx(1-cos2x) 10 cosx.coszx.i.cosm-Ijxt l- cosnx)

- 1m 2 + 1m 2 + 000 + Hfl 2

X~ 0 X X~ 0 X X~ 0 X

Theo k~t qua bai 14 ta co :

lim 1-cosx = f X~ 0 x2 2

10 cosx(1-cos2x) _ 10 10 1-cos2x = 22

im 2 - im COSXo im 2 2

X~ 0 x X~ 0 X~ 0 X

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1· cosx.cos2x ... cos(n-l )x(1- cosnx)

1m =

X~ 0 x2

1· 1· 2 1· (1) 1· 1- cosnx n2

= im cosx. im cos x... im cos n- x. im 2 = -2

X~ 0 X~ 0 X~ 0 X~ 0 X

Trong bai t~p nay ta dff su dung thuat them b61 :

cosx, cosxcos2x, ... , cosxcos2x ... cos(n - l)x

d~ bien d6i va tinh gioi han dff cho. Co th~ nhan thay thuat them bat dong vai tro quan trong trong ky nang bien d6i d6i voi bai t~p nay.

Vi d 17· L - 1· .../1 +X2 -cosx

I \I . 17 - 1m 2

X~ 0 X

Bai giiii:

L = lim ..{l+;! - cosx = lim (..{l+;! -1) + (1- cosx) =

17 X~ 0 x2 X~ 0 x2

1 1

=-+-=1

2 2

V~y L17 = 1.

Kit luQ,n :

B~ khir dang vo dinh d6i voi ham s6 1uQTIg giac, hoc sinh cAn n~m virng va v~n dung linh hoat cac phep bien d6i dai s6, 1uQTIg giac cfing nhu ap dung

cac gioi han co ban. 0 day chi co gioi han limo smx = 1 duoc sir dung tnrc tiep,

X~ x

cac k~t qua con lai khi lam bai phai chirng minh lai,

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B~ v~n dung gioi han limo smx = 1, cAn dua ham s6 cAn tinh gioi han v~

X---) X

dang : lim sinf(x), lim .f(x) , lim tgf(x) voi lim f(x) = 0 bang each

X---) Xo f(x) X---) Xo smf(x) X---) Xo f(x) x---) Xo

them, bot, d6i bien hay nhan, chi a d6ng thai voi mot hrong thich hop nao do. Trang khi giai bai t~p, hoc sinh co th~ g~p kho khan, lung tung d~ dira v~ cac dang tren. Giao vien cAn khac phuc bang each cho hoc sinh lam cac bai t~p nhir :

1· sinx ' 1· sin(x -1)

1m ,1m2 , ...

X---) 0 1- cosx X---) 1 X - 3x+ 2

Bai t~p t\1" luy~n

Tinh cac gi6i han sau :

1) lim .J1 +sinx -.J1 - sinx

X---) 0 tgx

2) lim (a+x)sin(a+x)-asina

X---) 0 X

3) lim 1-cosxcos2xco3x

X---) 0 1- cosx

4) lim 2sin 2x+sinx - 1 X---) 0 2sin 2X - 3sinx+ 1

5) lim 1- cotg3x

x~ * 2 - cotgx - cotg''x

6) lim 1 - cosx.J cos2x ¥ cos3 x

X---) 0 1-cos2x

6. GiOi han dang vo dinh Q eiia ham sa mfi va logarit.

.. . 0

Phuong ph tip : Thirc hien cac phep bien d6i va sir dung cac gioi han co ban sau day:

eX -1

+) lim--=1

X---) 0 x

+) lim In(1 + x) = 1

X---) 0 X

Cac gioi han tren d~u duoc thira nhan hoac da chirng minh trong Sach giao khoa. N goai ra giao vien cAn dira ra cho hoc sinh hai gioi han sau :

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a x-I [exJna - 1 J exJna - 1

+) lim -- = lim In.In a = Ina (Vi lim I = 1 )

x---) 0 X x---) 0 x. a x-» 0 X na

+) lim 10 ga (1 + x) = lim In(1 + x) = _1_. lim In(1 + x) = Ina

x---) 0 X x---) 0 x.lna In a x---) 0 X

Vi dy tip dyng :

, . eax _ebx

VI d\l18 : LI8 = lim ---

x---) 0 X

Bai giiii :

= lim (eax -1) -lim (ebx -1) =

x~ 0 X x---) 0 X

= a.lim (eax -1) _ b.lim (ebx -1) =

x~ 0 ax x~ 0 bx

=a-b

V~y L18 = a-b.

Trong bai t~p nay d~ sIr dung gioi han co ban ta da thuc hien them bot 1 va tach thanh hai gioi han. cAn nhan manh cho hoc sinh khi x ~ 0 thi ax ~ 0 ,

(eax -1) (ebx -1)

do vay lim =1, lim =1 .

• x---) 0 ax x---) 0 bx

, . esin2x _ esinx

VI d\l19 : L19 = lim -----:-.--

x---) 0 Slnx

Bai giiii:

_. esin2x _ esinx . (esin2x _ 1) - (esinx - 1)

L -hm . =hm . =

19 x---) 0 smx x---) 0 smx

. esin2x _ 1 . esinx - 1

=hm -hm =

x~ 0 sinx x---) 0 sinx

. [eSin2X -1 J' esinx -1

= lim . 2 .2cosx - lim . =

x-» 0 SIn x x-» 0 smx

[ esin2x _ 1] esinx - 1

= lim . 2 . lim (2cosx) - lim . =

x-» 0 SIn x x -» 0 x-» 0 smx

=2-1=1

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, . 2x _X2

VI du 20: L20 = hm---

• x~ 2 x-2

Bai giai:

L -1· 2X _x2 1· (2X -4)-(x2 -4)

20 - 1m = 1m =

X~ 2 X - 2 X~ 2 X - 2

1· 2X-4 1· x2-4 1· 4(2X-2-1) 1· (x-2)(x+2)

= 1m - 1m = 1m - 1m =

X---» 2 X - 2 X---» 2 X - 2 X---» 2 X - 2 X---» 2 X - 2

2x-2 -1

= 41im 2 -lim (x+2) = 41n2-4

x---» 2 X - x---» 2

V~y L20 = 4In2 - 4

, . "</1 + x2 _e-2x2

VI du 21 : L21 = lim 2

. x~o In(l+x)

Bai giai :

_ 0 ~1+x2 _e-2x2 0 (~1+x2 _1)_(e-2X2 -1)

L -hm =hm =

21 X~ 0 In(l +x2) X~ 0 In(l +x2)

1 2 _2x2 1 2 2

= lim 0 lim x _ lim e - 0 lim _-_x--;;-

x---»o~(1+x2)2+~1+x2+1 x---)oln(1+x2) x---)o -2x2 x---)oln(1+x2)

1 7

= 301-1.(-2) ="3

V~y L21 =~

Kit [u¥-n :

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B~ tinh cac gioi han dang vo dinh cua ham s6 mil va logarit, hoc sinh thuc hien cac phep bien d6i d~ ap dung cac gioi han co ban. Yeu cAu hoc sinh phai thanh thao cac phep toan vS luy thira va logarit.

B~ su dung cac gioi han co ban, bang each them, bat, nhan lien hop, ... hoc sinh phai bien d6i ham s6 cAn tim gioi han vS mot trong cac dang :

. ef(x)-1 . af(x)-1 . In (1 +f(x)) . loga(l+f(x)) ,.. _

lim f() , lim f() ,hm f() ,hm f( ) VO'! lim f(x) - 0

X---) Xo X X---) Xo X X---) Xo X X---) Xo X X---) Xo

Bai t~p tl}" luy~n

Tinh cac gioi han sau :

1)

3X2

3) lim -cosx

x~o x2

4) lim (l-eX)(l-cosx)

X---) 0 2x3 + 3x4

5) lim(.l.ln~I+XJ

x-e O x I-x

esin2x _ esinx

6) lim ------;:;-X---) 0 5x + tg2x

II. GIro H~N D~NG VO DJNH 00

00

Gioi han dang vo dinh 00 co dang la : 00

L = lim f((X)) trong do: lim f(x) = lim g(x) = 00

X---) Xo g X X~ Xo X~ Xo

(x-» 00) (x~ (0) (x~ (0)

B~ klnr dang vo dinh nay, phuong phap thong thuong la chi a ca tu va mdu cho luy thira bac cao nh~t cua tir va mdu cua phan thirc ~~~ . Cu th~ nhir sau :

1) N~u f(x), g(x) la cac da thirc co b~c nrong irng la m, n thi ta chia ca f(x), g(x) cho xk voi k = max{m, n}

Khi do xay ra mot trong ba tnrong hop sau :

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diroc:

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+) m = n (bac cua nr va mfru bang nhau), chia ca nr va mfru cho x" ta a + am-1 + +~+~

m ... n-l n a a

L = lim x x x = lim ___!!!_ = ___!!!_

X---» co b + bn-1 + +~+ bo X---» oo bn bn

n x··· xn-1 x''

+) m > n (bac cua tir IOn hon bac cua mfru, k = m), chia ca tir va mfru cho x'" ta diroc :

a +am-1+ +~+ao

m ... -1 m

L= lim x xm x = lim ~=oo

X---» co b b b b X---» eX) b

_n_+ n-1 + +_1 +_o _n_

x'"?' Xm-n+1 ••• X x'" Xm-n

+) m < n (bac cua tir nho hon bac cua mfru, k = n), urong tv nlnr tren ta co

HQc sinh cAn v~n dung k~t qua:

lim f(x) = 00 => lim _1_ = 0, lim f(x) = 0 => lim _1_ = 00

X~Xo X~Xo f(x) X~Xo X~Xo f(x)

Sau khi xet ba tnrong hQ1J nay, hoc sinh cAn tu rut ra nhan xet k~t qua gioi han cAn tim dira vao bac cua tir va mfru. LUll Y la co th~ chi a nr va mfru cho x" voi

h min{m, n}.

2) Neu f(x), g(x) la cac bieu thirc co chua din thirc thi ta quy urrc l~y gia tri ~ (trong do k la bac cua din tlnrc, m la s6 mil cao nh~t cua cac s6 hang

trong din thirc) la b~c cua din thirc do. Bac cua nr ( mfru) duoc xac dinh la bac cao nh~t cac bieu thirc tren ti'r ( diroi mfru). Sau do ta ap dung phirong phap khir nhir voi tnrong hQ1J f(x) , g(x) la cac da tlnrc, Qua do hoc sinh co th~ d~ dang

phan doan k~t qua gioi han dang 00 cAn tim.

00

Vi dy tip dyng :

Vi d 22· L - li 2x3 -3x2 + 1

I \I . 22 - x~11! 5x3-6

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Bai giiii : Chi a ca tir va m~u cho x3 ta duoc :

3 1

2 3 3 2 1 2--+-

L = lim x - x + = lim x x3 = ~

22 X~ CXJ 5x3 -6 X~ CXJ 5-_§_ 5

x3

Ta co th~ trinh bay thea each sau :

3( 3 1) 3 1

3 2 X 2--+-3 2--+-

L - 1· 2x - 3x + 1 _ 1· x x-I· X x3 _ 2

- 1m - 1m - 1m --

22 X~ CXJ 5x3 -6 X~ CXJ 3 ( 6 J X~ CXJ 5-j_ 5

x 5-- 3

x3 X

Vi du 23 : L = lim (3X2 _ (2x -1)(3x2 +X+2)]

• 23 X~ CXJ 2x+ 1 4x2

Bai giiii:

L -1· (3X2 _(2X-1)(3X2+X+2)]_1· 12x4_(2x+1)(3x2+X+2)_

-lm-- -1m -

23 X~ CXJ 2x+ 1 4x2 X~ CXJ 4X2(2x+ 1)

5 1 2

4 3 2 -4--+-+-

= lim - x -5x +x+2 = lim x x2 x3 = 4 =

X~ CXJ 8x3 +4x2 X~ CXJ 8 4 8

+-

x

1 2

Yay L =-!

. 23 2

Vi du 24: L = lim (x-1)(x-2)(x-3)(x-4)(x-5)

. 24 X---) 00 (5x -1)5

Bai giiii:

L li (x-1)(x-2)(x-3)(x-4)(x-5)

24=x~~ (5x-1)5 =

Tuong 1¥ Bai 25, ta xet hai tnrong hQ'P : www.MATHVN.com

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Vi du 25 : L25 = lim &h

x-» 00 x2 + 1

Bili giai :

Chi a ca til va m~u cho x ta diroc : l+l

L = lim x+ 3 = lim x

25 x~00.Jx2+1 x~oo~

x

Vi phai dira x vao trong din bac hai nen ta xet hai tnrong hQ'P : *) x~+oo =>x>O => x = {;;2

l+l l+l l+l

Khi do: lim x = lim x = lim x = 1

x---)+oo.J;!+l x~+oo.J;!+l x~+oo.Jl + 1

x {;;2 x2

*) x ~ -00 => x < 0 => x =-{;;2

l+l l+l l+l

Khi do, ta co: lim ~ = lim ~ = lim RX =-1 x---)-oo vx2 + 1 x---)-oo vx2 + 1 x~-oo 1 1

- +-

x -{;;2 x2

V, 1· x+3 1 1· x+3 1 ~ khd ~ 0 10 x+3

1 im =, im = - nen ong ton tal im ~

x-HOO ~x2 + 1 x---)-oo ~x2 + 1 . x~ 00 vx2 + 1

Bili giai : Chi a ca til va m~u cho x ta duoc :

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*) x~+oo ~x>O ~ x = J;J,x = ~

*) x~-oo ~x<O ~ x =-.J;!, x =-~

V' L+ L- ~ , L 3

1 26 = 26 nen ta co: 26 = "2

Kit [u¥-n :

So voi dang vo dinh g, dang vo dinh : "d~ tim" hon. HQc sinh cAn xac

dinh dung dang va chi cAn quan tam d~n bac cua til va m~u d~ til do phan dean k~t qua gioi han cAn tim. Chu y d6i voi gioi han dang 00 cua ham s6 co chua

00

din thirc ta khong nhan lien hop. Day la diem khac biet can phan biet d~ tranh nham l~n.

V oi gioi han khi x ----» 00, cAn hru y hai kha nang x ----» +00 va x ----» --00 trong phep l§.y gioi han co chua can b~c chfin. N~u hoc sinh khong d~ y d~n v§.n d~ nay thi r§.t d~ mfic phai sai lAm. Hon nfra tnrong hop nay con lien quan toi bai toan tim tiem can cua ham s6 chua din thirc.

Bal t~p tl}' luy~n

. (2x - 3)20 (3x+ 2)30

2) lim --'-----__:__---'---:=---'--

x~oo (2x+ 1)50

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6) lim In(1 +.JX + ifX) X-HOO In(1 +ifX +rx)

III. GIro H~N D~NG VO DJNH 00-00

Dang t6ng quat cua gioi han nay la :

lim [f(x)-g(x)] trong do lim f(x) = lim f(x) =00

X~Xo X~Xo X~Xo

(X~OO) (X~OO) (X~OO)

Phuong phap chu y~u d~ khir dang vo dinh nay la bien d6i chung v~ dang vo dinh g, : bang each d6i bien, nhan lien hop, them bat, ...

Vi dJ! tip dJ!ng :

Vi du 27 : L27 = lim (.JX2 + x - x)

x~+oo

Bili giai:

Nhan va chia bieu tlnrc lien hop tuong irng la : .Jx2 + x +x , ta duoc :

L - 1· (.J 2 ) 1· (.Jx2 +x -x)(.Jx2 +x+x)_

27 - 1m x + x - x = 1m -

x -e-i-co x-HOO .Jx2 + x +x

2 2

1· x +x-x 1·

= 1m = 1m j=~~-

x-HOO .Jx2 + x +x x-HOO .Jx2 + x +x

x

Vi x ~ +00 nen chia ca. tir va m~u cho x ta co :

1· x 1· 1 1

im =lm =

x-HOO Ix2 + x +x x-HOO R 2

'\j 1+-+1

x

Trong vi du nay, bang each nhan lien hop, ta da chuyen gioi han cAn tim til dang 00 - 00 sang dang 00 •

00

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Vi du 28 : L28 = lim [~x+rx - -.

x-o+eo

Bizi giai :

L - 1· [~ + r: - c] _ 1· (~x+rx -rx)(~x+rx +Fx)_

28 - 1m x" x "x - 1m -

x ---)+00 x ---)+00 ~ x+Fx + Fx

1· x+Fx -x 1· Fx

= 1m = 1mJF~~~=

x---)+oo ~x+Fx + Fx X---)Wl ~x+Fx + Fx

1· rx 1· 1 1 (hO " , ~ he)

= im = im FFx = - c ia ca ill va mau c 0 "x

x ---)+00 ~ X + 'X + 'X x ---)+00 1 2

"X "X 1+ Fx+1

V~y L28 =~

Vi d\l29 : L29 = 1im[~x2 -x +3 +x]

x---)oo

Bizi giai : Trong vi du nay d.n luu y khi x ~ 00 c~n xet hai tnrong hop x ~ +00 va x ~--oo

+) Khi x ~+oo thi :

"jx2 -x+3 ~+00==>~X2 -x +3 +x ~+oo

Do do lim [~x2-x+3+x]=+00

x---)+oo

+) Khi x ~--oo thi gioi han co dang 00-00 ° Ta khir bang each nhan lien hop binh thuong

lim [~x2-x+3+x]= lim (~x2-x+3+x)(~x2-x+3-x) =

X---) -00 X---) -00 ~X2 - X + 3 - x

3

2 2 -1+-

1° x -x+3-x 1° -x+3 __ 110m x

= 1m = 1m JF~====--

X---) -00 ~X2 -x +3 -x X---) -00 ~X2 -x +3 -x X---) -00 ~X2 -x +3

-----1 x

Khi x~--oo thi x < 0, do do x=-,J;!

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_1+1 _1+1 -1 1

lim x == lim x =_=_

x~-00.Jx2-x+3_1 x~-oo_~I_I+ 3 -1 -2 2

x x x2

V~y lim [.JX2 -x +3 +x] = +00, lim [.JX2 -x +3 +x] = -21

x -++-00 x ---) -00

Qua vi du TIlly mot IAn mta nh§.n manh cho hoc sinh chu y voi gioi han khi x ~ 00 cAn xet x ~ +00 va x ~ -00 d6i voi ham s6 chua din tlnrc bac ch~n.

Bid giiii : Vi ham s6 cAn tim gioi han chua cac din thirc khong cung bac nen ta them bat d~ co th~ nhan lien hop,

= lim[:(/x3+3x2 -xJ-lim[.Jx2-2x-xJ=G -G

x~+oo x -o-l-co 1 2

3 3 2 3

+) G1 = lim [<lx3 + 3x2 - x] = lim x 7 x - x =

x~+oo X~+OO(3/"3 3 2) 3/ 3 3 2 2

"X + X + x"x + x + x

1· 3 1· 3 3

=lm =lm =-=1

X~+OO (~ 3 3 2)2 ~ 3 3 2 2 X~+OO (R]2 R 3

x + x +x x + x +x 1 1 1

3 +- + 3 +- +

x x x

-2 -2-2

= lim = lim =-=-1

x~+oo .JX2 - 2x + x x~+oo R 2

1-- +1

x x

V~y L30 = G1 - G2 = 2

Vi du 31: L31 = lim [ m m -~], (m, n EN")

x-ol 1- x I-x

Bai giiii:

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L =lim[ m __ n ]=lim[( m __ 1 )_(_n __ 1 )]=

31 x-ol l= x" l+-x" x-ol l= x" I-x l+-x" I-x

=lim( m __ 1 )-lim(-n __ 1 )=G-G

x-e-l 1 - x m 1 - X x-e-l 1 - x n 1 _ X 1 2

) G 1· (m 1) 1. m-(I+x+x2 + ... +xm-1)

+ = 1m --- = 1m =

1 x-e-l I-xm I-x x-e-l I-xm

= lim (1- x) + (1 - x 2) + ... + (1 - X m-l) =

x-e-l l= x"

. (1- X) [ 1 + (1 + X) + ... + (1 + x + ... + X m-2) ]

=hm =

x~1 (I-x)(1 + x + + Xm-1)

= lim 1 + (1 + X) + ... + (1 + x + + X m-2) = 1 + 2 + ... + m -1 = m -1

x~l l-j x+ ... +xm-1 m 2

n-I Tirong tir ta tinh duoc G2 = --

. . 2

m-I n-I m-n Yay L =G -G =-----=--

• 31 1 2 2 2 2

Trong bai t~p nay ta su dung thuat toan them, bot dS tach gici han d.n tim thanh hai gioi han va tinh cac gioi han nay bang each bien d6i v~ dang ~ . Viec

them bot bieu tlnrc phai tinh t~va phu thuoc vao dac diem tirng bai.

Kitlu¥n:

B6i voi dang vo dinh 00 - 00 , ta phai tuy vao d~c diem tung bai rna van dung linh hoat cac ky nang them bot, nhan lien hop, phan tich thanh nhan nr dS bien d6i va khir dang vo dinh, Ta thirong chuyen chung v~ cac dang vo dinh d~ , h h l' 0 00

tin ona-,-

o 00

Hili t~p tl}' luy~n

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5) lim [In(5x + 8) -In(3x + 5)]

x -e+co

6) !~~[ ~(x + l)(x + 2) ... (x + 5) - x]

IV. GIro H~N D~NG VO BJNH 0.00


lim [f(x).g(x)] trong do lim f(x) = 0, lim g(x) = 00

X~OO X~OO X~OO

(x-no) (X-Ho) (X-Ho)

B~ khir dang vo dinh nay, ta thuong tim each chuyen chung v~ dang gioi han khac d€ tinh han nhir %, : bang each nhan lien hop, them bat, d6i bien ...

Vi d", tip d",ng :

Vi d\l32 : L32 = }i~[ x( ~X2 +5 -x)]

Biti giiii : Ta klnr dang vo dinh nay bang each nhan lien hop d~ dua v~ dang vo dinh 00

00

L32 = lim [X(~X2 +5 -x)] = lim X(~X2 +5 _X)(~X2 +5 +x) =

x-HOO x-HOO ~X2 + 5 + x

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1· x(x2+5-X2) 1· 5x 1· 5

= 1m = 1m = 1m ----;===--

x-HOO .Jx2 + 5 + X x-HOO .Jx2 + 5 + X x-HOO .Jx2 + 5 + x

x

x=-s+co ::::::>x>O::::::> x = R

D d' 1· 5 1· 5 5

00: im =i nm =

X-Hoo.Jx2+5+x X-HooF; 2

1+-2 +1

x x

Vi du 33 : L33 = lim(1- x )tg 1tX

x~l 2

Biti giai : f)~t t = 1- x ta eo :

x~l::::::>t~O

L33 =lim[t.tg1t(I-t)]=lim[t.tg(1t _1ttJ]=

HO 2 HO 2 2

1tt

1· [ 1tt] 1· t 21. -2 2

= 1m t.eotg- = 1m--=- 1m--=-

HO 2 t~O rtt 1t t~O nt 1t

tg- tg-

2 2

Hili t~p tl}' luyen

3) !i.~[ x( .J4x' + 5 - </8x' -1)] 4) ~~[ tg2X.tg(: - x J]

4

. [( 2 2) 1tx]

5) 11m a -x tg-

x~a 2a

V. GI(~n H~N D~NG VO BJNH 100


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lim [f(x) ]g(X) , trong do lim f(x) = 1, lim g(x) = 00

x-----)oxo x-----)oxo x-----)oxo

Hai gioi han co ban thirong duoc sir dung khi tinh gioi han dang vo dinh 1 CXJ la :

+) lim (1 + l)X = e (1)

X~OO x

1

+) lim(l+x)x =e (2)

X~OO

Trang qua trinh v~n dung, hoc sinh bien d6i v~ dang

[ Jf(X)

lim 1 + _1_ = e n~u lim f(x) = 00

X~Xo f(x) X-Ho

1

lim (1 + g(x) r= = e n~u lim g(x) = 0

x-----)oxo x-----)oxo

B~ bien d6i gioi han cAn tim, hoc sinh v~n dung menh d~ sau (dira vao tinh lien tuc cua ham s6 mil).

" N~u hai ham s6 f(x), g(x) thoa man cac di~u kien :

1) lim f'(xj e a c- O

x-----)oxo

2) lim g(x) = b

x-----)oxo

thi lim [f(x) ]g(X) = a b "

x-----)oxo

Hai gioi han co ban va menh d~ tren la co So' d~ tinh cac gioi han dang vo dinh I'"

Vi d~ tip d~ng

1

Vi d\l34 : L34 = lim(1 + sin2x F

X~ 0

Bid giiii:

sin2x

1 1 sin2x [ 1 ]-X

L34 = lim(1 + sin2x F = lim(1 + sin2x )Sin2x'-x- = lim (1+ sin2x )sin2x

x~ 0 x~ 0 x~ 0

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1

Ta co : lim(l + sin2x r= = e ( d~ hoc sinh d~ hieu nen d~t t = sin2x)

x-» 0

1· sin2x 21· sin2x 0

im = z nm =

X~o X X~o 2x

sin2x

Do do : L34 = lim [( 1 + sin2x ) sin12 X ]-x- = e2

X~ 0

( )4-3X

Vi du 5 : L35 = lim x + 1

x~+oo x + 2

Bili giiii : D~ sir dung gioi han co ban ta bien d6i :

x+1 =1+ 1

x t Z -(x+2)

L35 = lim (_X_+_1 )4-3X = lim (1 + __ 1 __ J-(X+2)'-~:~~)

x~+oo x + 2 x~+oo -(x + 2)

Vi

3-i

1· 4 - 3x 1· 3x - 4 1· x 3

1m = 1m = 1m--=

X-HOO -( X + 2) X-HOO X + 2 X-HOO 1 + ~

x

( J-ex+2)

lim l l i- 1 =e

x-Hoo -(x + 2)

B'· . .,.. I'\W 1t 1t 0 T r

at guu : l...J~t y = x - 4' x ~ 4 :::::> y ~ . a co :

. [ (1[ )]tg2( ~-Y) . (1- tgy J1;::;

L36 = lim tg - - Y = lim =

(-)0 4 (-)0 l t tgy

. ( -2tgy J1;:::Y . l( -2tgy J- l;t~ l- l:tt~·l;:~Y

=hm 1+ =hm 1+--=..:....

(-)0 1 + tgy (-)0 1 + tgy

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_ l+tgy

( -2tgy J 2tgy

Vi lim 1 + = e va

y~O 1 + tgy

1· ( 2tgy 1- tg2YJ 1· ( )

1m - . = 1m -T-t tgy =-1

y~O 1 + tgy 2tgy y~O

~ L -1

nen 36 = e

Kitlu¥n:

V oi dang vo dinh 1 CXJ , viec nhan dang khong kh6 khan d6i voi hoc sinh.

Tuy nhien, d~ lam duoc bai t~p, hoc sinh phai van dung t6t cac ky nang d~ dira cac gioi han cAn tim v~ mot trong hai gioi han co ban (1) va (2). Hai ky nang chu y~u duoc sir dung la d6i bien va them bat.

Bal t~p tl}" luy~n

cot g/x

1) 1im(1+x2)

x~o

1

. (1 + tgx )sinx

2) lim

x~o 1 + sin x

2

3) 1im( x2 + 3Jx

X~CXJ x2-2

3) 1· (1 . )cotgnx

im +sin nx

x-s-l

1

5) lim(cos2x)~

x~o

6) lim(sin..!. + cos ..!.)X

X~CXJ x x

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