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w w w. b c s b i . o r g . i n
Cx ufl¤a¯\Øı⁄ ˆ|‘zˆuıS®¶, Cx ¡[QP“ u¤ |£∫ ¡ıiU¯PØıÕ∫P“ Eh⁄ı⁄
|h¡iU¯PPŒ¿ Dk£kƘ£ıx ¡[Q §fl£ÿ” ˜¡siØ |¯h¨ï¯”P–UPı⁄ S¯”¢u£m\ uµ[P¯Õ
{∫n∞UQ”x. Cx E[P–US £ıxPı®¶ AŒ®£˜uık, E[PŒfl Afl”ıh |h¡iU¯PPŒ¿
E[P–hfl ¡[QP“ G®£i ˆ\Ø¿£h ˜¡skÆ G⁄ Gv∫£ı∫P®£kQ”x Gfl£¯u≤Æ ¬ÕUSQ”x.
C¢u ˆ|‘zˆuıS®§¿, ""}[P“'' Gfl£x ¡ıiU¯PØıÕ¯µ≤Æ ""|ı[P“'' Gfl£x ¡ıiU¯PØıÕ∫ Ehfl
\Æ£¢u®£mk“Õ ¡[Q¯Ø≤Æ S‘USÆ.
1.1. ˆ|‘zˆuıS®§fl ˜|ıUP[P“
C¢u ˆ|‘zˆuıS®¶ §fl¡∏Æ ˜|ıUP[P–UPıP E∏¡ıUP®£mk“Õx: A) E[P–UPıPa
ˆ\Ø¿£kƘ£ıx S¯”¢u£m\ uµ {¯ªP¯Õ E∏¡ıUQ ]”¢u ©ÿ÷Æ {ØıØ©ı⁄ ¡[Q |h¡iU¯P¯Õ
˜©Æ£kzxu¿; B) ˆuŒ¡ı⁄ ˆ\Ø¿£ım¯h AvPõzu¿. Cu⁄ı¿ }[P“ ˜\¯¡PŒ¿ {ØıØ©ıP
Gv∫£ı∫®£¯u® £ÿ‘ ¶õ¢x ˆPı“ÕªıÆ; C) ˜£ımi âªÆ |flS CØ[SÆ {¯ªP¯Õ A¯hØ
¬ÿ£¯⁄ A¯©®¶P¯Õ FUP®£kzxu¿; D) E[P–USÆ ©ÿ÷Æ E[P“ ¡[QUSÆ C¯h∞¿
{ØıØ©ı⁄ ©ÿ÷Æ P¤¡ı⁄ E”ƒ ﯔ¯Ø ˜©Æ£kzxu¿; E) ¡[Q {∫¡ıP A¯©®§¿ |ƧU¯P¯Ø
¡Õ∫zu¿.
§õƒ 2&¿ ¨ïUQØ® ˆ£ı÷®¶UP“ £Sv∞¿ ˆ|‘zˆuıS®§fl uµ {¯ªP“ Ah[Q E“Õ⁄.
1.2 ˆ|‘zˆuıS®§fl ¬sn®£Æ:
˜¡÷ ¬u©ıP S‘®§h®£mhı¿ u¬µ, C¢u ˆ|‘zˆuıS®§fl A¯⁄zx £SvP–Æ R˜«
£miغh®£kÆ A¯⁄zx vmh[P–USÆ ©ÿ÷Æ ˜\¯¡P–USÆ ˆ£ı∏¢xÆ. A¯¡ Q¯ÕPÕı¿,
\ı∫¶ A¯©®¶PÕı¿, Pƒshõ¿ ¡«[P®£k¡uıP C∏¢uıæÆ, ˆuı¯ª˜£]∞¿,
u£ıº¿,Pª¢x¯µØıkÆ ™fl⁄q P∏¬P“ ⪩ıP, C¯nØÆ âª©ıP A¿ªx ˜¡÷ G¢u ¨ï¯”
⪩ıP ¡«[P®£k¡uı⁄ıæÆ \õ A¯⁄zxUSÆ ˆ£ı∏¢xÆ. G¤›Æ, C[˜P |ıÆ ¬¡ıvUSÆ
A¯⁄zx vmh[P–Æ G¿ªı ¡[QPÕıæÆ ¡«[P®£mkU ˆPısi∏UPªıÆ. A¿ªx ¡«[P®£hıx
C∏UPªıÆ. A) |h®¶U PnUSP“, ˜\™®¶U PnUSP“, ˆh∫Æ ˆh£ı]mP“, ˆµUPõ[ ˆh£ı]m,
§§GL® PnUSP“ ©ÿ÷Æ A¯⁄zx Cuµ ˆh£ı]m PnUSP“; B) ˆ£flÂfl, ˜£ˆ©sm B∫h∫P“,
i©ısm iµıL®mP“ ©ÿ÷Æ ¡Ø∫ mµıflÏL£∫P“ âªÆ ˆ\æzxÆ ˜\¯¡P“; C) Aµ_ £õ¡∫zu¯⁄P“
\Æ£¢u®£mh ¡[Qa ˜\¯¡P“; D) i©ım PnUSP“, DU¬i, Aµ_ £ısmP“; E) C¢vØ Pµfl]
˜|ımkUP“ £õ©ıÿ” ¡\v; F) Pı˜\ı¯ªP“ ˜\Põ®¶, ˜ÈL® PÏhi \∫√ÏP“, ˜ÈL® ˆh£ı]m
ªıUP∫ ¡\v G) PhflP“ ©ÿ÷Æ K¡∫ iµıL®mP“; H) £n®£õ©ıÿ”Æ Em£h Afl¤Øa ˆ\ªı¡o
˜\¯¡P“; I) âfl”ıÆ uµ®¶ Pı®•k ©ÿ÷Æ G[P“ Q¯ÕP“ âªÆ ¬ÿP®£kÆ ¨ïuΩmkz vmh[P“;
J) Qˆµim Pı∫kP“, ˆh§m Pı∫kP“, HiGÆ PıkP“ Em£h Pı∫k vmh[P“ ©ÿ÷Æ ˜\¯¡P“
(G[PÕı¿ E∏¡ıUP®£kÆ G[P“ \ı∫¶ A¯©®¶UPÕı¿/{÷¡⁄[PÕı¿ ¡«[P®£kÆ Qˆµim
Pı∫kP“ Em£h)
2. ¨ïUQØ ˆ£ı÷®¶UP“
2.1 E[P–UPı⁄ G[PŒfl ïUQØ® ˆ£ı÷®¶UP“.
2.1.1 E[P–h⁄ı⁄ G[PŒfl A¯⁄zx |h¡iU¯PPŒæÆ {ØıØ©ıP ˆ\Ø¿£ku¿:
A) ¡[Q∞fl Pƒshõ¿ ˆµıUPÆ/Pı˜\ı¯ªP“ ˆ£÷u¿ ©ÿ÷Æ ˆ\æzxuæUPı⁄ S¯”¢u£m\ ¡[Q
¡\vP“ AŒzu¿; B) |ı[P“ AŒUSÆ vmh[P“ ©ÿ÷Æ ˜\¯¡PŒ¿ ©ÿ÷Æ |¯h隷”P“ ©ÿ÷Æ
ˆ\ؿﯔPŒ¿ G[P“ A桪∫P“ ˆ\Ø¿£k¡v¿, C¢u ˆ|‘zˆuıS®§fl ˆ£ı÷®¶UP¯Õ ©ÿ÷Æ
uµ {¯ªP¯Õ ß∫zv ˆ\¥u¿; C) G[P“ vmh[P–Æ ©ÿ÷Æ ˜\¯¡P–Æ \Æ£¢u®£mh \mh[P“
©ÿ÷Æ J [S ﯔP¯Õ ¨ï ¯©ØıP ß∫zv ˆ\¥¡¯u E÷vˆ\¥u¿; D) E[P–h⁄ı⁄ G[P“
|h¡iU¯PP“ ˜©fl¯© ©ÿ÷Æ ˆuŒ¡ı⁄ ufl¯© Ehflˆ|‘ﯔU ˆPı“¯PP“£i C∏®£¯u E÷v
ˆ\¥u¿; E) ¡[Q ˜\¯¡ ©ÿ÷Æ £nÆ ¡«[Su¿ A¯©®¶ £ıxPı®£ıP, |Æ£P©ıP CØ[Pa ˆ\¥u¿.
2.1.2 G[PŒfl {vz vmh[P“ ©ÿ÷Æ ˜\¯¡P“ G∆¡ı÷ ˆ\Ø¿£kQfl”⁄ Gfl£¯u
¶õ¢xˆPı“Õ E[P–US Euƒu¿:
A) A¡ÿ¯”® £ÿ‘ RÃUPsh Huı¡x J∏ A¿ªx Jfl÷USÆ ˜©ªı⁄ ˆ©ı»PŒ¿ E[P–US uP¡¿
AŒzu¿: C¢v, B[QªÆ A¿ªx EõzuıSÆ E“—∫ ˆ©ı»; B) G[PŒfl ¬ÕÆ£µÆ ©ÿ÷Æ ¡oP
FUS¬®¶ ¯P˜Øk ˆuŒ¡ıP ©ÿ÷Æ Øı¯µ≤Æ v¯\ v∏®£ı©¿ C®£¯u E÷v®£kzxu¿; C)
G[PŒfl vmh[P“ ©ÿ÷Æ ˜\¯¡P“, A¡ÿ÷US EõzuıSÆ ¬vP“ ©ÿ÷Æ {£¢u¯⁄P“ ©ÿ÷Æ
¡mi ¬Qu[P“/ ˜\¯¡U Pmhn[P“ £ÿ‘ E[P–USz ˆuŒ¡ı⁄ uP¡¿ Q¯h®£¯u
E÷v®£kzxu¿; D) E[P–US Gfl⁄ |fl¯©P“ Q¯hUQfl”⁄, }[P“ G®£i |fl¯©P¯Õ® ˆ£”
ïi≤Æ, A¡ÿ‘fl {v \Æ£¢u®£mh ¬¯ÕƒP“ Gfl⁄ ©ÿ÷Æ E[P“ ˜P“¬P“, \¢˜uP[P–US
}[P“ Øı¯µ ©ÿ÷Æ G®£i ˆuıh∫¶ ˆPı“Õ ˜¡skÆ G⁄ uP¡¿ AŒzu¿.
2.1.3 E[P“ PnUS A¿ªx ˜\¯¡¯Ø® £Øfl£kzu R “Õ¡ı÷ Euƒu¿:
A) E[P–US EõzuıSÆ ¬uzv¿ ™P \´£zvØ, uP¡¿P¯Õz ˆuıh∫¢x AŒzu¿; B) ¡mi
¬Qu[P“, Pmhn[P“ A¿ªx ¬vP“ ©ÿ÷Æ {£¢u¯⁄PŒ¿ ˆ\¥Ø®£kÆ ©ıÿ”[P“ £ÿ‘
E[P–USz uP¡¿ ˆuõ¬zu¿.
2.1.4 u¡”ıP HxÆ {Pâx“Õx G¤¿, A¡ÿ¯” xõu©ıP, AUP¯”≤hfl P¡¤zu¿:
A) Eh˜⁄ u¡÷P¯Õz v∏zxu¿ ©ÿ÷Æ G[P“ u¡÷ Pıµn©ıP H˜u›Æ ¡[Q Pmhn[P“
¬vUP®£mk“Õx G¤¿ A¡ÿ¯” µzx ˆ\¥u¿; B) E[P“ ¶Pı∫P¯Õ Eh˜⁄ P¡¤zx EõØ
|h¡iU¯P Gkzu¿; C) }[P“ Cfl›Æ v∏®v A¯hج¿¯ª G¤¿ E[P“ ¶Pı¯µ ˜©ºhzxUS
G®£i ˆuõ¬®£x Gfl” B˜ªı\¯⁄ (£ıµı 7 £ı∫UPƒÆ) T÷u¿; D) ˆuı»¿~m£ ˆ\غ«®¶PÕı¿
Hÿ£mk“Õ §µa]¯⁄P“ G¤¿, A¡ÿ¯” \õ ˆ\¥vh uS¢u ©ıÿ÷ ¡\vP“ AŒzu¿.
2.1.5. E[P“ A¯⁄zx ˆ\ı¢u uP¡¿P¯Õ≤Æ u¤®£mh ¬uzv¿ CµP]Ø©ıP P∏xu¿
R˜« £ıµı 5¿ S‘®§mk“Õ ¬ÂØ[P¯Õ® ˆ£ı÷zx, |ı[P“ E[P“ A¯⁄zx ˆ\ı¢u uP¡¿P¯Õ≤Æ
u¤®£mh ¬uzv¿, CµP]Ø©ıP P∏v ¯PØı“˜¡ıÆ.
2.1.6. ˆ|‘zˆuıS®¯£ ˆ¡Œ∞h |ı[P“
A) ˆ|‘zˆuıS®§fl J∏ |P¯ª |ı[P“ E[P–US (HÿP⁄˜¡ E“Õ ¡ıiU¯PØıÕ∫) AŒ®˜£ıÆ;
B) }[P“ E[P“ PnU¯Pz x¡[SƘ£ıx E[P–US (¶vØ ¡ıiU¯PØıÕ∫) ˆ|‘zˆuıS®§fl
J∏ |P¯ª AŒ®˜£ıÆ; C) Pƒshõ˜ªı A¿ªx ™fl⁄q uP¡¿ ˆuıh∫¶ ⪘©ı A¿ªx
™fl⁄g\¿ ⪘©ı, ˜PıõU¯P∞fl ˜£õ¿ C¢u ˆ|‘zˆuıS®¶ Q¯hUPa ˆ\¥˜¡ıÆ; D) J∆ˆ¡ı∏
Q¯Õ∞æÆ ©ÿ÷Æ G[P“ C¯nØuÕzvæÆ C¢u ˆ|‘¨ï¯”z ˆuıS®¶ Q¯hUPa ˆ\¥˜¡ıÆ;
©ÿ÷Æ E) C¢u ˆ|‘¨ï¯”z ˆuıS®¶ £ÿ‘ \Æ£¢u®£mh uP¡¯ª AŒUP G[P“ F»Ø∫P–US
£∞ÿ] AŒ®˜£ıÆ ©ÿ÷Æ ˆ|‘zˆuıS®¯£ ˆ\ؿﯔ®£kzx¡¯u E÷v®£kzx˜¡ıÆ.
2.1.7. £ıµ£m\©ÿ” J∏ ˆPı“¯P¯Ø Hÿ÷U ˆPı“u¿ ©ÿ÷Æ |¯hﯔ®£kzxu¿
|ı[P“ ¡Øx, C⁄Æ, £ıº⁄Æ, v∏©n {¯ª ©uÆ A¿ªx ˆ\غ«®¶ Ai®£¯h∞¿ Øı∫õhïÆ
£ıµ£m\©ıP |hUP ©ım˜hıÆ.
3. uP¡¿
}[P“ ¡mi ¬Qu[P“, ˆ£ıx¡ı⁄ L•Ï ©ÿ÷Æ Pmhn[P“ £ÿ‘ §fl¡∏Æ G¢u Jfl‘fl âªï¨Æ
uP¡¿ ˆ£”ªıÆ; A) G[P“ Q¯ÕPŒ¿ A‘¬®¶P¯Õ® £ı∫®£ufl âªÆ; B) G[P“ Q¯ÕP¯Õ
A¿ªx ˆÌ¿® ¯ªflP¯Õ ˆuı¯ª˜£]∞¿ ˆuıh∫¶ ˆPı“¡ufl âªÆ; C) G[PŒfl
C¯nØuÕz¯u® £ı∫®£ufl âªÆ; D) G[PŒfl {Ø™UP®£mh A桪∫/ˆÌ¿® ˆhÏU¯P AqQ
¬£µÆ˜Pm£ufl âªÆ; A¿ªx E) \∫√Ï ¯Pk/Pmhnz vmhﯔ® £miدª® £ı∫®£ufl âªÆ.
3.1 }[P“ J∏ ¡ıiU¯PØıÕµıP BSÆ ¨ïfl |ı[P“:
A) }[P“ G[PŒhÆ T‘≤“Õ, E[P–US ¬∏®£©ıP E“Õ ˜\¯¡P“ ©ÿ÷Æ vmh[PŒfl ïUQØ
AÆ\[P“ £ÿ‘ ˆuŒ¡ı⁄ uP¡¯ª E[P–US ¡«[S˜¡ıÆ; B) |ı[P“ ¡«[SQ” ©ÿ÷Æ E[P“
˜u¯¡P–US uS¢uuıP E“Õ Huı¡x ¡¯P vmhÆ A¿ªx ˜\¯¡ £ÿ‘ E[P–US uP¡¿
AŒ®˜£ıÆ; C) |ı[P“ Jfl÷USÆ ˜©ªı⁄ ¡»∞¿ vmh[P“ ©ÿ÷Æ ˜\¯¡P“ ¡«[SQ˜”ıÆ
G¤¿ (Euıµn©ıP, HiGÆPŒ¿, C¯nØuÕzv¿, ˆuı¯ª˜£]∞¿, Q¯ÕPŒ¿ ©ÿ÷Æ §”¡ÿ‘fl
âªÆ) E[P–US T÷˜¡ıÆ ©ÿ÷Æ A¡ÿ¯”® £ÿ‘ G®£i Tku¿ uP¡¿ A‘¡x Gfl£x £ÿ‘≤Æ
E[P–US uP¡¿ AŒ®˜£ıÆ; D) \mhÆ, J [S ﯔ ©ÿ÷Æ E“{∫¡ıP ˆPı“¯P ˜u¯¡PŒfl£i
ˆ\Ø¿£h E[P“ A¯hØıÕÆ ©ÿ÷Æ ¨ïP¡õ¯Ø {π§UP, E[PŒh™∏¢x G[P–US Gfl⁄ uP¡¿
˜u¯¡ Gfl£x £ÿ‘ |ı[P“ E[P–US T÷˜¡ıÆ.
3.2 }[P“ ¡ıiU¯PØıÕ∫ BSƘ£ıx |ı[P“:
A) EõzuıSÆ ¡mi ¡Qu[P“/L•ÏP“ ©ÿ÷Æ Pmhn[P“ Em£h vmhzvfl ïUQØ AÆ\[P“
£ÿ‘ |ı[P“ E[P–US Tku¿ uP¡¿ AŒ®˜£ıÆ; B) E[P“ Eõ¯©P“ ©ÿ÷Æ ˆ£ı÷®¶P¯Õ®
£ÿ‘ ¡\v S‘®£ıP A¯⁄zx ˆh£ı]m PnUSP“, £ıxPı®¶ ¡\zv¿ ©ÿ÷Æ £ıxPı®¶
ˆ£mhP[PŒ¿ ¯¡UP®£mk“Õ ˆ£ı∏mP–US ¡ıõ_uıµ∫ {Ø©⁄Æ £ÿ‘ E[P–US TkuªıPz
uP¡¿ ˆuõ¬®˜£ıÆ. C) "k |ım Pı¿' \∫√]¿ E[P“ ˆ£Ø¯µ uı⁄ıP˜¡ £vƒ ˆ\¥˜¡ıÆ. C¢u
uP¡¯ª/˜\¯¡¯Ø ˆ£” J®¶u¿ AŒUQ˜”fl G⁄ }[P“ G zx® ß∫¡©ıP G[P–USz ˆuõ¬zuı¿
Afl‘, A¿ªx ˆuõ¬USÆ ¡¯µ |ı[P“ ˆuı¯ª˜£] A¯«®¶UP“/GÏGÆGÏP“/™fl⁄g\¿P“
⪩ıP E[P–US uP¡¿ ˆuõ¬UP ©ım˜hıÆ.
3.3 ¡mi ¬Qu[P“
|ı[P“ E[P–US RÃUPsh¯¡ £ÿ‘ uP¡¿ AŒ®˜£ıÆ:
A) ˆh£ı]m ©ÿ÷Æ Phfl G⁄ Cµsifl ´uı⁄ PnUSP–US EõzuıSÆ ¡mi ¬Qu[P“; B)
E[P“ ˆh£ı]mP–US |ı[P“ ¡mi ¡«[SƘ£ıx A¿ªx E[P“ Phfl PnUSP–US ¡mi
¬vUSƘ£ıx; C) |ı[P“ E[P“ PnUQÿS G®£i ¡mi ¬vUQ˜”ıÆ ©ÿ÷Æ ¡mi PnUQkÆ
¨ï¯” £ÿ‘Ø uP¡¿.
¡mi ¬Pv[PŒfl ©ıÿ”[P“
G[P“ vmh[PŒ¿ ¡mi ¬Qu[P“ ©ıÿ”®£mhı¿ |ı[P“ E[P–USz uP¡¿ ˆuõ¬®˜£ıÆ.
3.4 Pmhn® £miØ¿
L•ÏP“ ©ÿ÷Æ Pmhn[P“
A) |ı[P“ G[P“ Q¯ÕPŒ¿ §fl¡∏£¡ÿ¯” Pım]US ¯¡zv∏®˜£ıÆ: i) Pmhnz vmhﯔ®
£miØ¿ £ÿ‘Ø A‘¬®¶. C¯u }[P“ Cª¡\©ıP® £ı∫UP ˜PmPªıÆ; ii) PmhnÆ Hx™fl‘
Cª¡\©ıP AŒUP®£kÆ ˜\¯¡PŒfl £miØ¿; iii) ˜\™®¶U PnUQ¿ S¯”¢u£m\z ˆuı¯P¯Ø
£µı©õUPı©¿ C∏¢uı¿ AuÿPıP ¬vUP®£kÆ Pmhn[P“, ˆ¡Œ≥∫ Pı˜\ı¯ªP“ ˜\Põzu¿,
i©ısm iµıL®m ©ÿ÷Æ Pı˜\ı¯ª ¶zuP[P“ ¡«[Su¿, PnUS A‘U¯P, PnUS ïizu¿ ©ÿ÷Æ
HiGÆ £SvPŒ¿ ˆh£ı]m/£nÆ Gkzu¿ ïuºØ¡ÿ÷UPı⁄ Pmhn[P“ ˜£ıfl”¡ÿ¯” ¬ÕUSÆ
J∏ A‘¬®¶; B)E[PÕı¿ ˜u∫¢x GkUP®£kÆ vmh[P“ ©ÿ÷Æ ˜\¯¡P–US EõzuıSÆ Huı¡x
Pmhn[P“ £ÿ‘ G[P“ Pmhnz vmhﯔ® £miغ¿ |ı[P“ ¬£µ[P“ AŒ®˜£ıÆ. C)
E[PÕı¿ ˜u∫¢x GkUP®£kÆ vmh[PŒfl/˜\¯¡PŒfl Huı¡x ¬vP“ ©ÿ÷Æ {£¢u¯⁄P¯Õ®
§fl£ÿ”ı©¿ C∏zu¿/´÷u¿ ˜£ıfl”¡ÿ÷UPıP EõzuıSÆ A£µıu[P“ £ÿ‘≤Æ |ı[P“ E[P–USz
uP¡¿ ˆuõ¬®˜£ıÆ.
L•ÏP“ ©ÿ÷Æ Pmhn[PŒ¿ ©ıÿ”[P“:
|ı[P“ C¢u Pmhn[PŒ¿ G¯uØı¡x AvPõzuı¿ A¿ªx J∏ ¶vØ ©ıÿ”z¯u
A‘ïP®£kzv⁄ı¿, ©ıÿ‘د©UP®£mh Pmhn[P“ ¬vUP®£k¡uÿS/A©ªıUP® £k¡uÿS
J∏ ©ıuzxUS ¨ïfl˜£ uP¡¿ ˆuõ¬UP®£kÆ.
3.5. ¬vP“ ©ÿ÷Æ {£¢u¯⁄P“
A) }[P“ J∏ ¡ıiU¯PØıÕ∫ BSƘ£ıx ï¨ufl ﯔØıP J∏ vmhz¯u, ˜\¯¡¯Ø®
£Øfl£kzv⁄ı¿ }[P“ G[PŒhÆ AŒUSÆ£i ˜Pmk“Õ ˜\¯¡ \Æ£¢u©ı⁄ ¬vP“, {£¢u¯⁄P¯Õ
|ı[P“ E[P–US ˆuõ¬®˜£ıÆ; B) A¯⁄zx ¬vP–Æ {£¢u¯⁄P–Æ {ØıØ©ı⁄¯¡ BP
C∏USÆ ©ÿ÷Æ S‘®£ıP {Ø©⁄ ¡\v ©ÿ÷Æ ˆ£ı÷®¶P“ ©ÿ÷Æ Ph¯©P“ \Æ£¢u©ıP ˆuŒ¡ıP
©ÿ÷Æ CØfl”¡¯µ GŒØ, \µÕ©ı⁄ ˆ©ı»∞¿ \Æ£¢u®£mh Eõ¯©P“ {∫n∞UP®£kÆ.
¬vP“ ©ÿ÷Æ {£¢u¯⁄P–US ©ıÿ”[P“:
A) }[P“ J∏ ¡ıiU¯PØıÕ∫ B⁄ı¿, §fl¡∏Æ Huı¡x Gsofl ⪩ıP |ı[P“ E[P–US
¬vP“ ©ÿ÷Æ {£¢u¯⁄PŒ¿ Hÿ£kÆ ©ıÿ”[P¯Õ® £ÿ‘ ˆuõ¬®˜£ıÆ: i) PnUS A‘U¯PP“/
£ıÏ ¶U; ii)HiGÆP“; iii) J∆ˆ¡ı∏ Q¯Õ∞æÆ E“Õ A‘¬®¶ £ª¯P; iv) ™fl⁄g\¿ ©ÿ÷Æ
ˆ¡®¯\m Em£h C¯nØuÕÆ; v) ˆ\¥vzuı“; B) ˆ£ıx¡ıP, J∏ ©ıu Pıª A¡Pı\Æ ˆPıkzx
A‘¬UP®£mh §fl˜£ ©ıÿ”[P“ A©ªıUP®£kÆ; C) |ı[P“ ïfl A‘¬®¶ Hx™fl‘ H˜u›Æ
©ıÿ”Æ ˆ\¥v∏¢uı¿ |ı[P“ A¢u ©ıÿ”z¯u, 30 |ımP–US“ A‘¬®˜£ıÆ. Azu¯PØ ©ıÿ”Æ
E[P–US Aˆ\ÕPõØ©ıP C∏UQ”x G¤¿, }[P“ 60 |ımP–US“ G¢u¬u A‘¬®¶Æ uµı©¿
E[P“ PnU¯P ¨ïizxU ˆPı“ÕªıÆ A¿ªx ©ıÿ‘U ˆPı“ÕªıÆ. CuÿPıP }[P“ G¢u Tku¿
Pmhn[P˜Õı A¿ªx ¡mi˜Øı ˆ\æzuz ˜u¯¡∞¿¯ª. D) |ı[P“ J∏ ™P® ˆ£õØ ©ıÿ”z¯u
A¿ªx HµıÕ©ı⁄ ]÷ ©ıÿ”[P¯Õ Huı¡x J∏ Bsi¿ ˆ\¥uı¿, ¶vØ ¬vP“ ©ÿ÷Æ
{£¢u¯⁄PŒfl J∏ |P¯ª A¿ªx ©ıÿ”[PŒfl J∏ _∏UPz¯u }[P“ ˜Pıõ⁄ı¿ E[P–US
AŒ®˜£ıÆ.
4. ¬ÕÆ£µÆ, ¬ÿ£¯⁄US ¬kzu¿ ©ÿ÷Æ ¬ÿ£¯⁄
A) A¯⁄zx ¬ÕÆ£µ[P“ ©ÿ÷Æ ¡oP FUS¬®¶ AÆ\[P“ ˆuŒ¡ıP, ©ÿ÷Æ Øı¯µ≤Æ v¯\
v∏®£ı©¿ C∏USÆ£i E÷v®£kzvU ˆPı“˜¡ıÆ; B) P¡⁄z¯u P¡∏Æ G¢u J∏ ¡[Qz vmhÆ
A¿ªx ˜\¯¡∞fl G¢u J∏ ¬ÕÆ£µzvæÆ, G¢u FhPzvæÆ ©ÿ÷Æ ¡oP FUS¬®¶
ˆ¡Œ±miæÆ ¡mi ¬QuÆ £ÿ‘Ø J∏ S‘®¶ C∏¢uı¿ AuÿS Cuµ L•Ï ©ÿ÷Æ Pmhn[P“
EõzuıS©ı Gfl÷ |ı[P“ S‘®§k˜¡ıÆ ©ÿ÷Æ ˜¡sk˜PıŒfl˜£õ¿ \Æ£¢u®£mh ¬vP“ ©ÿ÷Æ
{£¢u¯⁄PŒfl 蘒 ¬£µ[P“ Q¯hUQfl”⁄; C) Buµƒ ˜\¯¡P¯Õ AŒUP, |ı[P“ âfl”ıÆ
uµ®§⁄õfl ˜\¯¡P¯Õ £Øfl£kzv⁄ı¿, |ı[P“ G[P¯Õ® ˜£ıfl˜” A¢u âfl”ıÆ uµ®§⁄∫ A˜u
AÕƒ CµP]Øzufl¯©≤hfl ©ÿ÷Æ £ıxPı®£ıP E[P“ ˆ\ı¢u uP¡¯ª (Azu¯PØ âfl”ıÆ
uµ®§⁄∏US HxÆ Q¯hzuı¿) ¯PØıÕ ˜¡skÆ G⁄ ˜PmkU ˆPı“˜¡ıÆ; D) }[P“ ˆ£ÿ÷“Õ
G[P“ vmh[PŒfl £¿˜¡÷ AÆ\[P¯Õ®£ÿ‘ |ı[P“ A∆¡®˜£ıx E[P–US uP¡¿
ˆuõ¬®˜£ıÆ. G[P“ vmh[P“/ ˜\¯¡P“ \Æ£¢u®£mh A¿ªx ¡oP FUS¬®¶ \æ¯PP“
\Æ£¢u®£mh uP¡¿, Azu¯PØ uP¡¯ª/˜\¯¡¯Ø u£ıº¿ ˆ£” }[P“ E[P“ J®¶u¯ª
AŒzv∏¢uı¿ ©ÿ÷Æ A¿ªx AuÿPıP G[P“ C¯nØuÕzv¿ A¿ªx ˜£ıfl £ı[Q[Q¿/
¡ıiU¯PØıÕ∫ ˜\¯¡ Gso¿ £vƒ ˆ\¥v∏¢uı¿ ©mk˜© E[P–US ¡«[P®£kÆ. E)G[PŒfl
¯hµUm ˆÈ¿º[ Hˆ·fl]P–UPıP (iGÏHUP“) |ı[P“ J∏ |hz¯u ˆ|‘¯Ø (˜Pım BL®
PıflhUm) ¡Szx“˜ÕıÆ. G[PŒfl vmh[P¯Õ/˜\¯¡P¯Õ ¬ÿ£¯⁄ ˆ\¥Ø |ı[P“ C¡∫PŒfl
˜\¯¡¯Ø £Øfl£kzxQ˜”ıÆ. G[PŒfl vmh[P¯Õ ˜|µiØıP A¿ªx ˆuı¯ª˜£] âªÆ ¬ÿ£¯⁄
ˆ\¥Ø, C¡∫P“ E[P¯Õ AqSƘ£ıx C¡∫P“ uı[P“ Øı∫ G⁄ E[PŒhÆ A¯hØıÕÆ PımiU
ˆPı“Õ ˜¡skÆ; F) G[PŒfl §µv{v/TõØ∫ A¿ªx iGÏH PsoØ©ÿ” ﯔ∞¿ |h¢x
ˆPıshı¿, A¿ªx C¢u ˆ|‘zˆuıS®¯£ ´‘∞∏¢uı¿, Ax£ÿ‘ ¬\ıõUP |ı[P“ uS¢u
|h¡iU¯PP“ ˜©ÿˆPı“˜¡ıÆ ©ÿ÷Æ A¢u ¶Pı¯µ uS¢u ¬uzv¿ ¯PØısk E[P–US Hÿ£mh
C«®¯£ Dk ˆ\¥˜¡ıÆ.
5. A¢uµ[PÆ ©ÿ÷Æ CµP]Øz ufl¯©
|ı[P“ E[P“ A¯⁄zx ˆ\ı¢u uP¡¿P¯Õ≤Æ u¤®£mh ﯔ∞¿ CµP]Ø©ıP (}[P“ ˆuıh∫¢x
¡ıiU¯PØıÕµıP }iUPıu ˜£ıvæÆ Th) P∏x˜¡ıÆ ©ÿ÷Æ ¯PØı“˜¡ıÆ. |ı[P“ RÃUPsh
ˆPı“¯P∞fl ¡»Pımh¿P“£i ˆ\Ø¿£k˜¡ıÆ. G[P“ Sπ®§¿ Cuµ {÷¡⁄[P“ Em£h Øı∏USÆ
E[PÕı¿ A¿ªx ˜¡÷¬uzv¿ ˆuõ¬UP®£mh E[P“ PnUSP“ \Æ£¢u®£mh uP¡¯ª A¿ªx
uP¡¿ ¬¡µ[P¯Õ §fl¡∏Æ ¬v¬ªUPı⁄ {¯ªPŒ¿ u¬µ, |ı[P“ ˆuõØ®£kzu ©ım˜hıÆ;
A)\mh®£i |ı[P“ uP¡¯ªU ˆPıkUP ˜¡si C∏¢uı¿; B) ˆ£ıx©UP–US ˆuõØ®£kzu
˜¡siØ J∏ Ph¯© C∏¢uı¿; C) G[PŒfl |ªfl P∏v |ı[P“ uP¡¿ ˆPıkUP ˜¡siØ ˜u¯¡
C∏¢uı¿ (Euıµn©ıP, ˜©ı\i¯Øz ukUP) B⁄ı¿ ¬ÿ£¯⁄ ˜|ıUPzxUPıP G[P“ Sπ®§¿ Cuµ
{÷¡⁄[P“ Em£h ˜¡÷ Øı∏USÆ E[P¯Õ A¿ªx E[P“ PnUSP¯Õ® £ÿ‘ (E[P“ ˆ£Ø∫
©ÿ÷Æ ïP¡õ Em£h) uP¡¿ AŒUP |ı[P“ C¯u J∏ Pıµn©ıP® £Øfl£kzu ©ım˜hıÆ; D) uP¡¿
ˆuõ¬USÆ£i }[P“ G[P¯ÕU ˜Pmhı¿, A¿ªx G[P–US E[PŒfl A›©v C∏¢uı¿; E)
E[P¯Õ®£ÿ‘ J∏ ¡[Q∞fl ¬£µÆ ˆPıkUSÆ£i |ı[P“ ˜PmP®£mhı¿, |ı[P“ A¯uU ˆPıkUSÆ
ïfl¶, E[PŒfl G zx® ß∫¡©ı⁄ A›©v G[P–US A¡]ØÆ; F) G[PŒhÆ E[P¯Õ®£ÿ‘
C∏USÆ ˆ\ı¢u ˆµUPı∫kP¯Õz ˆuıh∫¶ ˆPı“Õ uÿ˜£ı¯uØ \mh A¯©®§fl RÃ, E[P“
Eõ¯©PŒfl ¡µÆ¯£® ˆ£ı÷zx |ı[P“ ¬ÕUS˜¡ıÆ; B) }[P“ G[P–US ˆ\¥ØªıÆ G⁄U
S‘®£ıP A[RPıµÆ AŒzv∏¢uı¿ u¬µ, |ı[P“ Em£h Øı∏USÆ ¬ÿ£¯⁄ ˜|ıUP[P–UPıP
E[P“ ˆ\ı¢u uP¡¯ª |ı[P“ £Øfl£kzu ©ım˜hıÆ.
5.1 Phfl ˆ£÷£¡∫ £ÿ‘ uP¡¿ u∏Æ Hˆ·fl]P“
A) }[P“ E[P“ PnU¯Pz x¡[SƘ£ı˜u, |ı[P“ G®˜£ıx E[P“ PnUS ¬£µ[P¯Õ Phfl
ˆ£÷£¡∫ £ÿ‘ uP¡¿ u∏Æ Hˆ·fl]P–US AŒUPªıÆ ©ÿ÷Æ A¡∫PŒhÆ |ı[P“ G®˜£ıx
PnU¯P® £õ˜\ıvUPªıÆ, Gfl” ¬£µ[P¯Õ E[PŒhÆ ˆ\ı¿˜¡ıÆ. B) }[P“ G[P–US ˆ\æzu
˜¡siØ ˆ\ı¢uU PhflP“ G¤¿, |ı[P“ Ax £ÿ‘Ø uP¡¯ª Phfl ˆ£÷£¡∫ £ÿ‘ uP¡¿ u∏Æ
Hˆ·fl]P–US ¡«[PªıÆ. Auı¡x i) }[P“ ˆ\æzu ˜¡siØ ˆuı¯PP¯Õ ˆ\æzx¡v¿
§flu[Q∞∏¢uı¿; ii) }[P“ Phfl£mi∏USÆ ˆuı¯P ¬¡ıuzxUSõØx C¿¯ª G¤¿; ©ÿ÷Æ iii)
G[PŒfl \ƧµuıØ©ı⁄ ˜PıõU¯PP–US® §fl, }[P“ Ph¯⁄z v∏®§a ˆ\æzx¡v¿ G[P–USz
v∏®vPµ©ı⁄ ¬uzv¿ HxÆ ¨ïfl˜⁄ÿ£ıkP¯Õ ˆ\¥Ø¬¿¯ª G¤¿; C) C¢u ¬ÂØ[PŒ¿ |ı[P“
Phfl ˆ£÷£¡∫ £ÿ‘ uP¡¿ u∏Æ Hˆ·fl]P–US }[P“ G[P–USz uµ˜¡siØ PhflP“ £ÿ‘
uP¡¿ AŒUPz vmh™kQ˜”ıÆ Gfl£¯u®£ÿ‘ G zx®ß∫¡©ıP E[P–US uP¡¿ ˆuõ¬®˜£ıÆ.
A˜u ˜¡¯Õ∞¿, |ı[P“ Phfl ˆ£÷£¡∫ £ÿ‘ uP¡¿ u∏Æ Hˆ·fl]PŒfl £o £ÿ‘ ©ÿ÷Æ }[P“
Phfl ˆ£÷¡v¿E[P“ uSv £ÿ‘ A¡∫P“ AŒUSÆ uP¡ºfl ¬¯Õƒ £ÿ‘ |ı[P“ E[P–US
¬ÕUS˜¡ıÆ. D)E[P“ PnUQfl v⁄\õ ¬£µ[P¯Õ, Phfl ˆ£÷£¡∫ £ÿ‘ uP¡¿ u∏Æ
Hˆ·fl]P–US }[P“ ˆPıkUP A›©vzuı¿ |ı[P“ ˆPık®˜£ıÆ; E) E[P¯Õ® £ÿ‘ Phfl
ˆ£÷£¡∫ £ÿ‘ uP¡¿ u∏Æ Hˆ·fl]P–US |ı[P“ ˆPıkzx“Õ uP¡ºfl J∏ |P¯ª |ı[P“
E[P–US AŒ®˜£ıÆ A¿ªx Phfl ˆ£÷£¡∫ £ÿ‘ uP¡¿ u∏Æ Hˆ·fl] G®£i ˆ\Ø¿£kQ”x G⁄
¬ÕUP A¡∫PŒfl uP¡¿ ¯P˜ØkP¯Õ E[P–US AŒ®˜£ıÆ.
6. PhflP¯Õ ¡`ºzu¿
|ı[P“ PhflP¯Õ ˆPıkUSƘ£ı˜u, A¯uz v∏®§a ˆ\æzu, ˆuı¯P, Pıª¡µÆ¶ ©ÿ÷Æ Pıª
C¯hˆ¡Œ G⁄ v∏®§a ˆ\æzxÆ |¯hﯔP¯Õ E[P–US ¬ÕUS˜¡ıÆ. G¤›Æ, }[P“
v∏®§a ˆ\æzxÆ vmh ﯔ®£i ˆ\æzuı¬mhı¿, PhflP¯Õ ¡`ºUP, E“|ımk \mh®£i J∏
{∫n∞UP®£mh |¯hﯔ ˜©ÿˆPı“Õ®£kÆ. C¢u |¯h隷”∞¿ E[P–US ˜|ımjÏ âªÆ
{¯⁄≈mku¿ A¿ªx E[P¯Õ ˜|õ¿ \¢vzu¿ ©ÿ÷Æ/A¿ªx Huı¡x §¯nØÆ C∏¢uı¿ A¯u
¯PØP®£kzxu¿ ˜£ıfl”¯¡ Em£kÆ.
G[PŒfl ˜\Põ®¶ ˆPı“¯P, |Ø©ıP E¯µØıku¿, {ØıØ©ıP |h¢x ˆPı“u¿ ©ÿ÷Æ ¡ÿ¶÷zu¿
˜£ıfl”¯¡ Em£mhx. |ı[P“ ¡ıiU¯PØıÕõfl |ƧU¯P¯Ø ©ÿ÷Æ }shPıª E”¯¡ ¡Õ∫zu¿
˜£ıfl”¡ÿ¯” |ƶQ˜”ıÆ. G[PŒfl A桪∫P“ A¿ªx G[P–UPıP Ph¯⁄ ¡`ºUP ©ÿ÷Æ/
A¿ªx §¯nØz¯u ¯PØP®£kzu ˆ\Ø¿£kÆ G¢u J∏ |£∏Æ A¡¯µ/A¡¯Õ £ÿ‘Ø
A¯hØıÕz¯u Pımk¡˜uık G[PÕı¿ A[RPıµÆ AŒUP®£mk“Õ Piuz¯u Pımk¡ı∫P“. }[P“
˜Pıõ⁄ı¿ E[P–US ¡[Q∞¿ A¿ªx ¡[Q AuıõmiØı¿ ¡«[P®£mh A¡µx/
A¡Õx A¯hØıÕ Am¯h¯ØU Pımk¡ı∫P“. PhflP“ \Æ£¢u©ıP, |ı[P“ E[P–US
A¯⁄zx uP¡¿P¯Õ≤Æ AŒ®˜£ıÆ ©ÿ÷Æ PhflP¯Õz v∏®§a ˆ\æzu ˜£ıvØ uP¡¿ A‘¬®¶
AŒUP ¨ïØÿ]®˜£ıÆ.
Phfl ˜\Põ®¶ ©ÿ÷Æ/A¿ªx §¯nØz¯u ¯PØP®£kzu¿ ˜£ıfl”¡ÿ‘¿ Dk£kÆ F»Ø∫P“
A¯⁄¡∏Æ A¿ªx G[P“ ¡[Q \ı∫£ıP ˆ\Ø¿£h A[RPõUP®£mh G¢u J∏ |£∏Æ R˜«
{∫n∞UP®£mk“Õ£i ¡»Pımh¿P¯Õ® §fl£ÿ÷¡ı∫P“:
A) ˆ£ıx¡ıP E[P“ ¬∏®£®£i ˆuõ¬USÆ Chzv¿ }[P“ ˆuıh∫¶ ˆPı“Õ®£k√∫P“. B⁄ı¿
Azu¯PØ S‘®§mh ChÆ G⁄ GxƒÆ S‘®§h®£hı¬mhı¿, E[P“ √mi¿ \¢vUP Cت¬¿¯ª
G¤¿, ¡oPÆ |hzxÆ/ˆuı»¿ ¶õ≤Æ Chzv¿ ˆuıh∫¶ ˆPı“Õ®£k√∫P“. B) ïu¿ ﯔ∞˜ª˜Ø
E[P¯Õa \¢vUP ¡∏Æ |£õfl A¯hØıÕÆ ©ÿ÷Æ A¡µx A[RPıµÆ £ÿ‘ E[P–USz
ˆuõ¬UP®£kÆ. C) E[P“ A¢uµ[PÆ ©vUP®£kÆ. D) E[P–h⁄ı⁄ |h¡iU¯P ˆuıh∫¶P“
|ıPüP©ı⁄ ﯔ∞¿ C∏USÆ. E) E[P“ ¬Øı£ıµÆ A¿ªx ˆuı»ºfl `Ã{¯ªP¯Õ®
ˆ£ı÷zx˜¡÷¬u©ıPz ˜u¯¡®£mhı¿ u¬µ, ˆ£ıx¡ıP G[P“ §µv{vP“ 07.00 ©o ©ÿ÷Æ 19.00
©oUS C¯h∞¿ E[P¯Õz ˆuıh∫¶ ˆPı“¡ı∫P“. F) J∏ S‘®§mh ˜|µzv¿ A¿ªx S‘®§mh
Chzv¿ A¯«®¶UP¯Õ u¬∫USÆ£i }[P“ ˜Pıõ⁄ı¿ A¢u ˜PıõU¯PP“ CØfl”¡¯µ ©vUP®£kÆ.
G)A¯«®¶UPŒfl ˜|µÆ ©ÿ÷Æ GsoU¯P ©ÿ÷Æ E¯µØıh¿PŒfl AhUPÆ Buıµ©ıP £vƒ
ˆ\¥x ¯¡zxU ˆPı“Õ®£kÆ. H) PhflP“ \Æ£¢u©ıP ¬¡ıu[P“ ©ÿ÷Æ P∏zx ˜¡÷£ıkP“
J∏¡∏UˆPı∏¡∫ HÿPzuUP ¡¯P∞¿ ©ÿ÷Æ J [Pı⁄ ¬uzv¿ w∫UP®£h A¯⁄zx Eu¬≤Æ
AŒUP®£kÆ. I) PhflP¯Õ ¡`ºUP E[P“ ChzxUS ¡∏Ƙ£ıx, |ıPüPÆ ©ÿ÷Æ ©õØı¯u
P¯h®§iUP®£kÆ. J) SkÆ£zv¿ H˜u›Æ xص©ı⁄ `«¿ A¿ªx Cuµ ˜\uÆ HxÆ Hÿ£mk“Õ
`«¿P“ ˜£ıfl” ˆ£ı∏zu©ÿ” u∏n[PŒ¿ Phfl £ıUQ¯Ø ¡`ºUP A¯«®¶P“/¡∏¯PP“
˜©ÿˆPı“¡x u¬∫UP®£kÆ.
6.1 §¯nØÆ ¯PØP®£kzxu¿ ˆPı“¯P A‘U¯P:
\mhzvÿ˜Pÿ£ |ı[P“ J∏ §¯nØÆ ¯PØP®£kzxu¿ ˆPı“¯P¯ØU P¯h®§i®˜£ıÆ. E[P“
˜¡sk˜PıŒfl ˜£õ¿ ˆPı“¯P∞fl J∏ |P¿ E[P–US Q¯hUSÆ£i ˆ\¥Ø®£kÆ.
7. ¶Pı∫P“, S¯”P“ ©ÿ÷Æ P∏zx ˆuõ¬zu¿
7.1 Em¶” {∫¡ıP |¯hﯔP“:
A) }[P“ J∏ ¶Pı∫ ˆ\¥Ø ¬∏Ƨ⁄ı¿, |ı[P“ E[P–US ˆuõ¬®˜£ıÆ: B) G®£i C¯u
ˆ\¥¡x: Auı¡x i) G[˜P ¶Pı∫ ˆ\¥Ø®£h ïi≤Æ. ii) G®£i ¶Pı∫ ˆ\¥Ø®£h ˜¡skÆ. iii)
G®˜£ıx £v¯ª Gv∫£ı∫UPªıÆ. iv) S¯”w∫UP Øı¯µ AqS¡x. v) ïiƒ £ÿ‘ E[P–US ©QÃa]
C¿¯ªˆØ¤¿ Gfl⁄ ˆ\¥¡x. 6) }[P“ H˜u›Æ ˜P“¬P“ ˜Pmhı¿ G[P“ A桪∫P“ E[P–US
£v¿P“ AŒzx Euƒ¡ı∫P“. B) }[P“ J∏ ¡ıiU¯PØıÕ∫ BSƘ£ıx, ¶Pı∫P¯Õ {ØıØ©ıP
©ÿ÷Æ ¬¯µ¡ıP ¯PØıÕ G[˜P,G[PŒfl |¯hﯔPŒfl ¬£µ[P¯Õ ˆuõ¢x ˆPı“ÕªıÆ G⁄
|ı[P“ E[P–US T÷˜¡Æ. C) E[P“ ¶Pı∫ G zxß∫¡©ıP ˆ£”®£mk C∏¢uı¿, J∏ ¡ıµzxUS“
|ı[P“ E[P–US J∏ J®¶u¯ª/£v¯ª A›®£ ïØÿ] ˆ\¥˜¡ıÆ. E[P“ ¶Pı∫ G[PÕı¿
Hÿ£kzu®£mi∏UQfl” ˆuı¯ª˜£] ˆÌ¿® ˆhÏU ⪩ıP ˆuı¯ª˜£]∞¿ A¿ªx ¡ıiU¯PØıÕ∫
˜\¯¡ Gso¿ ˆuõ¬UP®£kQ”x G¤¿ |ı[P“ E[P–US J∏ PÆ®ˆÕ∞flm ˆµL£µflÏ |Æ£∫
AŒ®£˜uık, ¶Pı∫ ´x ˜©ÿˆPı“Õ®£mk ¡∏Æ |h¡iU¯P∞fl ïfl˜⁄ÿ”Æ £ÿ‘ J∏ S‘®§mh
{ØıØ©ı⁄ Pıª ¡µÆ§¿ ˆuõ¬®˜£ıÆ. D) ¬ÂØz¯u® £õ^ºzu§fl, |ı[P“ G[P“ C÷v ïi¯¡
E[P–US A›®¶˜¡ıÆ A¿ªx £v¿ AŒUP G[P–US Hfl Tku¿ PıªÆ ˜u¯¡®£kQ”x G⁄
¬ÕUS˜¡ıÆ. ˜©æÆ E[P“ ¶Pı∫ Q¯hzu§fl B÷ ¡ıµ[P–US“ A¯uz w∫UP ïØÿ] ˆ\¥˜¡ıÆ
©ÿ÷Æ E[P–US A¢u w∫¡ı¿ v∏®v Q¯hUPı¬mhı¿, E[P“ ¶Pı¯µ }[P“ ˆuıh∫¢x ˜©æÆ
G®£i ¯PØı“¡x Gfl£x £ÿ‘ |ı[P“ E[P–US T÷˜¡ıÆ.
7.2 ¡ıiU¯PØıÕ∫ |ªÆ ˜£qÆ ¡[Q ˜\¯¡
A) G[P“ C¯nØuÕzvæÆ ©ÿ÷Æ G[PŒfl G¿ªıU Q¯ÕPŒæÆ |ı[P“ C¢vØ õ\∫∆ ¡[Q∞fl
¡ıiU¯PØıÕ∫ |ªÆ ˜£qÆ ¡[Q ˜\¯¡ vmhz¯u Hÿ÷U ˆPısk“Õ¯u ¬ÕUSÆ ¬uzv¿ K∫
A‘¬®¯£ Pım]US ¯¡®˜£ıÆ. J∏ {ØıØ©ı⁄ PmhnÆ ˆ\æzvU ˜Pı∏¡vfl ˜£õ¿ Cufl |P¿
Q¯hUSÆ£i ˆ\¥Ø®£kÆ. B) G[PŒhÆ ¶Pı∫ ˆuõ¬zu 30 |ımP–US“ G[PŒh™∏¢x
E[P–US v∏®vPµ©ı⁄ £v¿ Q¯hUPı¬mhı¿ ©ÿ÷Æ S¯”P¯Õz w∫zxUˆPı“Õ }[P“ Cuµ
¡»PŒ¿ ˆ\Ø¿£h ¬∏Ƨ⁄ı¿ }[P“ ¡ıiU¯PØıÕ∫ |ªÆ ˜£qÆ ¡[Q ˜\¯¡ vmhÆ 2006&fl
RÃ, C¢vØ õ\∫∆ ¡[QØı¿ {Ø™UP®£mk“Õ ¡ıiU¯PØıÕ∫ |ªÆ ˜£qÆ ¡[Q ˜\¯¡ vmhz¯u
AqPªıÆ. ¡ıiU¯PØıÕ∫ |ªÆ ˜£qÆ ¡[Q ˜\¯¡ vmhzvfl ]”®¶ AÆ\[P“ ¡[Q A‘¬®¶
£ª¯PPŒ¿ Pım]US ¯¡UP®£kÆ ©ÿ÷Æ C¢u vmhz¯u }[P“ G[P“ C¯nØuÕzvæÆ
£ı∫UPªıÆ. C¢u ¬ÂØzv¿ G[P“ A桪∫P“ |¯hﯔ¯Ø ¬ÕUS¡ı∫P“.
8. vmh[P“ ©ÿ÷Æ ˜\¯¡P“
8.1 ˆh£ı]m PnUSP“
G[PŒhÆ }[P“ ˜\™®¶U PnUSP“, ˆh∫Æ ˆh£ı]mP“, |h®¶U PnUSP“ ˜£ıfl” £ª ¡¯PU
PnUSP¯Õ≤Æ ©ÿ÷Æ "˜|ı L®õ¿Ï' PnUS ïuºØ¡ÿ¯”≤Æ x¡[PªıÆ. }[P“ RÃUPsh
¬u[PŒ¿ Czu¯PØ PnUSP¯Õz x¡[PªıÆ.
i) u¤|£∫ ii) Tmk iii) Tmk (Øı˜µ›Æ J∏¡∫ A¿ªx J∏¡µx C”®¶US §fl ©ÿˆ”ı∏¡∫) iv)
Tmk (uØ¡∫ A¿ªx J∏¡µx C”®¶US §fl ©ÿˆ”ı∏¡∫) v) Tmk (§¢¯uØ¡∫ A¿ªx
J∏¡µx C”®¶US §fl ©ÿˆ”ı∏¡∫) vi) A¿ªx ˜ƒ÷ Huı¡uı⁄ ¬uÆ. ˜©ÿPsh¡ÿ¯” }[P“
¡ıõ_ {Ø©⁄ ¡\v≤hfl A¿ªx C¿ªı©¿ x¡[PªıÆ. PnUS x¡[SƘ£ıx |ı[P“ uÿ˜£ıx“Õ
PnUSP“ \Æ£¢u®£mh ©ÿ÷Æ {Ø©⁄ ¡\vP¯Õ £ÿ‘ ¬ÕUS˜¡ıÆ.
˜©æÆ |ı[P“ ¡«[SÆ ºU¬m (Liquid) ˆh£ı]m ¡\v, Ï√® AUPƒsm ©ÿ÷Æ C˜u˜£ı¿ Cuµ
vmh[P“ £ÿ‘ ©ÿ÷Æ A¡ÿ‘¿ \Æ£¢u®£mk“Õ |¯hﯔP“ £ÿ‘ PnUS x¡[SƘ£ıx T÷˜¡ıÆ.
PnUS x¡[Su¿ ©ÿ÷Æ ˆh£ı]m PnUSP¯Õ CØUSu¿
G¢u J∏ ˆh£ı]m PnU¯P≤Æ x¡USÆ ïfl¶, |ı[P“
A) ¡[Q∞fl ¡» Pımh¿PŒfl£i ""U˜|ı ≤¡∫ PÏh©∫'' (˜PJ¥]) Rà ˜u¯¡®£kÆ ¬uzv¿ uS¢u
AÆ\[P¯Õ ˜©ÿˆPı“˜¡ıÆ. B) }[P“ PnUS x¡[P ˜u¯¡Øı⁄ B¡n[P“ A¿ªx \ıfl÷P“
\©∫®§USÆ£i ˜Pm˜£ıÆ. C) G[PŒfl ˜PJ¥]&US Hÿ£,£n® £xUPæUS Gvµı⁄ {¯ª A¿ªx
Huı¡x Cuµ \mhz ˜u¯¡P–U˜Pÿ£ ©mk˜© |ı[P“ uP¡¿ ˆ£÷˜¡ıÆ. J∏ ˜¡¯Õ Tku¿ uP¡¿
˜u¯¡®£mhı¿, Ax u¤ØıP® ˆ£”®£kÆ ©ÿ÷Æ |ı[P“ Czu¯PØ Tku¿ uP¡¿ ˆ£÷¡ufl
˜|ıUPz¯uU S‘®§k˜¡ıÆ. Czu¯PØ uP¡¯ª AŒ®£x ufl¤a¯\Øı⁄x; D) PnUS x¡[P
£i¡[P“ ©ÿ÷Æ §” B¡n[P“ E[P–US AŒUP®£kÆ. C¡ÿ‘¿ }[P“ uµ
˜¡siØ ïUQØ uP¡¿P“ ©ÿ÷Æ ˜PJ¥] ˜u¯¡P–U˜Pÿ£ \õ£ı∫UP ©ÿ÷Æ/A¿ªx £vƒ ˆ\¥Ø
ˆPıkUP®£h ˜¡siØ B¡n[P“ £ÿ‘Ø ¬£µ[P“ Ah[Q C∏USÆ. E) J∏ ˆh£ı]m PnUS
x¡[SƘ£ıx |¯hﯔ \ƧµuıØ[P¯Õ |ı[P“ ¬ÕUS˜¡ıÆ ©ÿ÷Æ }[P“ ˜Pı∏Æ ˜u¯¡Øı⁄
uP¡¿P¯Õ AŒ®˜£ıÆ. F) }[P“ PnU¯Pz x¡[SƘ£ıx ˆh£ı]m CflË≥µflÏ Asm Qˆµim
QØıµsi Pı∫ˆ£ı˜µÂfl BL® C¢vØı (iIÍ‚Í) ¡«[SÆ ]ª ¡µÆ¶P“ ©ÿ÷Æ {£¢u¯⁄P¯Õ®
ˆ£ı÷zx Pı®•mkz vmhzvflRÃ, Pı®•k ¡\v∞fl ¬£µ[P“ E[P–US Q¯hUSÆ£i ˆ\¥˜¡ıÆ;
E[P“ PnU¯P ©ıÿ÷u¿
A) |h®¶ ©ÿ÷Æ ˜\™®¶ PnUS ˜u∫¢ˆukzux £ÿ‘ E[P–US ©QÃa] C¿¯ªˆØ¤¿ (ˆh∫Æ
ˆh£ı]m PnUS u¬µ) }[P“ PnUQ¿ ïuflïuº¿ £nÆ ˆ\æzvØ ˜uv∞º∏¢x 14 |ımP–US“,
}[P“ G[P“ PnUSPŒ¿ ©ÿˆ”ıfl÷US ©ıÿ‘UˆPı“Õ |ı[P“ EuƒQ˜”ıÆ A¿ªx |ı[P“
E[P“ £nz¯u, Ax ¡mi HxÆ \Æ£ıvzv∏¢uı¿ A¯u≤Æ ˜\∫zx v∏®§ AŒ®˜£ıÆ. ˜¡÷ G¢u
A‘¬®¶U Pıª¡µÆ¶ ©ÿ÷Æ G¢u Tku¿ Pmhn[P–Æ Q¯hØıx. B) }[P“ E[P“ |h®¶/
˜\™®¶ PnU¯P ïizxUˆPı“Õz w∫©ı¤zuı¿ E[P“ S‘®¶P¯Õ® ˆ£ÿ” §fl I¢x Aæ¡¿
|ımP–US“ |ı[P“ E[P“ PnU¯P ïi®£˜£ıÆ.. C) }[P“ E[P“ PnU¯P G[P“ ¡[Q∞fl
©ÿˆ”ı∏ Q¯ÕUS ©ıÿ” ¬∏Ƨ⁄ı¿ |ı[P“ A∆¬uÆ ˆ\¥˜¡ıÆ. E[P“ ˜PıõU¯P¯Ø® ˆ£ÿ”
§fl Cµsk ¡ıµ[P–US“, ¶vØ Q¯Õ∞¿ ˜u¯¡®£kÆ ˜PJ¥] \ƧµuıØ[P¯Õ® ß∫zv ˆ\¥¡ufl
˜£õ¿ ¶vØ Q¯Õ∞¿ E[P“ PnUS CØUP BµÆ§UP®£kÆ. E[PŒfl {¯ªØı⁄ S‘®¶P“/
˜|µiU P»®¶P“ HxÆ C∏¢uı¿ |ı[P“ Eh˜⁄ E[P–USz uP¡¿ ˆuõ¬®˜£ıÆ. D) }[P“ E[P“
|h®¶U PnU¯P ©ıÿ÷Ƙ£ıx G[PŒfl H˜u›Æ u¡÷ Pıµn©ıP A¿ªx ˜u¯¡Øÿ” ¬uuzv¿
uı©uÆ Hÿ£kQ”x G¤¿, }[P“ ˆ\æzu ˜¡siØ ¡[QU Pmhn[P“ Huı¡x C∏¢uı¿ A¡ÿ¯”
|ı[P“ µzx ˆ\¥˜¡ıÆ.
8.1.1 ˜\™®¶/|h®¶ PnUSP“
}[P“ J∏ ˆh£ı]m PnU¯Pz ˆuıh[SƘ£ıx |ı[P“:
A) |ı[P“ J∏ S‘®§mh (Pıª¡µÆ§ÿS) Pmhn™fl‘ £õ¡∫zu¯⁄PŒfl GsoU¯P, £nÆ
Gkzu¿P“ ïuºØ¯¡ £ÿ‘ E[P–US uP¡¿ ˆuõ¬®˜£ıÆ. B) Czu¯PØ ¡µÆ¶P¯Õ ™g_Æ
Pmhn[P“ H˜u›Æ C∏¢uı¿ A¯¡ £ÿ‘ E[P–USz uP¡¿ ˆuõ¬®˜£ıÆ. Pmhnz vmh
ﯔ∞¿ Pmhn[PŒfl ¬£µÆ Em£kzu®£kÆ. C) E[P“ ˜\™®¶ ˆh£ı]mP“ ´x ¡«[P®£kÆ
¡mi ¬QuÆ Gfl⁄, Ax G®£iU PnUQh®£kQ”x ©ÿ÷Æ Aufl Pıª¡¯µØ¯” Gfl⁄ Gfl£x £ÿ‘z
ˆuõ¬®˜£ıÆ.
S¯”¢u£m\ C∏®¶
˜\™®¶U PnUQ¿ £µı©õUP®£h ˜¡siØ S¯”¢u£m\ C∏®¶ £ÿ‘ G[P“ ¡[QPŒ¿ uP¡¿
Pım]US ¯¡UP®£kÆ. ˜\™®¶ PnUS ©ÿ÷Æ |h®¶ PnUS ˜£ıfl” ©ÿ÷Æ H˜u›Æ ˆh£ı]m
PnUS ˜£ıfl” ˆh£ı]m vmh[P–US |ı[P“:
A) Czu¯PØ PnUSP¯Õ CØUP, E∏¡ıUP®£mk“Õ ¬vP“ ©ÿ÷Æ {£¢u¯⁄PŒfl J∏ £ıP©ıP
£µı©õUP®£h ˜¡siØ S¯”¢u£m\ C∏®¶P“ £ÿ‘ uP¡¿ ˆuõ¬®˜£ıÆ. B) E[P“ PnUQ¿
}[P“ S¯”¢u£m\ £µı©õ®¯£ £µı©õUPz u¡‘⁄ı¿ AuÿPıP ¬vUP®£kÆ Pmhn[P“ £ÿ‘
uP¡¿ ˆuõ¬®˜£ıÆ. Pmhn vmh ﯔ∞¿ Pmhn[PŒfl ¬£µ[P“ Em£kzu®£kÆ.
Pmhn[P“:
Pı˜\ı¯ª ¶zuP[P“ ¡«[Su¿, PnUSPŒfl Tku¿/|P¿ A‘U¯P, l®Œ˜Pm £ı϶U,
ˆ\æzu®£mh Pı˜\ı¯ªPŒfl |P¿P“, L˜£ıº˜Øı Pmhn[P“, ˆh§m Pı∫k, HiGÆ Pı∫k,
¯PˆØ z¯u \õ£ı∫zu¿, ˜£ıvØ C∏®¶ C¿ªıuuı¿ Pı˜\ı¯ª v∏®§ A›®£®£ku¿, Eõ¯©
AvPıµÆ ¡«[Su¿ A¿ªx PnUS ¡¯P∞¿ ©ıÿ”Æ ïuºØ¡ÿ÷UPı⁄ S‘®§mh Pmhn[P“
G[P“ Pmhnz vmh ﯔ∞¿ Em£kzu®£kÆ. ˆPıkUP®£kÆ \æ¯PP“ A¿ªx ¬ªUS
(¯ªL®¯hÆ Qˆµim Pı∫kPŒ¿ ¶x®§zu¿ Pmhnz¯u {µ¢uµ©ıP µzx ˆ\¥u¿ ˜£ıfl”¯¡)
\æ¯P∞fl/ ¬ªUQfl A\¿ ˆ\¿æ£iØıSÆ PıªPmhzv¿ ¬ªUQU ˆPı“Õ®£hıx.
A‘U¯PP“
A. E[P“ PnUQÿS (E[PŒhÆ £ı϶U C∏USÆ PnUS ˜£ıª) ˆ£ı∏zu©ıP C¿¯ª G¤¿,E[P“
PnU¯P {∫¡QUP, ©ÿ÷Æ Av¿ £vƒP¯Õ \õ£ı∫UP Eu¡ |ı[P“ J∏ ©ıuı¢vµ A‘U¯P¯Ø
A›®¶˜¡ıÆ. B) E[P“ PnUS ¡¯PUS ¡«UP©ıP Q¯h®£¯u ¬h,}[P“ AiUPi ©ıu
A‘U¯PP“ ˆPıkUSÆ£i }[P“ G[PŒhÆ J∏ PmhnÆ ˆ\æzx¡ufl˜£õ¿ ˜PmPªıÆ. C¢u
PmhnÆ Pmhnz vmh ﯔ∞¿ S‘®§h®£kÆ. C) Pƒshõ¿ }[P“ E[PŒfl uØ ]ª
£õ¡∫zu¯⁄P¯Õ £ı∫UP CØæÆ.˜©æÆ }[P“ HiGÆ&¿ A¿ªx E[P“ Cflh∫ˆ|m PnUS âªÆ
G[ˆP¿ªıÆ C¢u ¡\vP“ G[PŒhÆ Q¯hUQ”˜uı A[S }[P“ £õ¡∫zu¯⁄ ¬£µ[P¯Õ®
£ı∫UPªıÆ. D) ˜©æÆ |ı[P“ E[P–US ™fl⁄g\¿ âªÆ A¿ªx G[PŒfl £ıxPı®£ı⁄
Cflh∫ˆ|m £ı[Q[ ˜\¯¡ âªÆ PnUS A‘U¯PP¯Õ A›®¶˜¡ıÆ. C¢u ¡\vP“ G[PŒhÆ
C∏¢uı¿, }[P“ ¬∏Ƨ⁄ı¿ C∆¡ı÷ A›®£ ïi≤Æ.
8.1.2. ˆh∫Æ ˆh£ı]mP“
ˆh∫Æ ˆh£ı]m¯h ïfl⁄uıP ïizx £nÆ ˆ£÷u¿
|ı[P“: A) ïv∫ƒUS ïfl¶ ˆh∫Æ ˆh£ı]mkUS £nÆ ˆ£÷¡uÿPı⁄ |¯hﯔ £ÿ‘ E[P–US
uP¡¿ ˆuõ¬®˜£ıÆ. B) ˆhÆ ˆh£ı]mi¿ ïfl⁄uıP® £nÆ GkUP ¡mi ¬Qu ¬£µ[P¯Õz
ˆuõ¬®˜£ıÆ.
£ıUQ≤“Õ ˆh∫Æ ˆh£ı]mP¯Õ® ¶x®§zu¿
ïv∫ƒ ˜uvUS® §fl¶, }[P“ ˆh£ı]mP¯Õ® ¶x®§UQ’∫P“ G¤¿, |ı[P“ AuÿPıP EõzuıSÆ
¡mi ¬QuÆ £ÿ‘ E[P–USz uP¡¿ ˆuõ¬®˜£ıÆ.
ˆh£ı]mPŒfl ˜£õ¿ Am¡ıflÏ
ˆh∫Æ ˆh£ı]mPŒfl ˜£õ¿ Q¯hUSÆ Phfl/K¡∫ iµıL®m ¡\v £ÿ‘ |ı[P“ ¬ÕUS˜¡ıÆ.
8.1.3 "˜|ı L®õ¿Ï" PnUS
™PU S¯”¢u£m\ C∏®¶ "߉ØÆ" A¿ªx ™P S¯”¡ı⁄ C∏®¶ Ehfl J∏ Ai®£¯h ¡[Q
"˜|ıL®õ®Ï"PnUS x¡[P ¡\v AŒUQ˜”ıÆ. Azu¯PØ PnUQ¿ £ª¬u ˜\¯¡P“/vmh[P–US
EõzuıSÆ Pmhn[P“ Esk. A¯¡ u¤ Pmhnz vmhﯔ £miغ¿ S‘®§h®£kÆ. Czu¯Ø
PnUSPŒ¿ ufl¯© ©ÿ÷Æ £õ¡∫zu¯⁄ GsoU¯PP“ Pmk®£kzu®£hªıÆ. A¯¡ £ÿ‘
E[P–US PnUS x¡[P®£kƘ£ıx ˆuŒ¡ıPz ˆuõ¬UP®£kÆ.
8.1.4 ¯©⁄∫PŒfl PnUSP“
J∏ ¯©⁄∫ G®£i PnUS x¡[P ïi≤Æ ©ÿ÷Æ Ax G®£i CØUP®£hªıÆ Gfl£¯u® £ÿ‘ }[P“
¬£µÆ ˜Pmhı¿ |ı[P“ £v¿ AŒ®˜£ıÆ.
8.1.5 ]”®¶ PnUSP“
âzu Si©UP“, Eh¿ F⁄ïÿ˜”ı∫ ©ÿ÷Æ G u®£iUPz ˆuõØıu |£∫P“ ˜£ıfl” G[PŒfl ]”®£ı⁄
¡ıiU¯PØıÕ∫P–UPıP |ı[P“ ]”®£ı⁄ ©ÿ÷Æ ¡\vØı⁄ ﯔ∞¿ |h¡iU¯PP“ Gkzx“˜ÕıÆ.
Cv¿ Em£mh¯¡ Czu¯PØ ¬sn®£uıµ∫P“ ©ÿ÷Æ ¡ıiU¯PØıÕ∫P–UPıP ¡\vØı⁄ £ıº]P“,
vmh[P“ ©ÿ÷Æ ˜\¯¡P“.
Ps£ı∫¯¡ C¿ªıu¡∫P“/ Cuµ¡¯P F⁄ïÿ˜”ı∫ A¡˜µı/A¡˜Õı ˜|õ¿ ¡[QUSÆ PnUS
x¡[P ¬∏Æ¶Æ |£∏USÆ ˆuõ¢u J∏¡¯µ \ım]ØıP Ehfl Tmi¡¢uı¿ |ı[P“ PnUS x¡[P
|¯hﯔ ©ÿ÷Æ Cuµ ¬vP“ ©ÿ÷Æ {£¢u¯⁄P¯Õ ˆuõ¬®˜£ıÆ.
ˆ£ıx¡ıP Ps£ı∫¯¡ C¿ªıu¡∫P“ ©ÿ÷Æ G u®£iUPz ˆuõØıu¡∫P–US Pı˜\ı¯ª ¶zuP ¡\v
AŒ®£v¿¯ª. G¤›Æ, ]¿ª¯” PhflP¯Õ, £ª ˜\¯¡ E£˜ØıP[P–UPı⁄ §¿P¯Õ S‘®§mh
Pıª ˜¡¯ÕPŒ¿ ˆ\æzu E[P“ |ª¯⁄® £ıxPıUSÆ AÆ\[P“ Ehfl £õ^ºzx Pı˜\ı¯ª ¶zuPÆ
¡«[P P∏x˜¡ıÆ.
8.1.6. ïh[Q®˜£ı⁄/ˆ\Ø¿£hıu PnUSP“
|ı[P“ E[P–US, A) }[P“ G®˜£ıx PnUS x¡[Q‹∫P“, E[P“ PnUS ïh[Q®˜£ı⁄/
ˆ\Ø¿£hıu PnUS BP E[P“ PnUS ¡¯P®£kzu®£mh Pıª¡µÆ¶ Gx G⁄U T÷˜¡ıÆ. E[P“
PnUS ïh[Q® ˜£ıSÆ/ ˆ\Ø¿£hıu A¿ªx ˜Pıµ®£hıu PnUS BP ¡¯P®£kzu®£k¡uÿS
âfl÷ ©ıu[P–US ïfl |ı[P“ E[P–US uP¡¿ ˆuõ¬®˜£ıÆ. ˜©æÆ Pmhn vmh ﯔ®£i
Au¯⁄ ´skÆ ˆ\Ø¿£kzu Pmhn[P“ Em£h ©ÿ÷Æ ¬¯ÕƒP“ £ÿ‘ |ı[P“ E[P–US uP¡¿
ˆuõ¬®˜£ıÆ; B) }[P“ E[P“ PnU¯Pa ˆ\Ø¿£kzu ¬∏Ƨ⁄ı¿ |ı[P“ AuÿPıP® §fl£ÿ”
˜¡siØ |¯hﯔ¯Ø E[P–US ˆuõ¬®˜£ıÆ.
8.1.7 E[P“ PnU¯P ïizxU ˆPı“u¿
ˆ£ıx¡ı⁄ `Ã{¯ªPŒfl RÃ, |ı[P“ S¯”¢u£m\Æ 30 |ımP“ Pıª A¡Pı\Æ AŒUPı©¿ E[P“
PnU¯P ïiUP ©ım˜hıÆ. Azu¯PØ `«¿PŒfl Euıµn[P“ ""ˆ£ıx¡ı⁄¯¡'' A¿ª G⁄U
P∏u®£kÆ PnU¯P ﯔØÿ” ¬uzv¿ ¯PØı“u¿ ïuºØ¯¡ BP C∏USÆ. Czu¯PØ A¯⁄zx
¬ÂØ[PŒæÆ, E[PÕı¿ HÿP⁄˜¡ ¡«[P®£mh Pı˜\ı¯ªP–US ©ıÿ÷ Hÿ£ıkP“ ˆ\¥Ø
˜¡siØx A¡]ØÆ ©ÿ÷Æ }[P“ Czu¯PØ PnUQ¿ G¢u ¶x Pı˜\ı¯ªP–Æ ˆPıkUPU Thıx.
8.2 UŒØõ[ _«ÿ] PˆªUÂfl ˜\¯¡P“
|ı[P“, A) |ı[P“ E“—∫ Pı˜\ı¯ªP“ ©ÿ÷Æ ˆ¡Œ≥∫ Pı˜\ı¯ªP–UPı⁄ UŒØõ[ _«ÿ] £ÿ‘
E[P–USz uP¡¿ ˆuõ¬®£xhfl, PˆªU›UPıP }[P“ \©∫®§zu Pı˜\ı¯ªP“, ¡¯µ˜Øı¯ªP“
ïuºØ¡ÿ÷US }[P“ G®˜£ıx £nÆ ˆ£”ªıÆ Gfl” ¬£µ[P¯Õ≤Æ ©ÿ÷Æ G[PÕx Pı˜\ı¯ª
˜\Põ®¶ ˆPı“¯P∞fl£i, uı©u©ı¡uÿPı⁄ ¡mi¯Ø }[P“ G®˜£ıx ˆ£”z uSv E¯hØ¡∫ Gfl÷Æ
uP¡¿ ˆuõ¬®˜£ıÆ. B) |ı[P“ ˆ¡Œ≥∫ Pı˜\ı¯ªP–US Eh⁄iØıP Qˆµim AŒzuı¿,
EõzuıSÆ ¬vP“ ©ÿ÷Æ {£¢u¯⁄P“ Em£h Ax £ÿ‘Ø ¬£µ[P¯Õ AŒ®˜£ıÆ. Auı¡x }[P“
PnUQ¿ ˆh£ı]m ˆ\¥x“Õ G¢u ¡¯PUS £nÆ ¡µƒ ¯¡UP®£kÆ, PnUSP“ v∏®vPµ©ıP
CØUP®£kQ”uı ˜£ıfl”¡ÿ÷US ¬£µ[P¯Õ AŒ®˜£ıÆ. C) G[PŒfl Pı˜\ı¯ª PˆªUÂfl
ˆPı“¯P∞fl£i ˆ\Ø¿£k˜¡ıÆ ©ÿ÷Æ }[P“ \©∫®§zu Pı˜\ı¯ª Gkzxa ˆ\¿ª®£kƘ£ıx
ˆuı¯ª¢x ˜£ı⁄ı¿ J∏ Pı˜\ı¯ª |P¿ ˆ£” |ı[P“ A¯⁄zx Eu¬P–Æ AŒ®˜£ıÆ. D) }[P“
E[P“ PnU¯Pz x¡[SƘ£ıxÆ ©ÿ÷Æ }[P“ G®˜£ıx G[PŒhÆ ˜PmhıæÆ |ı[P“ ˜©ÿPsh
uP¡¯ª AŒ®˜£ıÆ. G[P“ £ıº]∞¿ H˜u›Æ ©ıÿ”Æ C∏¢uı¿, ©ıÿ‘د©UP®£mh £ıº]
G[P“ C¯nØuÕzvæÆ ©ÿ÷Æ G[PŒfl G¿ªı Q¯ÕPŒæÆ Pım]US ¯¡UP®£kÆ.
8.3. ˆµıUP £õ¡∫zu¯⁄P“:
|ı[P“ Pı˜\ı¯ªP“/ˆµıUPÆ ˆ£ÿ÷UˆPı“˜¡ıÆ ©ÿ÷Æ E[P“ PnUS £µı©õUP®£kÆ
Chzvˆª¿ªıÆ Pƒsh∫PŒ¿ ˆµıUPÆ ¡«[S˜¡ıÆ. |ı[P“ A UPı⁄/ ]¯u¢u π£ı¥ ˜|ımkUP“
©ÿ÷Æ/ A¿ªx ]÷ |ınØ[P“ ˆ£ÿ÷UˆPısk C¢vØ õ\∫∆ ¡[Q B¯nU S‘®¶PŒfl£i
A¡ÿ¯” ©ıÿ‘z u∏˜¡ıÆ.
˜©ÿPsh £õ¡∫zu¯⁄P“ J∏ S‘®§mh ˆuı¯PUS ˜©¿ ˜£ı⁄ı¿ |ı[P“ E[P“ ¡∏©ı⁄¡õ
A¯hØıÕ Am¯h Gs¯n ˆPıkUSÆ£i ˜PmPªıÆ.
8.3.1. ˜|µiU P»®¶P“ ©ÿ÷Æ {¯ªØı⁄ ˆ\Ø¿ S‘®¶P“
|ı[P“, A) PnUS x¡[P®£kÆ ˜|µzv¿ ˜|µiU P»®¶P“/{¯ªØı⁄ S‘®¶P“ G®£i
ˆ\Ø¿£kQfl”⁄ ©ÿ÷Æ }[P“ A¡ÿ¯” G®£i £vƒ ˆ\¥¡x/µzx ˆ\¥¡x ©ÿ÷Æ A¯¡ \Æ£¢u©ı⁄
Pmhn[P“ Gfl⁄ Gfl£¯uU T÷˜¡ıÆ. §fl¡∏©ı÷ Pmhn[P“ ¬vUP®£kÆ.
B) ˜|µiU P»®¶UPıP }[P“ ˆPıkzx“Õ Eõ¯© AvPıµ[P“ ´x ˆ\Ø¿£ku¿ (Auı¡x
GªUmµı¤U UŒØõ[ \∫√Ï (D]GÏ) ©ÿ÷Æ Cuµ {¯ªØı⁄ S‘®¶P“). Eõ¯© AvPıµz¯ua
ˆ\Ø¿£kzx¡v¿ Huı¡x uı©uÆ A¿ªx u¡÷ Hÿ£mhı¿, Aufl Pıµn©ıP £n |ËhÆ A¿ªx
Tku¿ ˆ\ªƒ Hÿ£mhı¿ |ı[P“ ¡[Q∞fl |ËhDk £ıº]∞fl£i |ËhDk AŒ®˜£ıÆ. E[P“
PnUQ¿ ˜£ıvØ C∏®¶ C¿¯ª Gfl£ufl Pıµn©ıP Eõ¯© AvPıµÆ ˆ\Ø¿£kzu®£h ïiج¿¯ª
G¤¿, |ı[P“ A∆¡®˜£ıx ©ıÿ‘ A¯©UP®£kÆ Pmhn vmh ﯔ®£i Pmhn[P“ ¬v®˜£ıÆ;
C) |ı[P“ £nÆ ˆ\æzx£¡∏US J∏ Hˆ·flm BP ˆ\Ø¿£kÆ £m\zv¿, £nz¯u® ˆ£÷Æ
|£∏US GªUmµı¤U UŒØõ[ \∫√Ï (D]GÏ) G¤¿ £nÆ ˆ\æzu®£kƘ£ıx J∏ ˆ\æzxu¿
S‘®¯£ AŒ®˜£ıÆ. D) J∏ ˜|µi P»®§fl Rà E[P“ PnUQº∏¢x A[RPıµÆ C¿ªıu ﯔ∞¿/
u¡÷uªıP £nÆ P»UP®£mk“Õx G⁄z w∫©ı¤UP®£kQ”x G¤¿, E[P“ PnUQ¿ ¡mi≤hfl
Ax ´skÆ ˜\∫UP®£kÆ ©ÿ÷Æ ¡[Q∞fl |ËhDmk® £ıº]∞fl£i E[P–US |ËhDk
AŒUP®£kÆ.
8.4. £nz¯u ¡«[Pı©¿ {÷zxÆ ¡\v
|ı[P“, A) E[PÕı¿ ¡«[P®£kÆ Pı˜\ı¯ªP“ \Æ£¢u©ıP A¡ÿ÷US £nÆ ˆPıkUP®£hı©¿
{÷zxÆ S‘®¯£ Hÿ÷U ˆPı“˜¡ıÆ. E[P“ S‘®¶P“ Q¯hzu Ehfl |ı[P“ AuÿS J®¶u¿
AŒzx¬mk, C¢u Pı˜\ı¯ªP“ G[PÕı¿ HÿP⁄˜¡ UŒØ∫ ˆ\¥Ø®£hı©¿ C∏¢v∏¢uı¿ Eh⁄i
|h¡iU¯P Gk®˜£ıÆ. B) CuÿˆP⁄ HxÆ Pmhn[P“ C∏¢uı¿ A¡ÿ¯” ¬v®˜£ıÆ ©ÿ÷Æ
A¯¡ A∆¡®˜£ıx ©ıÿ‘ A¯©UP®£kÆ Pmhn® £miغ¿ ˜\∫UP®£kÆ. C) £nÆ AŒUP
˜¡shıÆ Gfl” S‘®¶P“ ˆ£”®£mh §fl, J∏ Pı˜\ı¯ªUS £nÆ AŒUP®£mi∏¢uı¿ |ı[P“
A¢u Pı˜\ı¯ª ©v®¶USõØ £nz¯u E[P–US v∏®§ ¡«[S˜¡ıÆ ©ÿ÷Æ ¡[Q∞fl |ËhDmk®
£ıº]∞fl£i E[P–US |ËhDk ¡«[P®£kÆ.
8.5 E[PÕı¿ ¡«[P®£kÆ Pı˜\ı¯ª/P»®¶USõØ S‘®¶P“
|ı[P“, A) E[P“ PnUQº∏¢x GkUP®£kÆ A\¿ Pı˜\ı¯ªP“/P»®¶ S‘®¶P¯Õ A¿ªx
A¡ÿ‘fl |P¿P¯Õ A¿ªx C˜©‰P¯Õ \mh®£i ˜u¯¡®£kÆ PıªÆ ¡¯µ ¯¡zv∏®˜£ıÆ. B)
E[P–US Pı˜\ı¯ª/P»®¶ S‘®¯£ A¿ªx Aufl |P¯ª G[PŒfl ˆµPı∫kP“ Q¯hUSÆ ¡¯µ
J∏ \ıfl”ıP |ı[P“ ¡«[S˜¡ıÆ. E[P“ PnUQº∏¢x £nÆ ¡«[P®£mh Pı˜\ı¯ª/P»®¶
S‘®¶P“ £ÿ‘ Huı¡x ¬¡ıuÆ G ©ı⁄ı¿, A¢u ˜PıõU¯P J∏ BskUS“ G ®£®£mhı¿, G¢u
PmhnïÆ ¬vUP®£hıx ©ÿ÷Æ J∏ BskUS ˜©¿ G¤¿ Pmhn[P“ Pmhnz vmh ﯔ®£i
¬vUP®£kÆ. C) |ı[P“ £nÆ ˆ\æzu®£hıu Pı˜\ı¯ªP“ ©ÿ÷Æ Aƒm&BL®&˜hm (ˆ\¿ªıu)
Pı˜\ı¯ªP“ ¬¡Pıµzv¿ G®£i ˆ\¥¿£k˜¡ıÆ G⁄ E[P–US T÷˜¡ıÆ. PnUQ¿ C∏®¶ C¿¯ª
Gfl” PıµnzxUPıP, £nÆ ¡«[P®£hı©¿ v∏®§ A›®£®£mh Pı˜\ı¯ªUS |ı[P“ PmhnÆ
¬v®˜£ıÆ. ¬vUP®£kÆ Pmhn[PŒfl ¬£µ[P“ A∆¡®˜£ıx ©ıÿ‘. A¯©UP®£kÆ Pmhn
vmhﯔ∞¿ Em£kzu®£kÆ.
8.6. Q¯Õ âh®£ku¿/©ıÿ”®£ku¿
|ı[P“ G[P“ Q¯Õ¯Ø âhz vmh™mhı¿ A¿ªx G[P“ Q¯Õ¯Ø G[Pı¡x ©ıÿ‘⁄ı¿, |ı[P“
E[P–US, A) E[P“ ˆ\flhõ¿ ˜¡÷ H˜u›Æ ¡[Q∞fl Q¯Õ CØ[P¬¿¯ª G¤¿ âfl÷
©ıu[P“ ïfl⁄uıP ˜|ımjÏ AŒ®˜£ıÆ ©ÿ÷Æ |ı[P“ E[P–US G®£i ˆuıh∫¢x ¡[Qa
˜\¯¡P“ AŒ®˜£ıÆ Gfl£¯u≤Æ T÷˜¡ıÆ. B) ˜¡÷ H˜u›Æ ¡[Q∞fl Q¯Õ ˆ\Ø¿£kQ”x
G¤¿ Cµsk ©ıu[P–US ïfl ˜|ımjÏ AŒ®˜£ıÆ.
8.7. PnUSuıµ∫P“ C”¢x¬mhı¿, w∫ƒU ˜PıõU¯PP“ w∫UP®£h¿
8.7.1. PnUSuıµ∫P“ C”¢x¬mhı¿, PnUSP¯Õz w∫UP, |ı[P“ J∏ GŒØ |¯hﯔ¯Ø
§fl£ÿ÷˜¡ıÆ.
A) J∏¡µx C”®¶US §fl ©ÿˆ”ı∏¡∫ (©ÿ”¡∫P“)/ ¡ıõ_ E“Õ PnUSP“ \mh ¬v
i) C”¢x˜£ı⁄ J∏ ˆh£ı]muıµõfl ˆh£ı]m PnUQ¿ A¢u ˆh£ı]mh∫ {Ø©⁄ ¡\v¯Ø®
£Øfl£kzv C∏¢uı¿ ©ÿ÷Æ A¢u PnUS J∏ ˆ\¿æ£iØıSÆ ¡ıõ_ {Ø©⁄z¯u J∏¡µx C”®¶US
§fl ©ÿˆ”ı∏¡∫ Gfl” \mh ¬v, (""Øı˜µ›Æ J∏¡∫ A¿ªx J∏¡µx C”®¶US §fl ©ÿˆ”ı∏¡∫''
A¿ªx ""G¢u J∏ |£∫ A¿ªx J∏¡µx C”®¶US §fl ©ÿˆ”ı∏¡∫'' A¿ªx ""uØ¡∫ A¿ªx
J∏¡µx C”®¶US §fl ©ÿˆ”ı∏¡∫'' A¿ªx ""§¢¯uØ¡∫ A¿ªx J∏¡µx C”®¶US §fl
©ÿˆ”ı∏¡∫'') Ehfl x¡[P®£mi∏¢uı¿ ˆh£ı]m PnUQ¿ E“Õ ´v C∏®¶z ˆuı¯P C”¢x˜£ı⁄
ˆh£ı]m PnUSuıµõfl PnUQ¿ A¡µx C”®¶US §fl E“Õ ©ÿˆ”ı∏¡∏US (©ÿ”¡∫P–US)/
¡ıõ_US §fl¡∏£⁄¡ÿ¯”≤Æ ˆ£ı÷zx ¡«[P®£kÆ: J∏¡µx C”®¶US §fl
©ÿˆ”ı∏¡õfl(PŒfl)/ ¡ıõ]fl (¡ıõ_PŒfl) A¯hØıÕÆ ©ÿ÷Æ PnUSuıµõfl C”®¶UPı⁄ Es¯©
{¯ª, uS¢u B¡n Buıµzxhfl {π§UP®£kQ”x G¤¿; ii) EõØ AvPıµï“Õ J∏ }v©fl”Æ,
C”¢x˜£ı⁄¡õfl PnUQ¿ E“Õ £nz¯u ¡«[PU Thıx G⁄ u¯h B¯n HxÆ ¬vUP¬¿¯ª
G¤¿ iii) C”¢x˜£ı⁄ ˆh£ı]muıµõfl \mhß∫¡ ¡ıõ_PŒfl J∏ iµÏi BP ¡[Q∞º∏¢x £nz¯u
J∏¡µx C”®¶US §fl ©ÿˆ”ı∏¡∫(P“)/ ¡ıõ_ (¡ıõ_P“) ˆ£÷¡ı∫(P“) G⁄ ˆuŒ¡ıPz
ˆuõ¬UP®£kÆ. Auı¡x A¡∏US ¡«[P®£kÆ £nÆ, Czu¯PØ £nz¯u® ˆ£÷Æ J∏¡µx
C”®¶US §fl ©ÿˆ”ı∏¡∫(P“)/ ¡ıõ_ (¡ıõ_P“) ˜£ıfl˜”ı∏US GvµıP G¢u |£õfl Eõ¯©
A¿ªx ˜PıõU¯P¯Ø® £ıvUPıx.
HÿP⁄˜¡ E“Õ {£¢u¯⁄P¯Õ® ˆ£ı÷zx, J∏¡µx C”®¶US §fl ©ÿˆ”ı∏¡∏US (©ÿ”¡∫P–US)
/ ¡ıõ_US (¡ıõ_P–US) ¡«[P®£kÆ £nÆ ¡[Q∞fl ˆ£ı÷®¯£ ï ¯©ØıP {¯”˜¡ÿ÷¡uıSÆ.
Czu¯PØ ¬ÂØ[PŒ¿ C”¢x˜£ı⁄ ˆh£ı]muıµ∫PŒfl A¡µx C”®¶US §fl ©ÿˆ”ı∏¡∏US
(©ÿ”¡∫P–US)/ ¡ıõ_US (¡ıõ_P–US) ¡«[P®£kÆ £nÆ \UÈÂfl \∫miL§˜Pm, ˆªmh∫
BL® Am™¤Ïm˜µÂfl A¿ªx ˆ©¥a \ıfl÷ G¯u≤Æ ¡º≤÷zuı©¿ A¿ªx G¢u ¬ku¯ª®
£zvµÆ A¿ªx §¯nØÆ ˜£ıfl”¡ÿ¯” K∏¡µx C”®¶US §fl ©ÿˆ”ı∏¡∫(P“)/ ¡ıõ_ (¡ıõ_P“)
ChÆ ˜PmPı©¿ C”¢x˜£ı⁄ PnUSuıµõfl PnUQ¿ G∆¡Õƒ £nÆ £ıUQ C∏¢uıæÆ
¡«[P®£kÆ.
B) J∏¡µx C”®¶US §fl ©ÿˆ”ı∏¡∫(©ÿ”¡∫P“)/ ¡ıõ_ C¿ªıu PnUSP“ \mh ¬v
C”¢x˜£ı⁄ ˆh£ı]muıµ∫ G¢u ¡ıõ¯\≤Æ {Ø™UP¬¿¯ª Gfl”ı¿ A¿ªx ""Øı˜µ›Æ J∏¡∫
A¿ªx "J∏¡µx C”®¶US §fl ©ÿˆ”ı∏¡∫'' A¿ªıx u¤ØıP A¿ªx TmhıP CØUP®£kÆ
PnUSP“ G¤¿(Auı¡x u¤ØıP A¿ªx TmhıP CØUP®£kÆ PnUSP“) |ı[P“ J∏ \ıuıµn
©¤u∏US Hÿ£kÆ Aˆ\ÕPõØz¯u≤Æ, ˜u¯¡Øÿ” uı©uz¯u≤Æ u¬∫UP ˜¡skÆ Gfl£¯uU
P∏zv¿ ˆPısk ˆh£ı]mhõfl \mhß∫¡ ¡ıõ_US (¡ıõ_P–US) £nÆ ¡«[P J∏ GŒØ |¯hﯔ
˜©ÿˆPı“˜¡ıÆ. A£ıØ AÆ\[P–US Gvµı⁄ {∫¡ıP A¯©®¯£ P∏zv¿ ˆPısk
|ı[P“ J∏ S¯”¢u£m\ ¡µÆ¯£, C”¢x˜£ı⁄ ˆh£ı]muıµõfl PnUS C∏®¶UPıP {∫n∞®˜£ıÆ.
C”¢x˜£ı⁄ ˆh£ı]muıµõfl PnUQ¿ A¢u ˆuı¯P ¡¯µUS©ı⁄ ˜PıõU¯PP“, J∏ ¬ku¯ª®
£zvµÆ u¬µ ˜¡÷ GxƒÆ ˜Pıµ®£hı©¿ w∫ƒ ˆ\¥Ø®£mk £nÆ ¡«[P®£kÆ.
C) ˆh∫Æ ˆh£ı]m PnUSP¯Õ ïfl⁄uıP˜¡ ïizxU ˆPı“u¿
ˆh∫Æ ˆh£ı]mP¯Õ® ˆ£ı÷zu¡¯µ, PnUS x¡[SÆ £i¡zv˜ª˜Ø |ı[P“, ˆh£ı]muıµ∫
C”¢x¬mhı¿ ˆh∫Æ ˆh£ı]mP“ ïfl⁄uıP˜¡ ïizxU ˆPı“Õ®£h J∏ \mh ¬v¯Ø
˜\∫zv∏UQ˜”ıÆ. Czu¯PØ ïfl⁄˜µ ïizxU ˆPısk £nÆ ˆ£÷£¡∫ A›©vUP®£k¡uÿPı⁄
{£¢u¯⁄P“ PnUS x¡[SÆ £i¡zvæÆ S‘®§h®£kÆ. Czu¯PØ ïfl⁄˜µ PnU¯P ïizx
£nÆ ˆ£÷uæUS G∆¬u A£µıuU PmhnïÆ Q¯hØıx.
D) C”¢x˜£ı⁄ ˆh£ı]muıµõfl ˆ£Øõ¿ ˆuıh∫¢x ¡µ¡ıSÆ £nÆ ´uı⁄ |h¡iU¯P
C”¢x˜£ı⁄ PnUSuıµ∫ ˆ£Øõ¿ ˆuıh∫¢x ¡µ¡ıSÆ £nÆ ´uı⁄ |h¡iU¯PP–UPıP J∏ ˆh£ı]m
PnUQ¿ K∏¡µx C”®¶US §fl ©ÿˆ”ı∏¡∫ (©ÿ”¡∫P“)/¡ıõ_ ˜£ıfl˜”ı∏US Hÿ£hUTiØ
PËhz¯u u¬∫UP, |ı[P“ J∏¡µx C”®¶US §fl ©ÿˆ”ı∏¡õh™∏¢x (©ÿ”¡∫PŒh™∏¢x)/
¡ıõ]h™∏¢x uS¢u \Æ©uÆ/A[RPıµÆ ˆ£÷˜¡ıÆ. C¢u ¬ÂØzv¿, |ı[P“ RÃUPsh Cµsk
AqSﯔPŒ¿ Jfl¯”® £Øfl£kzx˜¡ıÆ:
i) |ı[P“ C”¢x˜£ı⁄ PnUSuıµõfl PnUQ¿ A¡∏hfl TmhıP C∏¢u A¡µx C”®¶US §fl
¡ıÃQ” |£µı¿(|£∫PÕı¿)/¡ıõ\ı¿ J∏ PnU¯P "A©µ∫ v∏--.......................................... A¡∫PŒfl
ˆ\ızx' G⁄ J∏ PnU¯P x¡[SÆ£i |ı[P“ T÷˜¡ıÆ. Cv¿ C”¢|x ˜£ı⁄ |£õfl PnUQ¿
¡µ¡ıSÆ A¯⁄zxÆ ˜\∫UP®£kÆ. B⁄ı¿ C¢u PnUQº∏¢x £nÆ GkUP A›©vUP®£hıx.
A¿ªx ii) C”¢x˜£ı⁄ PnUSuıµõfl PnUQ¿ ¡µ¡ıSÆ ˆuı¯PP¯Õ |ı[P“ ""PnUSuıµ∫ C”¢x
¬mhı∫' G⁄U S‘®§mk, ˆuı¯P¯Øa ˆ\æzvØ¡∏U˜P A¡ÿ¯” v∏®§ A›®§h ©ÿ÷Æ PnUQ¿
A¡∏hfl TmhıP C∏¢u A¡µx C”®¶US §fl ¡ıÃQ” |£∏US (|£∫P–US)/¡ıõ_US Cx £ÿ‘
EõØ ¬uzv¿ uP¡¿ ˆuõ¬UP PnUQ¿ A¡∏hfl TmhıP C∏¢u A¡µx C”®¶US §fl ¡ıÃQ”
|£µı¿ (|£∫PÕı¿)/¡ıõ\ı¿ |ı[P“ A[RPõUP®£h CØæÆ.. Aufl §fl, PnUQ¿ A¡∏hfl TmhıP
C∏¢u A¡µx C”®¶US §fl ¡ıÃQ” |£∫ (|£∫P“)/¡ıõ_/\mhß∫¡ ¡ıõ_(P“) EõØ £Ø⁄ıŒ∞fl
ˆ£Øõ¿ A¢u ˆuı¯PP¯Õ® ˆ£”, £nÆ ˆ\æzx¡£õhÆ K∫ CnUP©ı⁄ PiuÆ AŒ®£ufl ˜£õ¿
A¿ªx D]GÏ £õ©ıÿ”Æ âªÆ A¢u® £nz¯u® ˆ£”ªıÆ.
8.7.2 w∫ƒ ˜PıõU¯PP¯Õ w∫UP Pıª¡µÆ¶
C”¢x˜£ı⁄ ˆh£ı]muıµ∫P“ \Æ£¢u®£mh ˜PıõU¯PP–US w∫ƒ AŒUP ©ÿ÷Æ ¡[QUSz v∏®v
AŒUSÆ ¬uzv¿ ˆh£ı]muıµõfl ©µnzxUPı⁄ \ıfl÷ ©ÿ÷Æ uS¢u ¬uzv¿ w∫ƒU ˜PıõU¯PUS
(˜PıõU¯PP–US) A¯hØıÕÆ AŒ®£ufl ˜£õ¿ w∫ƒU ˜PıõU¯P,ˆ£”®£mh v⁄zvº∏¢x
15|ımP–US ˜©ÿ£hı©¿ PnUQ¿ K∏¡µx C”®¶US §fl ©ÿˆ”ı∏¡∏US (©ÿ”¡∫P–US)/
¡ıõ_US (¡ıõ_P–US) £nÆ ¡«[P |ı[P“ ï¨Øÿ] ˆ\¥˜¡ıÆ.
8.8. £ıxPı®¶ ˆ£mhP[P“
|ı[P“ Ca˜\¯¡ AŒUQ˜”ıÆ G¤¿, £ıxPı®¶ ˆ£mhP[P–US EõzuıSÆ ¬vP“ ©ÿ÷Æ
|¯h隷”PŒfl ¨ï  ¬£µ[P¯Õ ©ÿ÷Æ ©v®¶™UP¡ÿ¯” £zvµ©ıP Av¿ ¯¡zv∏®£x £ÿ‘
|ı[P“ E[P–US ¬£µÆ AŒ®˜£ıÆ.
8.9. Afl¤Ø ˆ\ª¡ıo ˜\¯¡P“
A) }[P“ Afl¤Øa ˆ\ª¡ıo ¡ı[SƘ£ıx A¿ªx ¬ÿSƘ£ıx |ı[P“ CuÿPı⁄ ˜\¯¡P“,
GUϘ\ga ¬QuÆ ©ÿ÷Æ Afl¤Øa ˆ\ª¡ıo £õ¡∫zu¯⁄P–UPıP EõzuıSÆ C¢u Pmhn[P“
£ÿ‘ uP¡¿ ˆuõ¬®˜£ıÆ. Cx \ızvØ™¿¯ª G¤¿, C¯¡ G®£i ˆ\Ø¿£kzu®£hªıÆ G⁄
|ı[P“ E[P–US T÷˜¡ıÆ. B) }[P“ ˆ¡Œ|ımkUS £nz¯u £õ©ıÿ”Æ ˆ\¥Ø ¬∏Ƨ⁄ı¿,
A¯u G®£i ˆ\¥Ø ˜¡skÆ G⁄ |ı[P“ T÷˜¡ıÆ ©ÿ÷Æ |ı[P“ E[P–US: i) ˜\¯¡P“ ©ÿ÷Æ
A¡ÿ¯” G®£i £Øfl£kzx¡x Gfl” ¬¡µ[P¯Õ AŒ®˜£ıÆ; ii) }[P“ ˆ¡Œ|ımkUS A›®§Ø
£nÆ G®˜£ıx A[˜P ˆ\fl”¯h≤Æ ©ÿ÷Æ uı©zxUPı⁄ PıµnÆ HxÆ C∏¢uı¿ A¯¡ £ÿ‘≤Æ
ˆuõ¬®˜£ıÆ. iii)Afl¤Øa ˆ\ª¡ıoØıP ©ıÿ”®£kƘ£ıx EõzuıSÆ GUϘ\ga ¬QuÆ
(£õ¡∫zu¯⁄∞fl˜£ıx Cx \ızvØ©ıPıx G¤¿, ¬QuÆ Gfl⁄ Gfl£¯u |ı[P“ §fl⁄∫
ˆuõ¬®˜£ıÆ); iv) }[P“ ˆ\æzu ˜¡siØ Huı¡x P™Âfl A¿ªx Pmhn[PŒfl ¬£µ[P“
©ÿ÷Æ £nz¯u® ˆ£÷Æ |£∏Æ ˆ¡Œ|ımk ¡[QUSõØ Pmhn[P¯Õ ˆ\æzu ˜¡si∞∏US©ı
Gfl” Ga\õU¯P¯Ø≤Æ AŒ®˜£ıÆ. v)ˆ¡Œ|ımi¿ £nÆ ¡«[P }[P“ AŒzu uP¡¿ ˜£ıx©ı⁄uı
A¿ªx C¿¯ªØı G⁄ |ı[P“ ˆuõ¬®˜£ıÆ. Auı¡x S¯”£ıkP“ A¿ªx B¡n ˜¡¯ªPŒ¿
¨ï ¯©∞fl¯© Hÿ£mhı¿, |ı[P“ E[P–US Eh˜⁄ ˆuõ¬®˜£ıÆ. ©ÿ÷Æ A¡ÿ¯” v∏zu/
蘒¯©ØıUP E[P–US Euƒ˜¡ıÆ. vi)ˆ¡Œ|ımiº∏¢x E[P“ ¡[Q PnUSUS £nÆ £õ©ıÿ”Æ
ˆ\¥Ø®£kQ”x G¤¿, |ı[P“ ˆ£ÿ÷“Õ A\¿ ˆuı¯P¯Ø≤Æ ©ÿ÷Æ AuÿS Huı¡x ¡õP“
¬vUP®£mk“Õuı Gfl÷Æ T÷˜¡ıÆ. A›®¶£¡∫ A¯⁄zx Pmhn[P¯Õ≤Æ ˆ\æzu J®¶U
ˆPısi∏UQ”ı∫ G¤¿ |ı[P“ E[P“ PnUQ¿ £nÆ ¡«[SƘ£ıx G¢u Pmhn[P¯Õ≤Æ ¬vUP
©ım˜hıÆ. vii) |ı[P“ ¡«[SÆ Afl¤Øa ˆ\ªı¡o ˜\¯¡P“ \Æ£¢u®£mh J [S¨ï¯”z
˜u¯¡P“ A¿ªx {£¢u¯⁄P“ £ÿ‘ |ı[P“, }[P“ ˜Pıõ⁄ı¿ ¡»Pımh¿P“ AŒ®˜£ıÆ. viii)
ˆuı¯P ¡µƒ ¯¡®£uÿPı⁄ ˜uvUS uı©uÆ B⁄ı¿ E[P–US §fl¡∏©ı÷ |ËhDk AŒUP®£kÆ.
A) ˆ\æzu ˜¡siØ ˜uvUS A®£ı¿ ˆ\æzu ˜¡siØ Pıª¡µÆ¶US ¡mi Pıµn©ıP H˜u›Æ
|ËhÆ Hÿ£mhı¿. B) ¡[Q∞fl |ËhDmkU ˆPı“¯P∞fl£i Afl¤Øa ˆ\ªı¡o ¬Quz¯u
˜©ı\©ıP ¯PØı“¡uÿPıP, ix) J [Sﯔ/ \mhß∫¡ S‘®¶PŒfl Rà ˆ¡Œ∞h®£kÆ ˜u¯¡Øı⁄
A¯⁄zx \ıfl‘uÃP–Æ Cª¡\©ıP ¡«[P®£kÆ.
8.10 C¢vØıƒUS“ £nÆ ˆ\æzxu¿P“
C¢vØıƒUS“ }[P“ £nÆ ˆ\æzu ¬∏Ƨ⁄ı¿ |ı[P“ A¯u G®£i ˆ\¥Ø ˜¡skÆ G⁄U
T÷˜¡ıÆ. ©ÿ÷Æ A) ˜\¯¡PŒfl ¬£µÆ ©ÿ÷Æ A¡ÿ¯” G®£i® £Øfl£kzx¡x G⁄U T÷˜¡ıÆ.
B) E[P“ ˜u¯¡U˜Pÿ£ £nz¯u A›®£ ™Pa ]”¢u¡» Gx G⁄ |ı[P“ T÷˜¡ıÆ; C)
A∆¡®˜£ıx ©ıÿ‘ A¯©UP®£kÆ Pmhn vmh隷”®£i, ˜\¯¡UPıP, }[P“ P™Âfl Em£h
ˆ\æzu ˜¡siØ A¯⁄zx Pmhn[P¯Õ≤Æ £ÿ‘ ˆuõ¬®˜£ıÆ.
Huı¡x uı©uÆ B⁄ı¿, E[P–US Hÿ£mh |ËhzxUS/ Tku¿ ˆ\ªƒP–US ¡[Q∞fl |ËhDmk®
ˆPı“¯P∞fl£i |ı[P“ E[P–US |ËhDk AŒ®˜£ıÆ.
8.11 Phfl ¡«[Su¿
|ı[P“ E[P–US HxÆ Phfl ¡«[SÆ ï¨fl, A¿ªx E[P“ K¡∫iµıL®¯h, Qˆµim Pı∫k ¡µÆ¯£
A¿ªx Cuµ Ph¯⁄ AvPõUSÆ ¨ïfl¶ }[P“ A¯uz v∏®§a ˆ\æzu ï¨i≤©ı G⁄ ©v®§k˜¡ıÆ.
G[PÕı¿ E[P–US Eu¡ ï¨iØı¬mhı¿, ¬sn®§zu Phfl ˆuı¯P π£ı¥ Cµsk ªm\[P–US
AvP™¿¯ª G¤¿, Au¯⁄ ©÷®£uÿPı⁄ Pıµnz¯u (Pıµn[P¯Õ) G zx ß∫¡©ıPz
ˆuõØ®£kzx˜¡ıÆ. E[P“ PhflP–UPıP |ı[P“ ]ªõh™∏¢x J∏ Ezuµ¡ıuÆ A¿ªx Cuµ
§¯nØz¯u Hÿ÷UˆPı“Õ ˜¡skÆ G⁄ }[P“ ¬∏Ƨ⁄ı¿, Ezuµ¡ıuÆ A¿ªx C¢u §¯nØÆ
AŒUSÆ |£∏US A¿ªx A¡∫PŒfl \mhß∫¡ B˜ªı\P∏US E[P“ £nÆ \Æ£¢u®£mh CµP]Ø
uP¡¿P¯Õ AŒUP E[P“ A›©v¯Ø |ı[P“ ˜PmPªıÆ. ˜©æÆ |ı[P“; A) A¡∫PŒfl ˆ£ı÷®¯£
¶õ¢xˆPı“¡¯u ©ÿ÷Æ A¡∫PŒfl w∫©ı⁄zuı¿ Hÿ£hUTiØ ¬¯ÕƒP¯Õ≤Æ (EõzuıSÆ
Ch[PŒ¿, |ı[P“ A¡∫PŒhÆ ¯PˆØ zvhU ˜PmSÆ B¡n[PŒ¿ C¢u® £õ¢x¯µ J∏
ˆuŒ¡ı⁄ A‘¬®£ıP C∏USÆ) ¶õ¢x ˆPısh¯u E÷v®£kzxÆ ¬uzv¿ _u¢vµ©ı⁄ \mh
B˜ªı\¯⁄ ˆ£÷Æ£i A¡∫P¯Õ FUP®£kzx˜¡ıÆ. B) Ezuµ¡ıuÆ A¿ªx Cuµ §¯nØÆ
AŒ®£uı¿ A¡∫P–US £vªıP E[P¯Õ A¿ªx A¡∫P–Æ ˜\∫¢x ˆ£ı÷®¶US E“ÕıPªıÆ
Gfl÷ T÷˜¡ıÆ. C) A¡∫PŒfl ˆ£ı÷®¶ Gfl⁄¡ıP C∏USÆ G⁄ |ı[P“ T÷˜¡ıÆ.
8.11.1. Phfl vmh[P“
PhflP–UPı⁄ ¬sn®£[P“ ©ÿ÷Æ A¡ÿ‘fl £õ^ª¯⁄; A) J∏ Ph¯⁄ ¡«[SƘ£ıx |ı[P“
EõzuıSÆ ¡mi ¬Qu[P“, A˜uık Th £õ^ª¯⁄UPı⁄ L•Ï/ Pmhn[P“ HxÆ C∏¢uı¿ A¯¡,
¨ïfl⁄˜µ v∏®§a ˆ\æzx¡uÿPı⁄ ¬∏®£z ˜u∫ƒP“ ©ÿ÷Æ Pmhn[P“ HxÆ C∏¢uı¿ A¯¡
©ÿ÷Æ Phfl ¡ı[S£¡õfl |ª¯⁄® £ıvUSÆ H˜u›Æ Cuµ ¬ÂØ[P“ C∏¢uı¿ |ı[P“ A¯¡
£ÿ‘z uP¡¿ ˆuõ¬®˜£ıÆ. Cu⁄ı¿ Cuµ ¡[QP“ Ehfl \õØı⁄ ¬uzv¿ J®§mk }[P“ J∏
uP¡ª‘¢u w∫©ı⁄Æ ˆ\¥Ø ï¨i≤Æ. B) ˆ£ıx¡ıP Phfl ¬sn®£z¯u® £õ^ºUP, ˜u¯¡®£kÆ
A¯⁄zx ¬ÂØ[P–Æ Ph›UPıP ¬sn®§USƘ£ı˜u G[PÕı¿ ˜\PõUP®£h ¨i≤Æ. J∏ ˜¡¯Õ
G[P–US Tku¿ uP¡¿ ˜u¯¡®£mhı¿, |ı[P“ E[P¯Õ Eh˜⁄ ˆuıh∫¶ ˆPı“˜¡ıÆ. C)
|ı[P“ E[P–US Phfl ¡µÆ¶ ©ÿ÷Æ Cuµ ¬vP“ ©ÿ÷Æ {£¢u¯⁄P“ £ÿ‘ uP¡¿ ˆuõ¬®˜£ıÆ.
D) }[P“ ˜Pıõ⁄ı¿, E[PÕı¿ ß∫zv ˆ\¥x AŒUP®£mh A¯⁄zx Phfl B¡n[PŒfl
ˆ©¥®§UP®£mh |P¿P¯Õ A˜uık Phfl B¡nzv¿ }[P“ S‘®§mk“Õ C¯n®¶PŒfl
J∆ˆ¡ıfl‘fl |P¯ª≤Æ |ı[P“ G[P“ ˆ\ª¬¿ u∏˜¡ıÆ. E) Phfl ¡«[SÆ ¬ÂØzv¿ |ı[P“
£ıº⁄Æ, ·ıv ©ÿ÷Æ ©uÆ Gfl” Ai®£¯h∞¿ £ıµ£m\©ıP |h¢x ˆPı“Õ ©ım˜hıÆ. B⁄ı¿
\âPzvfl £ªuµ®£mh ©UP–UPı⁄ vmh[P¯Õ E∏¡ıUS¡v¿, £[˜Pÿ£v¿ C∏¢x Cx G[P¯Õ
¬ªUPıx. F) Phfl ¡ı[QØ¡õh™∏¢x A¿ªx J∏ ¡[Q∞º∏¢x/ {v A¯©®§º∏¢x Phfl
¡ı[QØ ˆuı¯P¯Ø ©ıÿ”U ˜Pı∏Æ ˜PıõU¯P¯Ø |ı[P“ ˆ£ıx¡ı⁄ ¬uzv¿ £õ^º®˜£ıÆ.
8.12. Ezuµ¡ıuÆ
}[P“ J∏ Ph›US Ezuµ¡ıuÆ ˆPık®£¡µıP BPªı©ı G⁄ P∏xƘ£ıx, |ı[P“ E[P–US
T÷˜¡ıÆ; A) J∏ Ezuµ¡ıuÆ ˆPık®£¡µıP E[P“ ˆ£ı÷®¶ £ÿ‘; B) ¡[QUS E[PŒfl
ˆ£ı÷®¶ Gfl⁄ Gfl£x £ÿ‘; C)E[PŒfl ˆ£ı÷®¶UPıP |ı[P“ E[P¯Õ A¯«UP ˜u¯¡®£kÆ
`«¿P“ £ÿ‘; D) }[P“ J∏ Ezuµ¡ıuÆ ˆPık®£¡µıP £nz¯u ˆ\æzuz u¡‘⁄ı¿, ¡[Q∞¿
E“Õ E[PŒfl Cuµ £nz¯u |ıh ˜¡si∞∏US©ı Gfl£x £ÿ‘; E) J∏ Ezuµ¡ıvØıP E[P“
ˆ£ı÷®¶ S‘®§mh Pıª¡µÆ¶US ©mkÆuı⁄ı A¿ªx AuÿS Pıª¡µÆ¶ HxÆ Q¯hØıuı Gfl£x
£ÿ‘; F) J∏ Ezuµ¡ıuÆ ˆPık®£¡∫ G¤¿ E[P“ ˆ£ı÷®¶UP¯Õ ß∫zv ˆ\¥Ø ˜¡siØ ˜|µÆ
©ÿ÷Æ `«¿P“ ©ÿ÷Æ ¬uÆ £ÿ‘≤Æ T÷¡˜uık Ax£ÿ‘ E[P–USz uP¡æÆ ˆuõ¬®˜£ıÆ.
}[P“ Ezuµ¡ıuÆ ˆPık®£uÿS ˆ£ı÷®˜£ÿ÷“Õ |£õfl {v {¯ª¯©∞¿ ˜©ı\©ı⁄ ©ıÿ”Æ/
©ıÿ”[P“ C∏¢uı¿ |ı[P“ E[P–USz uP¡¿ ˆuõ¬®˜£ıÆ.
8.13 ˆ£ıx uP¡¿
|ı[P“; A) Ph›US/ Qˆµim Pı∫kUS J®¶u¿ £ÿ‘z uP¡¿ ˆuõ¬USƘ£ıx EõzuıSÆ L•Ï
©ÿ÷Æ Pmhn[P“ Ehfl G[PŒfl Phfl ©ÿ÷Æ Qˆµim Pı∫k vmh[PŒfl ¨ïUQØ AÆ\[P“ £ÿ‘
|ı[P“ ¬ÕUP©ı⁄ uP¡¿ AŒ®˜£ıÆ. B) }[P“ ¬sn®§UP uSvØıP E[PŒh™∏¢x
G[P–US Gfl⁄ uP¡¿/B¡nÆ ˜u¯¡ G⁄ |ı[P“ E[P–USz ˆuõ¬®˜£ıÆ. ˜©æÆ E[P“
A¯hØıÕÆ, ¨ïP¡õ, ˜¡¯ª \Æ£¢u©ıP G[P–US Gfl⁄ B¡nÆ ˜u¯¡ Gfl£¯u≤Æ ©ÿ÷Æ \mh
©ÿ÷Æ ˆ|‘¨ï¯”z ˜u¯¡U˜Pÿ£ \mhß∫¡ AvPıµ A¯©®¶P–UPıP ˜¡÷ H˜u›Æ B¡nÆ (E.Æ.
¡∏©ı⁄¡õ A¯hØıÕ Am¯h ¬£µ[P“) ˜u¯¡®£k©ı Gfl£¯u≤Æ |ı[P“ E[P–US
ˆuõ¬®˜£ıÆ. C) E[P“ Qˆµim Pı∫k ¬sn®£zv¿ E[PÕı¿ S‘®§h®£mk“Õ ¬£µ[P¯Õa
\õ£ı∫UP, E[P¯Õ E[P“ √mi¿ ©ÿ÷Æ /A¿ªx ¬Øı£ıµ ˆuı¯ª˜£] GsPŒ¿ ©ÿ÷Æ /A¿ªx
E[P“ √mkUS/A¿ªx ¬Øı£ıµ ¨ïP¡õUS, CuÿPıP˜¡ {Ø™UP®£mk“Õ G[P“ Hˆ·fl]P“
âªÆ, C∆¡ı÷ G[P–USz ˜u¯¡®£kÆ £m\zv¿ ˆuıh∫¶ ˆPısk ¬\ıõ®˜£ıÆ. D) |ı[P“
E[P–US J∏ K¡∫ iµıL®m AŒzuı¿, A¿ªx E[P“ uÿ˜£ı¯uØ K¡∫ iµıL®m ¡µÆ§¿ K∫
AvPõ®¶ AŒzuı¿, E[P“ K¡∫ iµıL®m ˜Pıµ®£kƘ£ıx A¿ªx ˜¡÷ ¬uzv¿ v∏®§a
ˆ\æzu®£h ˜¡sk©ı G⁄U T÷˜¡ıÆ. ˜©æÆ ˜u¯¡®£mhı¿ |ı[P“ AvP©ıP GkUP®£mh
ˆuı¯P¯ØU PnUQkÆ ¨ï¯” ©ÿ÷Æ £ıUQ≤“Õ Phfl ˆuı¯PUPı⁄ ¡mi PnURk ˜£ıfl”¯¡
£ÿ‘≤Æ uP¡¿ ˆuõ¬®˜£ıÆ.
8.14 Qˆµim Pı∫k
8.14.1 ˆ£ıx uP¡¿
}[P“ Pı∫kUPıP ¬sn®§USƘ£ıx, |ı[P“ L•ÏP“ ©ÿ÷Æ ¡mi Pmhn[P“, §¿º[ ©ÿ÷Æ
ˆ\æzxu¿, £ıUQ¯ØU PnUQkÆ ¨ï¯”, ¶x®§zu¿ ©ÿ÷Æ ï¨izxU ˆPı“u¿ |¯h隷”P“ G⁄
\Æ£¢u®£mh ¬vP“ ©ÿ÷Æ {£¢u¯⁄P¯Õ ¬ÕUS¡˜uık, }[P“ Pı∫¯h CØUPz ˜u¯¡®£kÆ
Cuµ uP¡¿P¯Õ≤Æ AŒ®˜£ıÆ. B) }[P“ J∏ vmhz¯u/˜\¯¡¯Ø® ˆ£÷Ƙ£ıx/
¬sn®§USƘ£ıx |ı[P“ G[PŒfl CªUPı⁄ ˜u¯¡®£kÆ ˜|µÆ £ÿ‘ E[P–USz
ˆuõ¬®˜£ıÆ. C) ¬£µ©ıP ¬vP“ ©ÿ÷Æ {£¢u¯⁄P“, E[P“ Pı∫k ˆuı¯ª¢x˜£ı⁄ı¿, u¡”ıP®
£Øfl£kzu®£mhı¿ E[P“ PnUQ¿ Hÿ£kÆ |Ëh[P–US }[P“ ˆ£ı÷®£ıSÆ {¯ª ©ÿ÷Æ
E[P“ Pı∫¯h £Øfl£kzx¡x \Æ£¢u©ı⁄ Cuµ uP¡¿ Ehfl E[P“ \∫√Ï ¯Pk/ˆ©Æ£∫
¶zuPz¯u≤Æ A˜uık E[PŒfl ¨ïu¿ Pı∫¯h≤Æ A›®¶˜¡ıÆ. D) }[P“ E[P“ Pı∫kUPı⁄
A‘U¯P∞¿ S‘®§mk“Õ J∏ £õ¡∫zu¯⁄¯Ø Hÿ÷UˆPı“Õ ©ımj∫P“ G¤¿, |ı[P“ }[P“
˜PmSÆ£m\zv¿ E[P–US Tku¿ ¬¡µ[P“ AŒ®˜£ıÆ. ]ª `«¿PŒ¿, |ı[P“ E[P“ P∏z¯u
HÿP¬¿¯ª G¤¿, }[P“ ˜P“¬ G ®¶Æ ¬¡ıuzxUSõØ £õ¡∫zu¯⁄US \ıfl÷ AŒ®˜£ıÆ.
8.14.2 Qˆµim Pı∫k / §fl ¡«[Su¿
A) }[P“ AŒzu u£ı¿ ¨ïP¡õ A¿ªx ©ıÿ÷ ï¨P¡õUS (G[PÕı¿ u£ı¿ ¨ïP¡õUS A›®£®£h
¨ïiج¿¯ª G¤¿) ©mk˜© |ı[P“ E[P“ Qˆµim Pı∫¯h/§fl&I A›®¶˜¡ıÆ . CuÿS ©ıÿ”ıP,
}[P“ ¬∏Ƨ⁄ı¿ |ı[P“ E[P“ Qˆµim Pı∫¯h/ §fl&I G[P“ Q¯ÕPŒ¿ ˆhº¡õ ˆ\¥˜¡ıÆ.
B)Qˆµim Pı∫k ¡«[P®£h E[P“ ¬£µ[P¯Õ £õ^ºzu§fl uS¢ux G⁄ |ı[P“ P∏v⁄ı¿,
|ı[P“ i&BUi˜¡m (£Øfl£kzu uØı∫ {¯ª∞¿ C¿ªıux) Qˆµim Pı∫¯h ¡«[PªıÆ ©ÿ÷Æ
Azu¯PØ i&BUi˜¡hm Pı∫k }[P“ ˆ\Ø¿£kzu ˜u¯¡≤“Õ |h¡iU¯PP¯Õ Gkzu§fl ©ÿ÷Æ
S‘®§h®£kÆ Cuµ {£¢u¯⁄P¯Õ® ˆ£ı÷zx ©mk˜© ˆ\Ø¿£hz x¡[SÆ. C) E[PŒfl J®¶u¿
Ehfl ©mk˜© |ı[P“ E[P“ Pı∫k ´x Phfl/Qˆµim ¡\v/ Qˆµim ¡µÆ¯£ AvPõzu¿ ˆ\¥˜¡ıÆ.
D) §fl (ˆ£∫\⁄¿ IˆhfliL§˜PÂfl |Æ£∫) G®˜£ıx JxUP®£mhıæÆ \õ, |ı[P“ A¯u E[P“
u£ı¿ ¨ïP¡õUS u¤ØıP A›®§ ¯¡®˜£ıÆ.
8.14.3 Qˆµim Pı∫k A‘U¯PP“
A) E[P“ Qˆµim Pı∫k PnU¯P {∫¡QUP ©ÿ÷Æ Qˆµim Pı∫k £Øfl£kzv ˆ\¥Ø®£mh
ˆPı“¨ïu¿P“/ £nÆ Gkzu¿ ¡¯µ \õ£ı∫UP, |ı[P“ ©ıuı¢vµ u£ı¿ ¡»ØıP˜¡ı A¿ªx }[P“
¬∏Ƨ⁄ı¿ Cflh∫ˆ|m ⪩ıP˜¡ı Qˆµim Pı∫k £õ¡∫zu¯⁄ ¬£µ[P¯Õ® ˆ£” Cª¡\©ıP
¡\v Q¯hUSÆ£i ˆ\¥˜¡ıÆ. E[PŒfl u£ı¿ ¨ïP¡õUS ©ıu¢˜uı÷Æ Cª¡\©ıP J∏ ¨ïfl⁄˜µ
w∫©ı¤zu ˜uv∞¿ Qˆµim Pı∫k A‘U¯P A›®£®£kÆ. B) C¢u uP¡¿ Q¯hUP¬¿¯ª Gfl”ı¿,
}[P“ G[P¯Õz ˆuıh∫¶ ˆPı“Õ ˜¡skÆ G⁄ |ı[P“ Gv∫£ı∫UQ˜”ıÆ. G⁄˜¡, }[P“ £nÆ
ˆ\æzu ©ÿ÷Æ Av¿ HxÆ ¬v¬ªUS C∏¢uı¿ EõØ ˜|µzv¿ G[P–USz ˆuõØ®£kzu EuƒÆ
¬uzv¿ |ı[P“ E[P–US ´skÆ ¬£µ[P¯Õ A›®¶˜¡ıÆ. C) |ı[P“ E[P–US L•Ï ©ÿ÷Æ
Pmhn ¨ï¯”∞¿ ©ıÿ”[P“ C∏¢uı˜ªı A¿ªx ¬vP“ ©ÿ÷Æ {£¢u¯⁄PŒ¿ ©ıÿ”[P“
C∏¢uı˜ªı ˆuõØ®£kzx˜¡ıÆ/A‘¬®˜£ıÆ. ˆ£ıx¡ıP ©ıÿ”[P“ (¡mi ¬Qu[P“ A¿ªıu
©ÿ÷Æ J [S¨ï¯”z ˜u¯¡PŒfl ¬¯Õ¡ıP Hÿ£k¡x) S¯”¢u£m\Æ J∏ ©ıu Pıª ï¨fl A‘¬®¶
ˆPıkzu§fl˜£ A©æUS ¡∏Æ. ©ıuı¢vµ PnUS A‘U¯P A¿ªx Aufl |P¿ Ehfl ©ıÿ”[P“
¬£µÆ ˆuõØ®£kzu®£kÆ.
9. E[P“ PnUSP¯Õ £ıxPızu¿
9.1. £ıxPı®£ı⁄ ©ÿ÷Æ |Æ£P©ı⁄ ¡[Qa ˜\¯¡ ©ÿ÷Æ £nÆ ¡«[SÆ A¯©®¶P“
J∏ ˆuı»ÿ\ı¯ª ˜£ıª |ı[P“ Jzx¯«®˜£ıÆ. G⁄˜¡ }[P“ |Æ£P©ı⁄ ¬uzv¿ £ıxPı®£ı⁄
©ÿ÷Æ |Æ£P©ı⁄ ¡[Qa ˜\¯¡ ©ÿ÷Æ £nÆ ¡«[SÆ A¯©®¶PŒfl ˜\¯¡¯Ø® ˆ£ı÷zx
©Q«ªıÆ. £ıxPı®¶ Hÿ£ıkPŒfl J∏ £SvØıP |ı[P“ w¬µ©ıP PsPıoUP ]]i¬
ˆ£ı∏zx˜¡ıÆ.
9.2. |ı[P“ \õØı⁄ uP¡¿P“ ˆ£” Euƒ[P“
}[P“ RÃUPsh¡ÿ¯” ©ıÿ‘⁄ı¿, CØfl”¡¯µ G[P–US Eh⁄iØıPz uP¡¿ ˆuõ¬®£¯u
E÷v®£kzvU ˆPı“–[P“. A) ˆ£Ø∫ B) ¨ïP¡õ C) ˆuı¯ª˜£] Gs. A¿ªx D) ™fl⁄g\¿
ïP¡õ (|ı[P“ Cufl ⪘© E[P¯Õz ˆuıh∫¶ ˆPı“˜¡ıÆ).
9.3 E[P“ PnU¯Pa \õ£ı∫zu¿
A) }[P“ E[P“ PnU¯P A¿ªx £ı϶U¯P ˆuıh∫¢x \õ£ı∫UP ˜¡skÆ G⁄ |ı[P“
£õ¢x¯µUQ˜”ıÆ. Av¿ Huı¡x £vƒ u¡”ıP ˜uıfl‘⁄ı¿, }[P“ CØfl”¡¯µ Eh⁄iØıP
G[P–US ˆuõØ®£kzu ˜¡skÆ. Cu⁄ı¿ |ı[P“ Eh˜⁄ ¬\ıõUP ¨ïi≤Æ. ˜|µi P»®¶P¯Õ
©ÿ÷Æ {¯ªØı⁄ S‘®¶P¯Õ A∆¡®˜£ıx ˆuıh∫¢x \õ£ı∫®£x }[P“ ¬∏Æ¶Æ ¬uzv¿uıfl
E[P“ £nÆ ¡«[P®£kQ”x Gfl£¯u E÷v®£kzvU ˆPı“Õ E[P–US EuƒÆ. B) E[P“
PnUQ¿ J∏ £õ¡∫zu¯⁄¯Ø £ÿ‘ |ı[P“ £õ˜\ıvUP ¬∏Ƨ⁄ı¿, }[P“ G[P–hfl Jzx¯«UP
˜¡skÆ ©ÿ÷Æ |ı[P“ Pı¡¿x¯”/ Cuµ ¬\ıµ¯n Hˆ·fl]P“ Cv¿ \Æ£¢u®£h ˜¡skÆ G⁄
{¯⁄zuı¿ A¡∫P“ Eh›Æ }[P“ Jzx¯«UP ˜¡skÆ.
9.4. P¡⁄Æ ˆ\æzxu¿
˜©ı\i¯Øz ukUP ©ÿ÷Æ E[P“ PnUSP¯Õ® £ıxPıUP Eu¬ØıP }[P“ E[P“
Pı˜\ı¯ªP“, £ı϶U, Pı∫kP“, §flP“ ©ÿ÷Æ Cuµ £ıxPı®¶ uP¡¿ ´x P¡⁄Æ ˆ\æzu ˜¡skÆ.
u؃ ˆ\¥x }[P“ RÃUPsh B˜ªı\¯⁄P¯Õ® §fl£ÿ÷¡¯u E÷v ˆ\¥x ˆPı“–[P“.
A) }[P“ i) E[P“ Pı˜\ı¯ª ¶zuPÆ ©ÿ÷Æ Pı∫kP“ Cµs¯h≤Æ J˜µ Chzv¿ ˜\∫zx ¯¡UPıw∫P“
ii) PıºØı⁄ Pı˜\ı¯ªPŒ¿ ¯PˆØ zx Cmk ¯¡UPıw∫P“, iii) E[P“ Pı∫¯h , §fl&I, £ıϘ¡∫¯h
A¿ªx Cuµ £ıxPı®¶ uP¡¯ª ˜¡÷ Øı∏Æ £Øfl£kzu A›©vUPıw∫P“. iv) E[P“ §fl,
£ıϘ¡∫k A¿ªx Cuµ £ıxPı®¶ uP¡¯ª G v ¯¡UP˜¡ı A¿ªx £vƒ ˆ\¥x
¯¡UP˜¡ı ˆ\¥Øıw∫P“; v)Øı∏US˜© E[P“ PnUS ¬£µ[P“, £ıϘ¡∫k A¿ªx Cuµ £ıxPı®¶
uP¡¯ªU ˆPıkUPıw∫P“.
B) G®˜£ıx˜© i) }[P“ Øı∏US Pı˜\ı¯ª ˆPıkUQ’∫P˜Õı A¡∫ ˆ£Ø¯µ ˆuŒ¡ıP G x[P“.
}[P“ Pı˜\ı¯ª¯Ø u£ı¿ âªÆ A›®§⁄ı¿, Ax ˜©ı\i¯Ø ukUP EuƒÆ. }[P“ Czu¯PØ
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