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ENGLISH

GRAMMAR
AND
STRUCTURE
By: Ayu
MODUL 1: SYNONYMS, ANTONYMS,
HOMONYMS, HYPONYMS
  SYNONYMS: kata-kata yang memiliki arti sama
  Example: fast = rapid (arti: cepat); heaven = paradise
(arti: surga); trust = believe (arti: percaya)

  ANTONYMS: kata-kata yang memiliki arti berlawanan


  Example: fast >< slow (arti: lambat); heaven >< hell (arti:
neraka); believe >< doubt (arti: tidak percaya/ragu)

  HOMONYMS: kata-kata yang memiliki bunyi pengucapan


yang mirip tapi ejaan dan artinya berbeda
  Example: tea  tee; to  two  too; write  right
  HYPONYMS: kata-kata yang merupakan bagian dari satu
kelas yang sama
  Example: furniture  chair, table, cupboard
MATERI TAMBAHAN: BASIC GRAMMAR

  SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE


  FUNGSI: hal-hal yang terjadi berulang-ulang/sering/
berurutan, hal-hal umum (informasi umum), fakta

  KETERANGAN WAKTU (ADVERB): every day,


sometimes, always, often, usually, seldom, never

  STRUCTURE:
  Subject + Verb 1 (+s/es for She/He/It) (+
Object)
  Subject + to be + Object (Adjective/Noun)
FORM
FORM
EXAMPLE
  Kalimat positif
  She/He/It works
  They/We/I/You work
  She drinks coffee
  I like apple
  I am hungry

  Kalimat negatif
  She/He/It does not work
  They/We/I/You do not work
  I am not hungry

  Kalimat tanya
  Does she/he/it work?
  Do they/we/i/you work?
  Am I hungry?
MODUL 2: ANALYSIS OF WORD
FORMATION

  AKHIRAN BAHASA INGGRIS (SUFFIX)


  Akhiran pembentuk KATA BENDA
  Akhiran pembentuk KATA KERJA
  Akhiran pembentuk KATA SIFAT
  Akhiran pembentuk KATA KETERANGAN
  AWALAN BAHASA INGGRIS (PREFIX)
  AKAR KATA BAHASA INGGRIS (ROOTS)
SUFFIX

  SERING MUNCUL:
  PEMBENTUK KATA BENDA: -ance, -ence, -ancy, -
acy, -cy, -ation, -sion, -tion, -ator, -or, -er, -ery, -ory, -
ism, -ist, -ity, -ive, -ly, -ment, -ness, -ship
  PEMBENTUK KATA KERJA: -en, -ify, -fy, -ize, -ise
  PEMBENTUK KATA SIFAT: -able, -ible, -ful, -ish, -
ive, less, -y
  PEMBENTUK KATA KETERANGAN: -ly
PREFIX & ROOTS

  PREFIX
  SERING MUNCUL: a-, an-. Co-, dis-, e(n), extra-, i(n)-,
inter-, mis-, multi-, non-, re-, sub-, super-, un-, under-, up-,
well

  ROOTS  Bahasa Inggris merupakan gabungan dari akar


kata yang berasal dari Bahasa Yunani dan Bahasa Latin
MATERI TAMBAHAN: GRAMMAR

  PRESENT PROGRESSIVE/CONTINUOUS TENSE


  FUNGSI: sesuatu yang terjadi pada/sekitar saat percakapan
berlangsung; sesuatu yang sudah diputuskan atau dirancang
untuk dilakukan (fixed plan)

  KETERANGAN WAKTU: now, at the moment, look!, listen!


  STRUCTURE:
 Subject + to be + Verb-ing
  EXAMPLE:
  She/He/it IS working
  They/We/You ARE working
  I AM working
FORM
MODUL 3: Reference

  KATA PENUNJUK: this, that, those


  KATA GANTI: it, he, she, we, they, I, you, them, him, her,
us

  KATA KEPUNYAAN: its, his, her, our, their, my, your


  LAIN-LAIN
MATERI TAMBAHAN: GRAMMAR

  SIMPLE PAST TENSE


  FUNGSI: aktivitas/kejadian yang terjadi di masa
lampau

  KETERANGAN WAKTU: last…, …ago, in 1990,


yesterday

  STRUCTURE:
  Irregular
  Subject + Verb 2 (+Object)
  Regular
  Subject + Verb + ed (+ Object)
FORM
FORM
FORM
MODUL 4 Sensitizing

  Purpose: learn how to understand relations within


a sentence as well as between parts of a text.

  TIPS:
  Highlight “To be” (am, is, are) & Reference
(that, who, which, whom, where etc – MODUL 3)
  FIND THE SUBJECTS
  FIND THE VERB/ARTICLES
(am,is,are,were,was)
  FIND THE OBJECTS
  FIND THE ADVERBS (keterangan: waktu,
tempat etc)
  Common english structure: S+Verb+O
Modul 4: Sensitizing (cont’d)

  Understanding relations within complex sentences


  TIPS:
  Get the clue from Before and After sentence!
(Antonym~ Synonyms~ Hyponyms)
  Fragmentation (Pemecahan kalimat)
  DICTIONARY!
  Linking Sentence and Ideas: Reference
  TIPS:
  ALL TIPS ABOVE
  Perhatikan REFERENCE (it, this, that, which)
  Baca seluruh paragraf dan pahami
MATERI TAMBAHAN: GRAMMAR

  FUTURE TENSE
1.  SUBJECT + WILL + VERB (kata kerja)
Example: I will work tomorrow
“Will” dipakai untuk menunjukkan prediksi
(tingkat kepastiannya rendah)

2.  SUBJECT + TO BE + GOING TO + VERB (kata kerja)


Example: I am going to work
“to be + going to” dipakai unttuk menunjukkan
rencana (tingkat kepastiannya tinggi)
Modul 5: Previewing

  Tujuan: mempelajari teknik-teknik membaca


cepat sehingga Anda dapat mengetahui isi suatu
bacaan dengan cepat.

  Metode: mengetahui isi buku secara sepintas


dengan melihat judul, daftar isi atau sampul
belakang.
Modul 5: Previewing (cont’d)

  Lihat JUDUL  cari )


spesifik, example: Asia, Europe, power politics,
jazz, Megawati, earthquake, Korea
  Lihat DAFTAR ISI  cari
antar judul bab (chapter), example: I.
SURFING >> II. SCUBA DIVING  tentang
SPORT
  Lihat SAMPUL BELAKANG
 
 
 
Modul 5: Previewing (cont’d)

  Example (Sampul Belakang):

  ”This book by George Orwell is a novel based on the lives of a


society of animals living on the Manor Farm. Although the
title of the book suggests the book is merely about animals,
the story is a much more in depth analysis of the workings of
society in Communist Russia. The animals are used as
puppets to illustrate how the communist class system
operated, and how Russian citizens responded to this, and
how propaganda was used by early Russian leaders such as
Stalin, and the effect this type of leadership had on the
behaviour of the people of Russia.”

  Pilihan judul:
  A. Communication and Technology
B. Russian culture
C. Animal Farm
D. Social Science Methodology
Modul 6: Anticipation

  Tujuan: Mahasiswa dapat melihat dan


mengantisipasi tentang apa yang dimuat dalam
sebuah teks, sehingga semakin mudah kita
menangkap poin-poin penting dalam bacaan
tersebut.

  TIPS (Modul halaman 6.1):


  Sediakan selalu pensil dan stabilo!
  Sediakan kamus!
  Baca teks secara menyeluruh dan garisbawahi
kata2 yang tdk dipahami
  Baca kembali teks dengan teliti
  Buat catatan pinggir tentang ide pokok setiap
paragraf!
Modul 6: Anticipation (cont’d)

  TIPS Menjawab Soal Modul:


  Cari arti JUDUL  buka KAMUS!
  Jawab 5W+1H Question! (What, Who, Where,
When, Why + How) berdasarkan JUDUL tersebut!
  Pikirkan opini pribadi tentang JUDUL tersebut!
  Menerka isi bacaan berdasarkan HEADLINE surat
kabar
  Cari , e.g. Megawati, SBY,
earthquake, tornado
  Perhatikan  umumnya
terdapat keterangan mengenai isi artikel
Modul 6: Anticipation (cont’d)

  Contoh Judul: TOURISM IN KOREA


  1. Tourism in Korea  Pariwisata di Korea
  2. What? Pariwisata, Where? Korea, When?
Anytime (tidak ada keterangan pada judul),
Who? For tourists, published by Korean
government or traveler or foreigner, Why? For
promotion, How? Introducing tourist
destinations, foods, culture, traditions,
costumes, palaces etc

  Opini pribadi: Tourism in Korea is very attractive


and well-managed (pariwisata di Korea sangat
menarik dan diatur dengan baik)
TAMBAHAN: GRAMMAR

  MODALS
  Can  expresses ability: I can pay my meal
  Might  expresses possibility, maybe yes, maybe
no: I might pay my meal

  Will  future intent (niat): I will pay my meal


  Should  obligation (kewajiban), suggestion
(anjuran)  levelnya lemah: I should pay my meal

  Must  obligation (kewajiban), command


(perintah)  levelnya kuat: I must pay my meal
TAMBAHAN: GRAMMAR (Cont’d)

  Would  expresses reservation (ada syarat


(conditions) yang harus dipenuhi)  kalau….saya
akan….: I would pay if I have money
  Menanyakan kesediaan: would you pay for me?
  Could 
  Ability (past tense)  bentuk lampau dari
“can”
  Expresses possibility (ada syarat (conditions)
yang harus dipenuhi)  kalau…saya bisa….: I
could pay if I have money
  Request/permission: could you please pay for
me?
TAMBAHAN: GRAMMAR (Cont’d)

  Couldn’t  inability (ketidakmampuan) dan


bentuk lampau dari “can’t”: I couldn’t pay my
meal

  Shouldn’t  negative suggestion (anjuran negatif)


bentuk negative dari “Should”: I shouldn’t pay my
meal

  Mustn’t  negative command (larangan), bentuk


negatif dari “Must”: I mustn’t pay my meal

  Won’t (Will not)  bentuk negative dari “Will”: I


won’t pay my meal
TAMBAHAN: GRAMMAR (Cont’d)

  USING MODALS
  Contoh Kalimat:
  Will you open the door for me?
  Would you mind opening (V+ing) the door for
me?
  Could you please open the door?

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