Material and process selection charts 419

1000r--------------------r-,------~--~~r_~~_r~------~--~ 1. Modulus-Density

Youngs Modulus E (G '" 3E/8; K"'E.)

MFA:88·91

as
Q. 10
~
lU
ui
.2
:I
"0
0
~ (fJ g> 1.0 1177777.11"7::~"7"7"7777'''' :I

~

0.1

10

30

Material and process selection charts 421

10000~~~~~~~--------~-'----'---~~~~~-r~------~--~ 2. Strength-Density

Metal and Polymers: Yield Strength Ceramics and Glasses: Compressive Strength Elastomers: Tensile Tear Strength Composites: Tensile Failure

Guide Lines for Minimum Weight Design

" of13/

p=C

/ /

"

/

/

/

1/2/

j,=C P

0.1

0.1

1 3 Density p(Mg/m3)

10

30

Material and process selection charts 423

3. Fracture Toughness-Density

Data for K,c Vali~ Below 10 MPa mV2 Above 10 MPa nf2 for Ranking Only MFA:BB-91

C,,) '::c:.-

I/) I/) Q) c ~

Engineering Ceramics

0.01 L- __ -'-_-L---JL....-.L.....JI.-J......1_L...I.. L....--:~....1--'-....1-J-..I_!.;~---.--~

0.1 0.3 1 3 10 30

Density p (Mg/m3)

Material and process selection charts 425

100

/ / /

/

/

/

at =10-3

E

Max. Energy 'J--.....,j,--O.--_+--~ Storage per Unit Volume

Buckling before Yield

0.01 0.1

1000

10000

10 100

Strength a, (MPa)

Material and process selection charts 427

l000r-----------~-- __ ----._~~~~r_-r~~~~~~~~~ 5. Specific Modulus-Specific Strength

Metals and Polymers: Yield Strength Ceramics and Glasses: Compressive Strength Elastomers: Tear Strength Composites: Tensile Strength

/ /

/ /

Engineering/ /

Ceramics"'""'l ..... ~

/ - I'X ~,

,;' I

I I

l00t=~Mmin~.1E~n~e~rg~Yl:l=========~~~

Storage per Unit Weight Yield before Buckling

/ /

"

"

/

/

Oi /

~= 10-3

0.1

0.01

0.1

10 100

Specific Strength at I p (M PaI(Mg/m3))

1000

10000

Material and process selection charts 429

1000r-~~~--~~----------r-~~-rTT~r-~~-rTT~~~~~~~ 6. Fracture

Toughness-Modulus Ktc?

G,c"'y

100b-----------+-----------/~---------~~~~---------,

/ ~

/ "

/

MFA:88·91

" " "

/

/

/

"

/

/

/

~N
E
CIS K 2
a,
6 10 _Jf. (kJ/m2
E ~/
o I. ."." /
~- .". /
CIJ \ci:F /
CIJ /
CD /
c:
s: / ~
C) /.~ .....
::::I \\j
~
CD
....
::::I
-
o
l!!
LL.
0.1 Lower Threshold for ~c

0.01~~~~~~~--~~~~~--~~~~~---.~-..- .. ~~--~-.~~

0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000

Youngs Modulus, E (GPa)

Material and process selection charts 431

1000r---~--------------------rT~-rrM~--~~~rn~--~~~rM~ 7. Fracture

Toughness-Strength

Metals and Polymers: Yield Strength Ceramics and Glasses: Compressive Strength Composites: Tensile Strength

Process Zone Diameter '" K,~/7rUf

100e- r- ~M~~~A~;8~8-~9~1~------~

10

100

1000

10000

Strength at (MPa)

Material and process selection charts 433

10

'1 = 1/0 = O/2rrU = tan (,

MFA: 88-91

10-1 b--==~~=====----l--\:

~

P

o ('I)

'iii

8. Loss Coefficient-Modulus

" Glasses

E'· .

nglneenng

Ceramics (Crack-Free)

10-1 1 10

Young's Modulus, E (GPa)

Material and process selection charts 435

" /'

,-

,-

"

,-

"

"

"

"

"

"

0.1

Elastomers "

"' " ,-

,-

,-

106

0.01 '-:-8 --'---JL....L....L..L.l.J.JU-_..L..-..J.....L..L..L..LJL..LI._.....r........r.....uL..U...u.J _ __J._..J....J....I..J...LJ.I.L-_.l-...L....iL...L..LJ..I..iJ

10- 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3

Thermal Diffusivity, a (m2/s)

Material and process selection charts 437
10. Expansion-Conductivity ~(W/m) 104 105
Contours: ~a (W/m) '103 / /
;' /
MFA:88·91 / ;' ;'
/ / /
/ ;' ;'
/ ;' ;'
/ ;' ;'
1000 ;' ;'

;' ;'
En!i!ineering / ;'
.-.. ;'
I Polymers ;'
~ ;'
;;;- / ;'
I / ;'
0 / ;'
T"" / /
- / ;'
~ 100
-
c
CD
·0
:e
CD
0
U
c
0
·en 10
c ;'
!IS ;'
a. ;'
>< ;'
W ;'
.... ;'
!IS ;'
CD
C 104
:.:J
;'
;' ;'
;' ;'
;' ;'
;' ;'
/ ;'
105 ;'
;'
106 107
0.1
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Thermal Conductivity A (W/mK) Material and process selection charts 439

,

1.0

, , ,

,

,

,

,

,

,

10 , , ,

,

,

,

,

,

,

-,

"'

,

,

"'

11 . Expansion-Modulus Contours: Thermal Stress/"K (MPalK) MFA:88·91

,

,

Engineering' ,

Polymers ,

" ,

"

,

, ,

...

c:

OJ ·0

iE OJ o o c: o ·iii c: til 0. X W

...

til OJ c:

:::i

-. SiO'-8

" Invar

aE (MPalK) = 0.01

-,

"' ,

,

-,

, , ,

0.1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

0.01 0.1 1.0 10 100 1000

Youngs Modulus, E (GPa)

Material and process selection charts 441

10

100°C "

"

"

"

"

/

"

"

12: Strength-Expansion

Metals and Polymers: Ultimate Strength Ceramics: Modulus of Rupture Composites: Tensile Strength

Contours: Thermal Shock Resistance

Parameter (See Text) MFA:88-91

Bl1T= 10000°C '"

"

/

/

/

/

Lu
......
\) 10-1
s: "
.... "
Cl /
c
Q) "
... "
.... "
en "
'0 "
Q) /
.!!l "
iii 10-2
E
...
0
Z "

" "

"

'" ,,"'Porous

Ceramics

@

10-4L-~~~~~~--L-~~~n_--~~~~~--~~~~UL--~~~UU~

0.1 10 100 1000 10000

Linear Expansion Coefficient (10-6 K-1 )

Material and process selection charts 443

Temperature (C)

10000~~~ __ TO~=- 1~0~0 __ ~2~0~0 __ ~30~0,__4,0~0 __ ~~6~0~0~~80rO~~10~0~0 __ ,-_1~4rO~0~~

13. Strength-Temperature Metals and Polymers: Yield Strength at Temp. Ceramics: Compression Strength. Composites:

Tensile Strength at Temperature. MFA:88-91

Porous CeramIcs

Engineering Ceramics

C?
n,
~
-
...... 100
-
0 .....
(J)
._
::J
~
(J)
Q.
E
~ 10
-
CO
s:
-
0)
c
(J)
._
-
C/) 0.1 200

300

400

600 800

Temperature T (K)

1000

1400

2000

Material and process selection charts 445

, I ,

I

I

I

I I I

/ / I

/

/

/

/

14. Modulus-Relative Cost I

t_~==~~~~~~~==::~~i!~~~:: __ ~~~~~~::~~~erme,t/~1

r Youngs Modulus E V

I I ,

I /

I I I / , /

1/

1/

1/ /

t/

0.01~~~~~~~~--~~.u~~~~~~~--~~~~~--~~-u~

0.1 10 100 1000 10000

Relative Cost per Unit Volume CRP (Mg/m3)

Material and process selection charts 447

10000~~~~~~n---~~~~nT~-r-r~nn~--~~~~~~~~~-r~

15. Strength - Relative Cost Metals and POlymers: Yield Strength

Ceramics and Glasses: Compressive Strength

Elastomers: Tensile Tear Strength Enqineering

C 'li 'I F 'I ,lI.lIoys

ompoSltes: ens I e al ure MFA ::_!: _ ..... ~:-_:=;;~;;~~~~:

Glasses -=-l. \

1000 1----------------------..

I I I

I

I

/ Composites I I I I

I I /1 / I I / I I // 11/

II

/1/

tf/

- 1001----.

8!. 5

e.J:.

0,

C Q)

._

U5

/,f /11 / II / II

/ I

// /1 / / I / I I

0.1L-~~~~~L-~~~~~~-~~~~~-~~~~10~0~0-~~-U~1~0000

0.1 10 100

Relative Cost/Unit Volume CR P (Mg/m3)

Material and process selection charts 449

-10

10 r-------------,---------------r-------------------------- ___

16. Wear Rate - Hardness

Contours: Wear Rate at Given P/Pmax

10-11 ,,:-----------:--r-------------1---------------r--------------I ~ kaH=10-4

....

.......

Z -13 ~
"- 10
CII
.s
<11
.l(
-
c: -14
III 10
-
II)
c:
0
o
Q)
- -15
III
c: 10
...
III
Q)
3: -17

10 ~-------------+------------~~--------------+_------------~

Hardness H (MPa)

Material and process selection charts 451

-
!1S
a..
~ 10
lU
ui
::::I
:;
"C
0
~
IIJ
C)
c: 1.0
::::I
?- 17. Modulus - Energy Content

Youngs Modulus, E

MFA/gO

0.01 ~_.~~~~~~~~~~~--~~ .. ~~~_.~~ .. ~~~~~~~~ 0.1

10 100

Energy Content, qp (GJ/m3)

1000

10000

Material and process selection charts 453

1o,ooo....------------r-...,--;-1""'T'"T"TTTT"'--r-.,.-,'""'MrTT"~'='= __ ,......,.'"T""TTTT"'I 18. Strength Energy Content

Metals and Polymers: Yield Ceramics and Glasses: Compression Elastomers: Tear Strength Composites: Tensile Strength

MFA/90

0.1L-~~~~~~~~~~~1~0--~~~~1~0~0--~~~wu~1~00~0~~~~~10000 0.1

Energy Content, qp (GJ/m3)