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SUMMARY OF GLYCOLYSIS:
– One glucose is converted into two pyruvates.
– Two ATP molecules are used per glucose but four are produced so there is a net
yield of two ATP molecules.
– 2 NAD+ are converted into 2 NADH + 2H+
Substrate-level phosphorylation:
Glycolysis = +2ATP
(1 per pyruvate molecule – made 4 but is cost 2)
About 2 ATP used for shuttling Electrons from NADH2 produced during glycolysis into the
mitochondria = -2ATP
Oxidative phosphorylation:
Electron Transport Chain =
Each NADH = 3ATP X 10 NADH2 = +30 ATP
Each FADH2 = 2ATP X 2FADH2 = +4ATP
8.1.6 Explain the relationship between the 3Limit this to cristae forming a
structure of the mitochondrion and its large surface area for the electron
function. transport chain, the small space
between inner and outer
membranes for accumulation of
protons, and the fluid matrix
containing enzymes of the Krebs
cycle.
1. Explain the process of aerobic respiration including oxidative phosphorylation.
3 max
both can start with glucose;
both use glycolysis;
both produce ATP/energy (heat);
both produce pyruvate;
carbon dioxide is produced;
(both start with glycolysis) aerobic leads to Krebs' cycle and anaerobic
leads to fermentation;
differences:
5 max
anaerobic:
(fermentation) produces lactic acid in humans;
(fermentation) produces ethanol and CO2 in yeast;
occurs in cytoplasm of the cell;
recycles NADH (NAD+);
Name the parts labelled A, B and C and state the function of each.
6. (a) (i) Identify the cell organelle shown in the micrograph below. mitochondrion
(1)
(ii) Identify the structure labelled I above and explain how it is adapted
for the organelle to function efficiently.
crista;
folded membrane;
provides large surface area
moves protons to inter membrane space from matrix
(b) Describe the role of acetyl CoA in the metabolism of lipids.
12. How many molecules of acetyl CoA (ethanoyl CoA) does the oxidation of the fatty
acid stearic acid produce? C
C 3H
C 2H
C 2H
C 2H
C 2H
C 2H
C 2H
C 2H
C 2H
S t e a r i c a c i d
C 2H
C 2H
C 2H
C 2H
C 2H
C 2H
C 2H
C 2H
C O O H
A. 2 D. 18
B. 6
C. 9
8.2 Photosynthesis
8.2.1 Draw and label a diagram showing the structure of a chloroplast as seen in
electron micrographs.
8.2.2 State that photosynthesis consists of 1 These should not be called “light” and
light-dependent and light-independent “dark” reactions.
reactions.
15. (a) State the main photosynthetic pigment in plants. chlorophyll (a)
(b) State the two materials used to convert carbon dioxide to organic
molecules in plants. ATP;
NADPH / hydrogen;
water;
RuBP;
Rubisco;
(c) Explain two ways in which the rate of photosynthesis can be measured.
production of oxygen;
(because) oxygen is a by product of the reaction;
count bubbles of oxygen (from pondweed);
measure the volume of oxygen;
use of oxygen probe find oxygen concentration;
or:
measure carbon dioxide uptake;
(because) carbon dioxide is a raw material of the reaction;
measure colour change of pH indicator / other method;
use of carbon dioxide probe to find carbon dioxide concentration;
or:
measure increase in biomass;
(because products) used in production of cell walls and new tissue;
harvest replicate samples at time intervals for biomass determination
16. (a) State the site of the light-independent reactions in photosynthesis. stroma
(of chloroplast)
The absorption spectrum of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b are shown in the graph
below.
(b) On the graph below, draw the action spectrum of photosynthesis for a
green plant. peak at about 450 and at 650 nm and follows pattern of
absorption spectrum
c h l o r o p h y l l a
A b s o r b a n c e
4 0 0 5 0 0 6 0 0 7 0 0
W a v e l e n g t h / n m
17. Explain the reactions involving the use of light energy that occur in the thylakoids
of the chloroplast.
chlorophyll/photosystem absorbs light;
electron raised to higher energy level / photoactivated;
splitting of water/photolysis replaces electron;
passing of excited electrons between chlorophyll molecules in photosystems;
electron passed from photosystem II to carriers (in thylakoid membrane);
production of ATP in this way is called photophosphorylation;
electron causes pumping of protons into the thylakoid;
proton gradient used by ATPase to drive ATP production;
electron passes to photosystem I at end of carrier chain;
electron re-excited and emitted by photosystem I;
electron passed to / used to reduce NADP+;
NADPH + H+ / reduced NADP produced;
cyclic photophosphorylation using photosystem I
electron carriers and ATPase only;
20. Why is the action spectrum for photosynthesis similar to the absorption spectra of
photosynthetic pigments? C
A. Photosynthetic pigments have the same optimum temperature as the
enzymes used in photosynthesis.
B. Plants absorb the same photosynthetic pigments for use in
photosynthesis.
C. Only wavelengths of light absorbed by pigments can be used in
photosynthesis.
D. The amount of energy absorbed by photosynthetic pigments is equal to
the activation energy for photosynthesis.
21. (a) Draw and label the structure of the chloroplast as seen in the electron
microscope.
3)
(b) Explain the relationship between the structure of the chloroplast and its
function
The stroma - Contains many enzymes, including rubisco, which are important for the reactions of the
Calvin cycle.
The thylakoids - Have a large surface area for light absorption and the space within them allows rapid
accumulation of protons.
Paper 1
New specimen - #28, 29 and 30
2008 - #26, 27 and 28
2007 - #26
Paper 2
New specimen – Part B #5b and 5c
2008 Part B 7c
2007Part B 6c