Medical Mnemonics

Medical Mnemonics
CLINICAL
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Meckel s diverticulum- rule of 2 s
2 inches long,
2 feet from the ileocecal valve,
2% of the population
commonlly presents in the first 2 years of life
may contain 2 types of epithelial tissue
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Pheochromocytoma-rule of 10s:
10% malignant
10% Bilateral
10% extraadrenal
10% calcified
10% children
10% familial
* discussed 10 times more often than actually seen
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Aphasia
"BROKen aphasia" (Broca s aphasia-broken speech)
"Wordys aphasia" (Wernicke s aphasia- wordy, but making no sense)
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GET SMASH'D--Causes of Acute pancreatitis
Gallstones, Ethanol, Trauma, Steroids, Mumps, Autoimmune(PAN), Scorpion bites, H
yperlipidemia, Drugs(azathioprine, diuretics)
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(Multiple endocrine neoplasia) Each of the MENs is a
disease of three or two letters plus a feature.
"MEN I" is a disease of the 3 Ps (pituitary, parathyroid and pancreas)
plus adrenal cortex.
"MEN II " is a disease of the two Cs (carcinoma of the thyroid and
catacholamines [pheochromocytoma]) plus parathyroid for MEN IIa or
mucocutaneous neuromas for MEN IIb (aka MEN III).
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Acute pneumonia caused by Pyogenic bacteria--PMN infiltrate
Acute pneumonia caused by Miscellaneous microbes --Mononuclear infiltrate
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Takayasu's diz = pulseless diz, therefore when you have
Takayasu's, I can't Tak'a yu pulse.
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Argyll-Robertson Pupil--syphilitic pupil (AKA "Prostitute's pupil" - Accommodate
s, but doesn't react )
Accommodation reflex present, Pupillary reflex absent
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CAGE--alcohol use screening
1. Have you ever felt it necessary to CUT DOWN on your drinking?
2. Has anyone ever told you they were ANNOYED by your drinking?
3. Have you ever felt GUILTY about your drinking?
4. Have you ever felt the need to have a drink in the morning for an EYE OPENER?
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P-Q-R-S-T--eliciting and HPI and exploring symptoms
P--palliative or provocative factors for the pain
Q--quality of pain(burning, stabbing, aching, etc.)
R--region of body affected
S--severity of pain(usually 1-10 scale)
T--timing of pain(eg.-after meals, in the morning, etc.)
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The five W's--post-operative fever
Wind--pneumonia, atelectasis
Water--urinary tract infection
Wound--wound infections
Wonderdrugs--especially anesthesia
Walking--walking can help reduce deep vein thromboses and pulmonary embolus
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ACID or "Anna Cycled Immediately Downhill"
classification of hypersensitivity reactions
Type I - Anaphylaxis
Type II - Cytotoxic-mediated
Type III - Immune-complex
Type IV - Delayed hypersensitivity
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WBC Count:
"Never Let Momma Eat Beans(60, 30, 6, 3, 1)
Neutrophils 60%
Lymphocytes 30%
Monocytes 6%
Eosinophils 3%
Basophils 1%
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A-P-G-A-R:
A - appearance (color)
P - pulse (heart rate)
G - grimmace (reflex, irritability)
A - activity (muscle tone)
R - respiratory effort
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Predisposing Conditions for Pulmonary Embolism: TOM SCHREPFER
T--trauma
O--obesity
M--malignancy
S--surgery
C--cardiac disease
H--hospitalization
R--rest (bed-bound)
E--estrogen, pregnancy, post-partum
P--past hx
F--fracture
E--elderly
R--road trip
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The 4 P's of arterial Occlusion: pain pallor pulselessness paresthesias
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The 4 T's of Anterior Mediastinal Mass:Thyroid tumor,Thymoma,Teratoma, Terrible
Lymphoma
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HEMATOLOGY
DATs Right! - the oxygen dissociation curve shifts RIGHT whenever there is an IN
CREASE in any of the following: DPG, Acidity, Temperature (DAT)
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NEUROANATOMY
For the function of the temporal lobes, think of a helmet which covers the side
of the head:
HELM:
H : hearing
E : emotion
L : learning
M : memory
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PSYCHIATRY
Here's one from one of the psychiatrists on how to remember the symptoms of depr
ession. He said it was like writing a prescription for Energy Capsules.
SIG:ECAPS
S - Sleep
I - Interest
G - Guilt
: - (Colon can refer to bowel complaints as this is a common presentation of dep
ression, but not official)
E - Energy (decreased)
C - Concentration (difficult, decreased)
A - Appetite (decreased)
S - Suicidal ideation
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RENAL
1. HUS/TTP
HUS/TTP is a CRAFTY syndrome:
C : CNS symptoms
R : Renal failure
A : Anemia (microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, "MAHA")
F : Fever
T : Thrombocytopenia
Y : no one knows "Y" it occurs
2. Normal anion gap acidosis
There's the older mnemonic USED CAR:
U : uterosigmoidostomy
S : saline administration (in the face of renal dysfunction)
E : endocrine (Addisons, spironolactone, triamterene, amiloride,
primary hyperparathyroidism)
D : diarrhea
C : carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
A : ammonium chloride
R : renal tubular acidosis
and a newer mnemonic RAGE:
R : renal tubular acidosis, respiratory acidosis
A : acetazolamide, ammonium chloride
G : GI (diarrhea, enteroenteric fistula, ureterosigmoidostomy)
E : endocrine (same as above endocrine list)
3. Increased anion gap acidosis
The older mnemonic is MUDPIES:
M : methanol
U : uremia
D : diabetes
P : paraldehyde
I : idiopathic (lactic acidosis)
E : ethylene glycol
S : salicylates
and a newer one called DULSI:
D : diabetic ketoacidosis
U : uremia
L : lactic acidosis
S : salicylate poisoning
I : intoxicants (methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol)
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MISCELLANEOUS
Clubbing (by Doog)
C : cardiac (R -> L shunt)
L : lung (tumor, fibrosis)
U : ulcerative colitis (also Crohn's disease less commonly)
B : bronchiectasis
B : benign mesothelioma
I : inherited; idiopathic; IBD
N : neurogenic tumors
G : GI (cirrhosis, crohn's, UC)
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Biochemistry
In the Phasted State Phosphorylate
Phosphorylation cascade active when blood glucose low.
Exons expressed, Introns in the trash.--DNA expression into
mature mRNA
Pyrimidines are CUT from purines.
Pyrimidines are Cytosine, Uracil, Thiamine and are one
ring structures.
Purines are double ring structures.
Pharmacology
Morphine excites men, but sedates cats.
One heart two lungs--beta receptor activity
Beta-1 primarily on heart; airway is beta-2 receptors
Clinical
GET SMASH'D.--Causes of Acute pancreatitis
Gallstones, Ethanol, Trauma, Steroids, Mumps,
Autoimmune(PAN), Scorpion bites, Hyperlipidemia,
Drugs(azathioprine, diuretics)
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia
MEN I is a disease of 3 P's (pituitary, parathyroid,
and pancreas) plus adrenal cortex
MEN II is a disease of 2 C's(carcinoma of thyroid and
catacholamines[pheochromocytoma]) plus parathyroid
for MEN IIa or mucocutaneous neuromas for MEN
IIB(aka MEN III)
Acute pneumonia caused by Miscellaneous microbes
--Mononuclear infiltrate
1. Have you ever felt it necessary to CUT DOWN on your
drinking?
2. Has anyone ever told you they were ANNOYED by your
drinking?
4. Have you ever felt the need to have a drink in the
morning for an EYE OPENER?
T--timing of pain(eg.-after meals, in the morning,
etc.)
Argyll-Robertson Pupil--syphilitic pupil
Walking--walking can help reduce deep vein thromboses
and pulmonary embolus
Anna Cycled Immediately Downhill--Gell & Goombs
ACID
Type I Anaphylaxis
Type II Cytotoxic-mediated
Type III Immune-complex
Type IV Delayed hypersensitivity
More Mnemonics posted to the net.
"The duck is between 2 gooses"

"duck" = thoracic duct
"2 gooses" = azyGOUS and esophaGOUS
"Lateral is less, medial is more"
(re: The lateral pectoral nerves goes through the pectoralis major while
the medial pn goes through both the pec major and minor)
"a lady between two majors."
The pectoralis major attaches to the lateral lip of the bicipital groove,
the teres major attaches to the medial lip of the bicipital groove, and the
latissimus dorsi attaches to the floor of the bicipital groove.
The "lati" is between two "majors"
"ABC'S"
The *A*ortic arch gives off the *B*rachiocephalic trunk, the left *C*ommon
Carotid, and the left *S*ubclavian artery.
"C3,4,5 keep the diaphragm alive" Innervation of the phrenic nerve
"Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Bras Matter More" For
remembering which cranial nerves are Sensory, Motor, or Both:
Re: facial nerve
Two = Temporal
Zulus = Zygomatic
Buggered = Buccal
My = Masseteric
Cat = Cervical
"S2, 3, 4 keep the penis off the floor",
which refers to the innervation of the penis by branches of the
pudental nerve which are derived from spinal cord levels S2-4
Cranial nerves in order:
"Oh oh oh to touch and feel virgin girls vaginas and hymens"
Layers of the epidemis:
"Granpa shagging Grandma's love child"
(from the dermal/epidermal junction upwards: Germinatibum; spinosum;
granulosum; lucidum; corneum)
"MEN I" is a disease of the three Ps (pituitary, parathyroid and pancreas)
"Robert Taylor Drinks Cold Beer"
Brachial Plexus: Roots, Trunks, Divisions, Chords, Branches
"One heart Two lungs"
for beta receptor activity. Beta-1 receptors are primarily on the heart, and the
airway is Beta-2 receptors.
"ACID" or "Anna Cycled Immediately Downhill"
Hypersensitivity reactions - Anaphylactic, Cytotoxic, Immune-complex,
Delayed-hypersensitivity
Cranial Nerves
1. Olfactory Oh Some Sensory
2. Optic Oh Say Sensory
3. Oculomotor Oh Marry Mixed
4. Trochlear To Mary Mixed
5. Trigeminal Touch But Both
6. Abducens And My Mixed
7. Facial Feel Brother Both
8. Acoustic A Says Sensory
9. Glossopharyngeal Good(?) Bad Both
10. Vagus Vein(?) Business! Both
11. Accessory Ah Marry Mixed
12. Hypoglosseal Heaven Money Mixed
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The way to remember which cranial nerves are sensory, motor or mixed:
Some Say Marilyn Monroe But My Brother Says Bridget Bardot Mmm, Mmm!
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Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase. = "People Meet And Talk."

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Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone: Serotonin, Histamine, Muscarinic, Opioids,

Dopamine
Sara Hates Men On Drugs
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Tonsil Arteries: Tonsilar, Maxillary, Pharyngeal, Facial, Internal

Carotid Branch
Tim Made Peter Faint In Class
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Aortic Regurgitation and Mitral Regurgitation

Fast, Full, Loose
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Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve:

Think of exercising muscle for a rightward shift: Exercising
muscle is Hot, Acidic (Lactic Acid), Hypercarbic, Benefits from
oxygen unloading and has an increased 2,3 DPG. Also think Bohr
effect with a rightward shift(_CO2 = _O2). Realize that the
Haldane effect means (O2 =CO2 carried by Hgb).
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Cholinergic Crisis-Parasympathetic Stimulation:

SLUD
Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination and Defecation.

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Sympathetic nervous system: Fight or Flight

Parasympathetic nervous system: Rest and Digest
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C3-C4-C5 keeps the diaphragm alive.

__________________________________________________________________________
Spinal Meds: Lidocaine, Bupivicaine, Procaine, Tetracaine

Little Boys Prefer Toys.
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Go Glomerulosa Make Mineralcorticoids

Find Fasiculata Good Glucocorticoids
Rex Reticulata Sex Hormones
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F L A G T O P Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
F: Follicle Stimulating Hormone

L: Lutinizing Hormone
A: ACTH
G: Growth Hormone
T: Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
O: MSH
P: Prolactin
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President Kennedy had Addisions disease: He always had a great
tan. A president would need cortisol to respond to stress and hypoglycemic.
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Treatment of Malignant Hyperthermia
Some Hot Dude Better Give Iced Fluids Fast!!!

S: Stop all triggering agents, give 100% O2
H: Hyperventilate
D: Dantrolene 2.5mg/kg
B: Bicarbonate
G: Glucose and Insulin
I: IV Fluids, Cooling Blanket
F: Fluid Output; Furosemide
F: Tachycardia, be prepared to treat V Tach
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Regarding what to do in case of syncope:

If the face is red, raise the head. If the face is pale, raise
the tail!
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Nothing beats the old classic list for remembering the branches
of the superior thyroid artery:
MAY muscular
I infrahyoid
SOFTLY superior laryngeal
SQUEEZE sternomastoid
CHARLIE'S cricothyroid
GIRL glandular
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More seriously: "LR6SO4 rest 3" (lateral rectus=3rd cranial,

superior oblique=4, rest of ocular muscles are 3rd cranial)
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Robert Taylor Drinks Cold Beer for:

Roots, Trunks, Divisions,
Cords, Branches (how the nerves are organized along the brachial
plexus from the neck to the fingers).
Real Texans Drinks Coors Beer: See above
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The branches of the facial nerve are:

"Two zulu's bugging my cat"
two temporal
zulu's zygomatic
bugging buccal
my mandibular
cat cervical...
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"9 O P" ninth cranial nerve innervates the parotid gland by way
of the otic ganglion.
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How about this one, the things that pass through the Supraorbital fissure:
Luscious Lacrimal nerve (V1 branch of trigeminal nerve)

French Frontal nerve (V1 branch of trigeminal nerve)
Tarts Trochlear nerve (CN IV)
Sit Superior branch of Oculomotor nerve (CN III)
Naked Nasociliary nerve (CN V1 branch of trigeminal nerve)
In Inferior branch of Oculomotor nerve (CN III)
Anticipation Abducens nerve (CN VI)
Of Ophthalmic veins
Sex Sympathetic nerves
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"RL6SO4 taken 3 times" converts to:

Rectus Lateralis: 6th cranial nerve (abducens)
Superior Oblique: 4th cranial nerve (trochlear)
All other muscles(medial rectus, superior and inferior recti,
and inferior oblique): 3rd cranial nerve (oculomotor)
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Oculomotor Reflex is the 5 & dime reflex:

Afferent: Trimenimal V and Efferent: Vagus X
Back Pain: DISK MASS
D == Degeneration: DJD, Osteoporosis, spondylosis

I == Infection: UTI, PID, Potts, osteomyelitis, prostatitis, Injury/fractur
e, compression fracture.
S == Spondylitis, ankylosing
Spondyloarthropathies (rheum. arthritis, Reiters, SLE)
K == Kidney stones/infarction/infection (pyelo/abscess)
M == Multiple myeloma
Metastasis from breast, prostate, lung, thyroid,
kidney CA
A == Aneurysm Abdominal pain referred to the back (see acute abdominal pain)
S == Slipped disk, spondylolisthesis
S == Strain, scoliosis/lordosis
Skin: herpes zoster.
CAUSES OF ACUTE PANCREATITIS:
"GET SMASH'D"
A-P-G-A-R:
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia: Each of the MENs is a disease of three or two lett
ers plus a feature.
MEN I is a disease of 3 P's (pituitary, parathyroid, and pancreas) plus adrenal
cortex
MEN II is a disease of 2 C's(carcinoma of thyroid and catacholamines [pheochromo
cytoma]) plus parathyroid for MEN IIa or mucocutaneous neuromas for MEN IIB(aka
MEN III)
Acute pneumonia caused by Miscellaneous microbes--Mononuclear infiltrate
Takayasu's diz = pulseless diz, therefore when you have Takayasu's, I can't Tak'
a yu pulse.
Have you ever felt it necessary to CUT DOWN on your drinking?
Has anyone ever told you they were ANNOYED by your drinking?
Have you ever felt GUILTY about your drinking?
Have you ever felt the need to have a drink in the morning for an EYE OPENER?
A-S-C-L-A-S-T--eliciting and HPI and exploring symptoms
A--aggravatiing and alleviating factors
S--severity
C--character, quality
L--location
A--associated sx
S--setting
T--timing
note: ASCLAST means let the patient talk first, then ask him/her specific questi
ons
Argyll-Robertson Pupil--syphilitic pupil: Accommodation reflex present, Pupillar
y reflex absent due to damage at pretectal area. Also called the "prostitute's p
upil" (accommodates but does not react).
T--trauma
O--obesity
M--malignancy
S--surgery
C--cardiac disease
H--hospitalization
R--rest (bed-bound)
P--past hx
F--fracture
E--elderly
R--road trip
ARTERIAL OCCLUSION:
pain
pallor
pulselessness
paresthesias
HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS: "Anna Cycled Immediately Downhill--Gell & Goombs" or
"ACID."
Type I Anaphylaxis
WBC Count: "Never Let Mom Eat Beans" and "60, 30, 6, 3, 1"
Neutrophils 60%
Lymphocytes 30%
Monocytes 6%
Eosinophils 3%
Basophils 1:
CAUSES OF ACUTE PANCREATITIS:

"GET SMASH'D"
A-P-G-A-R:
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia: Each of the MENs is a disease of three or two lett
ers plus a feature.
MEN I is a disease of 3 P's (pituitary, parathyroid, and pancreas) plus adrenal
cortex
MEN II is a disease of 2 C's(carcinoma of thyroid and catacholamines [pheochromo
cytoma]) plus parathyroid for MEN IIa or mucocutaneous neuromas for MEN IIB(aka
MEN III)
Acute pneumonia caused by Miscellaneous microbes--Mononuclear infiltrate
Takayasu's diz = pulseless diz, therefore when you have Takayasu's, I can't Tak'
a yu pulse.
Have you ever felt it necessary to CUT DOWN on your drinking?
Has anyone ever told you they were ANNOYED by your drinking?
Have you ever felt GUILTY about your drinking?
Have you ever felt the need to have a drink in the morning for an EYE OPENER?
A-S-C-L-A-S-T--eliciting and HPI and exploring symptoms
A--aggravatiing and alleviating factors
S--severity
C--character, quality
L--location
A--associated sx
S--setting
T--timing
note: ASCLAST means let the patient talk first, then ask him/her specific questi
ons
Argyll-Robertson Pupil--syphilitic pupil: Accommodation reflex present, Pupillar
y reflex absent due to damage at pretectal area. Also called the "prostitute's p
upil" (accommodates but does not react).
T--trauma
O--obesity
M--malignancy
S--surgery
C--cardiac disease
H--hospitalization
R--rest (bed-bound)
P--past hx
F--fracture
E--elderly
R--road trip
ARTERIAL OCCLUSION:
pain
pallor
pulselessness
paresthesias
HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS: "Anna Cycled Immediately Downhill--Gell & Goombs" or
"ACID."
Type I Anaphylaxis
WBC Count: "Never Let Mom Eat Beans" and "60, 30, 6, 3, 1"
Neutrophils 60%
Lymphocytes 30%
Monocytes 6%
Eosinophils 3%
Basophils 1:
LR6 SO4 3. Which cranial nerve controls which eye muscle. Lateral rectus sixth n
erve, Superior oblique fourth, rest third.
På viFt Med Anna.

Papillär
Follikulär
Medullär
Anaplastisk
Thyreoidea cancer i stigande allvarlighetsgrad och fallande incidens.
Av: Linda Claesson
Bones, stones, groans and psychic moans.
Symtoms of a elevated serum calcium level.
C 3, 4 and 5, keeps your diaphragm alive.
S 2, 3 and 4, makes a mess on the floor.
Intoxpupiller:
MorFIN
AmFETAmin
Av: Linda Claesson
OD pupils
Morphine - Fine
Amphetamine - Fat
(Translation of the Swedish one above.)
Some Say Money Matters, But My Brother Says Big Brah's Matter More.
Cranial nerves, sensory motor or both.
AIDA. Signs of a cerebellar injury.

Ataxia
Intention tremor
Dysmetria
Adiadochokinesia
4 A's of schizophrenia.
Affective flattening
Association disturbance
Ambivalence
Autism.
5 P's of acute ischemia, especially limb ischemia.

Pain
Pallor
Pulselessness
Paralysis
Paraesthesia.
5 W's of postoperative fever.

Wind - pneumonia, Atelectasis
Water - UTI's
Wound
Wonderdrugs - esp anaesthesia
Walking - lack of which increases risk of DVT and pulmonay embolism..
Argyle Robertson Pupil

Accomodation Reflex Present - Pupillary Reflex Absent.
Palliative or Provocative
Quality
Region affected, Radiation
Severity
Timing
Important factors in cardiac pain history.
MIDAS
Meningitis
Intoxication
Diabetes
Air - respiratory failure
Subdural or subarachnoid hemorrhage.
States to exclude as cause of coma.
(Absolute favourite of surgeons and anaesthetists at MAS, Malmö University Hospita
l.)
Hamlet Came To Town, Shouting Loudly To Polonius.

Hamatum, Capitatum, Trapezium, Trapezoideum, Scaphoideum, Lunatum, Triquetrium,
Pisiforme.
Carpal bones, distal and ulnar to proximal and radial.
Bathing accident
Epilepsi
Alcohol intoxication
Coma
Haemorrhage in the head/Hypothermia
Trauma
Electric accident
Narcotics, prescription drugs
Bear these in mind when dealing with a lifeless body. (Beachten is German and me
ans something like consider.)
Alignment
Bone
Cartilage (intervertebral discs)
Surrounding tissue
Evaluate these on a C-spine film.
Alfa kontraherar och beta dilaterar utom i hjärtat där det är tvärtom.
Sympaticus receptorer.
Cerebellar signs Disdiadochokinesia
` ataxia
nystagmus
Intention tremor
Slurred speech
Hypotonia
She looks too pretty try to catch her !

S caphoid
L unate
T riquetral
P isiform
T rapezium
T rapezoid
C apitate
H amate
COMPLEMENT DEFICIENCIES
INHERITED
C1 INHIB -Hereditary angio-oedema
C1r -SLE like syndrome
C1s -Immune complex disease
C2 -SLE. Henoch Schonlein, Glomerulonephritis
C3 -Recurrent infections
C5-9 -Recurrent infections
ACQUIRED
Renal -Mesangiocapillary GN-Low C3, normal C1,2,4
-Acute post strep GN -Low C3,4
Collagen -SLE -Low C3,4
-In active Rheum Arthritis-Levels may be increased
Liver -In acute hepatitis C3,4 are low in first week, in chronic C3 rem
ains low
Cardiac Catheterization (Normal Values)
R Atrium -1.5 to 0
R Vent 18/ 0 to 2
Pulmon Art 18/8
Pulmon Wedge 4
L Atrium 4
L Vent 130/0 to 10
O2 Sat venous 65-75%
O2 sat arterial 96-98%
Causes of Clubbing
Thoracic Bronchial carconoma

Chronic lung suppuration
Fibrosing alveolitis
Mesothelioma
Cardiac Cyanotic CHD
Endocarditis
Atrial Myxoma
GI IBD
Cirrhosis
GI lymphoma
Coeliac disease
Rare Familial
Thyroid Acropachy
Constrictive Pericardirtis
TB
Radiotherapy
Malignancy
Following severe pericarditis
Connective tissue disease
Carbon Monoxide poisoning

agitation and confusion
Bullous lesions
Muscle necrosis
hypertonia
Acute Renal Failure
Hyperpyrexia
Vomiting
Headache
arrhythmias
Carcinoid syndrome
CARCinoid:
Cutaneous flushing
Asthmatic wheezing
Right sided valvular heart lesions
Cramping & diarrhea
Captopril side effects

CAPTOPRIL:
Cough
Angioedema/ Agranulocystosis
Proteinuria
Taste changes
Orthostatic hypotension
Pregnancy contraindication/ Pancreatitis
Renal failure (and renal artery stenosis contraindication)/ Rash
Increased potassium
Leukopenia/ Liver toxicity
Consent/Refusal
Dr-Patient relationship should be founded on mutual respect

Pt should make own decision, based on information and support
consent should be informed, voluntary and competent
pt should know all the information
only withold info if it will harm pt
life saving Rx can be given without consent
Pt has the right to refuse rx
there is no minimum age for consent
Pt should be informed of all teaching practices
Cholinergics effects
If you know these, you will be "LESS DUMB":
Lacrimation
Excitation of nicotinic synapses
Salivation
Sweating
Diarrhea
Urination
Micturition
Bronchoconstriction
Dissecting Thoracic Aneurysm

-Hemiplegia (carotids)
-Unequal pulses
-Unequal BP
-Paraplegia (Ant Spinal art)
-Anuria (Renal art)
-MI (Coron art)
Causes of "DARK COLOURED" urine
1.Concentration
2.Bile
3.Blood,Haemoglobinuria, Myoglobinuria
4.Methaemaglobinuria
5.Porphyria
6.Alkaptonuria
7.Melaninuria
8.Beetroot
Down syndrome features
"My CHILD HAS PROBLEM!":
Congenital heart disease/ Cataracts
Hypotonia/ Hypothyroidism
Incure 5th finger/ Increased gap between 1st and 2nd toe
Leukemia risk x2/ Lung problem
Duodenal atresia/ Delayed development
Hirshsprung's disease/ Hearing loss
Alzheimer's disease/ Alantoaxial instability
Squint/ Short neck
Protruding tongue/ Palm crease
Round face/ Rolling eye (nystagmus)
Occiput flat/ Oblique eye fissure
Brushfield spot/ Brachycephaly
Low nasal bridge/ Language problem
Epicanthic fold/ Ear folded
Mental retardation/ Myoclonus
DCCT Trial
Diabetes control and complications trial
landmark paper
better diabetic control reduces risk of neuropathy
reduces risk of retino
pathy
reduces risk of microa
ngiopathy
increases risk of hypo
glycaemia
DIGAMI Study
Diabetic Insulin/Glucose infusion in acute mI
sliding scale post MI
reduces mortality by 11%
Pancreatitis (acute): causes
GET SMASHED:
Gallstones
Ethanol
Trauma
Steroids
Mumps
Autoimmune (PAN)
Scorpion stings
Hyperlipidemia/ Hypercalcemia
ERCP
Drugs (including azathioprine and diuretics)
· Note: 'Get Smashed' is slang in some countries for drinking, and ethanol is an i
mportant pancreatitis cause.
Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC) cause is DNA mismatch repair
DNA mismatch causes a bubble in the strand where the two nucleotides don't match
.
This looks like the ensuing polyps that arise in the colon.
· See diagram.
IBD: extraintestinal manifestations
A PIE SAC:
Aphthous ulcers
Pyoderma gangrenosum
Iritis
Erythema nodosum
Sclerosing cholangitis
Arthritis
Clubbing of fingertips
Digestive disorders: pH level
With vomiting both the pH and food come up.
With diarrhea both the pH and food go down.
H. Pylori treatment regimen (rough guidelines)
"Please Make Tummy Better":
Proton pump inhibitor
Metronidazole
Tetracycline
Bismuth
Bilirubin: common causes for increased levels
"HOT Liver":
Hemolysis
Obstruction
Tumor
Liver disease
Ulcerative colitis: complications
"PAST Colitis":
Pyoderma gangrenosum
Ankylosing spondylitis
Sclerosing pericholangitis
Toxic megacolon
Colon carcinoma
Charcot's triad (gallstones)
"Charcot's Triad is 3 C's":
Color change (jaundice)
Colic (biliary) pain, aka RUQ pain
Chills and fever
Cholangitis features
CHOLANGITITS:
Charcot's triad/ Conjugated bilirubin increase
Hepatic abscesses/ Hepatic (intra/extra) bile ducts/ HLA B8, DR3
Obstruction
Leukocytosis
Alkaline phosphatase increase
Neoplasms
Gallstones
Inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis)
Transaminase increase
Infection
Sclerosing
Charcot's triad (gallstones)
"Charge a FEE":
Charcot's triad is:
Fever
Epigastric & RUQ
Emesis & nausea
painParkinsonism: drugs
SALAD:
Selegiline
Anticholinenergics (trihexyphenidyl, benzhexol, ophenadrine)
L-Dopa + peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor (carbidopa, benserazide)
Amantadine
Dopamine postsynaptic receptor agonists (bromocriptine, lisuride, pergolide)
Morphine: effects at mu receptor
PEAR:
Physical dependence
Euphoria
Analgesia
Respiratory depression
Anticholinergic side effects
"Know the ABCD'S of anticholinergic side effects":
Anorexia
Blurry vision
Constipation/ Confusion
Dry Mouth
Sedation/ Stasis of urine
Teratogenic drugs
"W/ TERATOgenic":
Warfarin
Thalidomide
Epileptic drugs: phenytoin, valproate, carbamazepine
Retinoid
ACE inhibitor
Third element: lithium
OCP and other hormones (eg danazol
Antiarrhythmics: classification I to IV
MBA College
· In order of class I to IV:
Membrane stabilizers (class I)
Beta blockers
Action potential widening agents
Calcium channel blockers
Epilepsy types, drugs of choice
"Military General Attacked Weary Fighters Pronouncing 'Veni Vedi Veci' After Cru
shing Enemies":
· Epilepsy types:
Myoclonic
Grand mal
Atonic
West syndrome
Focal
Petit mal (absence)
· Respective drugsy:
Valproate
Valproate
Valproate
ACTH
Carbamazepine
Ethosuximide
Respiratory depression inducing drugs
"STOP breathing":
Sedatives and hypnotics
Trimethoprim
Opiates
Polymyxins
Pulmonary infiltrations inducing drugs
"Go BAN Me!":
Gold
Bleomycin/ Busulphan/ BCNU
Amiodarone/ Acyclovir/ Azathioprine
Nitrofurantoin
Melphalan/ Methotrexate/ Methysergide
Migraine: prophylaxis drugs
"Very Volatile Pharmacotherapeutic Agents For Migraine Prophylaxis":
Verpamil
Valproic acid
Pizotifen
Amitriptyline
Flunarizine
Methysergide
Propranolol
· Bare bones version [eg Lippincott's two], just Migraine Prophylaxis, as above
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins): side effects, contraindications, interac
tions
HMG-CoA:
· Side effects:
Hepatotoxicity
Myositis [aka rhabdomyolysis]
· Contraindications:
Girl during pregnancy/ Growing children
· Interactions:
Coumarin/ Cyclosporine
Upper lobe shadowing: causes
BREASTS:
Beryllium
Radiation
Extrinsic allergic alveolitis
Ankylosing spondylitis
Sarcoidosis
TB
Siliconiosis
Esophageal cancer: risk factors
ABCDEF:
Achalasia
Barret's esophagus
Corrosive esophagitis
Diverticuliis
Esophageal web
Familial
Prognotic factors for cancer: general
PROGNOSIS:
Presentation (time & course)
Response to treatment
Old (bad prog.)
Good intervention (i.e. early)
Non-compliance with treatment
Order of differentiation (>1 cell type)
Stage of disease
Ill health
Spread (diffuse)
T2 vs. T1 MRI scan
"WW 2" (World War II):
· Water is White in a T2 scan.
· Conversely, a T1 scan shows fat as being whiter.
Chest radiograph: checklist to examine
ABCDEFGHI:
Aorta
Bronchus
Cord, spinal
Diaphragm (look for hyperinflation)
Eosphagus (look for foreign body)
Fracture (ribs)
Gas (look for pneumothorax)
Heart (look for cardiomegaly)
Iatrogenic (subclavian line, pacemakers)
Elbow ossification centers, in sequence
CRITOE:
Capitellum
Radial head
Internal epicondyle
Trochlea
Olecranon
External epicondyle
· In order: appear at 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 years; each closes 2 years later.
Beta blockers with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity
Picture diabetic and asthmatic kids riding away on a cart that rolls on pinwheel
s.
Pindolol and Carteolol have high and moderate ISA respectively, making them acce
ptable for use in some diabetics or asthmatics despite the fact that they are no
n-seletive beta blockers.
Benzodiazapines: ones not metabolized by the liver (safe to use in liver failure
)
LOT:
Lorazepam
Oxazepam
Temazepam
Vigabatrin: mechanism
Vi-GABA-Tr-In:
Via GABA Transferase Inhibition
TB: antibiotics used

STRIPE:
STreptomycin
Rifampicin
Isoniazid
Pyrizinamide
Ethambutol
Enoxaprin (prototype low molecular weight heparin): action, monitoring

EnoXaprin only acts on factor Xa.
Monitor Xa concentration, rather than APTT.
Beta-blockers: nonselective beta-blockers

"Tim Pinches His Nasal Problem" (because he has a runny nose...):
Timolol
Pindolol
Hismolol
Naldolol
Propranolol
Nicotinic effects
MTWTF (days of week):
Mydriasis/ Muscle cramps
Tachycardia
Weakness
Twitching
Hypertension/ Hyperglycemia
Fasiculation
Muscarinic effects
SLUG BAM:
Salivation/ Secretions/ Sweating
Lacrimation
Urination
Gastrointestinal upset
Bradycardia/ Bronchoconstriction/ Bowel movement
Abdominal cramps/ Anorexia
Miosis
Phenytoin: adverse effects

PHENYTOIN:
P-450 interactions
Hirsutism
Enlarged gums
Nystagmus
Yellow-browning of skin
Teratogenicity
Osteomalacia
Interference with B12 metabolism (hence anemia)
Neuropathies: vertigo, ataxia, headache
Gynaecomastia-causing drugs
DISCOS:
Digoxin
Isoniazid
Spironolactone
Cimetidine
Oestrogens
Stilboestrol
Neck sagittal x-ray: examination checklist

ABCD:
Anterior: look for swelling
Bones: examine each bone for fractures
Cartilage: look for slipped discs
Dark spots: ensure not abnormally big, or could mean excess blood
Oral cancer risk factors

5 S's:
Smoking
Spicy food
Syphilis
Spirits [booze]
Sharp teeth or dentures
Mole: signs of trouble

ABCDE:
Asymmetry
Border irregular
Colour irregular
Diameter usually > 0.5cm
Elevation irregular
Dermatomyositis or polymyositis: risk of underlying malignancy

Risk is 30% at age 30.
Risk is 40% at age 40, and so on.
Pituitary endocrine functions often affected by pituitary-associated tumor

"Go Look For the Adenoma Please":
· Tropic hormones affected by growth tumor are:
GnRH
LSH
FSH
ACTH
Prolactin function
Head CT scan: evaluation checklist

"Blood Can Be Very Bad":
Blood
Cistern
Brain
Ventricles
Bone
Lung cancer: main sites for distant metastases

BLAB:
Bone
Liver
Adrenals
Brain
Anterior mediastinal masses
4 T's:
Teratoma
Thymoma
Testicular-type
T-cell / Hodgkin's lymphoma
Osteoarthritis: x-ray signs
LOSS:
Loss of joint space
Osteopyhtes
Subcondral sclerosis
Subchondral cysts
Chest radiograph: checklist to examine

"Pamela Found Our Rotation Particularly Exciting; Very Highly Commended Mainly '
Cus She Arouses":
Patient details
Film details
Objects (eg. lines, electrodes)
Rotation
Penetration
Expansion
Vessels
Hila
Costophrenic angles
Mediastinum
Cardiothoracic Ratio
Soft tissues & bones
Air (diaphragm, pneumothorax, subcut. emphysema)
Beta-1 vs Beta-2 receptor location

"You have 1 heart and 2 lungs":
Beta-1 are therefore primarily on heart.
Beta-2 primarily on lungs.
---
Cisplatin: major side effect, action
"Ci-Splat-In":
Major side effect: Splat (vomiting sound)--vomiting so severe that anti-nausea d
rug needed.
Action: Goes Into the DNA strand.
---
Pupils in overdose: morphine vs. amphetamine
"MorPHINE: Fine. AmPHETamine: Fat":
Morphine overdose: pupils constricted (fine).
Amphetamine overdose: pupils dilated (fat).
---
Atropine use: tachycardia or bradycardia
"A goes with B":
Atropine used clinically to treat Bradycardia.
Reserpine action
Reserpine depletes the Reserves of catecholamines [and serotonin].
Botulism toxin: action, related bungarotoxin

Action: "Botulism Bottles up the Ach so it can't be the released":
Related bungarotoxin: "Botulism is related to Beta Bungarotoxin (beta-, not alph
a-bungarotoxin--alpha has different mechanism).
Ipratropium: action
Atropine is buried in the middle: iprAtropium, so it behaves like Atropine.
Bleomycin: action
"Bleo-Mycin Blows My DNA to bits":
Bleomycin works by fragmenting DNA (blowing it to bits).
My DNA signals that its used for cancer (targeting self cells).
Propranolol and related '-olol' drugs: usage

"olol" is just two backwards lower case b's.
Backward b's stand for "beta blocker".
· Beta blockers include acebutolol, betaxolol, bisoprolol, oxprenolol, propranolol
.
Succinylcholine: action, use

Succinylcholine gets Stuck to Ach receptor, then Sucks ions in through open pore
.
You Suck stuff in through a mouth-tube, and drug is used for intubation.
Metabolism enzyme inducers

"Randy's Black Car Goes Putt Putt and Smokes":
Rifampin
Barbiturates
Carbamazepine
Grisoefulvin
Phenytoin
Phenobarb
Smoking cigarettes
Propythiouracil (PTU): mechanism

It inhibits PTU:
Peroxidase/ Peripheral deiodination
Tyrosine iodination
Union (coupling)
Phenobarbitone: side effects

Children are annoying (hyperkinesia, irritability, insomnia, aggression).
Adults are dosy (sedation, dizziness, drowsiness).
Cholinergics (eg organophosphates): effects

If you know these, you will be "LESS DUMB":
Lacrimation
Excitation of nicotinic synapses
Salivation
Sweating
Diarrhea
Urination
Micturition
Bronchoconstriction
---
Routes of entry: most rapid ways meds/toxins enter body
"Stick it, Sniff it, Suck it, Soak it":
Stick = Injection
Sniff = inhalation
Suck = ingestion
Soak = absorption
---
Depression: 5 drugs causing it
PROMS:
Propranolol
Reserpine
Oral contraceptives
Methyldopa
Steroids
Hepatic necrosis: drugs causing focal to massive necrosis

"Very Angry Hepatocytes":
Valproic acid
Acetaminophen
Halothane
Thrombolytic agents
USA:
Urokinase
Streptokinase
Alteplase (tPA)
Warfarin: action, monitoring

WePT:
Warfarin works on the extrinsic pathway and is monitored by PT.
Beta-blockers: side effects

"BBC Loses Viewers In Rochedale":
Bradycardia
Bronchoconstriction
Claudication
Lipids
Vivid dreams & nightmares
-ve Inotropic action
Reduced sensitivity to hypoglycaemia
---
Urinary incontinence: causes of acute and reversible
DRIP
Delirium
Restricted mobility/ Retention
Inflammation / Infection/ Impaction [fecal]
Pharmaceuticals / Polyuria
· "Drip" is convenient since it is urinary incontinence, so urine only drips out.
Nephrotic syndrome: causes for secondary nephrotic syndrome

DAVID:
Diabetes mellitus
Amyloidosis
Vasculitis
Infections
Drugs
Renal Cell Cancer (RCC): genetic marker

"RCC" equals three. Or, "C" is the third letter of the alphabet.
· RCC is associated with genetic abberations on the third chromosome (VHL gene)
Polycystic kidney: genetic marker

"P" is the 16th letter of the alphabet.
· Autosomal dominant Polycystic kidney disease is associated with abberation on th
e 16th chromosome.
Testicular atrophy: differential

TESTES SHRINK:
Trauma
Exhaustional atrophy
Sequelae
Too little food
Elderly
Semen obstruction
Sex hormone therapy
Hypopituitarism
Radiation
Inflammatory orchitis
Not descended
Kleinfelter's
Pyelonephritis (acute): predisposing factors
SCARRIN' UP:
Sex (females <40, males >40)
Catheterization
Age (infant, elderly)
Renal lesions
Reflux (vesciouteral)
Immunodeficienct
NIDDM, IDDM
Urinary obstuction
Pregnant
· Acute pyelonephritis heals by scarrin' up the area (pyelonephritic scar).
Epididmyitis: bacterial causes

CENT:
Chlamydia trachomatis
E. coli
Nisseria gonorrhoeae
Tuberculos bacteria
ege, Pakistan, Gujrnwala
Hydronephrosis: differential
· Unilateral is PACT:
Pelvic-uteric obstruction (congenital or acquired)
Aberrant renal vessels
Calculi
Tumours of renal pelvis
· Bilateral is SUPER:
Stenosis of the urethra
Urethral valve
Prostatic enlargement
Extensive bladder tumour
Retro-peritoneal fibrosis
Dialysis: indications
AEIOU:
Acid-base problems (severe acidosis or alkalosis)
Electrolyte problems (hyperkalemia)
Intoxications
Overload, fluid
Uremic symptoms
Prostatism: initial symptoms

"Prostatism is initially FUN":
Frequency
Urgency
Nocturia
Weights of children with age

Newborn 3 kg
6 mos 6 kg (2x birth wt at 6 mos)
1 yr 10 kg (3x birth wt at 1 yr)
3 yrs 15 kg (odd yrs, add 5 kg until 11 yrs)
5 yrs 20 kg
7 yrs 25 kg
9 yrs 30 kg
11 yrs 35 kg (add 10 kg thereafter)
13 yrs 45 kg
15 yrs 55 kg
17 yrs 65 kg
Cyanotic heart diseases: 5 types
· 5 T's:
Tetralogy of Fallot
Transposition of the great arteries
Truncus arteriosus
Tricuspid atresia, pulmonary aTresia
Total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage
Breast feeding: benefits

ABCDEFGH:
· Infant:
Allergic condition reduced
Best food for infant
Close relationship with mother
Development of IQ, jaws, mouth
· Mother:
Econmical
Fitness: quick return to pre-pregnancy body shape
Guards against cancer: breast, ovary, uterus
Hemorrhage (postpartum) reduced
Joint pain causes

SOFTER TISSUE:
Sepsis
Osteoarthritis
Fractures
Tendon/muscle
Epiphyseal
Referred
Tumor
Ischaemia
Seropositive arthritides
Seronegative arthritides
Urate
Extra-articular rheumatism (such as polymylagia)
SLE (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus) diagnosis

"MD SOAP 'N HAIR":
Malar rash
Discoid rash
Serositis
Oral ulcer
Arthritis
Photosensitivity
Neurologic abnormality
Hematologic abnormality
ANA (+)
Immunologic abnormality
Renal involvement
Asthma: treatment
ASTHMA:
Adrenergics
Steroids
Theophylline
Hydration
Mask [O2 at 24%]
Antibiotics
Osteoporosis risk factors

ACCESS:
Alcohol
Corticosteroid
Calcium low
Estrogen low
Smoking
Sedentary lifestyle
Henoch schonlein purpura: signs and symptoms

NAPA:
Nephritis
Arthritis, arthralgias
Purpura, palpable (especially on buttocks and lower extremities)
Abdominal pain (need to rule out intussusception)
Felty's syndrome: components

SANTA:
Splenomegaly
Anaemia
Neutropenia
Thrombocytopenia
Arthritis (rheumatoid)
Arthritis: juvenile idiopathic: differential

ARTHRITIS:
Anxiety
Rickets and metabolic
Tumor
Hematological
Reactive arthritis
Immunological (SLE)
Trauma
Injury
Sepsis
Williams syndrome: features

WILLIAMS:
Weight (low at birth, slow to gain)
Iris (stellate iris)
Long philtrum
Large mouth
Increased Ca++
Aortic stenosis (and other stenoses)
Mental retardation
Swelling around eyes (periorbital puffiness)
Russell Silver syndrome: features
ABCDEF:
Asymmetric limb (hemihypertrophy)
Bossing (frontal)
Clinodactyly/ Cafe au lait spots
Dwarf (short stature)
Excretion (GU malformation)
Face (triangular face, micrognathia)
Dentition: eruption times of permanent dentition

"Mama Is In Pain, Papa Can Make Medicine":
1st Molar: 6 years
1st Incisor: 7 years
2nd Incisor: 8 years
1st Premolar: 9 years
2nd Premolar: 10 years
Canine: 11 years
2nd Molar: 12 years
3rd Molar: 18-25 years
Cyanotic heart diseases: 5 types

· Use your five fingers:
1 finger up: Truncus Arteriosus (1 vessel)
2 fingers up: Dextroposition of the Great Arteries (2 vessels transposed)
3 fingers up: Tricuspid Atresia (3=Tri)
4 fingers up: Tetralogy of Fallot (4=Tetra)
5 fingers up: Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (5=5 words)
Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome (HUS): components

"Remember to decrease the RATE of IV fluids in these patients":
Renal failure
Anemia (microangiopathic, hemolytic)
Thrombocytopenia
Encephalopathy (TTP)
Cough (chronic): differential

When cough in nursery, rock the "CRADLE":
Cystic fibrosis
Rings, slings, and airway things (tracheal rings)/ Respiratory infections
Aspiration (swallowing dysfunction, TE fistula, gastroesphageal reflux)
Dyskinetic cilia
Lung, airway, and vascular malformations (tracheomalacia, vocal cord dysfunction
)
Edema (heart failure)
Cystic fibrosis: presenting signs

CF PANCREAS:
Chronic cough and wheezing
Failure to thrive
Pancreatic insufficiency (symptoms of malabsorption like steatorrhea)
Alkalosis and hypotonic dehydration
Neonatal intestinal obstruction (meconium ileus)/ Nasal polyps
Clubbing of fingers/ Chest radiograph with characteristic changes
Rectal prolapse
Electrolyte elevation in sweat, salty skin
Absence or congenital atresia of vas deferens
Sputum with Staph or Pseudomonas (mucoid)
Cystic fibrosis: exacerbation of pulmonary infection

CF PANCREAS:
Cough (increase in intensity and frequent spells)
Fever (usually low grade, unless severe bronchopneumonia is present)
Pulmonary function deterioration
Appetite decrease
Nutrition, weight loss
CBC (leukocytosis with left shift)
Radiograph (increase overaeration, peribronchial thickening, mucus plugging)
Exam (rales or wheezing in previously clear areas, tachypnea, retractions)
Activity (decreased, impaired exercise intolerance, increased absenteeism)
Sputum (becomes darker, thicker, and more abundant, forming plugs)
Cyanotic congenital heart diseases

5 T's:
Truncus arteriosus
Transposition of the great arteries
Tricuspid atresia
Tetrology of Fallot
Total anomalous pulmonary venous return
Head circumference with age

· Remember 3, 9, and multiples of 5:
Newborn 35 cm
3 mos 40 cm
9 mos 45 cm
3 yrs 50 cm
9 yrs 55 cm
Warfarin: metabolism
SLOW:
· Has a slow onset of action.
· A quicK Vitamin K antagonist, though.
Small lipid-soluble molecule
Liver: site of action
Oral route of administration.
Warfarin
Myasthenia gravis: edrophonium vs. pyridostigmine

eDrophonium is for Diagnosis.
pyRIDostigmine is to get RID of symptoms.
Antiarrhythmics: class III members

BIAS:
Bretylium
Ibutilide
Amiodarone
Sotalol
Amiodarone: action, side effects

6 P's:
Prolongs action potential duration
Photosensitivity
Pigmentation of skin
Peripheral neuropathy
Pulmonary alveolitis and fibrosis
Peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 is inhibited -> hypothyroidism
Morphine: effects
MORPHINES:
Miosis
Orthostatic hypotension
Respiratory depression
Pain supression
Histamine release/ Hormonal alterations
Increased ICT
Nausea
Euphoria
Sedation
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors: members

"PIT of despair":
Phenelzine
Isocarboxazid
Tranylcypromine
· A pit of despair, since MAOs treat depression.
Antimuscarinics: members, action

"Inhibits Parasympathetic And Sweat":
Ipratropium
Pirenzepine
Atropine
Scopolamine
· Muscarinic receptors at all parasympathetic endings sweat glands in sympathetic.
Patent ductus arteriosus: treatment

"Come In and Close the door":
INdomethacin is used to Close PDA.
Etoposide: action, indications, side effect

"eTOPoside":
· Action:
Inhibits TOPoisomerase II
· Indications:
Testicular carcinoma
Oat cell carcinoma of lung
Prostate carcinoma
· Side effect:
Affects TOP of your head, causing alopecia
Antibiotics contraindicated during pregnancy

MCAT:
Metronidazole
Chloramphenicol
Aminoglycoside
Tetracycline
Haematology: key numbers

3 and 4 are key in in haematology:
1.34 cm3 of oxygen is carried by a gram of hemoglobin.
There's 3.4mg of iron in each gram of hemoglobin.
There's an average of 3.4 lobes per neutrophil.
There's 34mg bilirubin from each gram of hemoglobin.
Raynaud's disease: causes

BAD CT:
Blood disorders (eg polycythaemia)
Arterial (eg atherosclerosis, Buerger's)
Drugs (eg beta-blockers)
Connective tissue disorders (rheumatoid arthritis, SLE)
Traumatic (eg vibration injury)
Sickle cell disease complications

SICKLE:
Strokes/ Swelling of hands and feet/ Spleen problems
Infections/ Infarctions
Crises (painful, sequestration, aplastic)/ Cholelithiasis/ Chest syndrome/ Chron
ic hemolysis/ Cardiac problems
Kidney disease
Liver disease/ Lung problems
Erection (priapism)/ Eye problems (retinopathy)
ADP: role in platelet aggregation

ADP = Aggregation from the Dense bodies of Platelets.
Anion gap metabolic acidosis: causes

A MUDPILE CAT:
Alcohol
Methanol
Uremia
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Paraldehyde
Iron/ Isoniazid
Lactic acidosis
Ethylene glycol
Carbamazepine
Aspirin
Toluene
HbA2: concentration in normal blood
HbA2:
Concentration of HbA2 is 2% in normal adult blood.
Metabolic acidosis: causes

USED CAR:
Ureteroenterostomy
Saline hydration
Endocrinopathies (hyperparathyroid, hyperthyroid, Addison's)
Diarrhea/ DKA/ Drugs
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Ammonium chloride
Renal tubular acidosis
· Alternatively: USED CARP, to include Parenteral nutrition/ Pancreatic fistula.
Macrocytic anemia: causes

ABCDEF:
Alcohol + liver disease
B12 deficiency
Compensatory reticulocytosis (blood loss and hemolysis)
Drug (cytotoxic and AZT)/ Dysplasia (marrow problems)
Endocrine (hypothyroidism)
Folate deficieny/ Fetus (pregnancy)
Non-gap acidosis: causes

HARD UP:
Hyperalimentation
Acetazolamide (carbonic anhydrase inhibitors)
RTA
Diarrhea
Ureterosigmoidostomy
Pancreatic fistula
Toxicity/ sepsis: signs

6 T's:
Tachycardia
Tachypnea
Tremors
Toxic look
Tiredness
Temperature (fever)
Metabolic acidosis: causes

KUSSMAL:
Ketoacidosis
Uraemia
Sepsis
Salicylates
Methanol
Alcohol
Lactic acidosis
Ulcers: types
VAN:
Venous/ Vasculitic
Arterial
Neuropathic
Abdominal pain: medical causes

"ABDOMENAL PANE" [abdominal pain]:
Acute rheumatic fever
Blood [purpura, a/c hemolytic crisis]
DKA
cOllagen vascular disease
Migraine [abdominal migraine]
Epilepsy [abdominal epilepsy]
Nephron [uremia]
Abdominal angina
Lead
Porphyria
Arsenic
NSAID's
Enteric fever
Haemobilia: features
MOB:
Melaena
Obstructive jaundice
Biliary colic
Ileus: causes
MD SPUGERS:
Mesenteric ischemia
Drugs (see below)
Surgical (post-op)
Peritonitis/ Pancreatitis (sentinnel loop)
Unresolved mechanical obstruction (eg mass, intussusception, blockage)
Gram negative sepsis
Electrolyte imbalance (eg hypokalemia)
Retroperitoneal bleed or hematoma
Spinal or pelvic fracture
· Drugs are Aluminum hydroxide, Ba++, Ca carbonate, opiates, TCA, verapamil.
Pyrexia of Unknown Origin: history taking

SIT ON FRAD:
Sexual history
Immunisation status
Travel history
Occupational history
Nutrition (consumption of dairy products, etc.)
Family history
Recreational habits
Animal contacts (including ticks and other vectors)
Drug history
Abdominal swelling causes

5 F's:
Fat
Feces
Fluid
Flatus
Fetus
Full-sized tumors
Patient examination organization

SOAP:
Subjective: what the patient says.
Objective: what the examiner observes.
Assessment: what the examiner thinks is going on.
Plan: what they intend to do about it.
Health related behavior (HRB) topics: history taking

"Healthy SEEDS":
Substances (alcohol, tobacco, IV drugs?)
Environment (hazards at home or work? feel safe?)
Exercise (what do you do? how often do you do it?)
Diet (any special diet?)
Sex (active with m/f/both? >1 partner? safe sex? STD history? difficulty with ar
ousal or orgasm? history of abuse?)
· I find this order works well: patients most expect to be asked about alcohol and
they least want to talk about their STD history, but taking a solid HRB history
first reassures them that it's all part of good medical care.
History: quick EMS medical history checklist

SAMPLE:
Signs/ Symptoms
Allergies
Medications
Pertinent history
Last oral intake
Events preceding this incident
Differential diagnosis checklist

"A VITAMIN C"
A and C stand for Acquired and Congenital
· VITAMIN stands for:
Vascular
Inflammatory (Infectious and non-Infectious)
Trauma/ Toxins
Autoimmune
Metabolic
Idiopathic
Neoplastic
· Example usage: List causes of decreased vision: Central retinal artery occlusion
, Retinitis pigmentosa, Perforation to gobe, Chronic Gentamycin use, Ruematoid a
rthritis, Diabetes, Idiopathic, Any eye tumor, Myopia.
Sign vs. symptom
sIgn: something I can detect even if patient is unconscious.
sYMptom is something only hYM knows about.
Medical history: disease checklist

MJ THREADS:
Myocardial infarction
Jaundice
Tuberculosis
Hypertension
Rheumatic fever/ Rheumatoid arthritis
Epilepsy
Asthma
Diabetes
Strokes
· Aside: "History" album was by Michael Jackson (MJ).
Symptom attributes
"FAST LQQ'S":
Factors that make it better/worse
Associated manifestations
Setting
Timing
Location
Quality
Quantity
Severity
Four point physical assessment of a disease

"I'm A People Person":
Inspection
Auscultation
Percussion
Palpation
Pain history checklist

OPQRSTU:
Onset of pain (time, duration)
Palliative factors for pain
Quality of pain (throbbing, stabbing, dull, etc.)
Region of body affected
Severity of pain (usually scale of 1-10)
Timing of pain (after exercise, in evening, etc.)
U: How does it affect 'U' in your daily life?
· May wish to expand to OPPQRRSTTUVW, with the extra letters representing:
Provocative factors
Radiation (how does pain spread)
Treatments tried
Deja Vu: Has this happened before?
Worry: What do you think or fear that it is?
Eyes: abbreviations for the eyes
You look OUt with Both eyes.
Take the Right dose so you won't OD [overdose].
The only one that is Left is OS.
· Both eyes=OU, Right eye=OD, Left eye=OS.

"On Days Feeling Low Character, Run A Seven Pace Race":
Onset
Duration
Frequency
Location
Character
Radiation
Severity
Precipitating factors
Relieving factors

ASK LAST:
Aggravating/ Alleviating
Severity
Karacter
Location
Associated symptoms
Setting
Timing

SOCRATES:
Site
Onset
Character
Radiation
Alleviating factors/ Associated symptoms
Timing (duration, frequency)
Exacerbating factors
Severity
· Alternatively, Signs and Symptoms with the 'S'.

LOST WAR:
Location
Onset
Severity
Time
Worsening factors
Alleviating factors
Radiation
CHLORIDE:
Character (stabbing, throbbing, etc.)
Location
Onset
Radiation
Intensity
Duration
Events (associated with, or palliative and provocative factors)

MR. C T FARADS:
Main site
Radiation
Character
Timing
Frequency
Associated factors
Relieving factors
Aggravating factors
Duration
Severity

CLITORIS:
Character
Location
Intensity
Timing
Onset
Radiating
Irritating and relieving factors
Symptoms associated

COLDER BARS:
Character
Onset
Location
Duration
Exacerbating factors
Radiation
Before (ever happened before)
Associated symptoms
Relieving factors
Severity
Oral contraceptive complications: warning signs
ACHES:
Abdominal pain
Chest pain
Headache (severe)
Eye (blurred vision)
Sharp leg pain
Abdominal pain: causes during pregnancy

LARA CROFT:
Labour
Abruption of placenta
Rupture (eg. ectopic/ uterus)
Abortion
Cholestasis
Rectus sheath haematoma
Ovarian tumour
Fibroids
Torsion of uterus
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB): 3 major causes

DUB:
Don't ovulate (anovulation: 90% of cases)
Unusual corpus leuteum activity (prolonged or insufficient)
Birth control pills (since increases progesterone-estrogen ratio)
Post-partum haemorrhage (PPH): causes

4 'T's:
Tissue (retained placenta)
Tone (uterine atony)
Trauma (traumatic delivery, episiotomy)
Thrombin (coagulation disorders, DIC)
Ovarian cancer: risk factors

"Blue FILM":
Breast cancer
Family history
Infertility
Low parity
Mumps
Prenatal care questions

ABCDE:
Amniotic fluid leakage?
Bleeding vaginally?
Contractions?
Dysuria?
Edema?
Fetal movement?
Asherman syndrome features

ASHERMAN:
Acquired Anomaly
Secondary to Surgery
Hysterosalpingography confirms diagnosis
Endometrial damage/ Eugonadotropic
Repeated uterine trauma
Missed Menses
Adhesions
Normal estrogen and progesterone
Vaginal pH
Vagina has 4 labia and normal pH of vagina is about 4.
Gestation period, oocytes, vaginal pH, menstrual cycle: normal numbers

4 is the normal pH of the vagina.
40 weeks is the normal gestation period.
400 oocytes released between menarche and menopause.
400,000 oocytes present at puberty.
28 days in a normal menstrual cycle.
280 days (from last normal menstrual period) in a normal gestation period.
CVS and amniocentesis: when performed

"Chorionic" has 9 letters and Chorionic villus sampling performed at 9 weeks ges
tation.
"AlphaFetoProtein" has 16 letters and it's measured at 16 weeks gestation.
Hypercalcemia: causes
GRIM FED:
Granulomas (sarcoid, TB),
Renal faliure
Immobility (esp. long term)
Malignancy
Familial (eg familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia)
Endocrine (see below for subtypes)
Drugs (esp. thiazide diuretics, lithium)
· Endocrine causes are PATH:
Phaeochromocytoma
Addison's disease
Thyrotoxicosis
Hyperparathyroidism
Gynecomastia: common causes

GYNECOMASTIA:
Genetic Gender disorder (Klinefelter)
Young boy (pubertal)*
Neonate*
Estrogen
Cirrhosis/ Cimetidine/ Ca Channel blockers
Old age*
Marijuana
Alcoholism
Spironolactone
Tumors (Testicular & adrenal)
Isoniazid/ Inhibition of testosterone
Antineoplastics (Alkylating Agents)/ Antifungal(ketoconazole)
· * Asterisk indicates physiologic cause.
Hypercalcemia causes
MD PIMPS ME:
Malignancy
Diuretics (thiazide the main culprit)
Parathyroid (hyperparathyroidism)
Immobilization/ Idiopathic
Megadoses of vitamins A,D
Paget's disease
Sarcoidosis
Milk alkali syndrome
Endocrine (Addison's disease, thyrotoxicosis)
Hypercalcemia: differential
VITAMIN TRAPS:
Vitamin A and D intoxication
Immobilization
Thyrotoxicosis
Addison's disease/ Acidosis
Milk-alkali syndrome
Inflammatory disorders
Neoplastic disease
Thiazides, other drugs
Rhabdomyolysis
AIDS
Paget's disease/ Parenteral nutrition/ Parathyroid disease
Sarcoidosis
Thyroid storm: initial management

PCP'S:
PTU - 1 gm po
Corticosteroids
Propranolol
SSKI
Alpha-fetoprotein: causes for increased maternal serum AFP during pregnancy
"Increased Maternal Serum Alpha Feto Protein":
Intestinal obstruction
Multiple gestation/ Miscalculation of gestational age/ Myeloschisis
Spina bifida cystica
Anencephaly/ Abdominal wall defect
Fetal death
Placental abruption
Spontaneous abortion: definition

"Spontaneous abortion" has less than 20 letters [it's exactly 19 letters].
Spontaneous abortion is defined as delivery or loss of products of conception at
less than 20 weeks gestation.
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID): complications

I FACE PID:
Infertility
Fitz-Hugh-Curitis syndrome
Abscesses
Chronic pelvic pain
Ectopic pregnancy
Peritonitis
Intestinal obstruction
Disseminated: sepsis, endocarditis, arthritis, meninigitis
B-agonist tocolytic (C/I or warning)

ABCDE:
Angina (Heart disease)
BP high
Chorioamnionitis
Diabetes
Excessive bleeding
Secondary amenorrhea: causes

SOAP:
Stress
OCP
Anorexia
Pregnancy
Post-partum haemmorrage (PPH): risk factors

PARTUM:
Polyhydroamnios/ Prolonged labour/ Previous cesarian
APH/ ANTH
Recent bleeding history
Twins
Uterine fibroids
Multiparity
Parity abbreviations (ie: G 3, P 2012)

"To Peace And Love":
T: of Term pregnancies
P: of Premature births
A: of Abortions (spontaneous or elective)
L: of Live births
· Describes the outcomes of the total number of pregnancies (Gravida).
Alpha-fetoprotein: some major causes for increased maternal serum AFP during pre
gnancy
TOLD:
Testicular tumours
Obituary (fetal death)
Liver: hepatomas
Defects (neural tube defects)
IUGR: causes
IUGR:
Inherited: chromosomal and genetic disorders
Uterus: placental insufficency
General: maternal malnutrition, smoking
Rubella and other congenital infecton
Early cord clamping: indications

RAPID CS:
Rh incompatibility
Asphyxia
Premature delivery
Infections
Diabetic mother
CS (caesarian section) previously, so the funda is RAPID CS
Physical exam for 'lumps and bumps'

"6 Students and 3 Teachers go for CAMPFIRE":
Site, Size, Shape, Surface, Skin, Scar
Tenderness, Temperature, Transillumination
Consistency
Attachment
Mobility
Pulsation
Fluctuation
Irreducibility
Regional lymph nodes
Edge
Surgical sieve
VANISHED:
Vascular
Accident & trauma
Neoplastic
Inflammatory
Septic
Haematologic/ Hereditary
Endocrinological
Degenerative

"I VINDICATE":
Iatrogenic
Vascular
Infectious
Neoplastic
Degenerative/ Drugs
Inflammatory/ Idiopathic
Congenital
Allergic/ Autoimmune
Traumatic
Endocrinal & metabolic
Symptom sieve
"TIN CAN BED DIP POG":
Trauma
Infection
Neoplasm
Cardiac
Autoimmune
Neurological
Blood/ Bone
Endocrine
Disintegration/ Degeneration
Drugs
Iatrogenic/ Idiopathic
Psychological
Paediatric
Obstetric
Gynaecological
Short statue causes

RETARD HEIGHT:
Rickets
Endocrine (cretinism, hypopituitarism, Cushing's)
Turner syndrome
Achondroplasia
Respiratory(suppurative lung disease)
Down syndrome
Hereditary
Environmental (postirradiation, postinfectious)
IUGR
GI (malabsorption)
Heart (congenital heart disease)
Tilted backbone (scoliosis)
Differential diagnosis
CIMETIDINE:
Congenital
Infection/ Inflammatory
Metabolic
Endocrine
Trauma
Iatrogenic
Degenerative
Idiopathic
Neoplastic
Everything else
Sign vs. symptom

Remember Ace of Base's song that goes like this:
"I Saw the Sign, and it opened up my eyes".
The physician sees the signs.
Pathologic classification
NIT DIT FIT:
Neoplastic
Infectious
Traumatic
Degenerative/ Drugs
Immune
Toxic
Vascular
Inflammatory
Totally obscure

DIRECTION:
Drugs
Infection
Rheumatologic
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Trauma
Inflammatory
Other
Neoplasm
Past medical history (PMH)

VAMP THIS:
Vices (tobacco, alcohol, other drugs, sexual risks)
Allergies
Medications
Preexisting medical conditions
Trauma
Hospitalizations
Immunizations
Surgeries
Oral contraceptives: side effects

CONTRACEPTIVES:
Cholestatic jaundice
Oedema (corneal)
Nasal congestion
Thyroid dysfunction
Raised BP
Acne/ Alopecia/ Anaemia
Cerebrovascular disease
Elevated blood sugar
Porphyria/ Pigmentation/ Pancreatitis
Thromboembolism
Intracranial hypertension
Vomiting (progesterone only)
Erythema nodosum/ Extrapyramidal effects
Sensitivity to light
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID): causes, effects

"PID CAN be EPIC":
· Causes:
Chlamydia trachomatis
Actinomycetes
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
· Effects:
Ectopic
Pregnancy
Infertility
Chronic pain
Post-operative fever causes
Six W's:
Wind: pulmonary system is primary source of fever first 48 hours, may have pneum
onia
Wound: infection at surgical site
Water: check IV for phlebitis
Walk: deep venous thrombosis, due to pelvic pooling or restricted mobility relat
ed to pain and fatigue
Whiz: urinary tract infection if urinary catheterization
Wonder drugs: drug-induced fever
Post-operative complications (immediate)

"Post-op PROBS":
Pain
Primary haemorrhage
Reactionary haemorrhage
Oliguria
Basal atelectasis
Shock/ Sepsis
Fistulas: conditions preventing closure

FETID:
Foreign body
Epithelialization
Tumor
Infection
Distal obstruction
Oedema causes: generalised

"HILARI IS SAVE" (Hilary):
Heart failure
Iatrogenic
Liver causes
Aldosterone increased/ ADH increased
Renal cause
Inadequate protein in blood (hypoalbuminaemia)
· Causes for the inadequate protein in blood are:
Intake Inadequate (Kwashiorkor)
Secretion fro pancreas decreased (pancreatitis)
Synthesis decreased (liver failure)
Absorption decreased (Crohn's disease)
Vomit (pyloric stenosis)
Excretion increased (nephrotic)
Oedema causes: localised

ALIVE:
Allergic (angio-oedema)
Lymphatic (elephantiasis)
Inflammatory (infection, injury)
VEnous (DVT, chronic venous insufficiency)
GI bleeding: causes
ABCDEFGHI:
Angiodysplasia
Bowel cancer
Colitis
Diverticulitis/ Duodenal ulcer
Epitaxis/ Esophageal (cancer, esophagitis, varices)
Fistula (anal, aortaenteric)
Gastric (cancer, ulcer, gastritis)
Hemorrhoids
Infectious diarrhoea/ IBD/ Ischemic bowel
Melanoma sites
"Mel SEA" (Pronounced "Mel C" from the Spice Girls)
· Melanoma sites, in order of frequency:
Skin
Eyes
Anus
Fistulas: conditions preventing closure

FRIEND:
Foreign body
Radiation
Infection/ Inflammation (Crohn)
Epithelialization
Neoplasia
Distal obstruction
Appendicectomy: complications
WRAP IF HOT:
Wound infection
Respiratory (atelectasis, pneumonia)
Abscess (pelvic)
Portal pyemia
Ileus (paralytic)
Fecal fistula
Hernia (r. inguinal)
Obstruction (intestinal due to adhesions)
Thrombus (DVT)
Compartment syndrome: signs and symptoms

· 5 P's:
Pain
Palor
P ulseless
Paresethesia
Pressure (increased)
Enlarged kidneys: causes
SHAPE:
Sclerderma
HIV nephropathy
Amyloidosis
Polycystic kidney disease
Endocrinophathy (diabetes)
Cerebellar peduncles: afferent vs efferent
SEMA:
Superior cerebellar peduncle
Efferent (fibres)
Middle cerebellar peduncle
Afferent (fibres)
Geniculate bodies: paired to respective colliculi

SLIM:
Superior colliculi: Lateral geniculate body.
Inferior colliculi: Medial geniculate body.
Cerebellar damage signs

DANISH:
Dysdiadochokinesis
Ataxia
Nystagmus
Intention tremor
Slurred speech
Hypotonia
Patient profile (PP)
LADDERS:
Living situation/ Lifestyle
Anxiety
Depression
Daily activities (describe a typical day)
Environmental risks/ Exposure
Relationships
Support system/ Stress
Family history (FH)

BALD CHASM:
Blood pressure (high)
Arthritis
Lung disease
Diabetes
Cancer
Heart disease
Alcoholism
Stroke
Mental health disorders (depression, etc.)
Pyloric stenosis (congential): presentation

Pyloric stenosis is 3 P's:
Palpable mass
Paristalsis visible
Projectile vomiting (2-4 weeks after birth)
---Dr. Atif Farooq Khawaja Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan
Sturge-Weber syndrome: hallmark features
Sturge-Weber:
1. Seizures
2. PortWine stain
Guthrie card: diseases identified with it

"Guthrie Cards Can Help Predict Bad Metabolism":
Galactosaemia
Cystic fibrosis
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Hypothyroidism
Phenylketonuria
Biotidinase deficiency
Maple syrup urine disease
Croup: symptoms
3 S's:
Stridor
Subglottic swelling
Seal-bark cough
Ataxia-Telangiectasia (AT): common sign

AT:
Absent
Thymus
Vacterl syndrome: components

VACTERL:
Vertebral anomalies
Anorectal malformation
Cardiac anomaly
Tracheo-esophageal fistula
Exomphalos (aka omphalocele)
Renal anomalies
Limb anomalies
Guthrie card: diseases identified with it

GUTHRIE:
Galactosaemia
Urine [maple syrup urine disease]
THyRoid [hypothyroidism]
Inborn Errors of metabolism [eg: PKU]
Duodenal atresia vs. Pyloric stenosis: site of obstruction

Duodenal Atresia: Distal to Ampulla of vater.
Pyloric stenosis: Proximal to it.
Bilirubin: phototherapy
BiLirUbin absorbs light maximally in the
BLUe range.
Septic Arthritis: most common cause
Staphylococcus Aureus is the most common cause of
Septic Arthritis in the pediatric population.
Biochemistry
Exons expressed, Introns in the trash.--DNA expression into
mature mRNA
Pyrimidines are Cytosine, Uracil, Thiamine and are one
ring structures.
Pharmacology
Clinical
GET SMASH'D.--Causes of Acute pancreatitis
Gallstones, Ethanol, Trauma, Steroids, Mumps,
Autoimmune(PAN), Scorpion bites, Hyperlipidemia,
Drugs(azathioprine, diuretics)
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia
MEN I is a disease of 3 P's (pituitary, parathyroid,
and pancreas) plus adrenal cortex
MEN II is a disease of 2 C's(carcinoma of thyroid and
catacholamines[pheochromocytoma]) plus parathyroid
for MEN IIa or mucocutaneous neuromas for MEN
IIB(aka MEN III)
Acute pneumonia caused by Miscellaneous microbes
--Mononuclear infiltrate
1. Have you ever felt it necessary to CUT DOWN on your
drinking?
2. Has anyone ever told you they were ANNOYED by your
drinking?
4. Have you ever felt the need to have a drink in the
morning for an EYE OPENER?
T--timing of pain(eg.-after meals, in the morning,
etc.)
Argyll-Robertson Pupil--syphilitic pupil
Walking--walking can help reduce deep vein thromboses
and pulmonary embolus
Anna Cycled Immediately Downhill--Gell & Goombs
ACID
Type I Anaphylaxis
More Mnemonics posted to the net.
"The duck is between 2 gooses"

"duck" = thoracic duct
"2 gooses" = azyGOUS and esophaGOUS
"Lateral is less, medial is more"
(re: The lateral pectoral nerves goes through the pectoralis major while
the medial pn goes through both the pec major and minor)
"a lady between two majors."
The pectoralis major attaches to the lateral lip of the bicipital groove,
the teres major attaches to the medial lip of the bicipital groove, and the
latissimus dorsi attaches to the floor of the bicipital groove.
The "lati" is between two "majors"
"ABC'S"
The *A*ortic arch gives off the *B*rachiocephalic trunk, the left *C*ommon
Carotid, and the left *S*ubclavian artery.
"C3,4,5 keep the diaphragm alive" Innervation of the phrenic nerve
"Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Bras Matter More" For
remembering which cranial nerves are Sensory, Motor, or Both:
Re: facial nerve
Two = Temporal
Zulus = Zygomatic
Buggered = Buccal
My = Masseteric
Cat = Cervical
"S2, 3, 4 keep the penis off the floor",
which refers to the innervation of the penis by branches of the
pudental nerve which are derived from spinal cord levels S2-4
Cranial nerves in order:
"Oh oh oh to touch and feel virgin girls vaginas and hymens"
Layers of the epidemis:
"Granpa shagging Grandma's love child"
(from the dermal/epidermal junction upwards: Germinatibum; spinosum;
granulosum; lucidum; corneum)
"MEN I" is a disease of the three Ps (pituitary, parathyroid and pancreas)
"Robert Taylor Drinks Cold Beer"
Brachial Plexus: Roots, Trunks, Divisions, Chords, Branches
"One heart Two lungs"
for beta receptor activity. Beta-1 receptors are primarily on the heart, and the
airway is Beta-2 receptors.
"ACID" or "Anna Cycled Immediately Downhill"
Hypersensitivity reactions - Anaphylactic, Cytotoxic, Immune-complex,
Delayed-hypersensitivity
Anesthesia Acronyms & Mnemonics
Cranial Nerves
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

Dopamine
__________________________________________________________________________

Carotid Branch
__________________________________________________________________________

Fast, Full, Loose
__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

SLUD

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

A: ACTH
G: Growth Hormone
O: MSH
P: Prolactin
__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

H: Hyperventilate
B: Bicarbonate
__________________________________________________________________________

the tail!
__________________________________________________________________________
MAY muscular
I infrahyoid
GIRL glandular
__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

two temporal
zulu's zygomatic
bugging buccal
my mandibular
cat cervical...
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

Of Ophthalmic veins
__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________


kidney CA
__________________________________________________________________________
Thanks to all who contributed to this list. Keep them coming.
_______________________________________
Anesthesia Acronyms & Mnemonics
Cranial Nerves
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

Dopamine
__________________________________________________________________________

Carotid Branch
__________________________________________________________________________

Fast, Full, Loose
__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

SLUD

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

A: ACTH
G: Growth Hormone
O: MSH
P: Prolactin
__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

H: Hyperventilate
B: Bicarbonate
__________________________________________________________________________

the tail!
__________________________________________________________________________
MAY muscular
I infrahyoid
GIRL glandular
__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

two temporal
zulu's zygomatic
bugging buccal
my mandibular
cat cervical...
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

Of Ophthalmic veins
__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________


kidney CA
VUMC's List of Interesting Emergency Medicine Mnemonics

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acute Rheumatic Fever:
There are several for the major criteria, I use "JONES"
J - Joints
O - Obvious (cardiac) - sorry, I know this is kinda weak
N - Nodules (subcutaneous nodules)
E - Erythema marginatum
S - Syndeham's Chorea
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ossification centers of the elbow:
There are two that I know of (most people use "CRITOE"):
C - Capitellum
R - Radial head
I - Internal (medial epicondyle)
T - Trochlea
O - Olecranon
E - External (lateral epicondyle)
These appear at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 years of age in order and go away two yea
rs later.
The other mnemonic I know for the ossification centers is "Come Rub My Tree Of L
ove" where the "M" is medial epicondyle and the "L" is the lateral epicondyle.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Rat Poisons:
"RATS PANIC" I'm sure that you'll easily remember this one!
R - Red squill
A - Arsenicals
T - Thallium
S - Strychnine
P - PNU/Phosphorus/zn Phosphide
A - Alpha naphtha thiurea (ANTU)
N - Norbormide
I - Indanediones
C - Coumadin/cholcalciferol
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Causes of ST Elevation:
"ELEVATION"
E - Electrolytes
L - LBBB
E - Early Repolarization
V - Ventricular hypertrophy
A - Aneurysm
T - Treatment - Pericardiocentesis
I - Injury (AMI, contusion)
O - Osborne waves (hypothermia)
N - Non-occlusive vasospasm
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Altered Mental Status:
"AEIOU TIPS"
A - Alcohol/drugs
E - Endocrine
I - Insulin
O - Opiates
U - Uremia
T - Toxins/trauma
I - Infections
P - Psych/porhyria
S - SAH, shock, stroke, seizure, space occupying lesion
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Non-Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema:
"PONS"
P - Phosgene, paraquat, phenothiazines
O - Opioids/organophosphates
N - Nitrous dioxide
S - Salicylates
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Anion Gap Acidosis:
"Mudpiles"
M - Methanol
U - Uremia
D - DKA/AKA
P - Paraldehyde/phenformin
I - Iron/INH
L - Lactic acidosis
E - Ethylene glycol
S - Salicylates
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Normal Gap Acidosis:
"HARDUP"
H - Hyperalimentation/hyperventilation
A - Acetazolamide
R - RTA
D - Diarrhea
U - Ureteral diversion
P - Pancreatic fistula/parenteral saline
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Osmolar Gaps:
"ME DIE"
M - Methanol
E - Ethanol
D - Diuretics (mannitol, sorbitol, glycerol)
I - Isopropanol
E - Ethylene glycol
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cholinergic OD:
"SLUDGE"
S - Salivation
L - Lacrimation
U - Urination
D - Diarrhea
G - Gastric upset
E - Emesis
or, alternatively:
"Dumbbels"
D - Diarrhea
U - Urination
M - Miosis/muscle weakness
B - Bronchorrea
B - Bradycardia
E - Emesis
L - Lacrimation
S - Salivation/ sweating
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Anticholinergic OD:
Not really a mnemonic:
Blind as a bat
Dry as a bone
Red as a beet
Mad as a hatter
Hot as a hare
and: mydriasis, absent BS, urinary retention
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Concretions:
"Big Mess"
B - Barbituates
I - Iron
G - Glutethemide
M - Meprobamate
E - Extended release theophylline
SS - Salicylates
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Radiopaque Ingestants:
"Chipes"
C - Cocaine condoms/ chloral hydrate/ calcium
H - Heavy metals
I - Iron/ iodides
P - Psychotropics (TCA, phenothiazines)
E - Enteric coated/BA
S - Solvents (CCl4)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Suicide Risk Factors:
"Sad Persons"
S - Sex (male)
A - Age (young/elderly)
D - Depression
P - Previous attempts
E - ETOH
R - Reality testing
S - Social support
O - Organized plan
N - No spouse
S - Sickness
0 - 2 = home with f/u
3 - 4 = close f/u, +/- hosp
5 - 6 = ++ hosp, +/- f/u
7 - 10 = +++ hosp/commit
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Henoch-Schonlein Purpura:
"JARS"
J - Joints
A - Abdominal pain
R - Renal
S - Skin
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Wrist Bones:
"Never Loosen Tillies Pants, Mother Might Come Home"
Proximal row:
N - Navicular
L - Lunate
T - Triquetrium
P - Pisiform
Distal row:
M - greater Multiangular (trapezium)
M - lesser Multiangular (trapezoid)
C - Capitate
H - Hamate
Also: "Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle"
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Rotator Cuff Muscles:
"SITS"
S - Supraspinatus
I - Infraspinatus
T - Teres minor
S - Subscapularis
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Salter Classification:
"SALTR"
S - Slip of physis
A - Above physis
L - Lower than physis
T - Through physis
R - Rammed physis
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Anterior Mediastinal Mass:
"4 T's"
T - Thymoma
T - Teratoma
T - Thyroid tumor/goiter
T - Terrible lymphoma
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Middle Mediastinal Mass:
"Habit5"
H - Hhernia, hematoma
A - Aneurysm
B - Bronchogenic cyst/duplication cyst
I - Inflammation (sarcoid, histo, coccidio, TB)
T5 - Tumors (lung, lymphoma, leukemia, leiomyoma, lymph node hyperplasia)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bilateral Hilar Adenopathy:
"Please Helen Lick My Popsicle Stick"
P - Primary TB
H - Histoplasmosis
L - Lymphoma
M - Metastases
P - Pneumoconiosis
S - Sarcoidosis
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Small Bowel Obstruction:
"SHAVIT"
S - Stone (gallstone ileus)
H - Hernia
A - Adhesions
V - Volvulus
I - Intussusception
T - Tumor
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hypercalcemia:
"SHAMPOO DIRT"
S - Sarcoidosis
H - Hyperparathypoidism, Hyperthyroidism
A - Alkali-milk syndrome
M - Metastases, myeloma
P - Paget disease
O - Osteogenesis imperfecta
O - Osteoporosis
D - Vitamin intoxication
I - Immobility
R - RTA
T - Thiazides
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tumors that go to bone:
"Kinds Of Tumors Leaping Primarily To Bone"
K - Kidney
O - Ovarian
T - Testicular
L - Lung
P - Prostate
T - Thyroid
B - Breast
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Syncope:
"HEAD, HEART and VESS'LS"
H - hypoglycemia hypoxia
E - epilepsy
A - anxiety [the "swoon"]
D - dysfunction of brain stem [i.e. brain stem TIA]
H - heart attack
E - embolism of pulmonary artery
A - aortic obstruction [ Aortic stenosis, myxoma, IHSS ]
R - rhythm disturbance
T - tachycardia esp VT
V - vasovagal
E - ectopic i.e. hemorrhage obvious or not
S - situational [micturation, defecation...]
S - subclavial steal
L - low SVR [eg: anaphalaxis]
S - sensitive carotid sinus
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Endocarditis:
"FAME"
F - FEVER
A - ANEMIA
M - MURMUR =
E - ENDOCARDITIS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Eosinophilia:
"NAACP"
N - Neoplasm
A - Allergy
A - Addison's
C - Cirrhosis, CVD
P - Parasite (visceral larva migrans), Periarteritis nodosa
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Asystole:
"3 Hypo's &;3 Hyper's"
Hypoxia
Hypothermia
Hypokalemia
Hyperkalemia
Hyper H+ (Acidosis)
Hyper Rx (Drugs/OD)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Causes of PEA
"Hey, Hey, Hey! THAT's EMD!"
H-hypovolemia
H-hypoxia
H-hypothermia
T-tamponade (cardiac)
H-hyperkalemia
A-acidosis
T-tension pneumothorax
s
E-embolism (pulmonary)
M-myocardial infarction
D-drug overdose
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Depression:
"SIGECAPS"
S Sleep (increases/decreases)
I Interest/Hobbies decrease
G Guilt/Worthlessness
E Energy decreases
C Concentration decreases
A Appetite (increases/decreases)
P Phychomotor movements
S Suicidal ideations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hypoglycemia:
"Reexplain"
R - renal failure
EX - exogenous
P - pituitary
L - liver failure
A - alcohol
I- insulinoma/infection
N - neoplasm
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kawasaki's:
"scream fever"
S - sausage fingers
C - conjunctival redness
R - rash
E - extremity involvement
A - adenopathy
M - mucosal erythema
FEVER - fever
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Compartment Syndrome:
"6 p's"
pulselessness
pain
pallor
parasthesia
poikiolothermia
paralysis
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Drugs that can go into an ET tube:
"lane"
L - lidocaine
A - atropine
N - naloxone
E - epi
Some like NAVEL, which includes Valium. Others have commented that valium should
not go in an ET tube.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
History taking in EMS:
"sample"
S - signs/symptoms
A - allergies
M - medications
P - past medical history
L - last oral intake
E - events leading to injury or illness
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Level of consciousness:
"avpu"
A - alert
V - resonds to verbal stimuli
P - responds to painful stimuli
U - unconscious
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pain scale:
"OPQRST"
O - onset
P - provocation
Q - quality
R - radiation
S - severity
T - time
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pain Scale (Revisited)
PQRSTAPPP
P - palliates/provokes
Q - quality
R - region/radiation
S - severity (on a 1-10 scale)
T - timing (onset, frequency, duration)
A - associated symptoms
P - prior
P - persists
P - progression (stable, better, worse)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
More on Pain Evaluation
LOCI" (Latin for places) and the "Daughters of the American Revolution"
L - Location
O- Onset
C- Character
I- Intensity
D- Duration
A- Aggravation
A- Alleviation
A - Association
R - Radiation
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
One More Pain Mnemonic
P - period of pain
A - area of pain
I - intensity of pain
N - nullify ( what makes pain go away, if any)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Steps for KED application:
"My Baby Looks Hot Tonight."
M stands for middle strap
B stands for bottom strap
L stands for Legs
H stands for head
T stands for top strap
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Microcytic Anemia:
"TICS"-
Thallasemia
Iron deficiency
Chronic disease
Sideroblastic anemia
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Criteria for Lupus
SOAP BRAIN MD
Serositis (pleuritis, pericarditis)
Oral Ulcers
Arthritis
Photosensitivity
Blood (all are low - anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia)
Renal (protein)
ANA
Immunologic (DS DNA etc.)
Neurologic (psyc, seizures)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Non-GI Causes of Vomiting
ABC's of Non- GI causes of vomiting
Acute renal failure
Brain (Increased ICP)
Cardiac (Inferior MI)
DKA
Ears (labyrinthitis)
Foreign substances (Tylenol, theo, etc)
Glaucoma
Hyperemesis Gravidarum
Infections (pyelonephritis, meningitis)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Causes of Pancreatitis
BAD SHIT
Black scorpion bite
Alcohol
Drugs (tetracycline, azothioprin, sulfa)
Stones (gallstones)
Hyperlipidemia
Idiopathic
Trauma
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Shortness of Breath
HAPISOCS
H: History of any pulmonary disease
A: Activity at onset
P: Pain upon inspiration
I: Infections fever/chills
S: Smoker years/packs
O: Orthopnea
C: Cough (Persistent)
S: Sputum Productive/color
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Organisms that Spread from Blood to Urine
CASH CML
C - candida
A - aureus staph
S - salmonella
H - histoplasma
C - cytomegalo virus
M - mycobacteria
L - leptospira
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vertebral/Basilar Ischemia
4Ds
dizziness (nystagmus)
diplopia (skew deviation)
dysarthria
dysphagia
Head & Neck

CRANIAL NERVES: I-Optic, II-Olfactory, III-Oculomotor, IV-Trochlear, V-Trigemina
l, VI-Abducens, VII-Facial, VIII-Acoustic (Vestibulocochlear), IX-Glossophraynge
al, X-Vagus, XI-Spinal Accessory, XII-Hypoglossal
On Old Olympus Towering Tops, A Finn And German Viewed Some Hops (older and clea
ner)
Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel A Girls Vagina And Hymen (newer and, well ...)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Which cranial nerve is Sensory, Motor, or Both- Some Say Marry Money, But My Bro
ther Says Big Breasts Matter More
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BRANCHES OF FACIAL NERVE: Temporal, Zygomatic, Buccal, Mandibular, Cervical
Ten Zebras Beat My Cock
Two Zulus buggered my cat (for the sicker, amongst you!)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
You have I nose. You have II eyes. (I - Olfactory; II -- Optic)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Standing Room Only -Exit of branches of trigeminal nerve from the skull S
V1 -Superior orbital fissure, V2 -foramen Rotundum, V3 -foramen Ovale
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For the order of nerves that pass through the superior orbital fissure:
"Lazy French Tarts Lie Naked in Anticipation."
(Lacrimal, Frontal, Trochlear, Lateral, Nosociliary, Internal,
Abducens)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 Muscle of mastication- Lateral Lowers- lateral pterygoid is the one that open
s the jaw
4 Muscles of Mastication MTPP( which could be read as "Empty Peepee") -masseter
, temporal, lateral and medial pterygoids --
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Arteries as they come off the external carotid:
Superior thyroid, Ascending pharyngeal, Lingual, Facial, Occipital, Post Auricul
ar, Superficial temporal, Maxillary
Some Anatomists Like Fucking, Others Prefer S & M
Some Angry Lady Figured out PMS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Innervation of Extraocularmotor Muscles: LR6 SO4 3
LR6--Lateral rectus--> VI abductens
SO4--Superior Oblique--> IV Trochlear
3--The remaining 4 eyeball movers = III Oculomotor
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ABC'S of the aortic arch!
Aortic arch gives off the Bracheiocephalic trunk,
the left Common Carotid, and the left
Subclavian artery
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BRACHIAL PLEXUS: Roots, Trunks, Divisions, Cords, Branches
Robert Taylor Drinks Cold Beer.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CERVICAL SPINAL NERVES:
c345 keeps the phrenic alive (innervation of phrenic nerve) c345 keep the diaphr
agm alive (innervation of diaphragm)
c5-6-7 raise your arms to heaven (nerve roots of long thoracic nerve innervate s
erratus anterior)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cranial Bones
Annoying, aren't they?
The cranial bones are the PEST OF 6...
Parietal, Ethmoid,Sphenoid,Temporal,Occipital,Frontal- 6 ? (6-the number of
bones!)
( another one) Old People From Texas Eat Spiders.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LOCATION OF THORACIC DUCT: The duck is between two gooses (duck = thoracic duct)
2 gooses = azyGOUS and esophaGOUS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cartilages of the Larynx - There are 4 cartilages in the larynx whose initial le
tters are TEAC (also the brandname of a home stereo).
Thyroid, Epiglottis, Arytenoid, Cricoid
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Abdomen-Pelvis
INNERVATION OF PENIS:
Parasympathetic puts it up; sympathetic spurts it out
Point , Shoot, Score! (erection, emmision ,ejaculation) Parasympathetic, Sympath
etic , Somatomotor
"S2, 3, 4 keep the penis off the floor" Innervation of the penis by branches of
the pudental nerve, derived from spinal cord levels S2-4
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Structures perforating the esophagus
"At T8 you see, perforates the IVC" (inferior Vena Cava)
the "EsoVagus" pierce T10 (esophagus, vagus nerve)
T12 - red, white and blue (aorta,thoracic duct,azygous vein)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Femoral Sheath (lateral to medial) order of things in thigh -NAVEL
Nerve, Artery, Vein, Empty, Space, Lymphatics
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Radial n. innervates the BEST!!!!
Brachioradialis
Extensors
Supinator
Triceps
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Course of Ureters
Water runs under the bridge (uterine a. and ductus deferens)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Carotid Sheath-- VAN
Internal Jugular Vein
Common carotid Artery
Vagus Nerve
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dermatomes
C3 is a high turtleneck shirt
T4 is at the nipple
L1 is at the inguinal ligament (or L1 is IL -Inguinal ligament)
Randy Travis Drinks Cold Beer--Brachial plexus
Robert Taylor Drinks Cold Beer
Roots, Trunks, Divisions, Cords, Branches
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bones of the wrist -Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezium,
Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate
1. Slowly Lower Tilly's Pants To The Curly Hairs

2. Swifty Lower Tilly's Pants to try coitus here. (the risque version)
3.Scared Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle. (Classic version)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pelvic Diaphragm
PICOLO(A) -Posterior to anterior
PIriformis
COccygeus
Levator Ani
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pelvic Splanchic-Parasympathetic
Sacral Splanchic-Sympathetic
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Armies travel over bridges, the Navy travels under.
(Bridge is the ligament...reference to suprascapular artery and nerve.)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pad, dab. Dorsal ABduct...Palmar ADduct...interosseous muscles of hand/foot.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Layers of the epidermis-Germinativum or Basale, Spinosum, Granulosum, Lucidum, C
orneum
Grandpa Shagging Grandma's Love Child.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Limbic System- the 5 F s- Feeding, Fighting, Feeling, Flight and Fucking
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The 5 sphincters found in the Alimentary Canal are APE OIL:
Anal, Pyloric, Lower Esophogeal, Oddi, and Ileocecum.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sally Thompson Loves Sex And Pot pie. The branches of the Axillary Artery are:
Superior Thoracic, Thoracoacromial, Lateral Thoracic, Subscapular, Anterior Cir
cumflex Humeral, Posterior Circumflex Humeral, and Profunda Brachii.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TIRE- four abdominal muscles -- transversus, internal oblique, rectus abdominus,
and external oblique
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GFR -Layers of the adrenal:-- Glomerular, Fascicular, Reticular
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BIOCHEMISTRY
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Exons expressed, Introns in the trash--DNA expression into mature mRNA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pyrimidines are Cytosine, Uracil, Thiamine and are one ring structures.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Amino Acids:The ten essential amino acids:
"These Ten Valuable Amino Acids Have Long Preserved Life In
Man."
(Threonine, Tryptophan, Valine, Arginine, Histidine, Lysine,
Phenylalanine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Methionine)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
INsulin gets sugar INto cells- (Excess sugar is removed via urine.The Romans no
ticed bees attracted to the urine of diabetics and coined the term "diabetes" to
describe the overflow of sugar.)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GOAT FLAP- Eight hormones: Growth hormone, Oxytocin, Adenocorticotropin, Thyroid
stimulating hormone, Follicle stimulating hormone, Leutinizing hormone (interst
itial cell stimulating hormone in males), Anti-diruetic(Vasopressin), and Prolac
tin
(shhhh.... also Melatonin!)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PHARMACOLOGY
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CLINICAL
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Meckel s diverticulum- rule of 2 s
2 inches long,
2 feet from the ileocecal valve,
2% of the population
commonlly presents in the first 2 years of life
may contain 2 types of epithelial tissue
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pheochromocytoma-rule of 10s:
10% malignant
10% Bilateral
10% extraadrenal
10% calcified
10% children
10% familial
* discussed 10 times more often than actually seen
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Aphasia
"BROKen aphasia" (Broca s aphasia-broken speech)
"Wordys aphasia" (Wernicke s aphasia- wordy, but making no sense)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GET SMASH'D--Causes of Acute pancreatitis
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"MEN I" is a disease of the 3 Ps (pituitary, parathyroid and pancreas)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acute pneumonia caused by Miscellaneous microbes --Mononuclear infiltrate
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Argyll-Robertson Pupil--syphilitic pupil (AKA "Prostitute's pupil" - Accommodate
s, but doesn't react )
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Have you ever felt it necessary to CUT DOWN on your drinking?
2. Has anyone ever told you they were ANNOYED by your drinking?
4. Have you ever felt the need to have a drink in the morning for an EYE OPENER?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ACID or "Anna Cycled Immediately Downhill"
Type I - Anaphylaxis
Type II - Cytotoxic-mediated
Type III - Immune-complex
Type IV - Delayed hypersensitivity
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
WBC Count:
"Never Let Momma Eat Beans(60, 30, 6, 3, 1)
Neutrophils 60%
Lymphocytes 30%
Monocytes 6%
Eosinophils 3%
Basophils 1%
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A-P-G-A-R:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
T--trauma
O--obesity
M--malignancy
S--surgery
C--cardiac disease
H--hospitalization
R--rest (bed-bound)
P--past hx
F--fracture
E--elderly
R--road trip
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The 4 P's of arterial Occlusion: pain pallor pulselessness paresthesias
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The 4 T's of Anterior Mediastinal Mass:Thyroid tumor,Thymoma,Teratoma, Terrible
Lymphoma
HEMATOLOGY
DATs Right! - the oxygen dissociation curve shifts RIGHT whenever there is an IN
CREASE in any of the following: DPG, Acidity, Temperature (DAT)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NEUROANATOMY
For the function of the temporal lobes, think of a helmet which covers the side
of the head:
HELM:
H : hearing
E : emotion
L : learning
M : memory
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PSYCHIATRY
Here's one from one of the psychiatrists on how to remember the symptoms of depr
ession. He said it was like writing a prescription for Energy Capsules.
SIG:ECAPS
S - Sleep
I - Interest
G - Guilt
: - (Colon can refer to bowel complaints as this is a common presentation of dep
ression, but not official)
E - Energy (decreased)
C - Concentration (difficult, decreased)
A - Appetite (decreased)
S - Suicidal ideation
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RENAL
1. HUS/TTP
HUS/TTP is a CRAFTY syndrome:
C : CNS symptoms
R : Renal failure
A : Anemia (microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, "MAHA")
F : Fever
T : Thrombocytopenia
Y : no one knows "Y" it occurs
2. Normal anion gap acidosis
There's the older mnemonic USED CAR:
U : uterosigmoidostomy
S : saline administration (in the face of renal dysfunction)
E : endocrine (Addisons, spironolactone, triamterene, amiloride,
primary hyperparathyroidism)
D : diarrhea
C : carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
A : ammonium chloride
R : renal tubular acidosis
and a newer mnemonic RAGE:
R : renal tubular acidosis, respiratory acidosis
A : acetazolamide, ammonium chloride
G : GI (diarrhea, enteroenteric fistula, ureterosigmoidostomy)
E : endocrine (same as above endocrine list)
3. Increased anion gap acidosis
The older mnemonic is MUDPIES:
M : methanol
U : uremia
D : diabetes
P : paraldehyde
I : idiopathic (lactic acidosis)
E : ethylene glycol
S : salicylates
and a newer one called DULSI:
D : diabetic ketoacidosis
U : uremia
L : lactic acidosis
S : salicylate poisoning
I : intoxicants (methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MISCELLANEOUS
Clubbing (by Doog)
C : cardiac (R -> L shunt)
L : lung (tumor, fibrosis)
U : ulcerative colitis (also Crohn's disease less commonly)
B : bronchiectasis
B : benign mesothelioma
I : inherited; idiopathic; IBD
N : neurogenic tumors
G : GI (cirrhosis, crohn's, UC)
also, Hyperplastic Pulmonary Osteoarthropathy, which didn't fit in the mnemonic!
Anatomy
Bones of the Wrist
Some Lovers Try Positions That They Cannot Handle
Slowly Lower Tilly's Pants To The Curly Hairs
Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Brachial Plexus
Randy Travis Drinks Cold Beers Robert Taylor Drinks Cold Beer
Roots, Trunks, Divisions, Cords, Branches
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Branches of the Brachial Plexus (In order from most lateral to most medial)
My Aunt Raped My Uncle
Musculocutaneous, Axillary, Radial, Median, Ulnar
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cranial Nerves
Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel Virgin Girls Vaginas And Hymens
You have 1 nose. You have 2 eyes. (The first "O" is Olfactory, second "O" is Opt
ic)
To remember what cranial nerve is Motor, Sensory, or Both use this ( In order fr
om CN I to CN XII):
Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Bras Matter Most
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Extraocularmotor muscles
LR6 (SO4) LR6: Lateral rectus --> VI abductens
SO4: Superior Oblique --> IV Trochlear
All other extraocularmotor muscles are CN III
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Branches of the Facial Nerve
Ten Zebras Bought My Car
Ten Zebras Bit My Cock
Two Zulus Buggered My Cat
To Zanzibar By Motor Car
Temporal, Zygomatic, Buccal, Masseteric, Cervical
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Miscelaneous Anatomy Mnemonics
Innervation of phrenic nerve
c345 keeps the phrenic alive
c345 keep the diaphragm alive
Long thoracic nerve innervates serratus anterior
c5-6-7 raise your arms to heaven
Relationship of Thorasic duct to Esophagous and Azygous
The duck is between two gooses.
duck = thoracic duct 2 gooses = azyGOUS and esophaGOUS
Attachments of Pectoralis Major, Teres Major and Latissimus Drosi
A lady between tow majors.
Pectoralis major attaches to lateral lip of bicipital groove, the teres major at
taches to medial lip of bicipital groove, and the latissimus dorsi attaches to t
he floor of bicipital groove. The "lati" is between two "majors."
Innervation of the Penis
Parasympathetic puts it up; sympathetic spurts it out.
Point Shoot Score
Parasympathetic, sympathetic, somatomotor
Lateral and Medial Pectoral Nerve
Lateral is less, medial is more.
Lateral pectoral nerves goes through pectoralis major while medial pn goes thoug
h both pectoral major and minor.
Layers of the epidermis
Granpa Shagging Grandma's Love Child.
Brent Spiner Gained Lieutenant Commander
Germinativum or Basale, Spinosum, Granulosum, Lucidum, Corneum
Things going through Orbital Fissure
Seven French Tarts Sit Naked In Anticipation
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Biochemistry
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Essential Amino Acids
PriVaTe TIM HALL
Phe, Val, Thr, Trp, Ile, Met, His, Arg, Leu, Lys
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Urea Cycle
Ordinarily, Careless Crappers, Are Also Frivolous About Urination.
Ornithine, Carbamoyl, Citrulline, Aginosuccinate, Aspartate, Fumarate, Arginine,
Urea.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The following link is for a text file that was given to us by a medical student.
We have not had a chance to sort this text file out and post it to our page by c
ategory, however, it does contain some helpful mnemonics.
mnemonic text file!!
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Anion Gap Acidosis:

"Mudpiles"
M - Methanol
U - Uremia
D - DKA/AKA
P - Paraldehyde/phenformin
I - Iron/INH
L - Lactic acidosis
E - Ethylene glycol
S - Salicylates
Normal Gap Acidosis:

HARDUP
H - Hyperalimentation/hyperventilation
A - Acetazolamide
R - RTA
D - Diarrhea
U - Ureteral diversion
P - Pancreatic fistula/parenteral saline
Angioplasty trials
NEJM is primary angioplasty better than thrombolysis ?
angioplasty user dependant
takes time
increased risk
of dissection
fewer haemorrha
gic complications
earlier revascu
larization
has a 30% risk of restenosis
risk decreased by stenting
risk also decreased by antiplatelets (ie 2b/3a ant
agonist)
RITA 1 (randomized intervention treatment of angina)

compared PTCA with CABG
both were equally effective
RITA 2 medical vs surgical treatment (1018 patients)

early PTCA benefits patients with angina
but hasa a alightly increased mortality
Complications of Ankylosis Spondylitis
Anterior uveitis
Atlanto axial subluxation
Aortic root dilatation
Aortic regurgitation
AV conduction defects
Amyloidosis
Apical fibrosis
Achilles tendinitis
side effects of amiodarone
photosensitivity
skin rash
hpo/hyperthyroidism
corneal deposits
neuropathy
testicular dysfunction
nausea
interacts with warfarin
AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT
polycystic kidney ch16
monogenic hypercholesterolaemia ch 19
neurofibromatosis ch 17
Huntingtons chorea ch 4
Marfans synd
arachnodactyly
Von Willebrandsdystrophia myotonica
hereditary motor+sensory neuropathy I+II
congenital spherocytosis
multiple polyposis coli
ACE trials
CONCENSUS enalapril in class 4 CCF

31% reduction in mortality at one year
improves symptoms as well
SOLVD enalapril in asymptomamatic heart failure

in patients with EF <35%
reduced rate of progression of symptoms
no effect on overall mortality
SAVE captopril 3-16/7 post mi

19% reduction in mortality
decreases progression to severe CCF
AIRE ramipril post mI

26% reduction in mortality
ELITE evaluation of losartan in the elderly

in patients with CCF
losartan had a lower mortality than captopr
il
ASCITES-causes
primary liver disease
Budd-Chiari synd.
abdominal malignancy
infection esp. TB
pancreatic ascites
chylo ascites due to lymphatic block
cardiac cirrhosis
hypothyroidism
nephrotic syndrome
APLASTIC ANAEMIA-drug causes

-Chloramphenicol,Sulphonamides
-Phenylbutazone,Oxyphenbutazone,Gold
-Penicillamine
-indomethacin
-carbimazole,thiouracils
-Phenytoin
-Chlorpromazine,dothiepin,phenothiazines
-Arsenicals,chloroquine
-Thiazides,acetazolamide
-Chlorpropamide
AORTIC REGURGITATION-causes
congenital bicuspid valve
calcific disease
rheumatic disease, rheumatoid disease
infective endocarditis
Marfan's synd.,Reiter's synd.
ankylosing spondylitis
syphilis - seagull murmur
hypertension
aortic dissection
aortic root aneurysm
deceleration injury
prolapse into a VSD
Eponymous signs in Aortic Regurgitation
Quincke's- Nail bed fluctuations

Corrigans_ Collapsing pulse of carotid
De Musset's- Head nodding
Durozier's- Femoral bruits
Austin Flint- Mitral flow murmur
Argyll Robertson pupils-in syphillis
ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT-ostium secundum

pulmonary hypertension in 10%
symptoms in late middle age
palpable right ventricle
systolic flow murmur pulmonary area
wide splitting 2nd heart sound
soft diastolic tricuspid murmur
long PR interval,RBBB, right axis deviation
+mitral stenosis=Lutembacher's syndrome
assoc. with mitral valve prolapse
surgical correction if pulmonary flow > twice systemic
ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT-ostium primum

5-10% of ASDs
75% have cleft in anterior cusp of mitral
valve - mitral regurg
left axis deviation and RBBB
ANTITHROMBIN III DEFICIENCY

autosomal dominant
homozygotes probably die in infancy
40-60% normal levels of AT III
repeated venous thromboses, early adulthood
presentation during pregnancy for example
-risk per pregnancy = 70%
-SC heparin through pregnancy
AT III concentrate for surgery and childbirth
ACUTE INTERMITTENT PORPHYRIA-features

autosomal dominant
most common in Sweden
attacks common in late pregnancy + puerperium
acute attacks characterised by
colicky abdo pain 95%,muscle aches 50%
psychological symptoms 50%
vomiting80%,constipation75%,diarrhoea10%
SIADH, peripheral neuropathy 66%
dec. tendon jerks 50%
inc. BP+HR, siezures 10%
proteinuria 10%
many precipitating factors
urinary porphobilinogen excretion raised
between attacks
Cause of a Positive ANA

Collagen vascular disease
Chronic liver disease
Hashimotos, Myasthenia gravis
Pernicious anaemia
TB, leprosy
Ulcerative Colitis
Diffiuse pulmonary fibrosis
Neurological Manifestations of Alcoholism

1.Withdrawal
2.Wernicke/Korsakoff
3.Peripheral neuropathy
4.Cerebellar degeneration
5. Central pontine Myelinosis
6.Retrobulbar neuropathy
7 Psychosis
Hypervitaminosis A
"Increased Vitamin A makes you HARD":
Headache/ Hepatomegaly
Anorexia/ Alopecia
Really painful bones
Dry skin/ Drowsiness
AIDS Trials
CONCORDE AZT not useful in early AIDS
Benefits show after CD4 counts begin to fall
ACTG AZT reduces the risk of vertical transmission
DELTA Combination therapy is better than monotherapy
AUDIT
systematic and critical evaluation ofquality of patient care
followed 1989 white paper
audit cycle set standards
observe ones own standards
evaluate differences
change practice
set new standards
Brainstem Death
Deep coma and absent respirations

Absence of drug intoxications
hypothermia
hypoglycaemia
` acidosis
electrolyte imbalance
Tests all brainstem reflexes absent

unreactive pupils
no corneal response
no vestibulo-ocular response
no gag
Drugs excreted in breast milk
Antiobiotics-aminoglycosides,sulphonamides,tetracycline,metronidazole
Anti TB-isoniazid
CNS drugs-narcotics,BDZ
Antithyroid-carbimazole, radioactive iodine
Anticonvulsants-phenbobarbitone,phenytoin
Anticoagulants-warfarin
Cytotoxics and high dose steroids
Blue sclera (MIXED)
M arfans
I mperfecta (osteogenesis)
XE pseudo (Xanthoma Elastica)
ED Ehlers Danlos

D Degeneration: DJD, Osteoporosis, Spondylosis
I Infection: UTI, PID, Potts, Osteomyelitis, Prostatitis,
Injury/fracture
S Spondylitis, Spondyloarthropathies (rheum. arthritis, Reiters, SLE)
K Kidney stones/infarction/infection (pyelo/abscess)
M Myeloma, Metastasis from breast, prostate, lung, thyroid, kidney CA
A Aneurysm ,Abdominal pain referred to the back (see acute abdominal pain)
S Slipped disk, spondylolisthesis
S Strain, scoliosis/lordosis
Beta Blockers in heart failure
CIBIS 2 (cardiac insufficiency bisoprolol study)

landmark trial
studied bisoprolol in mild to moderate heart failure
(highly selective B1 antag)
results 34% reduction in mortality
44% reduction in sudden death
20% reduction in hospital admissi
ons
no evidence that it is good in severe heart faiilure
carvedilol b blocker, a blocker, antioxidant
in class 2,3,4 (ejction fraction <35%)
also class 1,2,3 (ejection fraction <45%)
results 65% reduction in mortality
good for hypertension
reduced chest pain in angin
a
BROWN SÉQUARD SYNDROME

hemitransection of the spinal cord
ipsilateral loss of proprioception, vibration
-and fine tactile discrimination
contralateral analgesia + thermoanaesthesia
ipsilateral lower motor neurone signs at
-the level of lesion
ipsilateral upper motor neurone signs below
light touch + tactile location are usually
preserved because they are both crossed +
uncrossed.
BARTTER'S SYNDROME:
Autosomal recessive.
Reduced reabsorption of NaCl in thick ascending limb of Henle
causes metabolic alkalosis
volume depletion which increases aldosterone levels.
Often Hypomagnesemic. BP normal.hypokalemia
weakness.
B vitamin names
"The Rhythm Nearly Proved Contagious":
Thiamine (B1)
Riboflavin (B2)
Niacin (B3)
Pyridoxine (B6)
Cobalamin (B12)
BONES
Back Trouble?
This uses the name of a famous Flemish physician to list off the different facto
rs causing back troubles. It's pretty old, though, as knife and bullet wounds ar
en't mentioned. :^)
Osteomyelitis
Vertebral Fracture
Extraspinal Tumour
Spondylolisthesis
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Lumbar Disk Increase
Intraspinal Tumour
Unhappiness
Stress
Carpal (Wrist) Bones

"Scared Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle." Starting from the thumb, t
he eight carpal bones are Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezium, Tra
pezoid, Capitate, and Hamate. To tell the three T's apart... triquetrum has "tri
/try" in it, and trapezium and trapezoid are in alphabetical order.
CARPenters use their hands. The CARPAL bones are of the hand, and not the foot.
Cranial Bones
Annoying, aren't they? The cranial bones are the PEST OF 6...
P
E
S
T
O
F
Parietal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Temporal
Occipital
Frontal
the six? the number of bones!
Try this one as well: Old People From Texas Eat Spiders.
Cranial Sutures
Sutures have CLASS...
Coronal
Lambdoid
and
Squamous
Sagittal
Facial Bones
"Con Man Max and Pal Ziggy Lack Nasty Voices". Not the most intuitive acrostic i
n the world, but it works...
Con
Man
Max
Pal
Ziggy
Lack
Nasty
Voices Conchae
Mandible
Maxilla
Palatine
Zygomatic
Lacrimal
Nasal
Vomer
Fontanels (Infant Skull)

A baby's first words might be "PAPA!"...
Posterior
Anterior
Posterio-Lateral
Anterio-Lateral
Fractures
Star Wars fans (hi, Inderpal!) use "Go C3PO" to recall the seven types of bone f
ractures...
Greenstick
Open
Complete
Closed
Comminuted
Partial
Other
Lower Leg Bones

Can't tell your tib from your fib? The TIBia is the Thick, Inner Bone. The FibuL
a is Finer, Fluted, and Lateral.
Orbital Bones
This one's a bit silly. It relies on the belief that a species called the FLEZMS
are in ORBITaround the earth.
Frontal
Lacrimal
Ethmoid
Zygomatic
Maxilla
Sphenoid

Medical Mnemonics

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Medical Mnemonics

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Medical Mnemonics

More Mnemonics posted to the net.

"The duck is between 2 gooses"

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase. = "People Meet And Talk."

Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone: Serotonin, Histamine, Muscarinic, Opioids,

Tonsil Arteries: Tonsilar, Maxillary, Pharyngeal, Facial, Internal

Aortic Regurgitation and Mitral Regurgitation

Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve:

Cholinergic Crisis-Parasympathetic Stimulation:

Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination and Defecation.

Sympathetic nervous system: Fight or Flight

C3-C4-C5 keeps the diaphragm alive.

Spinal Meds: Lidocaine, Bupivicaine, Procaine, Tetracaine

Go Glomerulosa Make Mineralcorticoids

F L A G T O P Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary

F: Follicle Stimulating Hormone

Treatment of Malignant Hyperthermia

Some Hot Dude Better Give Iced Fluids Fast!!!

Regarding what to do in case of syncope:

More seriously: "LR6SO4 rest 3" (lateral rectus=3rd cranial,

Robert Taylor Drinks Cold Beer for:

The branches of the facial nerve are:

Luscious Lacrimal nerve (V1 branch of trigeminal nerve)

"RL6SO4 taken 3 times" converts to:

Oculomotor Reflex is the 5 & dime reflex:

Back Pain: DISK MASS

D == Degeneration: DJD, Osteoporosis, spondylosis

CAUSES OF ACUTE PANCREATITIS:

På viFt Med Anna.

C 3, 4 and 5, keeps your diaphragm alive.

S 2, 3 and 4, makes a mess on the floor.

AIDA. Signs of a cerebellar injury.

5 P's of acute ischemia, especially limb ischemia.

5 W's of postoperative fever.

Argyle Robertson Pupil

Hamlet Came To Town, Shouting Loudly To Polonius.

She looks too pretty try to catch her !

Cardiac Catheterization (Normal Values)

Thoracic Bronchial carconoma

Carbon Monoxide poisoning

Captopril side effects

Dr-Patient relationship should be founded on mutual respect

Dissecting Thoracic Aneurysm

Causes of "DARK COLOURED" urine

TB: antibiotics used

Enoxaprin (prototype low molecular weight heparin): action, monitoring

Beta-blockers: nonselective beta-blockers

Phenytoin: adverse effects

Neck sagittal x-ray: examination checklist

Oral cancer risk factors

Mole: signs of trouble

Dermatomyositis or polymyositis: risk of underlying malignancy

Pituitary endocrine functions often affected by pituitary-associated tumor

Head CT scan: evaluation checklist

Lung cancer: main sites for distant metastases

Chest radiograph: checklist to examine

Beta-1 vs Beta-2 receptor location

Botulism toxin: action, related bungarotoxin

Propranolol and related '-olol' drugs: usage

Succinylcholine: action, use

Metabolism enzyme inducers

Propythiouracil (PTU): mechanism

Phenobarbitone: side effects