Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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B ................................................................................
C ................................................................................
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(4)
(b) Describe how a sample of whole chloroplasts could be obtained from leaf tissue.
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(Total 7 marks)
3. (a) Complete each box in the table, which compares a prokaryotic and a eukaryotic
cell, with a tick if the statement is correct or a cross if it is incorrect.
(b) A student was asked to describe the structure of two organelles which were present on an
electron micrograph. From the descriptions below, identify the organelles and, in each
case, name the internal structures underlined.
(i) This organelle was disc shaped and had an outer envelope of two membranes.
Within it was a series of further membranes which crossed the organelle like
railway tracks. At intervals the membranes appeared to repeatedly double back on
themselves to form stack-like structures. In the spaces between the membranes was
a granular material.
Organelle............................................................................................................
(ii) This organelle had a round shape and had an outer envelope of two membranes,
which was perforated in places. Within it were thin strands which did not appear to
have the width or organisation of membranes.
One large round structure was visible internally.
Organelle............................................................................................................
5. (a) (i) Give two ways in which active transport differs from diffusion.
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(2)
(ii) Sodium ions move from the surrounding solution where they are at a low
concentration into the cytoplasm of a cell where they are at a higher concentration.
Cyanide ions stop the functioning of the electron carrier system in mitochondria.
Use these two pieces of information to explain how the addition of cyanide ions
would affect the uptake of sodium ions by a cell.
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(2)
These routes are illustrated in the diagram. The graphs show the rate of entry of molecules
into the cell by these two routes in relation to the external concentration of the molecules.
O u ts id e In s id e
A
R a te
of
e n tr y X
in to
c e ll
E x te rn a l c o n c e n tra tio n
M o le c u le s d is s o lv e in
p h o s p h o lip id la y e r
O u ts id e In s id e
B
R a te
of X
e n tr y
in to
c e ll
E x te rn a l c o n c e n tra tio n
M o le c u le s p a s s th ro u g h
p ro te in c h a n n e ls
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(1)
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(1)
(Total 6 marks)
7. Cell organelles can be separated by centrifuging a cell extract in a sucrose density gradient. The
organelles settle at the level in the sucrose solution which has the same density as their own.
Some animal cells were broken open and the cell extract centrifuged in a sucrose density
gradient. Three distinct fractions were obtained, A, B and C, as shown in the diagram.
In c re a s in g A
d e n s ity o f
su c ro se
s o lu tio n B
Complete the table by identifying the organelle in each fraction and describing one function of
each organelle.
(Total 4 marks)
8.
A Ribosomes Making proteins/ assembling amino acid chain/ 1 mark
protein synthesis
B Mitochondria Respiration/ formation of ATP/ Krebs cycle/ 1 mark
Oxidative phosphorylation;
C Nuclei DNA/RNA synthesis/ controls protein 1 mark
production/ cell activity/ carries genetic
information;
1 mark
[4]
20µm
(a) The scale bar on the diagram represents a length of 20 pm. Use this to calculate the
magnification of this diagram. Show your working.
Magnification........................
(2)
(b) Use a guideline and the appropriate letter to show, on the diagram, a site in this cell where
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)
11. The diagram shows the structure of part of a cell as seen using an electron microscope.
E
A
(a) Name two features shown in the diagram which indicate that this is a eukaryotic, rather
than a prokaryotic cell.
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2 ..................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) This cell was supplied with a radioactive isotope which specifically labels thymine.
In which part of the cell would this label be most concentrated?
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
R ib o s o m e s
D N A lo o p
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(1)
(ii) A human liver cell contains several hundred mitochondria. A cell from a plant root
has only a small number.
Suggest an explanation for this difference.
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(2)
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(2)
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(2)
(c) Ribosomes in bacterial cells differ from those in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. When
centrifuged at high speed, the eukaryotic cell ribosomes sediment more rapidly than
bacterial ribosomes.
Explain what this tells you about the difference between bacterial and eukaryotic
ribosomes
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(1)
(Total 8 marks)
15. The diagram shows a cross-section of a typical red blood cell. Red blood cells can carry both
oxygen and carbon dioxide. Each cell has a thinner central area as shown in the diagram.
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(2)
(b) Red blood cells do not have a nucleus or rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Give one function that red blood cells are therefore unable to carry out.
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(1)
(c) In an experiment, the phospholipids were extracted from the surface membrane of a single
red blood cell. They were placed on the surface of water and allowed to spread out.
(i) Using ### to represent a single phospholipid molecule, draw on the diagram how
you would expect ten phospholipid molecules to be arranged on the water surface.
C o n ta in e r
W a te r
(2)
Explanation ......................................................................................................
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(2)
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B ....................................................................
C ....................................................................
(3)
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(2)
Magnification .....................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
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2 ................................................... ...................................................
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(2)
A B
A ................................................................................
B ................................................................................
C ................................................................................
(3)
(ii) Describe the role of phospholipids in controlling the passage of molecules through
the cell membrane.
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(1)
Use arrows to show the net direction of water movement between all three cells.
ψ = –230 kPa
(1)
(ii) If solute were added to a cell, what effect would this have on the water potential
within the cell?
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(1)
(Total 8 marks)
21. The diagram shows the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane structure.
P ro te in
m o le c u le s
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(2)
(b) Give two functions of the protein molecules in the cell membrane.
1. ................................................................................................................................
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2. ................................................................................................................................
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(2)
(c) Explain how hydrophobic areas in the membrane are important to its function.
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(2)
(d) (i) The diagram shows the water potentials ( ) of three cells in contact
with one another.
Use arrows to show the net direction of water movement between all three cells.
ψ = –230 kPa
(ii) If solute were added to a cell what effect would this have on the water potential
within that cell ?
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(1)
(Total 8 marks)
23. The roots of two groups of pea plants were placed in solutions containing radioactive potassium
ions. For the experimental plants a respiratory inhibitor was added to the solution. The control
plants had no respiratory inhibitor added. At regular intervals the solutions surrounding the roots
were tested for radioactive potassium ions.
The table shows the results of this investigation.
(a) (i) The rate of uptake of potassium ions by the experimental plants in the
first 15 minutes was 0.06 units per minute.
Calculate the rate of uptake of potassium ions by the control plants over the same
time period.
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(2)
(iii) The rate of potassium ion uptake by the control plants in the first hour was faster
than in the second hour. Suggest why.
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(2)
(b) At the end of the investigation sections were cut across the stems of the pea plants and the
amount of radioactivity in each tissue was measured.
The diagram shows a section across the stem of a pea plant.
(i) Give one feature by which this section can be recognised as a stem.
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(1)
25. Protein molecules in the cell surface membrane are involved in the active transport of glucose
molecules into the cell.
(a) The graph shows how the uptake of glucose by red blood cells varies with the glucose
concentration of the surrounding medium.
R a te o f
u p ta k e
g lu c o s e
C o n c e n tra tio n o f g lu c o s e
in s u rro u n d in g m e d iu m
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(3)
(b) The table shows the results of an investigation into differences in the rates of uptake of
different sugars by red blood cells.
(i) Give one factor, other than the concentration of sugar in the surrounding medium,
which should have been standardised in this investigation. Describe and explain
how variation in this factor would affect the rate of uptake.
Factor...........................................................................................................................
Explanation..................................................................................................................
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(2)
(ii) Use your knowledge of protein molecules in cell surface membranes to suggest
why the rate of uptake of these sugars differs.
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(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Most fruits are green when unripe because they contain a number of chlorophyll pigments. Some
varieties of apple remain green when fully ripe, some turn yellow and others go red. The
yellowing of apples is mainly due to the disappearance of the chlorophyll allowing other
pigments called carotenoids to show their colour. These carotenoids are located in the same
organelles as the chlorophyll molecules. The red colour, however, is due to the formation of a
new pigment called anthocyanin.
Unlike carotenoids and chlorophyll which are located in organelles in the cytoplasm,
anthocyanin is dissolved in the cell sap inside the vacuole of the cell. It can be extracted by
boiling a piece of apple skin. As the water boils, the red colour of the skin starts to disappear
because the pigment is being released from the cells into the water in which the skin is boiled.
This can be demonstrated by adding a few drops of acid to the water. It will immediately turn
red because anthocyanin turns red in the presence of an acid.
More information can be obtained by watching the process more closely. If another piece of skin
is dropped into boiling water, it will be seen to turn briefly from red to purple before the colour
fades away. Since alkalis turn anthocyanin purple, the anthocyanin must have momentarily
encountered alkaline cytoplasm during breakdown of the cell. This and similar observations
show that different parts of the cell have different characteristics. In a living cell there must be
some form of barrier between these different parts. This barrier will allow certain molecules to
pass through but not others.
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(4)
(b) Using the information in the passage, complete the diagram of the cell from the skin of an
apple to show
(ii) those parts of the cell that are acidic and those parts that are alkaline.
C e ll w a ll
V a c u o le
(2)
(i) The volume of the vacuole increases if the cell is placed in distilled water.
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(3)
(ii) Enzymes which are normally found in cell sap would be unable to function if they
were in the cytoplasm.
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(3)
(Total 12 marks)
29. The diagram shows how an experiment was set up to investigate absorption by active transport
and diffusion in the small intestine. A piece of small intestine was turned inside out, so that the
surface with the villi was on the outside. The ends of the intestine were tied to form a sac. The
sac was placed in an oxygenated, buffered solution at 37°C. Substances which were transported
through the villi in the normal direction became concentrated within the sac.
m u c o s a l s u rfa c e o u tsid e
in te stin a l s a c
(a) Suggest why, in order to investigate active transport, the solution in which the sac was
placed was
(i) oxygenated;
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(ii) buffered.
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(3)
G lu c o s e 30 100
F ru c to s e 31 30
Explain what the table suggests about the ways in which glucose and fructose are
absorbed from the small intestine.
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(4)
(Total 7 marks)
(a) The measurements in the table were all made at the same temperature. Explain how an
increase in temperature affects the rate of diffusion.
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(2)
(i) It is sometimes suggested that this moist surface makes gas exchange more
efficient. Use the information in the table to explain why this suggestion is
incorrect.
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(1)
(ii) Explain how diffusion results in the alveoli having a moist surface.
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(2)
T ra c h e o le s
M u s c le
This insect has more than 1.5 million tracheoles. The distance between the ends of the
tracheoles in the muscle is approximately 4 pm. Explain how these features allow efficient
oxygen supply.
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(3)
(Total 8 marks)
33. (a) Give two differences between active transport and facilitated diffusion.
1 ..................................................................................................................................
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(2)
(b) Describe how ions are transported through a cell surface membrane by active transport.
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(2)
(c) The table shows the concentration of three ions inside and outside a cell of an alga that
lives in pond water.
Concentration of ion in Concentration of ion in
Ion
cytoplasm / mmol dm–3 pond water / mmol dm–3
Chloride 58.0 1.3
Potassium 93.0 0.1
Sodium 51.0 1.0
(i) By how many times have the potassium ions been concentrated in the cytoplasm
compared with the pond water?
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(1)
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(2)
(Total 7 marks)
35. Peeled potatoes were cut into two sizes of cubes - 1cm3 (1cm x 1cm x 1cm) and 27cm3 (3cm x
3cm x 3cm). After weighing, twenty-seven of the 1cm3 cubes were placed in one beaker of
distilled water, and one 27cm3 cube was placed in another beaker. One hour later the cubes
were removed and their surfaces carefully dried. They were then reweighed. The results are
shown in the table.
(i) the surface area : volume ratio for each size of cube;
(b) (i) Why did the experimenter use twenty-seven small cubes?
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(1)
(ii) Explain, in terms of water potential, why the potato cubes increased in mass when
placed in the distilled water.
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(2)
(iii) The percentage increase in mass of the smaller cubes was greater than the
percentage increase in mass of the large cube. Explain the difference.
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(1)
(Total 6 marks)
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(5)
(b) Explain each of the following processes by which substances pass through a cell surface
membrane.
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(5)
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(9)
(Total 14 marks)
39. (a) Give two ways in which osmosis differs from facilitated diffusion.
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2 ..................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) Jam contains a high concentration of sugar. Explain why bacteria that cause decay do not
grow in jam.
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(3)
(Total 5 marks)
41. (a) Explain the biological importance of water for living organisms.
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(5)
(b) Cylinders of potato were cut using a cork borer. Each cylinder was placed into one of a
range of sucrose solutions of different concentrations. The cylinders were left for 6 hours
and then removed from the solutions. The mass of each cylinder was recorded before and
after immersion. The graph shows the results of this investigation.
+10
In c re a se
P e rc e n ta g e
C o n c e n tra tio n o f
c h a n g e in 0
su cro se / m o l d m –3
m ass 0 .1 0 .2 0 .3 0 .4 0 .5 0 .6 0 .7 0 .8 0 .9 1 .0
D e c re a se
–10
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(2)
(ii) Explain the shape of the curve as the concentration of sucrose decreases from
0.3 mol dm–3 to 0.1 mol dm–3.
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(4)
(iii) What concentration of sucrose solution is equivalent to the mean water potential of
the potato cells? Explain your answer.
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(2)
(c) The diagram represents three plant cells and shows the water potential of two of these
cells. The arrows show the direction of water movement between these three cells.
A
–510 kPa
C
–550 kPa
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(2)
(Total 15 marks)
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(3)
The graph shows the effect of the sucrose solutions on the length of the potato cylinders.
1 .3
1 .2
R a tio o f in itia l
le n g th to fin a l 1 .1
le n g th o f p o ta to
c y lin d e r s
1 .0
0 .9
0 .8
0 .1 0 .2 0 .3 0 .4 0 .5
C o n c e n tra tio n o f s u c ro s e s o lu tio n / m o l d m –3
(i) The initial length of the potato cylinder in 0.1 mol dm–3 sucrose solution was
5.0 cm.
Calculate the final length of this cylinder. Show your working.
1 mark with a T a point on the curve where the potato cells are turgid;
2 mark with a W a point on the curve where the potato cells have the same
water potential as the sucrose solution.
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
45. The diagrams show part of the wall of the small intestine and part of an epithelial cell.
V illu s
E p ith e liu m
B lo o d
c a p illa r y
L a c te a l M ic r o v illu s
C ry p t o f
L ie b e rk ü h n
M ito c h o n d rio n
P a rt o f e p ith e lia l c e ll
M u s c le la y e r
(a) Describe one function of the muscle layer in the wall of the small intestine.
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(1)
(b) Complete the table about enzyme action in the small intestine.
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(1)
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(1)
(d) Explain how the following features of the epithelial cells increase the rate of absorption of
digested foods.
(i) Microvilli
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(1)
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(1)
(Total 9 marks)