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Mathematics 1
Tutorial 5: Reduced Echelon Form. Gauss‐Jordan Reduction
Exercise 48. Find the solution set by writing the augmented coefficient matrix and using the Gauss‐
Jordan method to reduced echelon form.
2 x 3 y 2 z 21 x y 3z 4
a. x 4 y z 1 b. 2 x y z 2
x 2 y z 17 3x 2 y 4 z 6
Solution. a.
2 3 2 21 1 4 1 1 1 4 1 1
1 4 1 1 2 3 2 21 0 11 4 19
1 2 2 1 2
1 2 1 17 1 2 1 17 0 0 18
1 3
6
1 4 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 4 1 1
11 1
0 0 18 0 6 0 18 1
2 3 2
0 1 0 3
6 6
2 3
6
11 4 19 4
3
0 0 1 13
0 0 0 4 52
1 4 0 14 1 0 0 2
4
3
0 1 0 3
1
0 1 0 3 2 1
0 0 1 13 0 0 1 13
There is unique solution. The solution set is S = {(2, 3, 13)}.
b.
1 1 3 4 1 1 3 4 1 1 3 4
2 1 1 2
2
3
0 1 5
1 2
6 2 3
0 1 5 6
3 2 4 6 0 1 5 0 0 0 0
1 3
6
1 1 3 4 1 0 2 2
0
2
1 5 6 0 2 1
1 5 6
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
There are infinitely many solutions. Using the reduced echelon form could be described solution set
easily: S = {(2 2z, 6 + 5z, z)| z—}.
Exercise 49. Find a complete set of solutions in vector form, writing the augmented coefficient
matrix and using the Gauss‐Jordan method to reduced echelon form.
y z 3 x y z 3 x y z 3
a. 2 x 2 z 5 b. x 2 y 2 z 5 c. x 2 y 2 z 5
x y z 3
3x 4 y 4 z 11 3x 4 y 4 z 12
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Solution. a.
0 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3
2 1 2
2 0 2 5 2 0 2 5
0 2 0 1
1 3
1 1 1 3 0 1 1 3 0 1 1 3
1
1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 1 0 2
1
2
0 1 0
2 1
2
0 1 0
3
1
3 1 0 1 0 1
2 2 2
0 1 1
3 0 0 1 5 0 0 1 5
2 2
1 0 0 0
0 1 0
1
2 1
2
5
0 0 1
2
There is unique solution. The solution set is
0
1
S .
2
5
2
b.
1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 0 0 1
1 2 2 5
0 1 1 2 0 1 1 2 0 1 1 2
1 2 2 3 2 1
3
3 4 4 11 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 3
There are infinitely many solutions. The solution set is:
1 0
S 2 1 z | z
0 1
c.
1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3
1 2 2 5
3
1 2
0 1 1 2
2
0 1 1 2
3
3 4 4 12 0 1 1 3 0 0 0 1
1 3
There is obvious inconsistence, so S = .
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Exercise 50. Find the solution set by writing the augmented coefficient matrix and using the Gauss‐
Jordan method to reduced echelon form.
x y z 0
x z 1 y
w3
a. y 2z w 3 b.
x 2 y 3z w 7 3x 2 y 3 z w 0
y w0
Solution. a.
1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
0 1 2 1 3
0 1 2 1 3
1 3
1 2 3 1 0 2 4 1 6
7
1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
2 2
2 3
0 1 2 1 3 0 3
1 2 0 3
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
There are infinitely many solutions. The solution set is:
1 1
3 2
S z | z .
0 1
0 0
b.
1 1 1 0
0 1 1 1 0
0 1 1 1 0 0
0 1 0 1 3 3
1 3 0 1 0 1 3
20 1
3
0 1 3
3 2 3 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
2
0 0
4
0 0 3
0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3
There is obvious inconsistence, so S = .
Exercise 51. Prove that the following homogeneous system has unique solution – the trivial solution
(zero‐vector).
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Solution. Augmented matrix of the given system is:
1 2 3 4 k 0
1 0 3 4 k 0
1 2 0 4 k 0
1 2 3 0 k 0
1 2 3 4 0 0
For any j {2, 3, 4, …, k}, we perform the Gauss operation
1 + j.
The system is now transformed to:
1 2 3 4 k 0
0 2 0 0 0 0
0 0 3 0 0 0
.
0 0 0 4 0 0
0 0 0 0 k 0
Now, for any j {2, 3, 4, …, k}, we perform the Gauss operation
1
j
j
The system is now transformed to:
1 2 3 4 k 0
0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0
.
0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0
Finally for any j {2, 3, 4, …, k}, we perform the Gauss operation
jj + 1 and 1
and we obtain reduced echelon form of the system.
1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0
.
0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0
It’s obvious that the system has unique solution – the trivial solution, zero‐vector with k zeros.
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