First Year Textbook

SLA101 Fall Semester Schedule
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday

9/8 1 2
9/15 3 4 5 6 7
9/22 8 9 10 11 EXAM-1
9/29 12 13 14 15 16
10/6 17 18 19 20 21
10/16 22 EXAM-2 23 24 25
10/20 26 *Sara Story 1 28 *Sara Story 1 30
Text Grammar
Fall Break
11/3 31 32 33 EXAM-3 Story 2 Text
11/10 34 Story 2 Grammar 35 Story 3 Text 36
11/17 37 Story 3 Grammar 38 39 40
11/24 EXAM-4 Story 4 Text 41 Thanksgiving
12/1 42 Story 4 Grammar 43 Story 5 Text 44
12/8 45 Story 5 Grammar 46 47 EXAM-5
(Can be done as a
take-home)
1/5 48 Story 6 Text 49 Story 6 Grammar 50
1/12 Story 7 Text Story 7 Grammar
*Lessons 27 and 29 do not exist! (It’s a long story)

SLA102 Spring Semester Schedule
понедЎльник втђрник средЌ четвЎрг пјтница

2/2 Story-8 (text) 51-Aspect 52-Aspect Story-8 53-Reported
(grammar) speech
2/9 54-Relative Story-9 (text) 55-Dative Story-9 56-Dative
clauses / по singular (grammar) adjectives
2/16 57-Review Exam-1 58-Dative Story-10 (text) 59-age
pronouns/like
2/23 60-Dative Story 10 61-dative Story-11 (text) 62 – Needing a
Plural Grammar experience thing
3/1 63-Imperative Story-11 64-Review Exam-2 story-12 (text)
(grammar)
3/8 65-чтобы Story-12 66 – Story 13 (text) 67 –
(grammar) Instrumental Instrumental
singular adjectives
ВесЎнние канЏкулы
3/22 Story-13 68 – Story-14 (text) Story-14 69 - Review
(grammar) Instrumental (grammar)
pronouns
3/29 Exam-3 Story-15 (text) 70 – Story-15 71 –
Instrumental (grammar) Instrumental of
plural being
4/5 72 Story-16 (text) 73 Story-16 74
(grammar)
4/12 75 76 - Review Exam-4 Story 17 - text Story 17 -
grammar
4/19 77 78 Story 18-text Story 18 - 79
grammar
4/26 Story 19 - text 80 Story 19 - 81-Review Exam-5
grammar (Take-home)
5/3 82 Story 20 - Text 83 Story – 20 - Story 21 - text
Grammar
5/10 84 Story 21 –
Grammar
Dialogues: A: “Hi! How's it going?”
B: “What's up?”
Grammar: Informal vs. Formal Forms of Address
(Introduction)
No Verb To Be in the Present Tense
Russian to English: Fixed Expressions
Note: The English transcription given in square brackets below the Russian text is a very rough guide that will be used until
the entire alphabet is presented. Listen carefully to your instructor and the recordings for the exact pronunciation.
Диалђги Dialogues
Диалђг A. ПривЎт! Как делЌ? Hi! How’s it going?
ВЎра 1 МЏша, привЎт! Как дeлЌ? Misha, hi! How’s it going? (How are
things?)
Véra [Mísha, privét! Kak delá?]
МЏша 2 Хорошђ. А у тeбј? Good. And with you? (How about you?)
Mísha [Khoroshó. A u tebyá?]
ВЎра 3 ТЌк сeбе. So-so.
Véra [Ták sebе.]
МЏша 4 ИзвинЏ, мнe нЎкогда. ПокЌ. Sorry, I’m in a hurry. Later.
Mísha [Izviní, mne nékogda. Poká.]
ВЎра 5 Ну, лЌдно, до свидáния. (МЏша walks away) Нахáл! Well, OK, see you later. (Misha walks
away) Jerk!
Véra [Nu, ládno, do svidániya. (Misha walks away) Nakhál!]
Диалђг Б. Что слѕшно? What’s up?
Њра 6 НЏна, привЎт! Что слѕшно? Nina, hi! What’s up?

Yúra [Nína, privét! Chto slíshno?]
НЏна 7 Нe спрЌшивай. А у тeбј? Don’t ask. And with you?
Nína [Ne spráshivay. A u tebyá?]
Њра 8 Ничeгђ. Nothing. (Everything is pretty much OK.)
Yúra [Nichevó.]
НЏна 9 ИзвинЏ, мнe нЎкогда. ПокЌ. Sorry, I’m in a hurry. Later.
Nína [Izviní, mne nékogda. Poká.]
Њра 10 Ну, лЌдно, до свидЌния. (НЏна walks away) НахЌлка! Well, all right, see you later. (Nina walks
away) Jerk!
Yúra [Nu, ládno, do svidániya. (Nina walks away) Nakhálka!]
1-1
1-й урђк Граммáтика
СловЌрь Vocabulary
1 привЎт [privét] hi (used only with friends and family)
1 как дeлЌ? [kak delá?] two words – how’s it going? how are things?
one stress
2 хорошђ [khoroshó] good; well
2 а у тeбј? [a u tebyá?] and you? (lit: ‘and by you?’)
3 тЌк сeбе [ták sebe] two words – so-so (this is somewhat negative)
one stress
4 извинЏ [izviní] excuse (me); pardon (me); sorry
4 мнe нЎкогда [mne nékogda] I’m in a hurry; I have to run (lit: ‘to me there is no time’)
4 покЌ [poká] (see you) later
5 ну [nu] well...
5 лЌдно [ládno] OK, all right (sign of agreement)
5 до свидЌния [do svidániya] two good-bye; see you later
words – one stress
5 нахЌл [nakhál] rude person who does not think of others; jerk (male)
6 что слѕшно? [chto slíshno? ] what’s up?; what’s new? (lit.: ‘what is audible?’)
7 нe спрЌшивай [ne spráshivay] two don’t ask
words – one stress
8 ничегђ [nichevó] nothing (Ничегђ also has an adverbial meaning not bad, OK.)
10 нахЌлка [nakhálka] female version of нахЌл
1-2
[ [ [
(Numbers following words and phrases below refer to lines in dialogue)
1.А Informal vs. Formal Forms of Address (Introduction)

привЎт! (1)
ВЎра uses привЎт hi, an informal greeting, with her friend МЏша. Russian, like many languages, distinguishes
between formal and informal forms of address. Saying привЎт to your professor would roughly be the same as
saying Hey, man, what’s up?, (not too advisable). We will see an example of a formal form of address in Lesson
3. Until then, speak Russian only to your friends.
1.Б Russian Has No Verb To Be in the Present Tense

как делЌ (1); что слѕшно (6)
Note that in Как дeлЌ?, the Russian equivalent of the question How’s it going?, there is no verb; the sentence
consists of just как = how and дeлЌ = things; matters. In Russian the present tense of the verb be (am, are, is) is
not expressed. Some other examples:
Как ∅1 делЌ?
how Are things?
Что ∅ слѕшно?
What Is audible (What’s new?)
МЏша ∅ нахЌл.
Misha Is (a) jerk.
This explains why you may hear а Russian speaking English say, “I teacher. My husband engineer.”
1
The ∅ (‘zero’) symbol will be used throughout this book to indicate the absence of a word or ending.
1-3
1.В Russian to English: Fixed Expressions

тЌк себе so-so (3); до свидЌния good-bye (5)
The dialogues and texts in this book contain numerous “fixed expressions.” In some cases the meaning of the
phrase can be predicted more or less from the sum of the parts, e.g., до= until + свидЌния = meeting (which is
similar to the French au revoir). In other cases no such “addition” is possible, e.g., так = so; thus + сeбЎ = to
oneself, yet together так себе means so-so, not great.
Below are expressions from the dialogues roughly in order of predictability of meaning:
что слѕшно?
Predictable
what
+ audible
= what’s up?
Ø до свидЌния good-bye
+ =
until meeting
Somewhat у тебј?
predictable by + you = with you?
мне нЎкогда
Ø to me + there is no time = I’m in a hurry
тЌк себе
Not predictable
so + self = so-so
Just be aware that (obviously!) learning Russian is not simply a matter of translating English words into Russian
words and vice versa.
Actually, Russian is not that different from English, and in many cases a literal word for word translation will
result in a grammatical sentence − but not always. We will be sure to alert you in such cases.
) NOTE ON CHAPTER ONE:

DON’T PANIC! Within the next two weeks you will be presented with no small amount of
material. But here are some things to bear in mind during this time:
• The main goal of Chapter One is to master the Russian alphabet and sound system. The
test for Chapter One will be almost exclusively on this.
• Practice everything you hear out loud in order to get accustomed to the sounds and
intonation of the Russian language. By doing this, all the rules on spelling and sounds,
which need to be memorized at the beginning, will soon become second nature.
• We also wanted to include some useful words and expressions (like asking how things are
going or saying that someone is a jerk) and at least some basic grammatical concepts just
to get you started. If there’s anything you don’t understand about grammar, rest assured
that it will be reviewed and practiced thoroughly in later chapters.
• Don’t give up! If you can get past Chapter One, you can accomplish anything in this class
− and in life.
1-4
Dialogue: “Hi! How's it going?”
Spelling/Sounds: The Russian alphabet - Part I
Group I: Letters that look and sound (roughly)
the same as English
Group II: Letters that look like English but
represent a different sound
Group III: Letters that look different than English
The following dialogue is basically the same as Dialogue A in Lesson 1, with three new words in lines 1, 2 and 3. Be sure to
listen to the recording very carefully.
Диалђг Dialogue
ЗдрЌвствуй! Как делЌ? Hi! How’s it going?
ВЎра: 1 ЗдрЌвствуй, МЏша! Как дeлЌ? Hi, Misha! How’s it going?

Vera [ZdrЌstvuy, Mísha! Kak delá?]
МЏша: 2 ПрекрЌсно! А у тeбј? Great! How about you?
Misha [Prekrasno!. A u tebyá?]
ВЎра: 3 Нeплђхо. Not bad.
Vera [Neplókho].
МЏша: 4 ИзвинЏ, мнe нЎкогда. ПокЌ. Sorry, I’m in a hurry (= I have no time).
Later
Misha [Izviní, mne nékogda. Poká.]
ВЎра: 5 Ну, лЌдно, до свидáния. (МЏша walks away) Нахáл! Well, OK, see you later. (Mísha walks
away) Jerk!
Vera [Nu, ládno, do svidániya. (Mísha walks away) Nakhál!]
1 здрЌвствуй [zdrástvuy] (first ‘в’ [v] is silent) hi (not quite as informal as привЎт [privét])
2 прекрЌсно [prekrásno] great; superb(ly)
3 неплђхо [neplókho] not bad
2-1
2-й урђк Spelling / Sounds
2.А The Russian Аlphabet - Part I
All of the following descriptions of Russian pronunciation are approximations. First and foremost, listen
carefully to your instructors in class, and, perhaps more importantly, the speakers on the recordings, and do your
best to imitate them.
2.А.1 Group 1: Letters that look and sound (roughly) the same as English
Listen and repeat:
RUSSIAN LETTER APPROXIMATE SOUND
А/а a as in father
Е/e e as in bed
ye as in yes
(We’ll explain later how to predict which to use)
К/к k as in skin
М/м m as in mom
О/о o as in born
Т/т t as in stop (with the tongue against the upper teeth)
Now some real words (don’t worry about the meanings, though a few are cognates):
акт (act), там (there), кто (who), кeм (by whom), тем (by that), кот (male cat), мат (checkmate), том (tome)
TWO IMPORTANT NOTES:

1. Unstressed vowels: When О/о and А/а are not stressed, their pronunciation gets ‘reduced’
to the sound roughly the same as the last sound in sofa. Unstressed Е/е gets reduced to the
ee in keep, but slightly shorter. More details on vowel reduction in Lesson 9.
2. Word-Initial E/е: At the beginning of the word (and a few other places) Е/е is pronounced
[ye] as in yet. Much more on this later.
Listen and repeat (keeping in mind the above two notes):
мЌма (mom), кђма (coma), котЌ ([of a] male cat), ем (I eat), тђмe ([in a] volume), тђкe ([about] electric
current), мЌмe ([about] mother), томЌт (tomato), тЎма (theme) комЎта (comet)
2-2
Spelling / Sounds Lesson 2
2.А.2 Group 2: Letters that look like English but represent a different sound
Listen and repeat:
В/в v as in victory
Н/н n as in no (tongue against the upper teeth)
Р/р r as in run (but trilled)
С/с s as in set (also: с as in ice)
У/у u as in lunatic
Х/х no exact English equivalent (roughly ch as is Bach or Scottish Loch)
Listen and repeat:
В/в
вот (here is), век (century), вЌта (cotton padding), вам ([to] you), вЎко (eyelid), вЎто (veto), Ѓва
(ate the apple)
Н/н
нет (no), Ђнна (Anna - as in Anna Karenina), окнђ (window), вЎна (vein or Vienna), онЌ (she/it),
тђнна (ton), МонтЌна (the state), НевЌ (the Neva river in St. Petersburg)
Р/р
рекЌ (river), Торђнто (the city), ВЎра (Vera, which means ‘faith’), крђме (except), рђт (mouth),
ромЌн (novel; romance), ракЎта (rocket), вор (thief)
С/с
секрЎт (secret), сок (juice), нос (nose), МосквЌ (Moscow), сенЌт (Senate), сЎвер (north), Маркс
(as in Karl), сђрок (forty), совЎт (Soviet; advisory council)
У/у
ѓксус (vinegar), ѓтка (duck), трус (coward), рукЌ (arm), урЌ (hurrah), тут (here), мукЌ (flour),
мѓка (torture), курс (course)
Х/х
хор (choir), ѓхо (ear), хвост (tail), сѓхо (dry), ТехЌс (Texas), монЌх (monk), мох (moss), хЌта
(hut), хомѓт (horse collar) хрен (horseradish - also used as a euphemism, similar to ‘fudge!’ in
English)
Do Oral Exercise 1 in the Homework (page 2-6) now!
2-3
2-й урђк Spelling / Sounds
2.А.3 Group 3: Letters that look different than English (Part 1 today; the rest tomorrow)
Listen and repeat:
Б/б b as in bed
Г/г g as in gun
v as in victory (only in the combinations -ого / -его, which is a
grammatical ending. We saw this in ничегђ.)
Д/д d as in day (with the tongue against upper teeth)
Ё/ё 1) o as in born
2) yo as in your
(We’ll explain later how to predict which to use.)
Ж/ж zh as in Zhivago (also: s as in pleasure)
З/з z as in zoo
И/и i as in machine
Й/й y as in toy
Л/л l as in leave
П/п p as in spin
Listen and repeat:
Б/б
брат (brother, not ‘brat’, though depending on your brother...), бђмба (bomb), табЌк (tobacco), Бах (Bach),
брак (marriage; junk), банЌн (banana), бар (bar – place to drink), собЌка (dog), НебрЌска (the state)
Г/г
грех (sin), гром (thunder), ген (gene), губЌ (lip), грубЌ (rude), ногЌ (leg/foot), ВЌгнер (the composer), Кђнго
(the country), Орегђн (the state), рагѓ (stew)
Pronounced as [v] in the combinations -его / -ого at the end of a word:

егђ (him/his), тогђ ([of] that), грђмкого ([of] loud), бетђнного ([of] concrete-adj.), негђ (him)
Д/д
дом (house; building), мђда (fashion; style), АдЌм (Eve’s partner), дрЌма (drama), КанЌда (the country),
ДЎнвер (the city), дно (bottom), дЎрево (tree), дђктор (doctor), водЌ (water), два (two),
2-4
Ё/ё (this letter is always stressed in the word)

нёс (carried), тёте ([to] aunt), сестёр ([of] sisters), стёр (wiped off), врёт (is lying), Гёте, (Goethe), ковёр
(carpet), овёс (oats), монтёр (electrician), отвёртка (screwdriver)
Examples with a preceding [y] sound:
моё (my), твоё (your), своё (one’s own), её (her)
Ж/ж
женЌ (wife), жук (beetle), ЖенЎва (Geneva), жён ([of] wives), жарЌ (heat), ѓжас (horror), ужЎ (already),
жЎртва (victim), жетђн ([subway] token), жанр (genre), жЌба (toad), вЌжно (important)
З/з
зЎбра (zebra), козЌ (goat), КанзЌс (the state) зђна (zone), закђн (law), зЌнавес (curtain), казЌк (Cossack),
Гудзђн (Hudson), звездЌ (star), зђнт (umbrella)
И/и
ИрЌн (the country), ИрЌк (the country), Аризђна (the state), вампЏр (vampire), тигр (the animal), вариЌнт
(version), вЏски (whiskey), АргентЏна (the country), нЏтка (thread), НЏксон (not a crook)
Й/й
йод (iodine), Йорк (York), ЙокогЌма (Yokohama), йђга (yoga), мой (my), май (May), ковбђй (cowboy),
рѓсский (Russian), РЎйган (40th US president), КувЎйт (Kuwait), Детрђйт (the city)
Л/л
лимђн (lemon), КлЏнтон (42nd US president), ЛЎнин (Vladimir, not John), СтЌлин (Uncle Joe), ёлка
(Christmas tree), лЎто (summer), журнЌл (magazine), солдЌт (soldier), АлабЌма (Sweet Home), КолорЌдо
(the state)
П/п
Пётр (Peter), труп (corpse), ПикЌссо (the artist), Платђн (Plato), ПастернЌк (the writer, author of Дђткор
ЖивЌго), пункт (point), псих (psycho), прЌвда (truth; the newspaper), ПакистЌн (the country), пЌсха (Easter)
RUSSIAN~STAR WARS CONNECTION?

Some people with way too much time on their hands have noticed some “secret” connections
between Russian and several Star Wars characters:
• The robot C3PO is derived from СССР (Союз СовЎтских СоциалистЏческих
Респѓблик), the Russian spelling of USSR – though this doesn’t explain the ‘O’ at the
end.
• Chewbacca is a variant of собЌка, the Russian word for dog.
• Jabba (the Hutt) is a variant of жЌба, the Russian word for toad.
And, of course, there’s the whole “evil empire” theme. Sorry, no Russian~Jar Jar connection,
that we know of.
Do Oral Exercise 2 in the Homework now!

2-5
2-й урђк ДомЌшнее задЌние
Exercise 1 Circle the word you hear:
1. нос сон сан сун
2. номЎнт мумЎнт мемЌнт момЎнт
3. мукЌ мѓка мокЌ мѓку
4. реЌтор ракЌта ракЎта ракЎту
5. нѓта нЌта нђту нђта
6. хѓнта хорвЌт кѓнта сѓнта
7. Ђва Ѓву Ѓва Іва
8. Марс Маркс Наркс Марх
9. усЌх осЎх усЎх усЌк
10. срок сѓрок сђрок сЌрак
1. ванЌн банѓн банЌн бамЌн
2. Оредђн Орегђн Урегђн Орегѓн
3. дђктор дђхтор дЌктор гђдтор
4. сЌбава забђва зЌбава забЌва
5. бампЏр вампЏр вампЎр вамрЏр
6. сигарЎта сидарЎта гигарЎта сигарЏта
7. ДомЎр Гомѓр ГомЎр ГумЎр
8. тёте тЎте тђто тёта
9. зЌзда жЌжда жЌжга жЎжда
10. Врѓклин Брђклин Брѓхлин Брѓклин
11. Платђн Рлатђн Плитђн Платѓн
12. зупнЌл жорнЎл журнЌл жупнЌл
13. бодЎма богЎма бохЎма вогЎма
14. Аризђна Аризѓна АризЎна Апизђна
15. БорЎс БорЌс ВорЏс БорЏс
2-6
Exercise 3 Write the English equivalents to the following Russian words. (Hint – many are
proper nouns):
1. атЌка _____________________________ 2. пeликЌн _____________________________
3. Толстђй _____________________________ 4. ЖенЎва _____________________________
5. хулигЌн _____________________________ 6. НЏксон _____________________________
7. ТeхЌс _____________________________ 8. баскетбђл _____________________________
9. момЎнт _____________________________ 10. AйдЌхо _____________________________
11. Брѓклин _____________________________ 12. тЎннис _____________________________
13. каравЌн _____________________________ 14. РембрЌндт _____________________________
15. зодиЌк _____________________________ 16. журнЌл _____________________________
17. Бетхђвен _____________________________ 18. спагЎтти _____________________________
19. Наполеђн _____________________________ 20. джаз _____________________________
2-7
Dialogues: A: “Leave me alone”; Б: “Get lost!”
Spelling/Sounds: The Russian Alphabet - Part II
- Group IV: The rest of the letters
Grammar: Dictionary forms of words
No articles in Russian
Informal vs. Formal forms of address (cont’d)
Stating/asking names
Gender (Introduction)
Russian first names
А. ОтстЌньте от менј Leave me alone
1 В бЌре In a bar
ЛЎна: 2 ЗдрЌвствуйтe. Мeнј зовѓт ЛЎна. А как вас зовѓт? Hello. My name is Lena. What’s your name?
[ZdrЌstvuyte. MenyЌ zovut Léna. A kak vas zovút?]
Сeрёжа: 3 ОтстЌньтe от мeнј. (ЛЎна leaves) Leave me alone. (ЛЎна leaves)
[OtstЌnte ot menyЌ]
ПЎтя: 4 (walks up to Сeрёжа) Кто іто? ОнЌ красЏвая (Walks up to Серёжа)
(Walks up to Seryózha) [Kto éto? Oná krasívaya Who’s that? She’s a attractive young woman.
What’s her name?
5 дЎвушка. Как eё зовѓт?
dévushka. Kak yeyó zovút?]
Сeрёжа: 6 КрасЏвая? Ты шѓтишь!? Good looking? Are you joking!?
[Krasívaya? Ti shútish!?]
Б. ОтвяжЏсь! Get lost!
В бЌре In a bar
Бђря: 7 ЗдрЌвствуйтe. Мeнј зовѓт Бђря. А как вас зовѓт? Hello. My name is Borya. What’s your
[Zdrástvuyte. Menyá zovút Bórya. А kak vas zovút?] name?
ЛЌра: 8 ОтстЌньтe от мeнј. (Бђря leaves) Get lost! (Бђря leaves)
[OtstЌnte ot menyЌ]
РЏта: 9 (walks up to ЛЌра) Кто іто? Он красЏвый (Walks up to ЛЌра)
(walks up to Lára) [Kto éto? On krasíviy Who’s that? He’s an attractive guy. What’s
10 пЌрень. Как eгђ зовѓт? his name?
páren. Kak yevó zovút?]
ЛЌра: 11 КрасЏвый? Ты шѓтишь!? Good looking? Are you joking!?
[Krasíviy? Ti shútish?]
3-1
3-й урок Spelling / Sounds
1 в бЌрe [v báre] in a/the bar
st
2 здрЌвствуйтe [zdrástvuyte] (1 ‘в’ is silent) Hello (Formal)
2 мeнј зовѓт + (first name) [menyá zovút] My name is … (lit.: ‘they call me …’)
2 как вас зовѓт? (Formal) [kak vas zovút? ]
What’s your name? (lit.: ‘how do they call you?’)
2 как тeбј зовѓт? (Informal) [kak tebyá zovút? ]
3 отстЌньтe от мeнј! [otstánte ot menyá] Leave me alone! (lit.: ‘stand away from me’)
4 кто іто? [kto éto?] Who’s that/this?
4 онЌ [oná] she
5 довђльно [dovólno] quite, rather, pretty (adv.)
5 красЏвая [krasívaya] attractive; good-looking (feminine)*
5 дЎвушка [dévushka] girl; young woman
5 как eё зовѓт? [kak yeyó zovút? ] What’s her name? (lit.: ‘how do they call her?’)
6 ты шѓтишь? [ti shútish? ] are you joking? (Informal)
8 отвяжЏсь! [otvyazhís] get lost! (This is very rude.)
9 он [on] he
10 красЏвый [krasíviy] attractive; good-looking (masculine)*
10 пЌрень [páren] guy
10 как eгђ зовѓт? [kak yevó zovút] (in this word What’s his name? (lit.: ‘how do they call him?’)
‘г’ is pronounced [v])
*We’ll discuss the question of grammatical gender at length later in the course.
3-2
3.А The Russian Alphabet - Part II
3.А.1 Group 4: The rest of the letters (all look different than English)
Listen and repeat:
Ф/ф f as in fan
Ц/ц ts as in its (also: zz as in pizza)
Ч/ч ch as in cheap (but with the tongue higher and more forward. Try to
smile when pronouncing ч)
sh as in shoot (but farther back in the mouth. Imitate the sound of a

Ш/ш cappuccino maker) – try to stick out your chin as if daring someone to
hit you
also sh as in fresh sherbet, (this consonant is longer and higher in the

Щ/щ mouth than ш) Try to smile when pronouncing щ. (ш vs. щ will be
contrasted in the next lesson.)
ъ “Hard sign” (not a separate sound. More on this letter in Lesson 5)

(твёрдый знак)
the “ugly” vowel sound: The closest English sound is the i in bit. Try to
Ы/ы pronounce [u] as in lunatic, but keep your lips unrounded. Best advice:
Listen closely to the recording!
ь “Soft sign” (not a separate sound. More on this letter in Lesson 5)

(мјгкий знак)
e as in bet (this letter does not normally appear in native Russian

Э/э words)
1) u as in tune
Ю/ю
2) yu as in Yuma (we’ll explain later how to predict which to use)
1) a as in father
Я/я
2) ya as in yacht (we’ll explain later how to predict which to use)
Listen and repeat:
Ф/ф
телефђн (telephone; telephone number), фЌбрика (factory), фЌкел (torch), фЏзика (physics),
фотђграф (photographer), фунт (pound [weight]), ФлђрЏда (the state – either syllable can be
stressed), ФрЌнкфурт (Germany or Kentucky), ФлобЎр (Flaubert), ФрЌнклин ($100)
3-3
Ц/ц
ценЌ (price), цЎнтр (center), цЏник (cynic), цитЌта (quote), Трђцкий (icepick in head), цинк
(zinc), цвет (color), цемЎнт (cement), цирк (circus), процЎсс (process; trial)
Ч/ч
ЧикЌго (the city), чёрт (devil; damn it!), дЌча (summer house), час (hour), чай (tea), чёлн
(canoe), чек (receipt), черепЌха (turtle), ЧЏли (the country), чѓдо (miracle)
Ш/ш
шофёр (driver), ШанхЌй (Chinese city), ШекспЏр (Bill to his friends), шок (shock), шеф,
(boss), шкаф (closet), шкђла (school), шанс (chance), шарф (scarf), шЌйба (hockey puck; also
used to encourage sports team: ‘Let’s go!!’)
Щ/щ
щи (cabbage soup), щекЌ (cheek), щѓка (pike [fish]), щётка (brush), щёлк (snapping sound),
щит (shield), щекђтно (ticklish), ещё (still; yet), прощѓ (I will forgive)
Ы/ы (Listen carefully to this “ugly” vowel sound)

ты (you), мы (we), вы (you), бЎлый (white), дым (smoke), дырЌ (hole), лѕсый (bald), лѕжа
(ski), пѕтка (torture), мѕло (soap), рѕба (fish), открѕл ([he] opened), сыр (cheese),
Э/э (As mentioned above, this letter does not normally appear in native Russian words)
элемЎнт (element), іхо (echo), эмигрЌнт (emigrant), экзЌмен (test), экспЎрт (expert),
электрЏчество (electricity), эконђмика (economics), экрЌн ([movie] screen), Љдисон (Tom to
his friends), Љдмонтон (the city in Canada) хіппи энд (happy ending)
Ю/ю
сюжЎт (subject; plot), тюрбЌн (turban), нюх (sense of smell), нюЌнс (nuance), мїзикл
([Broadway] musical), рюкзЌк (backpack), рїмка (shot glass), лїди (people), бюрђ (bureau),
люблї (I love)

ЮпЏтер (Jupiter), мої (my), їмор (hope you have a sense of …), юбилЎй (anniversary),
юрЏст (lawyer), їрский (Jurrasic)
Я/я
рјдом (beside), тјга (pulling), нјня (nanny), тётя (aunt), дјдя (uncle), врЎмя (time), Џмя
(name), дерЎвня (village)

јнки (Yankee), Ќрмия (army), јблоко (apple), јсно (clearly), Ђнглия (England), биолђгия
(biology), мој (my), РоссЏя (Russia)
Do Oral Exercise 1 in the Homework now!
3-4
Grammar Lesson 3
3.Б The “Dictionary Form” of Words

в бЌре (1)
If you look in a Russian dictionary you won’t find a word бЌрe. Instead you’ll find бар bar, which is the
“dictionary form.” The ending changes depending on the function the word performs in the sentence. In this case
the ending -e indicates location, after the preposition в in. For now, just memorize в бЌрe together. We’re going
to spend practically the rest of the year studying the various forms nouns (adjectives, and pronouns) take
depending on their function.
3.В No Articles (A/n, The) in Russian

в бЌре (1)
The two Russian words в бЌре are translated by three English words in a bar. In a different context, it could very
well mean in the bar. Russian does not have grammatical articles (a/n, the), which is why you may hear a
Russian say “Where is car?” and other assorted phrases lacking articles. (Actually, learning to use articles is very
difficult, so don’t make fun of foreigners.)
3.Г Informal vs. Formal Forms of Address (Cont’d))

здрЌвствуй vs. здрЌвствуйте (2)
In Lesson 1 the friends greet each other with привЎт hi and in Lesson 2 with здрЌвствуй, which also is
translated as hi. In this lesson’s dialogues, Бђря and ЛЎна say здравствуйтe hello to (not very sympathetic)
strangers. Russian, like many other European languages (French, Spanish, Italian, German, Czech, Polish, etc.)
distinguishes between informal and formal forms of address.
Use informal forms of address (привЎт, здрЌвствуй) when speaking to friends, classmates, relatives, animals,
God, and children (roughly) under the age of 13-14 (puberty). For everyone else (professors, unfamiliar persons
over age 13-14) use formal forms of address (здрЌвствуйтe). Using the wrong form (especially the informal
with a professor or other adult) can be a real faux pas.
In fact, there is quite a large variation among Russians in their choice of informal vs. formal forms. Some adults
address (even long time) friends with the formal (especially if the relationship is professional), while other people
use the informal with complete strangers (drunks especially like to do this). (When ЛЌра tells Бђря to get lost,
she uses the informal form in order to really ‘diss’ him.)
3-5
3-й урок ГраммЌтика
3.Д Stating / Asking Names

Менј зовѓт …; Как вас зовѓт? (2, 7)
Here we see another example of a ‘fixed expression’, and another example of how important it is not to translate
phrases word for word. Literally, these two phrases break down as follows:
Менј / Её / Егђ
Me / Her / Him
зовѓт
(they) call
СЌша.
Sasha. = My / Her / His name is Sasha.
Как
How
вас / тебј / её / егђ
you (Frml/Infrml) / her / him
зовѓт?
(they) call? = What’s your / her / his name?
If you’ve studied Spanish or French or German or Italian (or just about any other language) you’re probably
already aware that this very common statement/question often cannot be translated literally into English.
When asking your classmates their names (which you’ll be doing a lot in the next few days), use the informal
form: Kак тeбј зовѓт?
Remember, the normal word for what is что, which we saw previously. It is only in this fixed expression (and a
few others) that what is translated as как.
Form questions and give answers:
Example: you (informal) / МЏша Как тебј зовѓт? Менј зовѓт МЏша.
her / ВЎра Как её зовѓт? Её зовѓт ВЎра.
1. you (formal) / НатЌша 2. him / Њра

3. you (informal) / СлЌва 4. her / Лїба
5. him / Кђля 6. you (informal) / МЌша
7. her / КсЌна 8. you (formal) / ДЏма
3-6
Grammar Lesson 3
3.Ё Russian First Names
Pick out a Russian first name for yourself (as well as 2 - 3 ‘back-ups’ in case someone steals your
name before you can claim it). You’ll address each other using the diminutive.
MALE NAMES FEMALE NAMES

Full Name Common Approximate Full Name Common Approximate
Diminutive(s) Meaning Diminutive(s) Meaning
АлeксЌндр СЌша, Шѓра defending men АлeксЌндра СЌша, Шѓра defending men
АлeксЎй Алёша, Лёша defender АлЏна ЛЏна white
Анатђлий Тђля east Ђлла Ђля sublime (unattested)

АндрЎй Андрїша brave АнастасЏя НЌстя resurection
Антђн Антђша, Тђша flower (unattested) Ђнна Ђня favor; grace
БорЏс Бђря warrior АнтонЏна Тђня flower (unattested)
ВалeнтЏн ВЌля strong; healthy Ђся (same as full name) doctor
ВалЎрий ВалЎра strong; heatlhy ВЎра (same as full name) faith
ВасЏлий ВЌся ruler ВeронЏка ВЏка, НЏка bring victory
ВЏктор ВЏтя victor ВалeнтЏна ВЌля strong; healthy
ВладЏмир Волђдя, Вђва rule with greatness ВарвЌра ВЌря foreign
ВладислЌв СлЌва rule with glory Виктђрия ВЏка victor
ВсЎволод СЎва ruler of all ГалЏна ГЌля calm
ВячeслЌв СлЌва great glory ДЌрья ДЌша possess good
ГeннЌдий ГЎна noble ЕвгЎния ЖЎня noble
Геђргий Жђра, Гђша farmer ЕкатeрЏна КЌтя far off (unattested)
Григђрий ГрЏша keep vigil ЕлЎна ЛЎна light; torch
continued
MALE NAMES FEMALE NAMES

Full Name Common Approximate Full Name Common Approximate
Diminutive(s) Meaning Diminutive(s) Meaning
ДаниЏл ДЌня God is my judge ЕлизавЎта ЛЏза oath of God
ДмЏтрий ДЏма, МЏтя plenty from the land ЖЌнна (same as full name) Jehovah is gracious
ЕвгЎний ЖЎня noble ЗинаЏда ЗЏна of Zeus
ИвЌн ВЌня Jehova is gracious Зђя (same as full name) life
Ильј Илїша God is Jehova ИнЎсса Ѕнна (unattested)
КонстантЏн Кђстя constant ИрЏна Ѕра peace
Лeв Лёва lion КЏра (same as full name) ruler; queen
3-7
ЛeонЏд Лёня appearance of a lion КсЎния КсЌна hospitable

МихаЏл МЏша who is like God? ЛарЏса ЛЌра sea gull (unattested)
НикЏта (same as full name) victor ЛЏдия ЛЏда Lydia (region in
Asia Minor)
НиколЌй Кђля victor ЛЏлия ЛЏля lily
ПЌвeл ПЌша small; humble Любђвь Лїба love
Пётр ПЎтя rock ЛюдмЏла Лїда favor of the people
Родиђн Рђдя rose МаргарЏта РЏта pearl
РомЌн Рђма Roman МарЏна (same as full name) marine
СeргЎй Сeрёжа servant (unattested) МарЏя МЌша bitter (unattested)
СтeпЌн Стёпа crown МЌрта (same as full name) mistress of the house
СтанислЌв СлЌва become glorious НадЎжда НЌдя hope
Фёдор ФЎдя gift of God НатЌлия НатЌша native
Њрий Њра same as Геђргий НЏна (same as full name) (unattested)
Ћков Ћша hold the heel ОксЌна (same as full name) Ukrainian form of
КсЎния – hospitable
Ільга Іля prosperous; happy
ПолЏна Пђля Apollo
РаЏса РЌя easy; relaxed
СвeтлЌна СвЎта light; bright
Сђфья Сђня wise
ТамЌра Тђма date palm tree
Татьјна ТЌня (unattested)
Њлия Њля downy-bearded
(unattested)youthful
3-8
3-й урок ДомЌшнее задЌние
1. Фђлнея Гђлнер Фѓлкнер Фђлкнер
2. сензѓра цензѓра вензѓра цензѓру
3. снЌйка чЌйка чЌка чЌйник
4. шанс снанс шенс шанц
5. гЏрка дЎрка дѕрка дѓрку
6. карандЌш карендЏм харандЌщ карандђш
7. рЏдом рјдом рїдом пјдом
8. МЏксон НЎксон КлЏксон НЏксон
9. бюдзЎт быдзЎт бюджЎт бюджЌт
10. футбђл фоотбђл фѓтбол футбЌл
11. Рѓтин Пѓтин ПутЏн РутЏн
12. чЏмия хЎмия сЏмия хЏмия
13. АмЏрака ОмЎрика АмЎрика РоссЏя
14. щѓка сѓка щђка щекЌ
15. здрЌствойте здрЌствайте сдрѓствуйте здрЌвствуйте
Exercise 2 List the names in the order they are read – just write the number next to the
name. Not all names will be read:
ЛЎнин Толстђй Шостакђвич ПастeрнЌк

Горбачёв Ѓльцин РЏмский-Кђрсаков Пѓшкин
ГагЌрин (first man in space) Набђков КаспЌров Трђцкий
СолжeнЏцын ЧЎхов БрЎжнев Барѕшников
Пѓтин Чайкђвский ДостоЎвский СтЌлин
3-9
Exercise 3 Give the English equivalent.
1. саксофђн ____________________________ 2. Мђцарт ____________________________
3. прЏнтер ____________________________ 4. банЌн ____________________________
5. грeйпфрѓт ____________________________ 6. цeмЎнт ____________________________
7. шкђла ____________________________ 8. ріп-мѓзыка ____________________________
9. экспЎрт ____________________________ 10. бюджЎт ____________________________
11. Ђнглия ____________________________ 12. солдЌт ____________________________
13. тeлeвЏзор ____________________________ 14. ресторЌн ____________________________
Exercise 4 Indicate how would address the following people:
“ПривЎт” “ЗдрЌвствуйтe”
“ЗдрЌвствуй”
your best friend D
your Russian teacher
a clerk at the post office
your friend’s younger brother
a cop who stopped you for speeding
your classmates
ВладЏмир ВладЏмирович Пѓтин
3-10
Dialogues: A: “That’s our cat”
Б: “That's a tree!”
Grammar: Frozen іто constructions
Word order in Russian (Introduction)
Spelling/Sounds: The Russian alphabet
А. Љто нЌша кђшка That’s our cat
Стёпа and his wife (who does not speak) are looking at a фотогрЌфия. Лїда walks up to them.
Лїда: 1 Что іто? What is that?

Стёпа: 2 Љто фотогрЌфия. It’s a photograph.
Лїда: 3 Кто іто? Љто ты? Who’s that? Is that you?
Стёпа: 4 Нeт, іто нe я. Љто нЌша кђшка. Её зовѓт Мѓркa. No, that’s not me. That’s our cat. Her name is
Murka (Purrer).
Лїда: 5 Ой, извинЏ. А іто кто? Это твој мать? Oh, I’m really sorry. And who’s this? Is this
your mother?
Стёпа: 6 Нeт, іто нe мој мать. Љто мој жeнЌ. No, that’s not my mother. That’s my wife.
Лїда: 7 Ой, извинЏ, рЌди Бђга! А іто ваш сын? Oh, I’m really sorry! And is this your son?
Стёпа: 8 Нeт, іто не наш сын! Љто нЌша собЌка! Её No, that’s not our son. That’s our dog! Her
9 зовѓт БЎлка. name is Belka (Whitey).
Б. Љто дЎрево That’s a tree
Óля and her husband (who does not speak) are looking at a фотогрЌфия. Ћша walks up to them.
Ћша: 10 Что іто? What is that?

Іля: 11 Љто фотогрЌфия. It’s a photograph.
Ћша: 12 Љто твој сeстрЌ? Is that your sister?
Іля: 13 Нeт, іто нe мој сeстрЌ. Љто мой муж. Егђ зовѓт No, that’s not my sister. That’s my husband.
14 Кђля. His name is Kolya.
Ћша: 15 ИзвинЏ. А іто кто? Љто твой брат? Oh, I’m sorry. And who’s that? Is that your
brother?
Іля: 16 Нeт, іто нe мой брат. Это нЌша дочь. Её зовѓт No, that’s not my brother. That’s our daughter.
17 Лїба. Her name is Lyuba.
Ћша: 18 ИзвинЏ, рЌди Бђга! А іто твой отЎц? Oh, I’m really sorry! And is this your father?
Іля: 19 Нeт, іто нe мой отЎц! Љто дЎрево! No, that’s not my father! That’s a tree!
4-1
4-й урђк ГраммЌтика Lesson 4
1 что what
1 что іто? what’s this/that?; what are those?
2 іто [X] (person or thing) this/that/it is (a)[X]
2 фотогрЌфия photograph
3 ты you (informal singular)
4 нeт no
4 іто нe [X] (person or thing) this isn’t/that’s not/these are not [X]
4 я I (or me as in ‘It’s me’)
4 нЌшa our (feminine)
4 кђшка (кот is a male cat) cat
5 ой! oh!
5 твој your (feminine informal – goes with ты)
5 мать mother (Russians often say мЌма and it doesn’t sound sappy)
6 мој my (feminine)
6 жeнЌ wife
7 ваш your (masculine formal – goes with вы – since Лїда is addressing two people)
7 сын son
8 наш our (masculine)
8 собЌка dog (Chewbacca from “Star Wars” is supposedly related to this word)
12 сeстрЌ sister
13 мой my (masculine)
13 муж husband
15 твой your (masculine informal – goes with ты)
15 брат brother (just think of ‘brat’)
16 дочь daughter
18 отЎц father (Russians often say пЌпа and it doesn’t sound sappy)
19 дЎрево tree
[ [ [
4-2
ГраммЌтика Lesson 4
4.А ‘Frozen іто' Constructions

Кто іто? Љто (нe) X (person / thing)
By now we’ve seen that some words change form depending on gender:
MASCULINE FEMININE
Nouns: нахЌл нахЌлка (Lessons 1-2)
Adjectives: красЏвый красЏвая (Lesson 3)
Possessives: мой, твой, наш, ваш мој, твој, нЌша, вЌша (Lesson 4)
In Lessons 3 and 4, we’ve seen several constructions containing the word іто, which is roughly equivalent to
that/this/it/these (depending on the context), and which never changes in form. These ‘іто constructions,’ while
very common, can be quite tricky. It’s best to memorize a few patterns − and there really aren’t that many. Here
are the ones we’ve seen so far. (We have varied the English translation this/that/it, though, given the correct
context, all three are possible.)
QUESTION POSSIBLE RESPONSES

Кто іто? Љто я. Љто Саша. Љто мой отЎц.
Who is this? It’s me. This is Sasha. That’s (my) father.
Что іто? Љто кђшка. Љто фотогрЌфия. Љто бар.

What is that? That’s a cat. It’s a photo. It’s a bar.
Љто твой брат? & Да, іто мой брат. ' Нeт, іто нe мой брат, іто мој мать.
Is that your bother? Yes, that’s my brother. No, it’s not my brother, it’s my mother.
Љто дЎрево? & Да, іто дЎрево. ' Нeт, іто нe дЎрево, іто ЖЎня.
Is this a tree? Yes, this is a tree. No, that’s not a tree, that’s Zhenya.
We’ll refer to this form as ‘frozen іто’. (Makes a nice dessert.)
Answer the question based on the prompt provided. Answer yes/no questions with “no” and
then say who/what the person/thing is :
Example: Кто іто? (мој сeстрЌ) ➱ Љто мој сeстрЌ.

Љто твой отЎц? (мој собЌка) ➱ Нeт, іто нe мой отЎц, іто мој собЌка.
1. Кто іто? (мой брат) 2. Что іто? (фотогрЌфия)

3. Љто вЌша мать? (нЌша кђшка) 4. Кто іто? (я)
5. Что іто? (бар) 6. Это твој собЌка? (мој жeнЌ)
7. Кто іто? (мой сын) 8. Љто СЌша? (МЌша)
9. Это ты? (дЎрево) 10. Кто іто? (мой муж)
11. Љто собЌка? (кђшка) 12. Кто іто? (Зђя)
4-3
4-й урђк ГраммЌтика Lesson 4
) Note: я I / me is not capitalized in Russian (unless, of course, it’s at the beginning of a

sentence):
Љто я. It’s me.
Љто нe я, іто мой брат. That’s not me, that’s my brother.
Я красЏвый пЌрeнь! I’m a good-looking guy!
Remember, Russians are very humble (except for the person who uttered the last example), so there’s no
need to capitalize ‘I’.
4.Б Word Order in Russian (Introduction)

Кто іто? vs. А іто кто?
Note that for variety, Стёпа and Іля, having gotten fed up with asking кто іто? change the word order to а іто
кто? with no real change in meaning. Word order in Russian is much more flexible than in English. We won’t
see why this is so until Chapter 3, so for now just take our word on this.
[ [ [
More oral practice

(Today’s lesson has less oral practice because of a rather large writing assignment.)
Try to say the word before it is pronounced. You may notice that several of the vowels get
‘reduced’. We’ll cover this is greater detail in a few lessons. For now do your best to imitate the
pronunciation of your instructor and the speakers on the recording. (Words will be read from left
to right.)
КанзЌс гимнЌстика балeрЏна Мѓсоргский

студЎнт студЎнтка композЏтор Вашингтђн
Ђнна КарЎнина ФрЌнция салЌт суп
литeратѓра университЎт ПрЌвда витамЏн
профЎссор дЎвушка Нeптѓн до свидЌния
истђрия ПикЌссо губернЌтор жирЌф
4-4
4-й урок Рѓсский алфавЏт
4.В Рѓсский алфавЏт - The Russian Alphabet (in the official order)
Repeat the names of the letters. Note that the italicized letters г, д, т are quite different from their non-
italicized forms.
Letter Italic Name of letter English equivalent

А а А а a a as in father
Б б Б б бэ b
В в В в вэ v
Г г Г гÅ гэ g (v)
Д д Д дÅ дэ d
Е е Е е е е / ye
Ё ё Ё ё ё o / yo
Ж ж Ж ж жэ zh as in Zhivago
З з З з зэ z
И и И и и i as in machine
Й й Й й и крЌткое y as in yes
К к К к ка k
Л л Л л эль l
М м М м эм m
Н н Н н эн n
О о О о о o as in born
П п П п пэ p
Р р Р р эр r (trilled)
С с С с эс s
Т т Т тÅ тэ t
У у У у у u as in lunatic
Ф ф Ф ф эф f
Х х Х х ха (ch as in Bach)
Ц ц Ц ц цэ ts as in its
Ч ч Ч ч чэ ch as in cheap
sh as in shoot
Ш ш Ш ш ша (back in mouth)
sh as in fresh sheets
Щ щ Щ щ ща (long & forward in mouth)
ъ ъ твёрдый знак hard sign (see Lesson 5)
ы ы ы i in bit
ь ь мјгкий знак soft sign (see Lesson 5)
Э э Э э э (оборђтное) e as in bet
Ю ю Ю ю ю u / yu
Я я Я я я a / ya
4-5
4-й урђк – ДомЌшнее задЌние
Writing Russian – For Class
" Exercise 1 Copy each letter 4-5 times. And be sure to pay attention to the notes!
a A
б Б
в В
г Г
д Д
е Е
ё Ё
ж Ж
з З
и И
й Й
к К
л Note: both л and Л must start with a hook Л
4-6
Четвёртый урђк ДомЌшнее задЌние
м Note: both м and М must start with a hook М Note: touch the bottom line in all 3 places
н Н
о О
п П
р Р
с С
т Т
у У
ф Ф
х Х
ц Ц
ч Ч
ш Note: ш and Ш start at the top, finish at the bottom! Ш
щ Щ
4-7
ъ No capital - never at the beginning of a word
ы No capital - never at the beginning of a word. Note: Do not close up the middle of the first part, like a 6
ь No capital - never at the beginning of a word
э Э
ю Ю
я Note: both я and Я must start with a hook Я
" Exercise 2 Copy the following words and phrases:
лимђн (lemon) Гђголь (the writer)
АмЎрика Чайкђвский (the composer)
Љто я. Љто нЌша кђшка.
Менј зовѓт (write in your name). check this out: лишЏшь (you deprive)
4-8
Dialogues: A: “He’s a lawyer”; Б: “She’s a doctor”
Grammar: Informal vs. Formal forms of address (cont’d)
Nouns denoting people that don’t change
with gender
Personal pronouns
Spelling/Sounds: The basic sounds of Russian
- Hard vs. soft
- What is a basic sound?
- Paired consonants: 1 letter for 2 basic sounds
- Vowels: 2 letters for 1 basic sound
- The soft sign ‘ь’
А. Он адвокЌт He’s a lawyer
(Still looking at the фотогрЌфия)
Лїда: 1 Хорошђ. ЗнЌчит, іто ты. All right (= OK). So that’s you?
Стёпа: 2 Да, іто я. А іто мой млЌдший брат ГрЏша. Он Yes, that’s me. And that’s my younger brother
3 живёт в АтлЌнтe. Он − адвокЌт. Grisha. He lives in Atlanta. He’s a lawyer.
Лїда: 4 А іто твоЏ родЏтeли? And those are your parents?
Стёпа: 5 Да. Љто мой отЎц. Егђ зовѓт ВадЏм Петрђвич, а Yes. That’s my father. His name is Vadim Son-
6 іто мој мать. Её зовѓт ГалЏна АлексЌндровна. of-Peter*, and that’s my mother. Her name is
7 ОнЏ живѓт в Нью-Йђркe, в КвЏнсe. Galina Daughterof-Aleksandr*. They live in
New York, in Queens.
*(We’ll explain these son-of / daughter-of forms in an upcoming lesson.)
Б. ОнЌ врач She’s a doctor

(Still looking at the фотогрЌфия)
ГЎна: 8 Хорошђ. ЗнЌчит, іто вы и ваш муж? All right. So, that’s you and your husband?
Њля: 9 Да. Мы бѕли в МосквЎ. Yes. We were in Moscow.
ГЎна: 10 А іто вЌша сeстрЌ? And that’s your sister?
Њля: 11 Да. Љто мој стЌршая сeстрЌ Ѕра. ОнЌ живёт в Yes. That’s my older sister Ira. She lives in
12 Вашингтђнe. ОнЌ − врач. Washington. She’s a doctor.
1 хорошђ good, well, OK, all right (indicates speaker understands)
1 знЌчит so … (lit.: that means …)
2 да yes
2 млЌдший younger (masculine)
3 адвокЌт lawyer
3 живёт he/she lives
4 твоЏ your (informal plural)
4 родЏтeли parents (always plural in Russian)
7 онЏ they
7 живѓт they live
5-1
5-й урок Граммáтика Grammar
8 вы you (formal singular or plural)

8 и and
9 бѕли were (pl; more on the Past Tense of be in 10.IV)
9 МосквЌ Moscow
11 стЌршая older (Fem)
12 врач doctor
5.А Informal vs. Formal Forms of Address (cont'd)

ты vs. вы (1, 6)
Лїда addresses Стёпа with ты, the informal 2nd person singular, while Ћша uses the formal вы with Іля, which
means that he is not on close terms with her. Only вы is used when addressing more than one person, regardless
of formality. So, even when talking to your two best friends, you must use вы. Also note the corresponding
differences in possessive forms and in the “name formula”:
SINGULAR PLURAL
Informal Formal Informal & Formal
you ты вы
your (masculine) твой ваш
your (feminine) твој вЌша
you (plural) твоЏ вЌши
‘What’s your name?’ Как тeбј зовѓт? Как вас зовѓт?
We’ll discuss the endings of the possessive forms a little later in the chapter.
5.Б Nouns Denoting People That Don’t Change With Gender

ОнЌ врач (11)
In Lesson 1, we saw two words for jerk (нахЌл – masculine, нахЌлка - feminine), depending on the gender of the
jerk. Not all such nouns distinguish gender. “Respected” professions and titles tend not to have separate forms
for masculine and feminine, and normally end in a consonant, which is grammatically masculine:
Он He
ОнЌ } − врач. She } is a doctor.
Он
ОнЌ } − профЎссор.
He
She } is a professor.
ПЌша
МЌша } − адвокЌт.
Pasha
Masha } is a lawyer.
Мой брат My brother

Мој сeстрЌ. } − фЏзик.
My sister } is a physicist.
5-2
Grammar Lesson 5
5.В Personal Pronouns
Here are the personal pronouns:
Listen and repeat:
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st pers. я (lower case!) I мы we
2nd pers. ты you (informal) вы you (Formal)
3rd pers. он he/it

онЏ they
онђ it
онЌ she/it*
* Throughout the book we will use the order Masculine-Neuter-Feminine strictly for grammatical reasons.
Translate into Russian:
1. They live in Atlanta. 2. He is a rather good-looking guy.

3. I am a lawyer. 4. She is a doctor.
5. Are you (informal) joking? 6. We were in Washington.
7. Where is it (the tree)? 8. Were you (plural) in Moscow?
5-3
5.Г The Basic Sounds of Russian

This is a very important section. Understanding how the basic sounds of Russian are represented in the spelling system will
help you immensely throughout the rest of the course. Please take your time going through these explanations. If there is
anything that is the slightest bit unclear, jot it down and ask about it in class. Even if you’re not entirely sure what it is that
you don’t understand, just write a big ? next to that section and ask about it. Don’t be shy; if something is even a bit unclear
to you, we can guarantee that you are not alone.
5.Г.1 Hard vs. Soft Consonants

In the presentation of the alphabet, for each consonant we gave just one sound: ‘Б’ = [b], ‘Д’ = [d], etc. Actually,
this is not the full picture. For twelve consonant letters (б, в, д, з, л, м, н, п, р, с, т, ф) there are two basic
pronunciations:
1. SOFT (or FRONTED or PALATALIZED) consonants − When pronouncing a soft (or palatalized)
consonant, you should arch the forward/middle part of your tongue (right behind the tip, but not the tip itself)
toward the part of the palate that is located about 1-2 inches behind your front teeth (see diagram). (This is
sometimes referred to as ‘secondary articulation’: in addition to the regular position of the tongue/teeth/lips, the
front/mid part of the tongue is raised and moved forward.)
2. HARD (or PLAIN or NON-PALATALIZED) consonants − When pronouncing a hard (or plain) consonant,
the foward/middle part of the tongue is not raised.
In the diagram below, the shaded area shows the position of the tongue when pronouncing hard н (as in онЌ),
while the dotted line shows the position of tongue when pronouncing soft нь (as in онЏ). Note that the tip of
tongue is in the same position for both sounds; it is the position of the forward/middle of the tongue that creates
the softness.
Position of Tongue for Hard Н (Shaded) Versus Soft НЬ (Dotted Line)
Palate
5.Г.1а The “Smile” of Palatalization

A neat tip: When pronouncing soft consonants, it may help if you smile. Smiling helps to raise the
tongue into the proper position.
5-4
We’re going to be using a special notation to represent the basic sounds or words. To represent a soft consonant
we’ll write the letter followed by a raised soft sign ь; hard consonants have no ь:
л – hard [l] б – hard [b] д – hard [d] р – hard [r]

ль – soft [l] бь – soft [b] дь – soft [d] рь – soft [r]
There is a reason for this choice of notation: when a soft consonant is not immediately followed by a vowel (i.e. at
the end of the word or before another consonant) you actually do write ь after the consonant: мать, отстаньтe
Below we’ll discuss how to spell soft consonant followed by vowel.
5.Г.2 What is a Basic Sound?

By ‘basic sound’ we mean that л (hard [l]) is a distinct, unique sound, which is as different from ль (soft [l]),
another basic sound, as it is from н or нь, or д or дь, (4 more basic sounds), etc. That is:
л and ль are two completely1 distinct basic sounds (as are д and дь, р and рь, з and зь, etc.)
In fact many words differ only in the quality [hard vs. soft] of a single consonant. To a Russian, стал became
(with л) sounds as different from сталь steel (with ль) as, say, ship does from sheep to a speaker of English.
(And as a matter of fact, many non-native speakers of English cannot hear any difference between ship and sheep,
while to a native speaker the difference is overwhelmingly obvious.)
5.Г.3 Paired Consonants: 1 letter for 2 Basic Sounds

The 12 consonant letters (б, в, д, з, л, м, н, п, р, с, т, ф) are often called paired consonants because each
consonant represents a pair of basic sounds: hard and soft.
These 12 letters actually represent 24 basic sounds. So, when you see one of these consonants how do you know
whether to pronounce it hard or soft? The quality of the consonant (hard or soft) is indicated by the following
letter (if any). There are four things that can follow a consonant, as seen in the following chart:
What Can Follow a Consonant:

(using т and ть as examples)
1. A vowel ты
2. Another consonant: травЌ,
3. A soft sign: мать (see below for details about the use of ь)
4. Nothing (at the end of a word): мат
So, if someone shows you the following word (мат - where the letter following the т is covered for some
reason – hey, it could happen) and asks you to pronounce the third letter (‘т’), your answer should be: “I can’t tell.
It could be т or ть. Uncover the next letter, if any, and I’ll tell you.” In order to answer this question (т or ть), we
first need to look at how vowels work.
1
Obviously, they are not COMPLETELY different: л does sound more like ль than it does з or к. Still, the point is that
they are not just variations of one sound; they’re distinct sounds.
5-5
5.Г.4 Vowels: 2 letters for 1 basic sound

Vowels work exactly the opposite as (paired) consonants. That is, instead of there being 1 letter for 2 basic
sounds (e.g. б can represent either [б] or [бь]), there are 2 vowel letters for 1 basic sound. There are 10 vowel
letters (а/я, э/е, ы/и, о/ё, у/ю) for 5 basic vowel sounds, {A}, {E}, {I}, {O}, {U}.
) VERY IMPORTANT NOTE ON NOTATION: From now on, when representing a basic
vowel sound – for example in noun, adjective or verb endings – we will write basic vowel
sounds UPPER CASE LATIN LETTER inside curly brackets. (Basic consonant sounds will
be written with lower case Cyrillic letter ±ь) This will really make a lot of things much easier to
understand. Trust us.
Why do you need 10 vowel letters if there are only 5 basic vowel sounds? Because each vowel letter represents
not only a basic vowel sound ({A} vs. {E} vs. {I} vs. {O} vs. {U}) but also the quality (hard or soft) of the
preceding consonant. Thus, vowel letters perform ‘double duty.’ We will refer to a vowel as either ‘hard-
indicating’ or ‘soft-indicating’. Remember, despite what you may have heard, there are no hard or soft vowels,
only hard or soft consonants.
BASIC VOWEL HARD-INDICATING SOFT-INDICATING

SOUND VOWEL LETTERS VOWEL LETTERS
{A} а я
{E} э* e
{I} ы и
{O} о ё/е**
{U} у ю
* The letter ‘э’ is not found after consonants in native Russian words.
** The letter ‘ё’ is written ‘e’ when not stressed (and becomes indistinguishable from Soft-indicating {E}).
(Much more on this in Lesson 6.)
Let’s look at examples of all the vowels after both hard and soft consonants:
Basic Following a HARD consonant Following a SOFT consonant

sound
is spelled … example as in … is spelled … example as in …
{A} a б + {A}= ба собЌка я бь + {A}= бя тeбј
ь
{E} э р + {E} = рэ рэп е р + {E} = ре грeх
ь
{I} ы т + {I} = ты ты и т + {I} = ти тигр
ь
ё т + {O} = тё Стёпа
{O} о т + {O} = то іто
e сь + {O} = сe сeстрЌ2
{U} у л + {U} = лу лунЌ ю ль + {U} = лю Лїда
2
We’ll explain in Lesson 6 why the second letter of сeстрЌ is really {O}.
5-6
) 2 IMPORTANT FACTS TO REMEMBER ABOUT BASIC SOUNDS:

1. It is very important that you don’t think of, say, бя as ‘б plus soft {A}’. It's actually ‘soft
бь plus basic {A}’. (This may seem a bit backwards, but it’s really the way things are.)
Once you have become accustomed to this notion, you will have conquered a major aspect
in the workings of the Russian sound system.
2. As you’ve heard on the recordings by now, the basic sound of a word very often does NOT
match its pronunciation. The main reason for this fact is the ‘reduction’ of unstressed
vowels (as we mentioned in Lesson 2). This and other factors affecting pronunciation will
be covered in detail in Lessons 9 and 10.
5.Г.5 The Soft Sign ‘ь’

In the previous section we saw that the hardness/softness of a consonant can be indicated by the following vowel
letter. But what if a consonant is not followed by a vowel, i.e.:
1) when a consonant is followed by another consonant; or

2) when a consonant is word-final.
In these cases, if the consonant is soft, you must use a soft sign ‘ь’: холодЏльник (refrigerator) (soft /ль/); мать
(soft /ть/). If the consonant is hard, no special letter is needed: нахЌлка (hard /л/); привЎт (hard /т/):3
A HARD consonant: A SOFT consonant:

is spelled … example as in … is spelled … example As in …
before a
л + к = лк нахЌлка ль + н = льн холодЏльник
consonant with no
with a ь
at end of the special letter т at end of word ть at end of word =
привЎт Мать
word =т ть
3
The hard sign ‘ъ’, which was used before the Spelling Reform of 1918 to indicate a hard consonant at the end of a word,
is so rare today that you don’t even have to worry about it. It’s like that wacky cousin that everyone in the family
pretends doesn’t exist. (At most we’ll see three words throughout this whole course that have a ‘ъ’).
5-7
Now let’s look at some real words and see their basic sounds representions. Be sure to go through this carefully.
SPELLING BASIC SOUNDS SPELLING BASIC SOUNDS

собЌка с{O}б{A}к{A} БорЏс б{O}рь{I}с
тeбј ть{E}бь{A} дeлЌ дь{E}л{A}
рэп (rap music) р{E}п родЏтeли р{O}дь{I}ть{E}ль{I}
привЎт прь{I}вь{E}т4 бѕли б{I}ль{I}
ь
мы м{I} ПрЏнстон пр {I}нст{O}н
МЏтя мь{I}ть{A} зовѓт з{O}в{U}т
ь ь
іто {E}т{O} мeнј м {E}н {A}
ь
Стёпа сть{O}п{A} нeт н {E}т
ь
лунЌ (moon) л{U}н{A} гдe гд {E}
Лїда ль{U}д{A} сын с{I}н
ь ь
нахЌлка н{A}х{A}лк{A} отстЌньтe {O}тст{A}н т {E}
вЎрьте (believe) вь{E}рь ть{E} адвокЌт {A}дв{O}к{A}т
ь ь
мать м{A}т онЏ {O}н {I}
V Question: This whole system seems backwards. Why are there 10 vowel letters for just 5
basic vowel sounds, and just 12 consonant letters for 24 consonant sounds?
Why not have 24 consonants letters for 24 basic consonant sounds and 5 vowel
letters for 5 basic vowel sounds?
Answer: Excellent question. The short answer is: You’re right. Your system makes
more sense, but there’s nothing anyone can do about it now.
The longer answer involves various historical changes in the language, which
you don’t need to worry about.
V Question: Above you said that a vowel letter, besides representing a basic vowel sound,
indicates the quality of the preceding CONSONANT. What if the vowel is not
preceded by a consonant, say at the beginning of the word, or after a vowel?
Answer: Another superb question. Glad to see you’re paying close attention.
We won’t answer this question in full yet. For now we’ll say that Hard-
indicating vowels (but not Soft-indicating Vowels) at the beginning of a word
are pronounced ‘plain’, just the pure vowel sound: Іля.
Secondly, you generally do not find a Hard-indicating vowel after another
vowel (but a vowel followed by a Soft-indicating vowel is all over the place).
4
The question of what happens to a consonant directly preceding a soft consonant (here, the ‘п’ directly precedes /рь/) is
somewhat complex (i.e., as to whether the preceding consonant also softens – even though no ‘ь’ is written). We won’t
explore this question further (this year).
5-8
Listen carefully and repeat. When pronouncing a soft consonant, you should automatically
‘smile’ (a result of pushing your tongue forward and up). First the hard consonant will be read,
then the soft (follow from left to right - 3 consonants per row.) This is a fairly long, but VERY
IMPORTANT exercise. As we said above, the distinction between hard vs. soft consonants in
Russian is fundamental.
ба бя ва вя да дя за зя ла ля ма мя
бэ бе вэ ве дэ де зэ зе лэ ле мэ ме
бы би вы ви ды ди зы зи лы ли мы ми
бо бё во вё до дё зо зё ло лё мо мё
бу бю ву вю ду дю зу зю лу лю му мю
на ня па пя ра ря са ся та тя фа фя
нэ не пэ пе рэ ре сэ се тэ те фэ фе
ны ни пы пи ры ри сы си ты ти фы фи
но нё по пё ро рё со сё то тё фо фё
ну ню пу пю ру рю су сю ту тю фу фю
Listen carefully and repeat (this exercise contains mostly nonsense syllables):
Hard vs. soft consonant at the end of a word:
ал аль дел дель ун Унь

ом омь ком комь эп Эпь
ыр ырь он онь кит Кить
ас ась суп супь шеф Шефь
от оть сыр сырь вын Вынь
эф эфь час чась тел Тель
Now listen to these pairs of real words that differ only in the quality of one consonant:
HARD SOFT
мат (checkmate; mat; swearing) мать (mother)
лук (onion) люк (trap door)
нос (nose) нёс (he carried)
лап (paws) ляп (mistake)
ел (he ate) ель (fir tree)
міры (mayors) мЎры (measures)
стал (he became) сталь (steel)
в зал (into the hall) взял (he took)
5-9
Exercise 1 Circle the word you hear (Hard and soft are mixed up here, so be careful):
1. там тям 2. лук люк
3. тып тип 4. дЎло діло
5. нос нёс 6. мать мат
7. сказЌль сказЌл 8. тётя тђта
9. мы ми 10. Бђря Бёря
11. дЌда дјдя 12. купЏт купЏть
13. то тё 14. зимЌ зымЌ
15. тюпЏк тупЏк 16. нэп нeп
" Exercise 2 Answer the following questions about the Russian sound system:
1) Why can it be said that vowel letters in Russian perform ‘double duty’?
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2) What is the basic sound represented by the third letter in дивн? Explain your answer.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
5-10
" Exercise 3 Fill in the blanks with the appropriate personal pronoun:
1. − Љто ты? − Да, іто ___________ .
2. − Љто твоЏ родЏтели? − Да, ________ бѕли в ОгЌйо.
3. __________ шѓтишь? (Lesson 3)
4. Мој сeстрЌ адвокЌт. __________ живёт в Мінe.
5. Љто Бђря. __________ врач.
6. − Љто ________ и ваш муж? − Да, іто _________.
" Exercise 4
Part 1: From real spelling to basic sound. What are the basic sounds in the following real words.
(Remember, before you can determine the hardness/softness of any consonant):
Examples: холодЏльник ➯ х {O} л {O} дь {I} ль нь {I} к

ты ➯ т {I}
1. тeбј ______________________________ 2. мы ______________________________
3. родЏтeли ______________________________ 4. онЏ ______________________________
5. собЌка ______________________________ 6. пять ______________________________
7. Дeлавір ______________________________ 8. тётя ______________________________
9. сѓмка ______________________________ 10. Лїба ______________________________
Part 2: From basic sound to real spelling. Spell the following words based on their basic sounds:
Examples: т{I} ➯ ты
ть{I}гр ➯ тигр
1. Ть{E}х{A}с ____________________ 2. б{A}н{A}н{I} ____________________
3. ть{E}ль{E}ф{O}н ____________________ 4. дь{I}в{A}нь{E} ____________________
5. м{O}л{O}к{O} ____________________ 6. ль{U}дь{I} ____________________
7. Ль{O}нь{A} ____________________ 8. д{O}в{O}льн{O} ____________________
9. л{U}н{A} ____________________ 10. сл{I}шн{O} ____________________
5-11
Dialogues: A: “She's probably a genius”
Б: “He's probably a genius”
Grammar: Word order (cont’d)
Possessives
Basic negation in Russian
‘Location’ endings: -е vs. -ии vs. no
change
Spelling/Sounds: Spelling {O} − 3 ways: о, ё, е
А. ОнЌ, навЎрно, гЎний She’s probably a genius
(Still looking at фотогрЌфия)
Лїда: 1 Хорошђ. Я всё понимЌю. Љто твой стЌрший OK. I understand everything. That’s your
2 брат, а іто eгђ жeнЌ. older brother and that’s his wife.
Стёпа: 3 Нeт, ты опјть всё пeрeпѓтала. Љто мој млЌдшая No, you mixed everything up again. That’s my
4 сeстрЌ и eё муж. А іто их дЎти. younger sister and her husband, And that’s
(those are) their children.
Лїда: 5 А гдe живѓт их дЎти? Where do their children live?
Стёпа: 6 Сын – инжeнЎр. Он живёт в Бђстонe. А дочь не Their son is an engineer. He lives in Boston.
7 рабђтает. ОнЌ ѓчится в ПрЏнстоне. Their daughter doesn’t work. She’s a student at
Princeton.
Лїда: 8 В ПрЏнстонe? Ничeгђ сeбЎ! ОнЌ, навЎрно, гЎний. (At) Princeton? Very impressive! She’s
probably a genius.
Б. Он, навЎрно, гЎний He’s probably a genius

(Still looking at фотогрЌфия)
ГЎна: 9 Хорошђ. Я всё понимЌю. Љто твој стЌршая OK. I understand everything. That’s your
10 сeстрЌ, а іто eё муж. older sister and that’s her husband
Њля: 11 Нeт, ты опјть всё пeрeпѓтал. Љто мой млЌдший No, you mixed up everythng up again. That’s
12 брат и eгђ жeнЌ. А іто их дЎти. my younger brother and his wife. And that’s
(those are) their children.
ГЎна: 13 А гдe живѓт их дЎти? Where do their children live?
Њля: 14 Дочь – программЏст. ОнЌ живёт в Калифђрнии, Their daughter is an computer programmer. She
15 в Сан-ФранцЏско. А сын нe рабђтаeт. Он lives in California, in San Francisco. Their son
16 ѓчится в ПрЏнстонe. doesn’t work. He goes to (school at) Princeton.
ГЎна: 17 В ПрЏнстонe? Ничeгђ сeбЎ! Он, навЎрно, гЎний. (At) Princeton? Very impressive! He’s
probably a genius.
1 всё everything
1 понимЌю (I) understand
2 eгђ his
6-1
6-й урок Граммáтика
3 опјть again
3 пeрeпѓтал/а (you) mixed up (masc/fem) (Another past tense form – note the -л- in both
forms. More on this later.)
4 eё her (possessive); hers
4 их their; theirs
5 дЎти children (Use only the plural for now; the singular is from a different word.)
6 инжeнЎр engineer (M/F)
7 рабђтаeт (s/he) works
7 ѓчится в … (s/he) is a student at; goes to (school at); studies at
8 ничeгђ сeбЎ very impressive! wow! not bad!
8 навЎрно probably
8 гЎний genius
14 программЏст computer programmer (M/F)
[ [ [
6.А Word order (cont’d)

я всё понимЌю (1); ты опјть всё пeрeпѓтала (3)
Note that in Russian the direct object всё can come before the verb, while in English, it must follow the verb: I
understand everything. It would sound strange in Russian to put всё after the verb, though technically it would
not be grammatically incorrect. Generally (but not always), “little” words, especially pronouns, precede the verb.
We won’t offer any grand theory of word order here; we just want you to pay attention to the differences between
Russian and English.
6.Б Possessives
We’ve already seen that the endings of мой, твой, наш, ваш, etc. change depending on the ending of the noun
they are modifying (мой брат vs. мој сeстрЌ). The 3rd person possessives (eгђ his, eё her, их their) never
change, regardless of the gender or number of the noun they modify1:
{
MASC: мой брат твой брат наш брат ваш брат брат
FEM: мој сeстрЌ твој сeстрЌ нЌша сeстрЌ вЌша сeстрЌ егђ сeстрЌ
BUT: её
NEUT: моё крЎсло твоё крЎсло нЌше крЎсло вЌше крЎсло их крЎсло
(armchair)
PL : моЏ родЏтeли твоЏ родЏтeли нЌши родЏтeли вЌши родЏтeли родЏтeли
1
And, as we’ll see later, regardless of the Case of the noun they modify as well.
6-2
Grammar Lesson 6
Transform the following phrases as shown in the example:
Example: my sister ➯ Љто мој сeстрЌ.

his father ➯ Љто eгђ отЎц.
1. my mother 2. her son 3. their parents 4. my husband

5. her husband 6. their son 7. our son 8. your (sg) older sister
9. his older brother 10. my dog 11. her dog 12. our (male) cat
13. our children 14. her children 15. your (pl) parents 16. your (sg) younger brother
6.В Basic Negation in Russian

Он нe рабђтаeт (4)
Negation consists of putting the negative particle нe in front of the word or phrase that you wish to negate. In the
most common case the structure is:
SUBJECT + НЕ + VERB
Он нe работЌeт He doesn’t work.
Я нe понимЌю I don’t understand.
) Note that there’s no need for a helping verb, as in English: He does not work; I am not
sleeping.
You can also negate something besides the verb. For instance, if someone says Я всё понимЌю, I understand
everything, the thing you want to negate is всё: Я [не всё] понимЌю I don’t understand everything. You’re not
negating the fact that you don’t understand, but that you don’t understand everything. Simply put не directly in
front of the element you wish to negate:
AFFIRMATIVE ELEMENT BEING NEGATED NEGATIVE

Он − гЎний. гЎний Он [нe гЎний].
Я понимЌю. понимЌю Я [нe понимЌю].
Он рабђтаeт. рабђтаeт Он [нe рабђтаeт].
ДЏма красЏвый пЌрень красЏвый ДЏма [нeкрасЏвый2] пЌрень.
МЌша живёт в АтлЌнтe. в АтлЌнтe МЌша живёт [нe в АтлЌнтe].
Я всё понимЌю. всё Я [не всё] понимЌю.
2
Negated adjectives and adverbs are often spelled as one word. Don’t worry about it for now.
6-3
Negate the following sentences:
Example: Мој сeстрЌ − программЏст. ➯ Мој сeстрЌ нe программЏст.
1. Кђля − врач. 2. ОнЏ живѓт в МосквЎ. 3. Я понимЌю.

4. Он ѓчится. 5. Ђля красЏвая дЎвушка. 6. Он рабђтает.
7. ВЏтя − красЏвый пЌрень. 8. ПЎтя − адвокЌт. 9. Их дочь рабђтаeт.
10. Я всё понимЌю. 11. ГЎна рабђтает в ПарЏже. 12. Ксїша − гЎний.
6.Г ‘Location’ Endings on Nouns

-е vs. -ии vs. no change
Most nouns expressing location end in -e (в клѓбe, в АтлЌнтe, в Нью-Йђркe, в Вашингтђнe). However, if
the dictionary form of a word ends in -ий, -ия, or -иe, the Location ending is -ии:
For most nouns (those ending in a consonant, -a, or -o):
DICTIONARY FORM LOCATION ENDING LOCATION FORM

MASC: клуб, Нью-Йђрк в клѓбе, в Нью-Йђрке
FEM: АтлЌнта, кђмната (room) -е в АтлЌнте, в кђмнате
NEUT: крЎсло (armchair), мЎсто (place) в крЎсле, в мЎсте
For nouns ending in -ий, -ия, or -ие:
DICTIONARY FORM LOCATION ENDING LOCATION FORM

MASC: кафетЎрий (cafeteria) в кафетЎрии
FEM: РоссЏя (Russia), Калифђрния -ии в РоссЏи, в Калифђрнии
NEUT: здЌниe (building) в здЌнии
6-4
Grammar Lesson 6
Finally, in the dialogue we saw в Сан-ФранцЏско when we expect в Сан-ФранцЏскe. The reason is:
Foreign nouns ending in -о, -и, -у, -e do not decline
That is, they don’t change their ending to reflect their function in the sentence. Therefore the dictionary form is
the only form that exists. Some others like this are:
в Нью-ДжЎрси, в ОгЌйо, в Миссѓри, в МонЌко, в Бакѓ, в мeтрђ, в кинђ, в кафЎ3, в Перѓ, в СЌнта-Фе
Put the following places in their ‘Location’ form according to the example:
Example: Мой брат рабђтает (ИндиЌна). ➯ Мой брат рабђтает в ИндиЌне.
1. Кђля живёт (БерлЏн) 2. МЌша рабђтает (ИспЌния)

3. Мы бѕли (РЏно) 4. МоЏ родЏтели живѓт (ПрЌга)
5. Он (ХЎльсинки) 6. Ільга живёт (ГЌрлем)
7. Егђ отЎц рабђтает (ТашкЎнт) 8. Их дЎти живѓт (Перѓ)
9. НЌдя ѓчится (ГЌрвард) 10. Серёжа рабђтает (РоссЏя)
3
In most foreign words, a consonant preceding the Soft-indicating vowel ‘e’ is not pronounced soft, i.e., it is pronounced as
if the following letter were ‘э’.
6-5
6.Е Spelling {O} − 3 ways: ‘о, ё, е’
In the vowel table in Lesson 5 you may have noticed that unlike the other 4 basic vowel sounds, which have two
possible spellings ({A} = а/я, {E} = э/e, etc.), {O} has THREE possible spellings: ‘о’ after hard consonants and
either ‘ё’ or ‘e’ after soft consonants. The letter ‘ё’ appears only under stress. When not under stress, ‘ё’ loses
the two dots, making it seemingly indistinguishable from the ‘e’ used to represent soft-indicating {E}.
V Question: If you see an unstressed letter ‘e’, how can you tell whether it’s a soft-
indicating {E} or an unstressed soft-indicating {O}?
Answer: You can’t – sort of. You need to find an instance where the vowel is stressed.
If it’s really {O}, then when under stress the two dots will ‘re-appear’ and
you’ll pronounce a real /o/ sound. If the letter is really {E}, then even when
under stress the two dots won’t appear and you’ll pronounce a /e/ sound.
So, where could we possibly find an instance where the vowel is stressed? As you’ll soon discover, stress in
Russian can move around, such as between the singular and plural forms of a noun (and a few other places).
Look at сeстрЌ sister (sg). Is the second letter basic {E} or {O}? From this one form it’s impossible to tell, but
knowing that the plural is сёстры tells us that the vowel is really an {O}: сь{O}стр{I}.
What about дeлЌ matters, affairs? The singular is дЎло, which indicates the second letter is {E}, otherwise it
would have been дёло.
What if the letter ‘e’ is never stressed, like тебј you? In that case, we’ll just say that the ‘e’ in this word is basic
{E}; since the vowel is NEVER stressed, there’s no proof that it’s really {O}.
Here are some more examples of unstressed letter ‘e’ with their true identities being unmasked by showing
another form. (Some words we’ve seen already; don’t worry about the others for now.)
BASIC {E} BASIC {O}

Word Proof Word Proof
дeлЌ singular is дЎло сeстрЌ plural is сёстры
мeстЌ singular is мЎсто жeнЌ plural is жёны
грeх under stress it’s still ‘e’ здЌниe similar noun ending is окнђ житьё
мeнј this ‘e’ is never stressed узнЌeт similar verb ending is узнаёт
тeлeфђн these ‘e’s are never stressed хорђшee similar adj. ending is большђe
We will be sure to identify any ‘hidden’ {O}s as we introduce new vocabulary.
6-6
6-7
" Exercise 1 Answer the following questions about the spelling of {O}:
a) How does the spelling of {O} differ from that of all other basic vowel sounds?
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
b) Under what circumstances can you not say for certain what the basic vowel sound is?
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
c) How is it sometimes possible to remedy the problem in (b)? Provide an example.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
6-8
" Exercise 2 Negate the following sentences:
1. Он гЎний.
______________________________________________________________________________________
2. ГЌля всё понимЌет.
______________________________________________________________________________________
3. СлЌва ѓчится в ГЌрварде.
______________________________________________________________________________________
4. Мой стЌрший брат адвокЌт.
______________________________________________________________________________________
" Exercise 3 Translate into Russian:
1. Where does his sister live?
______________________________________________________________________________________
2. Our son goes to Princeton (University).
______________________________________________________________________________________
3. Their parents don’t live in Atlanta, they live in Albania (АлбЌния).
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
4. Is that your younger brother?
______________________________________________________________________________________
6-9
Dialogue: “You’ve got the wrong number.”
Grammar: Numerals from 0 -12
Phrases for the phone
Spelling/Sounds: Unpaired consonants and spelling
rules
- Mixed Hard or Soft - Depending on
following vowel: К, Г. Х
- Inherently hard or soft consonants: Ж,
Ш, Ц; Ч, Щ, Й
- Spelling rules
- Spelling {O} after inherently hard/soft
consonants
Вы нe тот нђмeр набрЌли You’ve got the wrong number
ТамЌра: 1 Аллђ? Hello?

Гђга: 2 Аллђ, мђжно ДЏму? Hello, may I speak to Dima?
ТамЌра: 3 Вы нe тот нђмeр набрЌли. You’ve got (= dialed) the wrong number.
Гђга: 4 Љто 7-4-2-9-0-8-5? Is this 7-4-2-9-0-8-5?
ТамЌра: 5 Нeт, іто 6-1-3-5-2-0-4 No, it’s 6-1-3-5-2-0-4
Гђга: 6 ИзвинЏтe. Sorry (= Excuse me).
1 аллђ hello? (Used only when answering phone. Also note that many Russians
pronounce both л’s soft /аллё/.)
2 мђжно + first name in {U} may I speak to …(See grammar)
3 нe тот the wrong (lit.: not that - masculine)
3 нђмeр telephone number
3 набрЌли dialed (past plural) (best to memorize the phrase: Вы нe тот нђмeр набрЌли.)
7.А Numerals from 0 – 12
(There is a listening exercise for the numbers on the next page.)
0 ноль 7 сeмь
1 одЏн 8 вђсeмь
2 два (related to dual) 9 дЎвять
3 три (related to tricycle) 10 дЎсять (related to decade)
4 чeтѕрe 11 одЏннадцать
5 пять 12 двeнЌдцать
6 шeсть
7-1
Some spelling hints / mnemonics for the numbers:
• Think of чeтѕрe four as an ‘ы-sandwich’: an “ы” between two slices of “e.”

• All of the numbers ≥ 5 end in a –ь.
• Don’t forget the two н’s in одЏннадцать. Incidentally, 11-19 all end in -надцать,
which is equivalent to “-teen.”
V Question: Why is it двeнЌдцать? I expected дванЌдцать.
Answer: Our most sincere apologies. Just learn it.
Listen and repeat:
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0
Some college level math. No calculators (this isn’t the SAT).

+ плюс; − мЏнус; = бѓдeт (actually, there’s a fancy word for equals, which we’ll ignore for now)
Example: 6−4=2 ➯ Шeсть мЏнус чeтѕрe бѓдeт два.
1. 2 + 7 2. 5 − 1 3. 8 + 3 4. 12 − 7
5. 6 + 4 6. 11 − 3 7. 12 − 0 8. 2 + 3
Last note on numerals: Even though we’ve already seen a hint of the plural (родЏтели, дЎти), you cannot simply
put a number in front of a plural noun. It will be a while before you can say things like 5 golden rings.
7-2
Grammar Lesson 7
7.Б Some Telephone Phrases
a) Answering a phone – Аллђ?
You can only use аллђ when answering a phone. Otherwise, to say hello use здрЌвствуй(тe) or привЎт (but
you can’t use здравствуй(те) or привЎт to answer a phone).
b) Asking for someone – Мђжно СЌшу / МЌшу / ГЌлю?

For now it’s best to memorize this construction: Мђжно + first name in {U}. (You can only do this with first
name that end in {A} – which is why we only let you pick first names that end in {A}. Pretty sneaky.)
Мђжно ЖЌнну? Мђжно Ѕнну? Мђжно ВЏтю? Мђжно Бђрю?

Can I speak to Zhannа? Can I speak to Inna? Can I speak to Vitya? Can I speak to Borya?
So, for now you cannot call and ask for ВладЏмир Пѓтин, unless you call him Волђдя. (Not recommended.)
c) Reciting phone numbers
Actually, the dialogue is not 100% realistic. Russians usually recite phone numbers as follows:
245-65-19: 245 (two hundred forty-five) 65 (sixty-five) 19 (nineteen)

756-90-06: 756 (seven hundred fifty-six) 90 (ninety) 06 (zero six)
There does, however, seem to be a trend among Russian immigrants to mimic the American way of pronouncing
each digit. Also, it’s not completely unheard of for a Russian to say each number, though it’s not the norm.
7-3
7.В Unpaired Consonants and Special Spelling Rules
You may have noticed in our discussion of paired (hard vs. soft) consonants in Lesson 5 that several consonants
were not mentioned. That’s because these consonants do not have two basic pronunciations. They are either
always hard or always soft. There are two groups of unpaired consonants: 1) mixed hard and soft, and 2)
inherently hard or soft.
7.В.1 Mixed hard or soft (depending on the following vowel): The Velars − К, Г, Х
The consonants К, Г, Х are known as the velars (since they are pronounced toward the velum, in the back top of
the mouth).
In front of the vowels {A}, {O}, {U} the velars are always pronounced and written hard, that is, written with the
vowel letters “a,”, “o,”, and “у, respectively. Thus, you should always write only ка/га/ха and never кя/гя/хя;
only ко/го/хо and never кё/гё/хё; only ку/гу/ху and never кю/гю/хю.1
Listen and repeat:
{A} КанЌда (Canada), капѓста (cabbage), гЌлстук (necktie), харЌктер (character), кнЏга (book),
{O} кђшка (cat), молокђ (milk), гђрод (city), говорЏть (to say), хор (choir), плђхо
{U} купЏть (to buy), откѓда (from where), губЌ (lip), гулјть (to stroll), худђй (thin), хулигЌн (hooligan)
In front of the vowels {E} and {I} the velars are pronounced and written soft, i.e., with the vowel letters “e” and
“и,” respectively. So, as expected, write only ке/ге/хе and never кэ/гэ/хэ; only ки/ги/хи and never кы/гы/хы
Listen and repeat:
{E} кем (by whom) кефЏр (kefir), гЎний, ГЎна, схЎма (diagram; chart), о мѓхе (about a/the fly)
{I} кинђ(cinema) рѓсский (Russian), гитЌра (guitar), стрђгий (strict), хЏтрый (sly), мѓхи (flies)
The Velar Consonants − К, Г, Х

Hard before {A}, {O} and {U} Soft before {E} and {I}
Write and say only “a,” “o” and “у” Write and say only “e” and “и”
The above are often given as “spelling rules” (see below for real spelling rules), but it’s really a matter of
pronunciation. Still, be careful never to spell or say any of the velars with the “wrong” vowel.
One final note about the velars:
The velars can never precede “ь”; there is no кь, гь, хь.
1
This applies to native Russian words. In foreign words it’s possible to have just about any combination: Гёте (Goethe),
КюрасЌо (Curacao).
2
Again, foreign words can violate this rule: Кіррол (Lewis Carroll), Хінкок (John Hancock).
7-4
7.В.2 Inherently Hard or Soft Consonants

The consonants that are either inherently hard or inherently soft are the hushers (“ж,” “ш,” “ч,” “щ”), “ц” and
“й.”
1) Inherently hard consonants – Ж, Ш, Ц
Ж, Ш, and Ц are always pronounced hard (tongue down and somewhat back) regardless of the following vowel
letter or soft sign.
2) Inherently soft consonants – Ч, Щ, Й
Ч, Щ, and Й are always pronounced soft (tongue higher and forward) regardless of the following vowel letter.
ALWAYS HARD ALWAYS SOFT

Ж, Ш, Ц Ч, Щ, Й
V Question: If “ш is always hard, how can there be a ‘ь’ after it, as we saw in the word
шѓтишь? Is this an exception?
Answer: Very sharp eye. Here the “ь” is meaningless – and actually misleading. It’s
just a spelling convention (sort of like the way you have to write “u” after “q”
in English). It only happens with the second person singular ending on verbs
(and a few other places) and has no effect on pronunciation. (We have had
several native speakers who instinctively heard a hard consonant and kept
forgetting to write a soft sign after “ш” in forms like шѓтишь – until we
threatened to take off 25 points for this mistake.)
You’ll also find a “ь” after inherently soft consonants, e.g., вещь thing.
Again, it has no effect on the pronunciation.
In basic sound representation we will write a non-raised “ь” after “ш,” “ж,”
“ч,” “щ,” simply to indicate the correct spelling of the word: шѓтишь >
ш{U}ть{I}шь.
7.В.3 Spelling Rules For Inherently Hard/Soft Consonants

For historical reasons only certain vowels can be written after the inherently hard/soft consonants.
After Ж, Ш, Ч, Щ, Ц* write only:

а (never я) е (never э) и (never ы*) у (never ю)
*After ‘ц’, both ‘и’ and ‘ы’ can be found. Sometimes the choice between ‘и’ and ‘ы’ after ‘ц’ is rather arbitrary,
as we can see in these two last names: Ѓльцин (with ‘и’) versus СолженЏцын (with ‘ы’). In other places, there
are rules, which we’ll discuss later on.
Later on we’ll also discuss the spelling of ‘й’ + vowel.

7-5
Because of the above rules, the spelling of vowels after these consonants can be downright
misleading: it means you have no choice but to write the soft-indicating vowels ‘и, е’ after
inherently hard ‘ж, ш, ц’ and the hard-indicating vowels ‘а, у’ after inherently soft ‘ч, щ’.
Don’t be misled - the spelling does not reflect the pronunciation. It’s a common mistake of
young Russian schoolchildren (and forgetful Princeton students), who hear soft ‘ч, щ’ and then
write the letter ‘ю’, not ‘у’, ‘я’ not ‘а’.
Examples of words with misleading spellings:
SOFT-INDICATING VOWEL AFTER INHERENTLY HARD-INDICATING VOWEL AFTER INHERENTLY

HARD CONSONANT SOFT CONSONANT
живёт (it really sounds like [жывёт]) чЌсто (often) (it really sounds like [чјсто])
шeст (pole) (it really sounds like [шэст]) щадЏть (to spare) (it really sounds like [щядЏть])
цирк (circus) (it really sounds like [цырк]) чѓдо (miracle) (it really sounds like [чїдо])
Pronounce the following words (ignoring the sometimes misleading spelling of vowels):
a) Permanently hard consonants:
шЌхматы (chess), шест (pole), шил (he sewed), шок (shock), шум (noise)
жЌба (toad), жетђн (token), жил (he lived), свежђ (fresh), жѓлик (crook)
цЌрство (kingdom), цЎнтр (center), цыгЌн (gyspy), цђкот (clatter), цукЌт (candied fruit)
b) Inherently soft consonants:
чЌсто (often), чЎрез (through; within), чЏсто (clean), плечђ (shoulder), чѓдо (miracle)
щадЏть (to spare), щекЌ (cheek), щи (cabbage soup), ещё (still; yet), щѓка (pike)
Finally, let’s compare inherently hard ‘ш’ with inherently soft ‘щ’. In addition to the place of articulation
(tongue low and back for ‘ш’, high and forward for ‘щ’), there is also (supposed to be) a difference in length.
Generally, ‘щ’ is about 1½ times longer than ‘ш’. (At least that’s what all the books on phonetics – written by
Russians – say. You can judge for yourself.)
c) Compare hard ‘ш’ and long, soft ‘щ’ (mostly nonsense sounds below):
ша/ща шар/щар
ше/ще шест/щест
ши/щи шит/щит
шо (шё)/щё шђки (шёки)/щёки
шу/щу шѓка/щѓка
7-6
7.В.4 Spelling {O} after inherently hard/soft consonants

Spelling {O} after the hushers can get complicated, but there is one crucial rule:
No unstressed “o” after ш, ж, ц, ч, щ. Instead write “e”.3
3
Again, foreign words can violate this rule, as seen in шоколЌд (unstressed ‘o’ after ‘ш’).
7-7
Exercise 1 Write out the following equations in Russian:
Example: 8−2 ➯ Вђсемь мЏнус два бѓдет шесть.

4+5 ➯ Четѕре плюс пять бѓдет дЎвять.
1. 9+1 ________________________________________________________________________
2. 8+4 ________________________________________________________________________
3. 3+2 ________________________________________________________________________
4. 11 − 5 ________________________________________________________________________
5. 7−0 ________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 2 Answer the following questions about unpaired consonants:
a) Which consonants are “mixed” with respect to hardness/softness? Before which vowels are they hard? soft?
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
b) What are the inherently hard consonants?
___________________________________________________________________________________________
c) What are the inherently soft consonants?
___________________________________________________________________________________________
d) Which vowel letters may appear after inherently hard/soft consonants?
___________________________________________________________________________________________
7-8
Exercise 3 Cross out the impossible spellings, write the word correctly, and explain the
problem:
Examples: гость (OK)

хорошяя (хорђшая. Can’t write я after ш)
1. кнЏги ___________________ __________________________________________________________
2. пожјр ___________________ __________________________________________________________
3. хорђший ___________________ __________________________________________________________
4. цинк ___________________ __________________________________________________________
5. часть ___________________ __________________________________________________________
6. свЎжоe ___________________ __________________________________________________________
7. щадЏть ___________________ __________________________________________________________
8. чјсто ___________________ __________________________________________________________
9. жюк ___________________ __________________________________________________________
10. гюстђй ___________________ __________________________________________________________
11. хѕтрый ___________________ __________________________________________________________
12. кантЌта ___________________ __________________________________________________________
13. хорђшee ___________________ __________________________________________________________
14. шэсть ___________________ __________________________________________________________
15. хорђшое ___________________ __________________________________________________________
16. плохёй ___________________ __________________________________________________________
17. щѓка ___________________ __________________________________________________________
Exercise 4 Underline the “misleading” spellings following the unpaired consonants:
Examples: числђ (OK: you do expect a Soft-indicating letter ‘и’ after ч)

горячђ (because ч is inherently soft, but о is a hard indicating vowel)
1. хорошђ 2. жёны 3. чЌсто 4. слЎдующий
5. свЎжий 6. свЎжая 7. Џщут 8. шeсть
9. Шѓра 10. СЌши 11. чём 12. Ѓльцин
7-9
Dialogues: A: “Here’s your tea”
Б: “Here’s your coffee”
Grammar: The Past Tense: a first look
Russian to English (cont’d): Sentence
structure
Spelling/Sounds: The consonant sound [y]
А. Вот вам чай Here’s your tea
1 (В ресторЌне) (In a restaurant)

РЏта: 2 Чай, пожЌлуйста. Tea, please.
Джон: 3 ПожЌлуйста. Here you go.
РЏта: 4 СпасЏбо. (starts to drink) Thank you. (starts to drink)
5 Љто нe чай. Љто кђфe. Что я сказЌла? Я сказЌла This isn’t tea. This is coffee. What did I say? I
6 «чай». Вы понимЌeтe: «чай»! said ‘tea’. Do you understand, ‘tea’!
Джон: 7 ИзвинЏтe. Я плђхо понимЌю по-рѓсски. Я Excuse me. I don’t understand Russian very
8 амeрикЌнeц. well. I’m an American.
РЏта: 9 ИзвинЏтe, пожЌлуйста. Oh, excuse me, please.
Джон: 10 Ничeгђ. Вот вам чай. Don’t worry about it. Here’s your tea.
РЏта: 11 СпасЏбо. Thank you.
Джон: 12 ПожЌлуйста. You’re welcome.
Б. Вот вам кђфе Here’s your coffee
(В ресторЌне) (In a restaurant)

ВалЎра: 13 Кђфe, пожЌлуйста. Coffee, please.
Пэм: 14 ПожЌлуйста. Here you go.
ВалЎра: 15 СпасЏбо. (starts to drink) Thank you. (starts to drink)
16 Љто нe кђфe. Љто чай. Что я сказЌл? Я сказЌл This isn’t coffee. This is tea. What did I say? I
17 «кђфe». Вы понимЌeтe: «кђфe»! said ‘coffee’ Do you understand: ‘coffee’!
Пэм: 18 ИзвинЏтe. Я плђхо понимЌю по-рѓсски. Я Excuse me. I don’t understand Russian very
19 амeрикЌнка. well. I’m an American.
ВалЎра: 20 ИзвинЏтe, пожЌлуйста. Oh, excuse me please.
Пэм: 21 Ничeгђ. Вот вам кђфe. Don’t worry about it. Here’s you coffee.
ВалЎра: 22 СпасЏбо. Thank you.
Пэм: 23 НЎ за что. Don’t mention it.
8-1
1 рeсторЌн (No ‘т’ at the end of the word in Russian!) restaurant
2 чай tea
пожЌлуйста 1) please
2) here you go (service worker giving something to customer)
3) you’re welcome
4 спасЏбо thank you (there is no way to shorten this word, despite the best
efforts of American students)
5 кђфe coffee (Masc – note the gender!)
сказЌла said (Past Tense, Fem)
6 понимЌeтe (you sg-Formal / pl) understand
7 плђхо poorly
я понимЌю по-рѓсски I understand Russian (don’t leave out the hyphen!)
8 амeрикЌнeц American (noun, Masc; note: not capitalized)
10 ничeгђ here: don’t worry about it; it’s nothing (lit.: nothing; cf. Lesson 1)
вот вам [noun] (handing something to someone) here’s your[noun]
16 сказЌл said (Past Tense, Masc)
19 амeрикЌнка American (noun, Fem; note: not capitalized)
23 нЎ за что (response to спасЏбо) don’t mention it (lit.: There isn’t anything
(to thank me) for)
[ [ [
8.А The Past Tense (a first look)

Что я сказЌла/сказЌл? (5, 16)
We’ve seen several instances of the Past Tense already: бѕли were (plural), пeрeпѓтал mixed up (masculine)
For now just note two things:

1. Тhe consonant ‘л’ as a past tense marker.
2. Тhe ending changes depending gender and number (-л = masculine sg, -ла = feminine sg, -ли = plural)
The Past Tense (a first look)
SINGULAR PLURAL
MASCULINE (я, ты, он): -л FEMININE (я, ты, онЌ): -ла (мы, вы, онЏ): -ли
пeрeпѓтал пeрeпѓтала пeрeпѓтали
сказЌл сказЌла сказЌли
был былЌ бѕли
(*note: stress shifts to ending)
There will be a more in-depth explanation of the past tense in Chapter Two.
8-2
Grammar Lesson 8
) Note that вы always takes a plural form of the verb, even when it’s Formal-singular:
You (guys) mixed up everything.
Вы всё перепѓтали.
You (stupid professor) mixed up everything.
Change the form of the verb based on the cue (*Careful with word order: full nouns follow the
verb, pronouns precede):
Example: Что он сказЌл? (МЌша) ➯ Что сказЌла МЌша?

Что он сказЌл? (онЌ) ➯ Что онЌ сказЌла?
1. Что онЌ сказЌла? (он, вы − said to a nice policeman, Кђля, твоЏ родЏтeли, мој мать, eгђ отЎц)
2. МЏша всё пeрeпѓтал. (ВЎра, я, мы, ВЏтя, онЌ, вы − said to профЎссор, ты – said to брат)
3. Я был/Ќ в рeсторЌнe. (Сђня, мы, он, ты – said to сeстрЌ, моЏ родЏтeли, ДЏма)
8.Б Russian to English (cont’d): Different Sentence Structure

Я плђхо понимЌю по-рѓсски (7)
Here’s a perfect example of how a word-for-word translation just won’t work. Literally Я плђхо понимЌю по-
рѓсски means I poorly understand in Russian, though it’s best translated as I don’t understand Russian very well.
As we said before, there’s no sure way to predict which phrases and sentences are directly translatable and which
aren’t. Just keep your eyes and ears open for this type of thing.
8-3
8.В The Consonant Sound [y]: Й or Soft-indicating Vowel
Like English, Russian has the consonant sound [y] as in yes, boy, etc. There are two basic ways to spell this [y]
sound in Russian. One way is straightforward: just use the consonant letter “й.” The other way is a bit more
complex: using (certain) soft-indicating vowels.
How the sound [y] is represented
1) Using consonant letter ‘й’. ‘Й’ is seen mostly at the end of a syllable following a vowel, in which case it’s
close to the ‘y’ in English boy, they, but with a real tug on that ‘y’ at the end. It can also appear syllable-
initially in foreign words: Нью-Йорк.
Listen and repeat the following words (Be sure to give a good ‘tug’ when pronouncing ‘й’):
мой, твой, май, ковбђй (cowboy), большђй (big), плохђй (bad), гЎний, ой, пeй (drink!), здрЌвствуйтe, танцѓй
(dance!), бeй (beat!), йђга (yoga), Нью-Йђрк, спрЌшивай
2) Using a soft-indicating vowel я, e, ё, ю – but not и
Our previous discussion of soft-indicating vowels was limited to cases in which the vowels were immediately
preceded by a consonant. When a soft-indicating vowel я, е, ъ, ю (but not ‘и’) is not immediately preceded by a
consonant, the consonant sound [й] is pronounced (but not written) before the vowel sound. For instance, “я” not
immediately preceded by a consonant is a single letter representing two sounds: [й] + {A}. As we see in the chart
below (and don’t forget to do the oral exercise!), there are three places where a soft-indicating vowel are not
preceded by a consonant, and are pronounced with an preceding ‘й’ sound:
Listen and repeat:
THREE PLACES WHERE SOFT-INDICATING VOWELS Я, Е, , Ё, Ю DO NOT IMMEDIATELY FOLLOW A

CONSONANT – AND ARE PRONOUNCED WITH AN INITIAL ‘Й’ SOUND
1) At the beginning of a word Ћша, јстрeб (hawk), Ўл (he ate), Ўхать (to ride), ёлка (fir), ёмкость
(capacity), їмор (humor), їность (youth)
*Word-initial и- is not pronounced with a preceding ‘й’: ИвЌн,
инжeнЎр, Џмя (first name)
2) Following any vowel мој, твој, приЎхать (to arrive), уЎхал (he left), даёт (he gives), её,
свої (one’s own), твої
3) Following a ь or ъ свиньј (swine), объјтиe (hug), сeмьЎ (family), съел (he ate up),
шьёт (s/he sews), объём (scope), пьї (I drink), адъютЌнт
(adjutant)
Thus, if someone shows you the ‘words’ м■я or ■ё or п■ю (with the letter, if any, before the soft-indicating
vowel covered) and asks you whether there is a й sound in the word, your answer should be: “I cant’ tell as it is. I
need to see the preceding letter, if any, to determine whether there should be a й pronounced before the vowel. If
that letter is anything except a consonant, then there is a й sound before the vowel sound.”
So, in addition to the basic vowel sound, soft-indicating vowels represent either:
1) Softening of immediately preceding consonant: (привЎт, Лёня). Our notation: Cь{V} (any soft consonant +
any vowel)
2) The presence of й sound: (я, моё, пью). Our notation: й{V}
8-4
More Examples of Basic Sounds
VOWEL SOFT CONSONANT PLUS {VOWEL} Й PLUS {VOWEL}

LETTER
example as in … example as in …
ь
я б + {A} тeбј й + {A} я, мој, свиньј
e дь + {E} дЎти й + {E} Ўхать, уЎхать, сeмьЎ
ь
ё л + {O} Лёня й + {O} ёлка, твоё, житьё
ю нь + {U} кѓхню й + {U} їмор, твої, пьют
While this explanation of the й sound may be a bit complex, remember, it’s all a matter of pronunciation. In all
the instances described above, Russians really do pronounce a [й] sound (and they certainly don’t know any of
these rules).
We are now able to represent the basic sounds of any word in the entire language. Let’s look at some more
examples – some with the sound [й], some without.
твой тв{O}й сeбЎ сь{E}бь{E}

твој тв{O}й{A} ИвЌн {I}в{A}н (no /й/ before})
твоё тв{O}й{O} я й{A}

ь 1
шѓтишь ш{U}т {I}шь фотогрЌфия ф{O}т{O}гр{A}фь{I}й{A}
eё й{E}й{O} млЌдший мл{A}дш{I}й
2
дочь д{O}чь живѓ ж{I}в{U}
ь ь
опјть {O}п {A}т понимЌю п{O}нь{I}м{A}й{U}
окнђ {O}кн{O} стђит ст{O}{I}т (no /й/ before ‘и’)
ь
сЎрдцe с {E}рдц{O} ЮпЏтeр й{U}пь{I}ть{E}р
(The previous word, окнђ, indicates that the underlying (noun) eгђ й{E}г{O}
ending is {O}.)
их {I}х (no [й] before и)
ь
большђe бол ш{O}й{E} живёт ж{I}вь{O}т
хорђшеe х{O}р{O}ш{O}й{E} понимЌeт п{O}нь{I}м{A}й{O}т
(The previous word большђe indicates that the underlying (The previous word, живёт, indicates that the underlying
(adjectival) ending is {O}й{E}.) (verbal) ending is {O}т.)
1 ь
Here we write ‘ь’ as a full letter rather than (indicator of preceding softness), because, as you recall, ‘ш’ is inherently a
hard consonant. Recall our convention to use an unraised ‘ь’ after inherently hard or soft consonants.
2
The same as above applies here for ‘ч’, which is inherently soft.
8-5
V Question: If word-initial и- does not represent a й sound, how can we distinguish the
basic sound representation of words beginning in ‘и’ vs. ‘ы’? In other words,
what spelling does, say, {I}в{A}н represent, Иван or Ыван? This problem
does not come up in distinguishing initial э- (which has no й sound) vs. e-
(with й sound) or а- (no й sound) vs. я- (with й sound), etc.
Answer: Superb, really fantastic question. Take a look at a Russian dictionary. There
are no words that start with the letter “ы.” None. Zilch. Problem solved.
[й] vs. soft consonant
Finally, many students have an especially hard time hearing this й sound when it occurs in one-syllable words.
Compare the pronunciations (with and without й sound):
Listen and repeat:
WITHOUT [Й] SOUND WITH [Й] SOUND

пјть пьјный (drunk; inebriated)
сел (he sat down) съел (he ate up)
Лёня льёт (s/he pours)
чѓдо (miracle) чью (whose)
* remember: pronounced /чю/
8-6
" Exercise 1 Determine which words have a й sound. Explain how the sound is represented.
Examples: eгђ − Soft-indicating {E} in initial position

мој – Soft-indicating {A} after a vowel
пью – Soft-indicating {U} after a ‘ь’
твой – the consonant letter ‘й’
мeнј – no /й/ sound
я _____________________________________________________________
мeнј _____________________________________________________________
мой _____________________________________________________________
мать _____________________________________________________________
моё _____________________________________________________________
eё (think!) _____________________________________________________________
пeй _____________________________________________________________
даї _____________________________________________________________
понимЌю _____________________________________________________________
ИвЌн _____________________________________________________________
хорошђ _____________________________________________________________
объяснЏть _____________________________________________________________
по-рѓсски _____________________________________________________________
окнђ _____________________________________________________________
Лїда _____________________________________________________________
Алјска _____________________________________________________________
хорђшee _____________________________________________________________
8-7
" Exercise 2 Transcribe the following words in terms of their basic sounds:
Example: большЌя ➯ б{O}ль ш{A}й{A}

ИвЌнe ➯ {I}в{A}нь{E}
1. я __________________________________ 2. плохЌя __________________________________
3. іто __________________________________ 4. пьют __________________________________
5. узнаёт __________________________________ 6. понимЌeт _________________________________

(this word shares the same ending as 5)
7. окнђ __________________________________ 8. сЎрдцe __________________________________
(this word shares the same ending as 7)
9. интeрЎс __________________________________ 10. чай __________________________________
11. сказЌли __________________________________ 12. пожЌлуйста _______________________________
" Exercise 3 Provide an appropriate response to the following (as a full sentence, if possible):
1. Как вас зовѓт? ________________________________________________________________________
2. СпасЏбо. _____________________________________________________________________________
3. Вот вам чай. _________________________________________________________________________
4. ИзвинЏтe рЌди Бђга. ___________________________________________________________________
5. Љто твой брат? _______________________________________________________________________
6. Как делЌ? ____________________________________________________________________________
8-8
Dialogues: A: “It’s on the bed”; Б: “It’s in the fridge”;
В: “It’s on the couch”; Г: “They’re on the
table”
Grammar: Another ‘location’ ending: -и
The direct object (a first look)
Plural of nouns (a first look)
More on gender and pronouns
A different set of verb endings
Spelling/Sounds: Vowel reduction
А. Он лeжЏт на кровЌти It’s on the bed
ДЏма: 1 (in a hurry) Ах! Мнe нЎкогда. Гдe мой (in a hurry) Ugh! I’m in a hurry. Where is my
2 фотоаппарЌт? Ты нe вЏдeла мой фотоаппарЌт? camera? You didn’t happen to see my camera?
НЌдя 3 По-мђeму, он лeжЏт на кровЌти. I think it’s (lying) on the bed.
ДЏма: 4 Здесь нет. Гдe жe он? No, (it’s) not here. Where the devil is it?
Б. ОнЌ в холодЏльнике It’s in the fridge
Сђня 5 (in a hurry) Ах! Мнe нЎкогда. Гдe мој вђдка? (in a hurry) Ugh! I’m in a hurry. Where is my
6 Ты нe вЏдeл мої вђдку? vodka? You didn’t happen to see my vodka?
ДЏма 7 По-мђeму, онЌ в холодЏльникe. I think it’s in the fridge.
Сђня 8 Там нет. Гдe жe онЌ? No, (it’s) not there. Where the devil is it?
В. Онђ лeжЏт на дивЌне It’s on the couch
ВЏка 9 (in a hurry) Ах! Мнe нЎкогда. Гдe моё пальтђ? (in a hurry) Ugh! I’m in a hurry. Where is my
10 Ты нe вЏдeл моё пальтђ? coat? You didn’t happen to see my (over)coat?
Лёня 11 По-мђeму, онђ лeжЏт на дивЌнe. I think it’s (lying) on the couch.
ВЏка 12 Здесь нет. Гдe жe онђ? No, (it’s) not here. Where the devil is it?
Г. ОнЏ лeжЌт на столЎ They’re on the table
ПЌша: 13 (in a hurry) Ах! Мнe нЎкогда. Гдe моЏ ключЏ? (in a hurry) Ugh! I’m in a hurry. Where are
Ты нe вЏдeла моЏ ключЏ? my keys? You didn’t happen to see my keys?
14
Ђля 15 По-мђeму, онЏ лeжЌт на столЎ. I think they’re (lying) on the table.
ПЌша: 16 Там нет. Гдe жe онЏ? No, (they’re) not there. Where the devil are
they?
9-1
1 ах! (expresses dismay)
2 фотоаппарЌт camera
ты нe вЏдeл/а you didn’t (happen to) see (Masc/Fem)
3 по-мђeму I think; in my opinion (don’t leave out the hyphen!)
лeжЏт it is (lying, in a flat position)
на on
кровЌть (Fem) bed (not to be confused with the French word for necktie)
на кровЌти on the bed
4 здесь here
жe (adds emphasis to preceding word; a good English equivalent is: … the devil …)
5 вђдка vodka
7 холодЏльник refrigerator
8 там there
9 пальтђ overcoat
11 дивЌн sofa; couch
13 ключ key
ключЏ keys - plural (*note stress is on ending)
15 лeжЌт they are (lying, in a flat position)
стол table
на столЎ on the table (*note stress is on ending)
[ [ [
9.А Another Location Ending: -и

на кровЌти (3)
Note that for the noun крoвЌть bed instead of the expected location ending -e, the ending is -и: на кровЌти.
(This only happens in Feminine nouns ending in -ь.) We’ll examine this group of nouns in Lesson 12.
9-2
9.Б The Direct Object (A First Look)

Ты не вЏдел мої вђдку? (6)
When the noun phrase мој вђдка is used as a direct object (of the verb вЏдел see), the endings on both words
change from -{A} to -{U}: мої вђдку. This change occurs only with Feminine singular nouns. All the other
noun phrases, мой фотоаппарЌт (Masc sg), моё пальтђ (Neut sg) моЏ ключЏ (pl) are the same whether they
are used as subject or direct object. We will discuss this in detail in Lesson 23.
9.В The Plural of Nouns (A First Look)

ключЏ (13)
Many plural nouns end in -{I} (дЎти, родЏтели, ключЏ). The spelling depends on the hardness/softness of the
preceding consonant or spelling rule. More on forming the plural in Lesson 15.
V Question: I don’t understand why the ‘н’ in онЏ is soft. Since the ‘н’ is hard in all the
singular pronouns он, онЌ, онђ, shouldn’t the plural end in -ѕ?
Answer: You’re right. However, there are some historical reasons (which are not really
worth going into) why the form is онЏ. But we will see this unexpected
softening in a few more forms of the plural.
9.Г More on Gender and Pronouns
In Lessons 4 and 5 we saw that the 3rd person personal pronouns (он he, онЌ she, онЏ they) are used to ‘replace’
proper nouns (i.e., people):
Masc: Гдe МЏша? Он в клѓбe. Where’s Misha? He’s at a club.
Fem: Љто мој сeстрЌ НатЌша. ОнЌ врач. This is my sister Natasha. She’s a doctor.
Pl: Где живѓт твоЏ родЏтeли? Where do your parents live?

They live in Chicago.
ОнЏ живѓт в ЧикЌго.
These same pronouns, plus the Neuter pronoun онђ, can also be used to replace things as well.
The choice of pronoun (он, онЌ, онђ, онЏ) depends on the gender of the noun being replaced (which, as we’ve
explained, is determined by its ending1):
1
As you may have figured out, endings reflect the grammatical gender and number of the nouns. We’ll be explaining
gender in full very soon.
9-3
GENDER/ PRONOUN FOR NOUNS ENDING IN:

NUMBER
∅ (a consonant), e.g., фотоаппарЌт, клуб, словЌрь, чай
Masc (sg) он Гдe фотоаппарЌт? Он на кровЌти.
{A}, e.g., вђдка, собЌка, фотогрЌфия

Fem (sg) онЌ Гдe вђдка? ОнЌ в холодЏльникe.
{O}, e.g., пальтђ, окнђ (window), сЎрдцe (heart), ружьё (rifle)

Neut (sg) онђ Гдe моё пальтђ? Онђ на дивЌнe.
Plural {I}, e.g., ключЏ, фотоаппарЌты

онЏ Гдe моЏ ключЏ? ОнЏ на столЎ.
(all genders)
Note that when describing a thing, these pronouns must be translated into English differently than when
describing a person:
PERSON THING
}
он = ‘he’ он
онЌ = ‘it’
онЌ = ‘she’ онђ
онЏ = ‘they’ (i.e., those people) онЏ = ‘they’ (i.e., those things)
So, before you can translate он, онЌ, онђ, онЏ, you need to know whether it is a person or a thing being referred
to. If someone asks you how to translate, e.g., онЌ, your answer should be: ‘I need context. Is the pronoun
referring to a person or a thing?’
MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTER PLURAL

Гдe МЏша? Гдe ВЎра? no proper nouns Гдe дЎти?
> Гдe он? > Гдe онЌ? > Гдe онђ? > Гдe онЏ?
Гдe фотоаппарЌт? Гдe вђдка? Гдe пальтђ? Гдe ключЏ?
9-4
Answer the questions using the correct pronoun (you don’t even need to know the meaning of
the noun):
Example: Гдe моЏ ключЏ? (лeжЌт на столЎ) ➯ ОнЏ лежЌт на столЎ.

Гдe ВЌня? (в ПарЏжe) ➯ Он в ПарЏжe.
1. Гдe нЌши котѕ? (лeжЌт на столЎ) 2. Гдe НатЌша? (в Калифђрнии)

3. Гдe Кђля? (в клѓбe) 4. Гдe егђ вђдка? (в холодЏльникe)
5. Гдe моё пальтђ? (лeжЏт на дивЌнe) 6. Гдe мој сeстрЌ? (в РоссЏи)
7. Гдe eё брат? (в рeсторЌнe) 8. Гдe твоЏ родЏтeли? (в Пeтeрбѓргe)
9. Гдe твой муж? (в МосквЎ) 10. Гдe мој кнЏга (book)? (лeжЏт на столЎ)
11. Гдe моё пЏво (beer)? (в холодЏльникe) 12. Гдe ВЎра? (в Нью-Йђркe)
13. Гдe мой журнЌл? (лeжЏт на кровЌти) 14. Гдe их фотоаппарЌты? (лeжЌт на кровЌти)
Replace the noun with the a pronoun as in the example. Be sure to supply the correct
preposition and the correct form of the noun:
Example: Гдe МЌша? (ПрЏнстон) ➯ ОнЌ в ПрЏнстонe.

Гдe моЏ ключЏ? (стол) ➯ ОнЏ на столЎ.
1. Гдe КЌтя? (Нью-Йђрк) 2. Гдe твой муж? (рeсторЌн) 3. Гдe моЏ ключЏ? (стол)
4. Гдe вђдка? (холодЏльник) 5. Гдe письмђ (letter)? (дивЌн) 6. Гдe eгђ брат? (Лђндон)
7. Где её кот? (кровЌть) 8. Где мой фотоаппарЌт? (стол) 9. Где вЌши дЎти? (МосквЌ)
9.Д ‘Person’ and Verb Endings (A First Look)

жив-ёт vs. жив-ѓт; лeж-Џт vs. лeж-Ќт
We previously saw different endings for different persons (singular vs. plural) in the Present Tense with the verb
live. The verb be (in a lying position) has different set of endings. Compare:
3RD SINGULAR 3RD PLURAL

live Он/а живёт ОнЏ живѓт
be (lying) Он/Ќ/ђ лeжЏт ОнЏ лeжЌт
Verbs change in the Present Tense for person (1st, 2nd, 3rd) and number (singular, plural). We’ve seen instances of
almost every one in the dialogues, but we are not going to show the whole verbal paradigm just yet. For now, we
just want you to be aware that the verb live has different endings than be (in a lying position).
9-5
Supply the correct form of the correct verb (as well as the correct preposition and Location
ending):
Example: КЌтя (Бђстон) ➯ КЌтя живёт в Бђстонe

КлючЏ (стол) ➯ КлючЏ лeжЌт на столЎ.
1. ДЏма (Рим Rome) 2. ФотоаппарЌт (дивЌн) 3. Егђ родЏтeли (ТeхЌс)

4. МоЏ ключЏ (кровЌть) 5. Рѕба (fish) (холодЏльник) 6. Ѕра (КанЌда)
7. Пальтђ (дивЌн) 8. КнЏга (book) (стол) 9. Их дЎти (РоссЏя)
10. ФотоаппарЌты (кровЌть) 11. Лїда (БeрлЏн) 12. Мој сeстрЌ (дивЌн)
9.Е Vowel Reduction
In Lessons 5 - 8, we learned about basic sounds in Russian and how they are represented in the spelling. But if
you’ve been listening carefully to the recordings, you’ve probably noticed that quite often the actual
pronunciation of a Russian word does not match its basic sounds. We will be spending the remainder of
Chapter 1 covering factors affecting Russian pronunciation.
In the presentation of the alphabet we mentioned that when a vowel is not stressed its pronunciation may be
‘reduced’. In examining the rules for vowel reduction, we will look at vowel letters, rather than basic vowel
sounds. Therefore, for example, an unstressed letter ‘e’ that is actually basic {O} will be pronounced the same as
unstressed basic {E}: the ‘e’ in женЌ (which is {O}) is pronounced the same as the e in местЌ (which is {E}).
The following is a fairly general description of vowel reduction; there are many more details about specific
vowels in specific positions that we will not cover right now.
We will use square brackets [] to indicate actual pronunciation (as opposed to basic sounds).
One final note: We realize there are a lot of details here, and we don’t expect you to memorize all of them. The
goal is to be aware of vowel reduction, and to eventually make it an automatic part of your Russian speech.
9.Е.1 Unstressed letters ‘а’ and ‘о’

1) In word-initial position or in the syllable immediately preceding the stressed syllable these letters are
pronounced [a] as in father. In these positions the letter ‘a’ has more or less the same sound as it does in
stressed position, though it is shorter and not as articulated.
Where ‘a’ and ‘o’ reduce to [a]:

1ST LETTER 1 SYLLABLE BEFORE STRESS
отЎц sounds like [атЎц] словЌрь sounds like [славЌрь]
Антђн sounds like [антђн] пальтђ sounds like [пальтђ]
9-6
2) Elsewhere (either more than one syllable before stress or after stress) ‘а’ and ‘о’ are pronounced as a “schwa”
[↔], like the ‘a’ in sofa:
Where ‘a’ and ‘o’ reduce to [↔]:

> 1 SYLLABLE BEFORE STRESS AFTER STRESS
понимЌю sounds like [п↔нимЌю] плђхо sounds like [плђх↔]
барабЌн drum sounds like [б↔рабЌн] сказЌла sounds like [сказЌл↔]
Thus, the word хорошђ has all possible pronunciations of the basic vowel {O}: [х↔рашђ]
9.Е.2 Unstressed letters ‘е’ and ‘я’

Note: Since the letter ‘a’ after permanently soft consonants ‘ч’ and ‘щ’ is pronouned as if it were the letter ‘я’,
the following reduction rules apply to unstressed ча and ща as well.
Unstressed ‘е’ and ‘я’ both reduce to roughly the sound between [↔] and [и]. At the end of the word the sound
is closer to [↔], while elsewhere it’s closer to [и].
Where ‘е’ and ‘я’ (‘a’) reduce to ~[↔]:

WORD-FINAL Е AND Я
мђре sea sounds like [мђрь↔]
здЌние building sounds like [здЌний↔]
кѓхня kitchen sounds like [кѓхнь↔]
фотогрЌфия sounds like [ф↔тагрЌфий↔]
When ‘е’ or ‘я’ are word initial, don’t forget to pronounce a [й] sound!
Where ‘е’ and ‘я’ (‘a’) reduce to [и]:

WORD-INITIAL (/ЙИ/) ELSEWHERE
её sounds like [йийђ] перепѓтал sounds like [пирипѓт↔л]
язѕк sounds like [йизѕк] отвяжЏсь sounds like [атвижѕсь]2
Our experience shows that students often fail to reduce the letter ‘e’ to [и], most probably because it is already
rather close to that sound. If you want to sound like a Russian, don’t forget about the reduction of unstressed ‘e’.
2
Recall from Lesson 7 that ‘ж’ is an inherently hard consonant, therefore the soft-indicating vowel ‘и’ after it is
pronounced as if it were a Hard-indicating vowel: [ы].
9-7
9.Е.3 The other vowel letters (‘э’ ‘ы’ ‘и’ ‘ё’ ‘у’ ‘ю’): No vowel reduction
The basic pronunciation of the other 6 vowel letters (‘э’ ‘ы’ ‘и’ ‘ё’ ‘у’ ‘ю’) remains the same whether stressed or
not. We should note that when these letters are not stressed, they do tend to be pronounced less forcefully than
when under stress.
STRESSED UNSTRESSED
іто элемЎнт
ключЏ привЎт
тѕ красЏвый
Стёпа (no unstressed ё)
шѓтишь вђдку
Лїда КЌтю
Summary of vowel reduction in Russian (for reference)
BASIC UNSTRESSED 1 SYLLABLE > 1 SYL. BEFORE

VOWEL WORD-INITIAL STRESS; AFTER WORD-FINAL
SOUND BEFORE STRESS
LETTER(S) STRESS
{A} а [a] [↔]
{A} я (ча, ща) [йи] [и] [↔]
{E} е [йи] [и]*
{O} о [a] [↔]
{O} е (like e from {E}) [йи] [и] [↔]
*One detail we omitted: When unstressed word-final ‘e’ represents {E}, it gets reduced all the way to [и]. This
is rather subtle, and you probably will not hear the difference in any case.
Vowels that do not change their basic quality (but are shorter when unstressed)
{E} э no reduction
{I} ы, и no reduction
{O} ё (always stressed) no reduction

{U} у, ю no reduction
9-8
Again, we certainly do not expect you to memorize each and every one of these pronunciation rules. The key is to
be aware of vowel reduction, and also listen very carefully to your instructor and the speakers on the audio
recordings.
9-9
" Exercise 1 Write in the blanks the actual pronunciation of the underlined vowels.
Example: онЌ ➯ /а/

телефђн ➯ /и/ /и/
1. хорошђ _____ _____ _____ 2. дЎвять _____
3. сырђй (raw) _____ 4. Петербѓрг _____ _____
5. ѓчатся _____ 6. щадЏть (to spare) _____
7. егђ _____ 8. лунЌ _____
9. одЏн _____ 10. нёс _____
" Exercise 2 Replace the nouns with pronouns (don’t touch phrases like на дивЌнe, etc.):
Example: Мой брат врач. ➯ Он врач.
1. ГЌля навЎрно гЎний.
_________________________________________________________________________________
2. МоЏ родЏтeли живѓт в ПeнсильвЌнии.
_________________________________________________________________________________
3. Гдe моё пЏво?
_________________________________________________________________________________
4. Гдe Бђря живёт?
_________________________________________________________________________________
5. Мой фотоаппарЌт на дивЌнe.
_________________________________________________________________________________
6. Что твој сeстрЌ сказЌла?
_________________________________________________________________________________
7. ЖЌнна нахЌлка.
_________________________________________________________________________________
8. ДЏма нахЌл!
_________________________________________________________________________________
9-10
9. МоЏ ключЏ на столЎ
_________________________________________________________________________________
10. Мој вђдка в холодЏльникe.
_________________________________________________________________________________
" Exercise 3 Replace the noun with the a pronoun as in the example. Be sure to supply the
correct preposition:
Example: Гдe МЌша? (ПрЏнстон) ➯ ОнЌ в ПрЏнстонe.

Гдe моЏ ключЏ? (стол) ➯ ОнЏ на столЎ.
1. Гдe твой фотоаппарЌт? (кровЌть)________________________________________________
2. Гдe винђ wine? (стол) ________________________________________________
3. Гдe кнЏги books? (кровЌть) ________________________________________________
4. Гдe ТЌня? (Калифђрния) ________________________________________________
5. Гдe eё родЏтeли? (ТрЎнтон) ________________________________________________
6. Гдe ЛЎнин? (МосквЌ) ________________________________________________
" Exercise 4 Fill in the blank with the correct form of the correct verb:
1. МоЏ родЏтeли ______________________ в Аризђнe.
2. МЌша ____________________________ на дивЌнe.
3. Егђ ключЏ _______________________ на столЎ.
4. Гдe _________________________ их сын?
5. Пальтђ ___________________________ на кровЌти.
9-11 -
Dialogue: “Even my ears hurt”
Grammar: ‘Phrasal’ verbs
Omitting obvious possessives
The verb hurt
The verb be in the past tense
Spelling/Sounds: Voiced and voiceless consonants
ДЌжe ѓши болјт Even my ears hurt

(ТЌня runs into ВЏтя, who isn’t looking very sharp)
ТЌня: 1 ПривЎт, ВЏтя! Как делЌ? Hey, Vitya, what’s up?

ВЏтя: 2 Ой! Я плђхо себј чѓвствую. Ugh! I don’t feel well.
ТЌня: 3 Что с тобђй? What’s wrong with you?
ВЏтя: 4 Живђт болЏт. ГоловЌ болЏт. Всё болЏт. ДЌжe My stomach hurts. My head hurts. Everything
5 ѓши болјт. hurts. Even my ears hurt.
ТЌня: 6 Болјт ѓши! Ну ты даёшь! Как іто? Your ears hurt! You are really something. How
is that possible?
ВЏтя: 7 Я был в T.I.1 вчерЌ. I was at T.I. yesterday.
ТЌня: 8 Всё јсно. Enough said. (lit.: Everything is clear)
2 я плђхо сeбј чѓвствую I don’t feel well (lit.: I badly myself feel)
3 что с тобђй? what’s (wrong) with you?
4 живђт stomach
болЏт hurts; aches (3sg; only 3rd person is used with this verb)
головЌ head
дЌжe even
5 ѓши ears (sg. is ѓхо)
болјт hurt; ache (3pl)
6 ну ты даёшь! you’re really something (lit.: well, you give – this is an extremely common and
colloquial expression. It’s almost impossible to translate.)
6 как іто? how is that possible; what do you mean?
7 вчeрЌ yesterday
8 јсно clear; understandable
1
Most Russians recognize Latin letters and use them in abbreviations for which there is no Russian equivalent, e.g., IBM
PC, www, NB, SOS.
10-1
10.А “Phrasal” Verbs

Я плђхо сeбј чѓвствую (2)
The verb feel (sick, well) consists of 2 parts – чѓвствую2 feel and сeбј self. Leaving out сeбј, which a lot of
American students tend to do, is like saying Everyone was laughing John instead of Everyone was laughing at
John. (Actually, this phrasal verb requires a third component, an adverb, e.g., плђхо, хорошђ)
Also note: In English we would most likely say I don’t feel well, while in Russian it’s much better to say I feel
bad(ly).
10.Б Omitting Obvious Possessive Pronouns

Живђт болЏт, головЌ болЏт, ѓши болјт (4-5)
In Russian possessive pronouns (my, his, your) are often omitted, especially when it’s obvious whose stomach /
head / sister / husband / is being described.
10.В The Verb hurt

головЌ болЏт; ѓши болјт (4-5)
The verb hurt has the same verb conjugation as be (in a lying position):
VERB 3RD SG: -{I}T 3RD PL: -{A}T

be (in a lying position) лежЏт лежЌт
hurt болЏт болјт
This verb is used only in the 3rd person to indicate that a part of the body hurts. To ask someone else if anything
hurts them, use the following construction:
У ТЕБЋ + БОЛЅТ/БОЛЋТ + BODY PART(S)

(as we saw in Lesson 1)
У тебј болЏт головЌ? = Does your head hurt?
by you hurts head
Болјт ѓши. = My ears hurt.
hurt ears
Что у тебј болЏт? = What hurts (you)?
what by you hurts?
2
This is the 1st person singular form. The form changes for other persons. More on conjugation in Lesson 16.
10-2
Grammar Lesson 10
Use the body parts list below to form sentences according to the example. (The new body parts
listed are not active vocab, yet.)
Example: живђт ➯ У тебј болЏт живђт? Да, живђт болЏт.

1. рукЌ (arm) 2. ѓши 3. живђт 4. головЌ
5. нђги (legs) 6. глаз (eye) 7. плЎчи (shoulders) 8. ногЌ
9. нос (nose) 10. гђрло (throat) 11. рѓки (arms) 12. ѓхо
10.Г The Verb be in the Past Tense

я был (7)
Unlike in the Present Tense, there is a form of the verb be in the Past. The ‘stem’ is бы+, onto which is added
either -л / -лЌ / -ло / -ли depending on the gender and number of the subject. Note that the stress moves to the
end only for the Feminine:
Past Tense of be
SINGULAR PLURAL
MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTER (ALL GENDERS)
(я, ты, он) (я, ты, онЌ) (онђ) (мы, вы*, онЏ)
был былЌ бѕло бѕли
* The plural form of verbs is used with вы, even when it’s Formal-singular.
Transform the sentences as in the example, supplying the correct form of ‘to be’ in the Past
Tense:
Example: Мой отЎц (Нью-Йђрк) ➯ ВчeрЌ мой отЎц был в Нью-Йђркe.

МЌша (рeсторЌн) ➯ ВчeрЌ МЌша былЌ в рeсторЌнe.
1. Мој жeнЌ (ФиладЎльфия) 2. Наш сын (МосквЌ)

3. Бђря (ТрЎнтон) 4. Я (Masc) (клѓб)
5. Егђ родЏтели (РоссЏя) 6. Мы (ГЌрвард)
7. Ты (Fem.) (Пeтeрбѓрг) 8. ОнЏ (Калифђрния)
9. Ђня (ПарЏж) 10. Зђя и Лёва (Дeтрђйт)
11. Вы (рeсторЌн) 12. Я (Fem) (Нью-Йђрк)
13. ОнЌ (ЧикЌго – think!) 14. Их дЎти (ПрЏнстон)
10-3
Final installment on the Russian sound system ☺

10.Д Voiced (Vibrating) and Voiceless (Non-Vibrating) Consonants
10.Д.1 The ‘throat test’

Close your eyes, put your fingers on the sides of your throat and pronounce the sound б over and over. Pay
attention to the movement of your lips, teeth, and tongue. You should feel a vibration near your vocal chords.
Now quickly switch to a series of the sound п. Everything (lips, teeth, tongue) should be exactly the same, except
that the vibration is gone. ‘Vibrating’ consonants are referred to as Voiced consonants, non-vibrating as
Voiceless. There are 6 such Voiced/Voiceless pairs: (do the ‘throat test’ with the other 5 pairs – it’s the most fun
you’ll have this lesson):
VOICED б / бь в /вь г3 д / дь ж4 з / зь
VOICELESS п / пь ф / фь к3 т / ть ш4 с / сь
Why are we telling you all this? In some cases a voiced consonant will be pronounced voiceless, and vice versa, a
voiceless consonant will be pronounced like its voiced counterpart. These assimilations occur automatically for
Russian speakers (actually, except for language teachers, the vast majority of Russians are not aware of these
sound changes), but for English speakers they must be learned and practiced. English also has some instances of
devoicing: have to is normally pronounced – and occasionally written – ‘hafta’, where ‘v’ devoices to [f].
10.Д.2 Where devoicing / voicing occurs

1) Devoicing (voiced > voiceless)
A voiced consonant loses its vibration:
1) at the end of a word

2) Directly preceding one or more voiceless consonants (including prepositions that end in a voiceless
consonant, which are pronounced together with the following word):
(Hardness / softness of the consonant plays no role. Final soft voiced consonants devoice – and remain soft)
Listen and repeat

DIRECTLY PRECEDING 1 OR MORE
AT THE END OF A WORD
VOICELESS CONSONANTS
хлeб (bread), гроб (coffin), гђлубь (dove), скорбь rare
Б > [П]
(grief)
ЧЎхов (the writer), Горбачёв, кровь (blood), вторђй (second), в ПрЏнстонe, зЌвтра
В > [Ф] (tomorrow), ДостоЎвский, всё
любђвь (love)
Г > [К] враг (enemy), снeг (snow), диалог, друг (friend) rare
3
Remember: neither гь nor кь occur in Russian.
4
Recall that ‘ж, ш’ are inherently hard consonants.
10-4
AT THE END OF A WORD

DIRECTLY PRECEDING 1 OR MORE
VOICELESS CONSONANTS
ЛeнингрЌд, обЎд (lunch), гђрод (city), тeтрЌдь вђдка
Д > [Т]
(notebook), лђшадь (horse)
муж, багЌж (baggage), нож (knife) лђжка (spoon)
Recall that both ж and ш are permanently hard
Ж>
consonants, and so a ь has no influence on
[Ш]
pronunciation:
ложь (lie), нЌстeжь (wide open)
джаз (jazz), майонЎз (mayonaise), морђз (frost), францѓзский (French)
З > [С]
князь (prince), связь (connection)
2) Voicing (voiceless > voiced)

A voiceless consonant becomes voiced directly preceding one or more voiced consonants. Voicing occurs
MUCH less frequently that devoicing
Listen and repeat

Ф > [В] афгЌнeц (Afganistani)
К > [Г] рюкзЌк (backpack), экзЌмен (exam)
С > [З] сдЎлать (to do/make), бeйсбђл, прђсьба (favor)
Т > [Д] футбђл, баскeтбђл
Ш > [Ж] волшбЌ (magic, arch.)
These two rules (Voiced > devoiced and vice versa) can be simplified into a single rule for your convenience:
In a group of consonants, the final consonant determines the voicing for the whole cluster.
Exceptions (what did you expect?)
Before в(ь) voiceless consonants DO NOT become voiced:
Listen and repeat
твой − voiceless ‘т’ does not become voiced [д] before the ‘в’
швЎды (Swedes) − (voiceless ‘ш’ does not become voiced [ж] before the ‘вь’
квђта (quota) − (voiceless ‘к’ does not become voiced [г] before the ‘в’
свой (one’s own) − (voiceless ‘с’ does not become voiced [з] before the ‘в’
10-5
Exercise 1 Fill in the correct form of the verb hurt:
1. Живђт _____________________________ . 2. ПлЎчи (shoulders) ________________________ .
3. Їши ____________________________ . 4. НогЌ (leg) ____________________________ .
5. ГоловЌ _____________________________ . 6. Нђги ____________________________ .
Exercise 2 Fill in the correct form of the past tense of be:
1. Гдe ты ______________________ ? (talking to your brother)
2. Гдe ты ______________________ ? (talking to your wife)
3. Где вы _________________________ ?
4. МЏша ______________________ в клѓбe.
5. ВЎра вчeрЌ __________________________ в ТрЎнтонe.
6. Мы ___________________________ в МосквЎ.
7. Он ____________________________ в ПЏттсбургe.
8. ОнЏ ____________________________ в рeсторЌнe.
9. Я _________________________ в Нью-Йђркe. (give appropriate form)
Exercise 3 Circle any consonant that is not pronounced the same way it is written and then
indicate correct pronunciation (Not all words contain ‘misleading’ consonants):
Example: ЧЎхов /ф/
1. любђвь ______ 2. тeбј ______
3. хлeб ______ 4. рюкзЌк ______
5. муж ______ 6. вђдка ______
7. спас ______ 8. вторђй ______
9. арбѓз ______ 10. твој ______
10-6
Exercise 4 Translate into Russian:
1. − What’s wrong with you? − I don’t feel well.
________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Where’s my coat? Did you happen to see my coat?
________________________________________________________________________________________
3. − Coffee please.
− Here you go.
− Thank you.
− You’re welcome.
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
10-7
Dialogue: “What a nightmare!”
Grammar: Translating Russian course
Chapter 1 - Review (Lessons 1-10)
Vocabulary from Lessons 1-11
Диалђг
Какђй кошмЌр! What a nightmare!
ЛЌра: 1 ПривЎт, ГрЏша. Как дeлЌ? Hi, Grisha, How’s it going?

ГрЏша: 2 Всё хорошђ. А у тeбј? Everything’s OK. How about you?
ЛЌра: 3 Нe спрЌшивай. Всё плђхо. Don’t ask. Everything’s terrible.
ГрЏша: 4 Почeмѓ? Что случЏлось? Why? What happened?
ЛЌра: 5 Ничeгђ. Прђсто мой курс рѓсского языкЌ. Nothing. It’s just my Russian course. What a
Какђй кошмЌр! nightmare!
6
ГрЏша: 7 Нe говорЏ! Tell me about it!
СловЌрь
4 почeмѓ why
4 случЏлось happened (implies something negative)
5 прђсто (it’s) just; simply
5 курс course; class
5 курс рѓсского языкЌ Russian course (lit.: course of Russian language − In Russian you cannot put the
adjective рѓсский Russian in front of the word курс to express Russian course.
The same applies for Russian professor, which is профЎссор рѓсского языкЌ.)
6 кошмЌр nightmare (from the French cauchemar)
какђй кошмЌр! what a nightmare!
7 нe говорЏ tell me about it; you can say that again (lit.: don’t say that)
[ [ [
11-1
11-й урок Повторéние
REVIEW OF LESSONS 1-10

The Sound System of Russian in a Nutshell
(5.Г.3) Basic sounds: Paired (hard vs. soft) consonants – 1 consonant letter for 2 basic sounds
The letters б в д з л м н п р с ф can each represent two entirely distinct sounds, one hard (lower in mouth) the other soft
(higher in mouth). The difference is expressed in the spelling by the following vowel, either Hard-indicating (а э ы о у) or
Soft-indicating (я e и ё/e ю).
At the end of a word hardness vs. softness is indicated by presence or absence of a ‘ь’: шест vs. шесть.
(5.Г.4) Basic Sounds: Vowels – 2 vowel letters for 1 basic sound
There are only 5 basic vowel sounds in Russian, which we will represent as {A}, {E}, {I}, {O}, {U}. 10 vowel letters are used
to indicate both the basic vowel sound and the quality of the preceding consonant (hard/soft, as well as the presence of ‘й’).
(5.Г) Our notation: Representing basic sounds
Consonants are
ь
written in Cyrillic, while vowels are written {A}, {E}, {O}, etc. In our notation, after a soft consonant we
write raised (мять = мь{A}ть); after a hard consonant nothing is written (мат = м{A}т). After inherently hard/soft
consonants, we will not use ь: шипјщий husher = ш{I}пь{A}щ{I}й.
(5.Г) Basic Sound ≠ Pronunciation
Because of vowel reduction, inherently hard or soft consonants, as well as voicing/devoicing of consonants (see more below)
our representation of a word’s basic sound often differs from its pronunciation.
SPELLING BASIC SOUND PRONUNCIATION

ь
довђльно д{O}в{O}л н{O} [давђльн↔]
ДостоЎвский д{O}ст{O}й{E}вск{I}й [д↔стайЎфский]
сЎрдце сь{E}рдц{O} [сЎрдц↔]
(6.Е) Spelling {O}: 3 Ways
There are 3 vowel letters used to spell {O}: ‘о’ after hard consonants, ‘ё’ (stressed) or ‘e’ (unstressed) after soft consonants
and the hushers.
To determine whether the unstressed letter ‘e’ is soft-indicating {E} or {O} you need to find an instance in which the ‘e’ is
stressed – either in the same word (singular vs. plural) or a related word (noun, adjective, verb with the same ending).
SPELLING BASIC SOUND

ь
сёстры (pl) с {O}стр{I}
Stressed: окнђ {O}кн{O}
живёт ж{I}вь{O}т
сестрЌ (sg) сь{O}стр{A}
Unstressed:
сЎрдце (same ending as окнђ) сь{Е}рдц{O}
рабђтает (same ending as живёт) р{A}б{O}т{A}й{O}т
11-2
Chapter 1 - Review Lesson 11
(7.В) Spelling rules: Unpaired consonants
a) Group 1: К Г Х (the velars)
These are the ‘fake’ spelling rules, where the spelling simply reflects the pronunciation of these consonants before the various
vowels. Say and write only:
К Г Х
HARD SOFT
{A}: ка / га / ха {E}: кe / гe /хe
{O}: ко / го / хо {I}: ки / ги / хи
{U}: ку / гу / ху
Foreign words may contain ‘unacceptable’ combinations.
b) Group 2: Ж Ш Ц (inherently hard) // Ч Щ (Й) (inherently soft)
These are the real spelling rules, in which the spelling sometimes does not reflect the pronunciation:
Ж Ш Ц Ч Щ
WRITE ONLY:
{A}: ша / жа / ца / ча / ща
{E}: шe / жe / цe / чe / щe
{I}: ши / жи / ци or цы / чи / щи
{O}: stressed (generally): шђ / жђ / цђ / чђ / щё
unstressed: шe / жe / цe / чe / щe
{U}: шу / жу / цу / чу / щу
Again, foreign words can violate these rules.
Because of these rules, you get ‘misleading’ spelling combinations in Russian: спрЌшивай (Soft-indicating vowel following
an inherently hard consonant); чай (Hard-indicating vowel following an inherently soft consonant).
(8.Г) The spelling of the consonant sound [й]
Spelled 2 ways:
a) The consonant letter ‘й’

b) When a Soft-indicating vowel (я, e, ё, ю – but not и) is not immediately preceded by a consonant. There are 3 such
cases: 1) at the beginning of a word (eгђ); 2) after any vowel (мој); 3) after a hard sign or soft sign (пью I drink,
объЎзд detour).
HOW [Y] IS REPRESENTED SPELLING BASIC SOUND

The consonant ‘й’ мой м{O}й
‘я, е, ё, ю’ at beginning of word їмор й{U}м{O}р
‘я, е, ё, ю’ after vowel мој м{O}й{A}
‘я, е, ё, ю’ Vowel after ‘ь’ or ‘ъ’ пью пьй{U}
11-3
(9.Е) Vowel reduction
Vowel reduction applies to vowel letters and not necessarily to the basic sound the letter represents.
The vowel letters ‘а’ and ‘о’ are pronounced [a] either in initial position or 1 syllable before stress. After the stressed
syllable or more than one syllable before stress they are reduced to “schwa” [↔].
Unstressed letter ‘e’ and ‘я’ (and ‘a’ after ‘ч, щ’) are pronounced “schwa” [↔] in final position. Elsewhere they reduce to
[и] ([йи] if word-initial).
Examples:
SPELLING PRONUNCIATION
отЎц [атЎц]
reduced ‘a, о’ word-initially
Алјска [Алјска]
барабЌн (drums) [б↔рабЌн]
reduced ‘a, о’
хорошђ [х↔рашђ]
здЌние (‘е’ is {O}) [здЌний↔]
reduced ‘e, я (a)’ word-finally
спЌльня [спЌльнь↔]
Петербѓрг [Питирбѓрг]
reduced ‘e, я (a)’
часѕ [чисѕ]
The vowel letters э, ы, и, у, ю, ё do not undergo vowel reduction.
(10.Е.2) Voiced/voiceless consonants
VOICED: б / бь в /вь г д / дь ж з / зь
VOICELESS: п / пь ф / фь к т / ть ш с / сь
Voiced consonants becomes voiceless:

1) at the end of a word: хлeб pronounced [хлеп].
2) before a voiceless consonant: в ПрЏнстоне pronounced [фпринстδнь↔]; вђдка pronounced [вђтк↔].
Voiceless consonants becomes voiced before a voiced consonant (with the exception of ‘в’): экзЌмен pronounced
[игзЌмин], but in твой ‘т’ remains voiceless.
Grammatical Тidbits
(1.I, 3.IV, 5.I) Formal and Informal Forms of Address
When addressing one person, a distinction is made between formal and informal forms. Use the informal for friends (the
same age as you), children, animals, and God.
INFORMAL FORMAL
personal pronoun: ты вы
possessives: твой, твој, etc. ваш, вЌша, etc.
What’s your name? Как тебј зовѓт? Как вас зовѓт?
greetings: ПривЎт, ЗдрЌвствуй ЗдрЌвствуйте
11-4
(3.Б) Dictionary forms of words
Nouns (and modifiers) have different endings depending on their function in the sentence. Dictionaries list nouns in the
singular in the ‘subject of the sentence’ form:
DICTIONARY (‘SUBJECT’) FORM OTHER FORMS WE’VE SEEN

клуб в клѓбе (Location)
кровЌть на кровЌти (Location)
вђдка вђдку (Direct object)
ключ ключЏ (Plural)
Modifiers (adjectives and possessives) are listed in the Masculine singular.
DICTIONARY FORM OTHER FORMS WE’VE SEEN

красЏвый красЏвая (Feminine)
мой моЏ (Plural)
(3.Ё, 6.Б, 9.Г) Gender and number in nouns, possessives/demonstratives, and adjectives
All nouns, possessives, and adjectives are marked for gender and number. As a general rule (to be revised), Masculine nouns
end in a consonant (рюкзЌк, словЌрь), Neuter nouns end in -о (пальтђ), and Feminine nouns end in -a (сестрЌ). The
plural ending for Masculine and Feminine nouns is -{I} (ключЏ):
SINGULAR PLURAL
MASCULINE NEUTER FEMININE (MASC & FEM)
-∅ (consonant) -о -а -{I}
рюкзЌк пальтђ сестрЌ ключЏ
словЌрь фотоаппарЌты
Endings for possessives and adjectives that we’ve seen so far:
SINGULAR PLURAL
Masculine Neuter Feminine (Masc & Fem)
Possessives: мой моё мој моЏ
красЏвый красЏвая
Adjectives: млЌдший (haven’t seen yet) млЌдшая (haven’t seen yet)
11-5
(4.А) Frozen іто constructions
There are several very common phrases which involve the frozen (unchanging) form іто. It is best to learn the patterns,
rather than to try to figure out the exact translation of іто:
QUESTIONS RESPONSES / STATEMENTS

Љто мой брат
Кто іто?
Љто мој сестрЌ.
Љто фотоаппарЌт.
Что іто?
Љто холодЏльник
Да, іто мой брат.
Љто твой брат?
Нет, іто не мой брат, іто мој собЌка.
Љто ты? Да, іто я.

Нет, іто Љлвис ПрЎсли.
(4.Б, 6.А) Word order
For reasons we’ll discuss at length in the next chapter, word order in Russian is freer than in English:Both Кто іто? and Љто
кто? are possible, with no significant change in meaning.
(5.В) Personal Pronouns
PERSON SINGULAR PLURAL

1st я мы
nd
2 ты (informal) вы (pl & informal sg)
он
rd
3 онЌ онЏ
онђ
(6.В) Negation
Put the negative particle не in front of the word to be negated: Мой брат не рабђтает, он ѓчится; Я не всё понимЌю.
Sometimes не attaches directly to the adjective: Он неплохђй актёр.
11-6
(6.Г, 9.А) Location endings
(Used after the prepositions в in; at and на on; at.)
DICTIONARY FORM LOCATION FORM

клуб в клѓбе
Most nouns: -е стол на столЎ
кнЏга на кнЏге
кафетЎрий в кафетЎрии
Ending in -ий, -ие, -ия: -ии. здЌние в здЌнии
РоссЏя в РоссЏи
ЗимбЌбве в ЗимбЌбве
Foreign nouns ending in -е, -и, МЌли в МЌли
-о, -у: no change. ЧикЌго в ЧикЌго
Гонолѓлу в Гонолѓлу
Some nouns in -ь: -и кровЌть на кровЌти
(7.А) Numbers 0-12
0 ноль 7 семь
1 одЏн 8 вђсемь
2 два 9 дЎвять
3 три 10 дЎсять
4 четѕре (‘ы’ sandwich) 11 одЏннадцать (11-19 suffix is -надцать)
5 пять (starting here, all numbers end in a -ь) 12 двенЌдцать
6 шесть
(8.А) The Past Tense
SINGULAR PLURAL
Masculine Feminine Neuter All genders
-л -ла -ло -ли
(я/ты/он) сказЌл (я/ты/онЌ) сказЌла (онђ) сказЌло (мы/вы/онЏ) сказЌли
(9.Е) Some Present Tense Endings
Note that there are two sets of endings for the Present Tense. For now, we’ll simply refer to them as Present Tense 1 and
Present Tense 2:
PRESENT TENSE 1 PRESENT TENSE 2

rd rd rd
3 singular 3 plural 3 singular 3rd plural
он живёт онЏ живѓт ѓхо болЏт ѓши болјт
сын рабђтает родЏтели рабђтают МЌша лежЏт ключЏ лежЌт
11-7
(1.Б, 10.Г) The verb be in Russian
There is no Present Tense of the verb be: Я америкЌнец. I am an American.

A hyphen is sometimes used: Мой брат – адвокЌт. My brother is a lawyer.
In the Past Tense, the stem is бы+, to which is added the appropriate Past ending. The stress moves to the ending for the
Feminine Singular only:
SINGULAR PLURAL
Masculine Feminine Neuter All forms
был былЌ бѕло бѕли
(10.B) Omitting obvious possessives
Possessives are often omitted when describing body parts (as well as family relations): Живђт болЏт My stomach hurts.
11-8
) Class will consist of a review of everything. Bring any questions about anything.
Exercise 1 We STRONGLY suggest that you spend around 20-25 minutes listening to all the
previous dialogues. Make sure you know all the vocabulary listed at the end of this review
lesson.
" Exercise 2 Represent the basic sounds in the following words:
Example: вЏдeла вь{I}дь{E}л{A}

eм й{E}м
1. спасЏбо ____________________________________________
2. твой ____________________________________________
3. твој ____________________________________________
4. живёт ____________________________________________
понимЌeт ____________________________________________
5.
(same verb ending as in 4)
6. большђe ____________________________________________
хорђшee ____________________________________________
7.
(same adj. ending as in 6)
8. Лїба ____________________________________________
9. пьют ____________________________________________
10. ИвЌн ____________________________________________
11. окнђ ____________________________________________
здЌниe ____________________________________________
12.
(same noun ending as in 11)
" Exercise 3 Answer the following questions.
1. What sound is represented by the third letter in the word ден? Explain your answer.
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the second basic sound in the word мя ? Explain your answer.
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
11-9
" Exercise 4 Correct the violations of spelling rules (not all words have violations):
1. гытЌра _________________________________ 2. жјба _________________________________

3. Ѓльцин _________________________________ 4. хорђшый _________________________________
5. Хрущёв _________________________________ 6. щѕт _________________________________
7. дорогёй _________________________________ 8. чїдо _________________________________
9. лѓчшое _________________________________ 10. кем _________________________________
" Exercise 5 Explain any ‘misleading’ spelling combinations (inherently hard consonants
followed by a Soft-indicating vowel, or vice versa)
1. шесть _________________________________ 2. ничегђ _________________________________

3. щадЏть _________________________________ 4. женЌ _________________________________
5. большђй _________________________________ 6. кем _________________________________
7. щѓка _________________________________ 8. цыгЌн _________________________________
9. жир _________________________________ 10. плЎчи _________________________________
" Exercise 6 Translate into Russian (Before doing this exercise, you may want to look over the
dialogues in lessons 1-11 to review fixed expressions):
1. − Hi, what’s new? − Don’t ask.
___________________________________________________________________________________
2. My younger sister is a lawyer. Her husband is a doctor.
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
3. What’s your name? My name is (appropriate response).
___________________________________________________________________________________
4. Tea, please. This isn’t tea, this is coffee. What did I say? I said ‘tea’!
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
5. − Thank you. − Don’t mention it.
___________________________________________________________________________________
11-10
Vocabulary: Lessons 1 - 11
Nouns and Pronouns 6 программЏст computer programmer

8 рeсторЌн restaurant
5 адвокЌт lawyer 5 родЏтeли parents (always pl in Russian)
8 амeрикЌнeц American (noun, masc; note: not capitalized) 4 сeстрЌ sister
8 амeрикЌнка American (noun, Fem; note: not capitalized) 4 собЌка dog
3 бар bar 9 стол table
4 брат brother (just think of ‘brat’) на столЎ on the table (*note stress is on ending)
3 клуб club 4 сын son
в клѓбe in a/the club 4 ты you (informal)
9 вђдка vodka 9 холодЏльник refrigerator
5 врач doctor 10 ѓши ears (sg. is ѓхо)
6 всё everything 9 фотоаппарЌт camera (this word has secondary stress on the first ‘o’: it
5 вы you sounds like /o/)
10 головЌ head 4 фотогрЌфия photograph
6 гЎний genius 8 чай tea
4 дЎрево tree 4 что what
9 дивЌн sofa; couch 4 я I (me as in: ‘It’s me’)
4 дочь daughter
3 дЎвушка girl, young woman
4 дЎрево tree Verbs
6 дЎти children
4 eгђ his 5 бѕли were (pl)
6 eё her (possessive); hers 10 болЏт hurts; aches (3sg; only 3rd person is used with this verb)
4 жeнЌ wife 10 болјт hurt; ache (3pl)
10 живђт stomach 5 живёт he/she lives
6 инжeнЎр engineer 5 живѓт they live
6 их their 9 лeжЌт they are (lying, in a flat position)
8 кђфe coffee 9 лeжЏт it is (lying, in a flat position)
9 ключ key 6 пeрeпѓтал/а (you) mixed up (masc/fem)
ключЏ keys (*note stress is on ending) 8 понимЌeтe (you - sg-formal / pl) understand
4 кот cat 6 понимЌю (I) understand
11 кошмЌр nightmare (from the French cauchemar) 6 рабђтаeт (s/he) works
какђй кошмЌр! what a nightmare! 8 сказЌл said (Past Tense, Masc)
9 кровЌть (Fem) bed (not to be confused with the French word for necktie) 8 сказЌла said (Past Tense, Fem)
на кровЌти on the bed 11 случЏлось happened (implies something negative)
11 курс course; class 6 ѓчится в … (s/he) is a student at; goes to (school at) …
11 курс рѓсского языкЌ Russian course (lit.: course of Russian language)
4 мать mother
4 муж husband
1 нахЌл jerk, rude person (male)
1 нахЌлка jerk, rude person (female)
7 нђмeр telephone number
3 он he
3 онЌ she
5 онЏ they
4 отЎц father
9 пальтђ overcoat
3 пЌрень guy
11-11
Adjectives, Possessives, and Adverbs 3 мeнј зовѓт + (first My name is … (lit.: ‘they call me …’)
5 ваш, вЌше, вЌша, your (pl or Formal sg) name)
1 мнe нЎкогда I’m in a hurry; I have to run (lit: ‘to me there is no time’)
вЌши 7 мђжно + 1st name in -у May I speak to …
10 вчeрЌ yesterday 9 на on
10 дЌжe even 11 нe говорЏ tell me about it; you can say that again (lit.: don’t say that)
3 довђльно quite, rather, pretty (adv.) 8 нЎ за что (response to спасЏбо) don’t mention it (lit.: There isn’t
9 здесь here anything (to thank me) for)
3 красЏвая attractive; good-looking (Feminine) 1 нe спрЌшивай don’t ask
3 красЏвый attractive; good-looking (Masculine) 4 нeт no
5 млЌдший younger (masc) 1, 8 ничегђ 1) not too bad
4 мой, моё, мој, моЏ my (fem.) 2) don’t worry about it; it’s nothing (lit.: ‘nothing’)
6 ничeгђ сeбЎ very impressive! wow! not bad!
6 навЎрно probably 1 ну, … well, …
4 наш, нЌше, нЌша, our (masc) 10 ну ты даёшь! you are really something!
нЌши 4 ой! oh!
2 неплђхо not bad 3 отвяжЏсь! get lost!
7 нe тот the wrong (lit.: not that) 3 отстЌньтe от мeнј! Leave me alone! (lit.: ‘stand away from me’)
6 опјть again 8 пожЌлуйста 1) here you go (worker giving something to customer)
8 плђхо poorly 2) please
11 прђсто (it’s) just; simply 3) you’re welcome
стЌрший 1 покЌ (see you) later
9 по-мђeму I think; in my opinion (don’t leave out the hyphen!)
9 там there 11 почeмѓ why
4 твой, твоё, твој, твоЏ your (masc., informal) 1 привЎт hi (used only with friends and family)
2, 5 хорошђ good, well, OK, all right 8 спасЏбо thank you (there is no way to shorten this word, despite the
best efforts of American students)
1 тЌк сeбе so-so (this is somewhat negative)
9 ты нe вЏдeл/а did you (happen to) see (Masc/Fem)
Expressions & Misc. 3 ты шѓтишь? are you joking? (Informal)
1 а у тeбј? how about you? (lit: ‘and by you?’) 4 что іто? What’s this/that?; What are those?
7 аллђ hello? (only used when answering phone) 1 что слѕшно? what’s up?; what’s new? (lit.: ‘what is audible?’)
9 ах! (expresses dismay) 10 что с тобђй? what’s (wrong) with you?
8 вот вам X (handing something to someone) here’s your X; Here’s a X for 4 іто X (person or thing) this/that/it is (a) X
you. 4 іто нe X (person or this isn’t/that’s not (a) X
7 Вы нe тот нђмeр You’ve got (= dialed) the wrong number thing)
набрЌли. 10 јсно clear; understandable
1 грeх жЌловаться I can’t complain (lit: ‘(it’s) a sin to complain’) 10 я плђхо сeбј I don’t feel well
5 да yes чѓвствую
1 до свидЌния good-bye (lit.: until meeting) 8 я понимЌю по-рѓсски I understand Russian (don’t leave out the hyphen!)
9 жe (adds emphasis to preceding word)
2 здрЌвствуй hi (informal; = привЎт [privét]) *first ‘в’ [v] not pronounced
3 здрЌвствуйтe Hello
5 знЌчит so … (lit.: it means …)
1, 4 извинЏ excuse me; pardon me; I’m sorry
извинЏ, рЌди Бђга I’m really sorry (рЌди Бђга − lit.: ‘for the sake of God’ − adds
emphasis to the apology)
3 как eгђ/её зовѓт? What’s his/her name?(lit.: ‘how do they call him/her?’)
как вас зовѓт?
3 What’s your name? (Formal/ (Informal)
как тeбј зовѓт?
1 как дeлЌ? how’s it going? how are things?
10 как іто? how is that possible; what do you mean?
3 кто іто? Who’s that/this?
1 лЌдно OK; all right
11-12
Dialogues: A: “Whose book is this?”; Б: “Whose
horse is this?”; В: “Whose pencil is
this?”; Г: “Whose beer is this?”
Grammar: The anatomy of nouns and possessives:
Stem + Ending
Gender of nouns ending in -ь
Wimpy possessives and bossy nouns
Чей, чьё, чья whose
Forming possessives from first names
in -{A}
Диалђги
From now on we will bold new vocabulary as it is introduced in the dialogues
А. Чья іто кнЏга? Whose book is this?
(ГЌля takes a book)
МЏша: 1 Что ты дЎлаeшь? Љто мој кнЏга. What are you doing? That’s my book.
ГЌля: 2 О чём ты говорЏшь? ОнЌ мој. What are you talking about? It’s mine.
МЏша: 3 МЌма, чья іто кнЏга? Мој Џли ГЌлина? Mom, whose book is this? Mine or Galya’s?
МЌма: 4 Нe твој и нe ГЌлина. Љто мој кнЏга! It’s not yours and it’s not Galya’s. It’s my
book!
Б. Чья іто лђшадь? Whose horse is this?

(Лёша takes a horse outside a saloon)
КЌтя: 5 Что ты дЎлаeшь? Љто мој лђшадь. What are you doing? That’s my horse.
Лёша: 6 О чём ты говорЏшь? ОнЌ мој. What are you talking about? It’s mine.
КЌтя: 7 ПЌпа, чья іто лђшадь? Мој Џли Лёшина? Dad, whose horse is this? Mine or Lyosha’s?
ПЌпа: 8 Нe твој и нe Лёшина. Љто мој лђшадь! It’s not yours and it’s not Lyosha’s. It’s my
horse!
В. Чей іто карандЌш? Whose pencil is this?

(ДЏма takes a pencil)
ЖЎня: 9 Что ты дЎлаeшь? Љто мой карандЌш. What are you doing? That’s my pencil.
ДЏма: 10 О чём ты говорЏшь? Он мой. What are you talking about? It’s mine.
ЖЎня: 11 МЌма, чeй іто карандЌш? Мой Џли ДЏмин? Mom, whose pencil is this? Mine or Dima’s?
МЌма: 12 Нe твой и нe ДЏмин. Љто мой карандЌш! It’s not yours and it’s not Dima’s. It’s my
pencil!
Г. Чьё іто пЏво? Whose beer is this?

(Сђня starts drinking a beer)
Бђря: 13 Что ты дЎлаeшь? Љто моё пЏво. What are you doing? That’s my beer.
Сђня: 14 О чём ты говорЏшь? Онђ моё. What are you talking about? It’s mine.
Бђря: 15 ПЌпа, чьё іто пЏво. Моё Џли Сђнино? Dad, whose beer is this? Mine or Sonya’s?
ПЌпа: 16 Нe твоё и нe Сђнино. Љто моё пЏво! It’s not yours and it’s not Sonya’s. It’s my beer!
12-1
СловЌрь
1 дЎлаeшь do/make; are doing/making (ты-form)
1 кнЏга book
2 о чём ты говорЏшь? what are you talking about?
3 чей+ (е): чeй, чьё, чья whose (M, F, N) (We’ll explain what the (e) means in an upcoming lesson.)
3 Џли or
5 лђшадь horse (F)
9 карандЌш pencil
13 пЏво beer
Other Nouns you should learn:

Masculine Neuter Feminine Feminine in -ь
журнЌл magazine мѕло soap газЎта newspaper мышь mouse
словЌрь dictionary печЎнье cookie спЌльня bedroom дверь door
ружьё rifle
[ [ [
12.А The Anatomy of Nouns and Possessives: STEM + ENDING
Every noun and possessive in Russian consists of a Stem (which must end in a consonant, C) + an Ending
(which must begin in a vowel, V). Some nouns and possessives have a zero ending (-∅), i.e. consist of just a
stem – and therefore end in a consonant.
There are exactly 3 possible endings for singular nouns and possessives: -∅, -{A}, -{O}1. The various spellings
of the ending (‘C’ or Cь’; ‘а’or ‘я’; ‘о’or ‘ё’ or ‘e’) depend on: 1) the quality (hard or soft) of the final
consonant of the stem; 2) stress (for ‘о’ vs. ‘ё’, as well as ‘ё’ vs. ‘e’); 3) spelling rules (covered in Lesson 7)
As we’ve already discussed, Russian nouns and possessives (and adjectives – next lesson) are marked for gender
(and number – also next lesson). There are 3 genders in Russian: Masculine, Feminine, and Neuter, which you
can usually determine based on the ending of the noun. The only nouns whose you can’t tell for sure are those
that end in ь. Still, there are some clues even for these nouns, which we’ll discuss later.
Masculine Feminine Neuter

∅ (Consonant or ь) {A} or ь {O}
журнЌл сестрЌ пЏво
1
When you see a noun or possessive that ends in -e, what you really have is the ending {O}, leaving aside forms like пЌркe,
which impart a different meaning (location).
12-2
Grammar Lesson 12
словЌрь спЌльня ружьё

лђшадь печЎнье
Examples of stem + ending
Nouns:
GENDER STEM + ENDING = FULL WORD

(MUST END IN C) (MUST BEGIN IN V)
MASC брат+ брат
-∅
словЌрь+ словЌрь
NEUT пЏв+ пЏво
ь
мђр + мђре
-{O}
ружьй+ ружьё
здЌний+ здЌниe (й+{O} is spelled e/ё)
FEM кнЏг+ кнЏга
спЌльнь+ -{A} спЌльня
лђшадь+ -∅ (ь) лђшадь
Possessive share the same endings as noun (so far):
Possessives:
GENDER STEM + ENDING = FULL WORD

(MUST END IN C) (MUST BEGIN IN V)
мой
MASC -∅
наш
мой+΄ мој (й + {A} = я)
FEM -{A}
нЌша
нЌш+ моё (й + {O} = ё/e)
NEUT -{O}
нЌшe
12-3
12.Б The Gender of Nouns Ending in -ь
How can you determine the gender of a noun ending in -ь? Two answers: Sometimes you can tell, sometimes
you can’t.
ALWAYS MASCULINE ALWAYS FEMININE CAN’T PREDICT

(based on meaning) (based on form)
If the noun refers to a If the noun ends in HUSHER Need to memorize gender
profession, in which case the (‘ж, ш, ч, щ’) + -ь. when you learn the noun. (We
word will often end in -тель. suggest you write it into your
There are quite a lot of these. vocab index cards in phrases
with modifiers of the correct
gender)
учЏтeль (teacher) рожь rye словЌрь, рубль (ruble) (M)
руководЏтeль (leader) мышь лђшадь, двeрь (F)
писЌтeль (writer) дочь (Not surprisingly, мать is
водЏтeль (driver) вeщь thing Feminine. Also, abstract nouns
tend to be Feminine: любђвь
(love), жизнь (life))
Eventually, combinations like мой словЌрь and мој лђшадь should start “sounding better” to you than
мој словЌрь and мой лђшадь.
So, anytime we give you a “can’t-predict” noun we’ll indicate the gender.
12-4
Grammar Lesson 12
12.В Wimpy Possessives and Bossy Nouns
Wоrd like кнЏга, лђшадь, кѓхня, нахЌлка, etc. are always Feminine. They’re just “born” that way – and they
never change. The same holds for карандЌш, нахЌл, брат, etc. being “born” Masculine and пЏво, письмђ,
печЎнье, etc. being ‘born’ Neuter.
Possessives (and adjectives), on the other hand, are not “born” any particular gender – they just agree with the
noun they are modifying. So if someone asks you how to say our in Russian, you have to break the news to them
that there are several answers: наш (брат), нЌша (сeстрЌ), нЌшe (пЏво). For some reason, dictionaries only list
the first of these, the Masculine singular (not very politically correct, we know). Perhaps the best answer to give
would be: ‘наш+ plus appropriate ending’, but that tends to be a bit hard to express. Still, keep in mind that
possessives (and all adjectives) are wimps – they just take on whatever form they’re told to by the noun.
We’re We’re
Masculine! Feminine!

мой карандЌш мој кнЏга
Whatever Whatever you
you say, sir! say, ma’am!
We’re
Neuter!
2
моё ѓхо
Whatever you say,
your Neuter-ness!
** Remember: the 3rd person possessives (eгђ, eё, их) NEVER change, regardless of gender and number:
No, No,
We’re Feminine! Neuter!
Masculine!
2
егђ/её/их карандЌш / кнЏга / ѓхо
Your point
being …?
12-5
Put the possessive in the correct form (depending on the gender of the noun). (Note that you
don’t need to know the meaning of the noun, just the gender based on the ending):
Example: кнЏга (my) ➯ Љто мој кнЏга.
1. кнЏга (our) 2. брат (your – pl) 3. пЏво (his) 4. фотоаппарЌт (their)

5. пeчЎньe (her) 6. журнЌл (my) 7. јблоко (apple) (my) 8. мать (your – sg)
9. отЎц (her) 10. тeлeвЏзор (TV) (our) 11. фотогрЌфия (his) 12. кот (my)
13. дочь (your – sg) 14. холодЏльник (her) 15. сЎрдцe (heart) (my) 16. карандЌш (his)
12.Г Чей / Чьё / Чья whose
Here are the Masculine, Neuter, and Feminine forms of the question word whose:
STEM + ENDING = FULL WORD

-∅ (Masc) чeй
чей+ -{O} (Neut) чьё (й{O} = ё/e)
-{A} (Fem) чья (й{A} = я)
For now, it’s best to just memorize the three forms. We’ll explain later on why the Masculine begins with че-,
while the Neuter and Feminine begin with чь-.
) Every form of whose except the dictionary form (Masculine) begins with the letters чь-.
With чeй, чьё, чья we find another ‘frozen іто’ construction – Чeй іто карандЌш?, Чьё іто пЏво?, Чья іто
кнЏга? Note that while the іто is frozen, the question word чeй, чьё, чья still agrees with the noun.
/ Й+
AGREEING FORM OF ЧЕ FROZEN ЉТО NOUN
Чeй карандЌш ? Whose pencil is this/that?
Чьё іто пЏво ? Whose beer is this/that?
Чья кнЏга ? Whose book is this/that?
agree in gender
12-6
Grammar Lesson 12
Form a question as seen in the examples:
Example: пЏво ➯ Чьё іто пЏво?
1. пЏво 2. вђдка 3. брат 4. дочь

5. газЎта 6. словЌрь 7. холодЏльник 8. лђшадь
9. карандЌш 10. мѕло 11. журнЌл 12. колбасЌ (sausage)
13. сигарЎта 14. отЎц 15. пeчЎньe 16. мать
12.Д Forming Possessive From First Names in {A}

ГЌлина кнЏга (3)
Now that we know how to ask to whom something belongs, here’s how to answer. To form a possessive from a
first name (which MUST end in {A} – don’t worry, we only let you pick names that end in {A}), you should:
1) Nuke the -{A} 2) Add the suffix -ин- 3) Add the appropriate ending to match the
noun modified (-∅, -{A}, -{O})
КЌтин муж Katya’s husband
КЌтя КЌт-ин- КЌтино пЏво Katya’s beer
КЌтина сeстрЌ Katya’s sister
МЏшин отЎц Misha’s father
МЏша МЏш-ин- МЏшино пальтђ Misha’s coat
МЏшина жeнЌ Misha’s wife
ЗЏнин карандЌш Zina’s pencil
ЗЏна ЗЏн-ин- ЗЏнино ѓхо Zina's ear
ЗЏнина кнЏга Zina’s book
For some reason, students often want to add the soft endings (я, е) to these forms. Use the hard endings (а, о)
Form sentences using possessives:
Example: сын (ВЎра) ➯ Љто ВЎрин сын.
1. сeстрЌ (МЏша) 2. брат (МарЏна) 3. лђшадь (ТЌня) 4. винђ (Кђстя)

5. чай (ВЎра) 6. дивЌн (Сeрёжа) 7. пальтђ (Ђся) 8. дочь (Њра)
9. холодЏльник (ВЏтя) 10. муж (Ѕнна) 11. отЎц (ВЏка) 12. жeнЌ (ПЎтя)
13. собЌка (МЌрта) 14. стЌршая сeстрЌ (Іля) 15. млЌдший брат (Бђря) 16. пЏво (Ѕра)
12-7
Form questions and provide answers as seen in the example:
Example: кнЏга (his) ➯ Чья іто кнЏга? Љто eгђ кнЏга.

брат (Яша) ➯ Чeй іто брат? Љто Ћшин брат.
1. журнЌл (your – sg) 2. сeстрЌ (his) 3. брат (their) 4. фотогрЌфия (ДЌша)

5. пЏво (my) 6. гитЌра (her) 7. гарЌж (your – sg) 8. сѓмка (purse) (my)
9. јблоко (apple) (his) 10. дочь (our) 11. газЎта (her) 12. зђлото (gold) (Кђля)
13. пЌспорт (МЌрта) 14. рѓчка (pen) (my) 15. мышь (their) 16. словЌрь (your – pl)
12-8
" Exercise 1 Identify (when possible) the gender of a noun. Write ?? if you can’t be sure – this
applies only to words we have not had. You should know the gender of all the words we’ve had:
Example: карандЌш M
кнЏга F
слђво N
ројль ??
1. журнЌл ______ 2. мать ______ 3. сЎрдцe ______ 4. двeрь ______
5. дeрЎвня ______ 6. словЌрь ______ 7. вeщь ______ 8. окнђ ______
9. гЎний ______ 10. статьј ______ 11. здЌниe ______ 12. мышь ______
13. нож ______ 14. газЎта ______ 15. пeчЎньe ______ 16. дeнь ______
17. нос ______ 18. лђшадь ______ 19. письмђ ______ 20. кот ______
" Exercise 2 Form questions and answers as seen in the example:
Example: кнЏга (my) ➯ Чья іто кнЏга? Љто мој кнЏга.

пЏво (МЏша) ➯ Чьё іто пЏво? Љто МЏшино пЏво.
1. вђдка (his)
________________________________________________________________________________________
2. мѕло (soap) (your – Formal)
________________________________________________________________________________________
3. журнЌл (ТЌня)
________________________________________________________________________________________
4. машЏна (car) (our)
________________________________________________________________________________________
5. јблоко (apple) (her)
________________________________________________________________________________________
6. собЌка (Лёва)
________________________________________________________________________________________
7. словЌрь (my)
________________________________________________________________________________________
12-9
8. рЌдио (Ѕра)
________________________________________________________________________________________
9. компьїтeр (your – Informal)
________________________________________________________________________________________
10. сѓмка purse (СвЎта)
________________________________________________________________________________________
11. кђшка (their)
________________________________________________________________________________________
12. профЎссор (our)
________________________________________________________________________________________
12-10
Dialogues: A: “He's a bad actor”; Б: “She's a bad
singer”; В: “What an awesome building!”
Grammar: Adjectives:
- Hard and soft stems
- End-stressed adjectives
- Adjectives with вы
Диалђги
А. Он плохђй актёр He’s a bad actor
(Ђня and Вђва are watching тeлeвЏзор. Вђва changes the channel)
Ђня: 1 Что ты дЎлаeшь? Љто жe КeЌну Ривз. Он What are you doing? That’s Keanu Reeves for
2 большЌя звездЌ. heaven’s sake. He’s a big star.
Вђва: 3 Ну и что? Он срЎдний, нeт, он плохђй актёр. So what? He’s an average, no, he’s a bad
actor.
Ђня: 4 О чём ты говорЏшь? Он ђчeнь хорђший, What are you talking about? He’s a very good,
5 талЌнтливый актёр. talented actor.
Б. ОнЌ плохЌя певЏца She’s a bad singer

(НикЏта and МЌша are watching МТВ. МЌша changes the station)
НикЏта: 6 Что ты дЎлаeшь? Љто жe БрЏтни Спирс. ОнЌ What are you doing? That’s Britney Spears for
7 большЌя звездЌ. heaven’s sake. She’s a big star.
МЌша: 8 Ну и что? ОнЌ срЎдняя, нeт, онЌ плохЌя пeвЏца. So what? She’s an average, no, she’s a bad
singer.
НикЏта: 9 О чём ты говорЏшь? ОнЌ ђчeнь хорђшая, What are you talking about? She’s a very good,
10 талЌнтливая пeвЏца. talented singer.
В. Какђе отлЏчное здЌние! What an awesome building!
(ТЌня and Волђдя are watching тeлeвЏзор. Волђдя changes the channel)
ТЌня: 11 Что ты дЎлаeшь? Љто жe ФЏлип Джђнсон. What are you doing? That’s Philip Johnson for
heaven’s sake.
Волђдя: 12 Ну и что? Он срЎдний, нeт, он бeздЌрный So what? He’s an average, no, he’s a talentless
13 архитЎктор. (no-talent) architect.
ТЌня: 14 О чём ты говорЏшь? Егђ послЎднee здЌниe What are you talking about? His last building
15 ђчeнь интeрЎсноe. КакђeЉто отлЏчное здЌниe! is really interesting. What an awesome
(excellent) building!
Волђдя: 16 ИнтeрЎсноe? ОтлЏчноe? Ты шѓтишь. Љто Interesting? Awesome (Excellent)? You’re
17 прђсто кошмЌр. joking. It’s just a nightmare.
13-1
СловЌрь
2 большђй Big
2 звездЌ star (either the ones in the sky or in People magazine)
3 ну и что? so what?; who cares?; big deal!
ь
3 срЎдний (note: soft н ) average; fair; nothing special; middle
3 плохђй Bad
3 актёр actor
актрЏса actress
4 хорђший good (note stress is on second syllable, unlike the adverbial form хорошђ)
5 талЌнтливый Talented
8 пeвЏца singer (female)
пeвЎц (e) singer (male)
12 бeздЌрный talentless; no-talent
13 архитЎктор Architect
ь
14 послЎдний (note soft н ) last; final
14 здЌниe Building
15 интeрЎсный Interesting
15 отлЏчный awesome; excellent
[ [ [
13-2
Grammar Lesson 13
13.А Adjectives
13.А.1 Hard and Soft Stems
Just as some nouns are “born” masculine (журнЌл), neuter (пЏво) or feminine (кнЏга), some adjectives are born
hard (нђв+, интeрЎсн+) while others are born soft (срЎднь+, послЎднь+). In general, there are not very many
soft-stem adjectives, though their forms are spelled exactly as predicted.
There are a lot of adjectives whose stems end in a spelling-rule letter: the velars ‘к, г, х’ and the hushers ‘ж, ш, ч,
щ’. Don’t accidentally write the wrong vowel letter after them (a very common mistake)!
To adjective stems (all ending in a consonant ) the following endings (beginning with vowel) are added. Note
that while the endings themselves remain the same, the spelling varies depending on:
1) the quality of the final consonant of the stem (hard нђв+ vs. soft послЎднь+); and
2) spelling rules (see Lesson 7 for review)
Adjectives (Singular)
ADJECTIVE STEM MASCULINE NEUTER FEMININE

TYPE -{I}й -{O}e -{A}я
HARD нђв+ нђвый нђвое нђвая
VELAR рѓсск+ рѓсский рѓсское рѓсская
HUSHER хорђш+ хорђший хорђшее хорђшая
ь
SOFT срЎдн + срЎдний срЎднее срЎдняя
Just as with possessives (see 12.А, 12.В), the endings on the adjectives depend solely on the noun they are
modifying:
MASCULINE NEUTER FEMININE

нђвый журнЌл нђвое мѕло нђвая двЎрь
рѓсский актёр рѓсское пЏво рѓсская актрЏса
хорђший певЎц хорђшее печЎнье хорђшая певЏца
срЎдний словЌрь срЎднее здЌние срЎдняя кнЏга
13-3
Pay attention to the agreement of adjective and noun. A long, but important exercise:
Example: нђвый журнЌл ⇒ Љто нђвый журнЌл
1. нђвый журнЌл 2. нђвое здЌниe 3. нђвая газЎта

4. красЏвая дЎвушка 5. красЏвое здЌние 6. красЏвый пЌрень
7. хорђший певЎц 8. хорђшая певЏца 9. хорђшее пЏво
10. плохђй профЎссор 11. плохђе винђ 12. плохЌя актрЏса
13. интерЎсня кнЏга 14. интерЎсный актёр 15. интерЎсное письмђ
16. срЎднее пЏво 17. срЎдняя актрЏса 18. срЎдний актёр
19. послЎдний концЎрт 20. послЎднее здЌние 21. послЎдняя кнЏга
22. бездЌрная певЏца 23. бездЌрный певЎц 24. стЌрший брат
25. стЌршая сестрЌ 26. млЌдший брат 27. млЌдшая дочь
28. отлЏчное пЏво 29. птлЏчная певЏца 30. отлЏчный курс рѓсского языкЌ
13.А.2 End-Stressed Adjectives: Плохђй, Какђй

When the stress falls on the ending, all masculine adjectives take the ending -ђй. Here there are no spelling
variations. The spelling of the feminine and neuter adjectives will be -Ќя and -ђe, respectively. (There are no soft
end-stressed adjectives.) Also, you cannot predict which adjectives will be end-stressed; ya gotta memorize it.
End-stressed Adjectives
STEM MASCULINE NEUTER FEMININE

-ђй -ђе -Ќя
плох+΄ Какђй плохђй актёр! Какђe плохђe пЏво! КакЌя плохЌя актрЏса!
больш+΄ Какђй большђй кот! Какђе большђе здЌние КакЌя большЌя собЌка!
Note on all adjectives: Try not to confuse adjectival endings with the noun endings, especially the endings found
on possessives. Even though (мой, мој, моё) have an adjectival meaning, the endings are the same as for nouns.
Make an exclamation about the following nouns using the adjective какђй:
Example: пЏво (bad) ➯ Какђe плохђe пЏво!
1. пЏво (good) 2. актёр (talentless) 3. пeвЏца (talented) 4. профЎссор (good)

5. пЌрeнь (talented) 6. дЎвушка (attractive) 7. кнЏга (interesting) 8. винђ (excellent)
9. словЌрь (big ) 10. здЌниe (interesting) 11. мышь (big) 12. сын (bad)
13. дочь (good) 14. мать (bad) 15. отЎц (bad) 16. чай (delicious)
13-4
Grammar Lesson 13
Give a contradictory response. Read aloud both the question and the response:
Example: Он хорђший актёр? ➯ Нeт, он плохђй актёр.

Љто твој млЌдшая сeстрЌ? ➯ Нeт, іто мој стЌршая сeстрЌ.
1. ОнЌ хорђшая пeвЏца? 2. МЏша плохђй сын? 3. СЌша бeздЌрная актрЏса?

4. Љто твој стЌршая сeстрЌ? 5. Љто твой млЌдший брат? 6. Мадђнна талЌнтливая пeвЏца?
7. Љто твој млЌдшая дочь? 8. ФЌбио талЌнтливый актёр? 9. Он хорђший профЎссор?
13.А.3 Adjectives with Вы

If Lesson 8 we saw that with вы а plural verb is used, whether you are addressing one person or 100 people:
You (100 guys) mixed up everything.

Вы всё перепѓтали.
You (one stupid professor) mixed up everything.
With adjectives, however, you must use a singular form when addressing just one person in вы:
Вы (ВЎра) ђчень красЏвая. You (Vera) are very beautiful (attractive).

Вы (ВладЏмир) бездЌрный. You (Vladmir) are talentless.
(When вы is used to address more than one person, use a plural form of the adjective, which we will learn in
Lesson 15.)
Translate into Russian. Assume that you are speaking to one person with whom you use вы.
1. You (male) are very talented. 2. You (female) are very talented. 3. You (male) are very interesting.
4. You (female) are very 5. You (female) are very 6. You (male) are very attractive.
interesting. attractive.
13-5
" Exercise 1 Add the appropriate endings. Write in ∅ for a zero-ending and add stress marks
where appropriate. (Don’t confuse adjective and noun endings. Be sure to read
the entire sentence before you start filling things in!):
1. Мо_____ млЌдш________ брат ђчeнь плох_________ актёр.
2. Как___________ хорђш___________ здЌниe!
3. Ваш_________ стЌрш___________ дочь срЎдн___________ пeвЏца.
4. Как__________ отлЏчн_______________ фильм_______!
5. Как_________ бeздЌрн______________ врач_______!
6. Егђ______ послЎдн__________ пЎсня (song) ђчeнь хорђш____________ .
7. Её_________ послЎдн____________ фильм ђчeнь плох_____________ .
8. МЏшин_________ послЎдн__________ здЌниe ђчeнь интeрЎсн____________ .
9. Тво__________ млЌдш________ сeстрЌ ђчeнь красЏв___________ .
10. По-мђeму, МЌшин__________ послЎдн________ кнЏга срЎдн___________ .
11. Наш________ профЎссор ђчeнь срЎдн______________ пeвЎц_______
12. Лїбин_________ сeстрЌ ђчень интeрЎсн_____________ дЎвушк_______!
13. Вы (male) бездЌрн____________.
14. Вы (female) интерЎсн___________.
" Exercise 2 Insert an adjective (in the correct form) of your choice:
1. КeЌну Ривз _____________________________________________ актёр.
2. Мадђнна ________________________________________ пeвЏца.
3. МЏллер ____________________________________________ пЏво.
4. Пентагђн _____________________________________________ здЌниe.
5. Мадђнна ____________________________________________ актрЏса.
6. МЌйкл ДжЎксон ________________________________________ пeвЎц.
7. ___________________ (your choice) ______________________________________ унивeрситЎт.
8. «ГладиЌтор» _____________________________________________ фильм.
13-6
" Exercise 3 Give your opinion. Try to spell out some names in Cyrillic (and don’t forget to fill
in the endings):
1. По-мђeму, _________________________________________________ отлЏчн________ актёр.
2. По-мђeму, _________________________________________________ отлЏчн________ актрЏса.
3. По-мђeму, _________________________________________________ срЎдн________ пeвЎц.
4. По-мђeму, _________________________________________________ срЎдн________ пeвЏца.
5. По-мђeму, _________________________________________________ хорђш________ пЏво hypothetical
6. По-мђeму, _________________________________________________ плох________ фильм.
7. По-мђeму, _________________________________________________ отлЏчн________ фильм.
8. По-мђeму, _________________________________________________ красЏв________ здЌние.
13-7
Dialogues: A: “That backpack is old”; Б: “This beer
is warm”; В: “That pen is brand new”
Grammar: Frozen іто vs. the demonstrative ітот
- Forms of the demonstrative
- Meaning
Диалђги
А. Љтот рюкзЌк стЌрый... That backpack is old...
Бђря: 1 Гдe мой рюкзЌк? Он лeжЌл на кровЌти. Љто Where’s my backpack? It was lying on the bed.
2 ђчень хорђший рюкзЌк. Гдe жe он? It’s a really good backpack. Where IS it?
ЛЏля: 3 Вот он, на дивЌнe. There it is, on the sofa.
Бђря: 4 Нeт, іто нe мой рюкзЌк. Љтот рюкзЌк стЌрый, а No, that’s not my backpack. That backpack is
5 мой совсЎм нђвый. old, but mine is brand new.
Б. Љто пЏво тёплое... This beer is warm...

Ксїша 6 Гдe моё пЏво? Онђ бѕло в холодЏльникe. Љто Where’s my beer? It was in the refrigerator.
7 ђчeнь вкѓсноe пЏво. Гдe жe онђ? It’s really good (tasting) beer. Where IS it?
Слава 8 Вот онђ, на столЎ. There it is, on the table.
Ксїша 9 (touches the side of the bottle) Нeт, іто нe моё (touches the side of the bottle) No, this isn’t my
10 пЏво. Љто пЏво тёплоe, а моё бѕло совсЎм beer. This beer is warm, but my beer was really
11 холђдноe. cold.
В. Љта рѓчка совсЎм нђвая... That pen is brand new...

Рђма: 12 Гдe мој рѓчка? ОнЌ лeжЌла на столЎ. Љто мој Where’s my pen? It was lying on the table. It’s
13 любЏмая рѓчка. Гдe жe онЌ? my favorite pen? Where IS it?
ТамЌра: 14 Вот онЌ, на кнЏгe. There it is, on the book.
Рђма: 15 Нeт, іто нe мој рѓчка. Љта рѓчка совсЎм нђвая, No, that’s not my pen. That pen is brand new,
16 а мој былЌ ђчeнь стЌрая. but mine was really old.
СловЌрь
1 рюкзЌк backpack; rucksack
3 вот there (it is)
4 ітот / іто / іта this (one here); that (one there)
стЌрый old
5 совсЎм completely; really; totally
нђвый new (совсЎм нђвый best translates as brand new)
6 холодЏльник refrigerator
7 вкѓсный tasty; delicious
10 тёплый warm
11 холђдный cold (related word: холодЏльник)
12 рѓчка pen
13 любЏмый favorite
14-1
14.А “Frozen” Љто vs. the Demonstrative Љтот / Љто / Љта
We have seen the following phrases containing “frozen” іто, which does not change form regardless of the
gender or number of the noun referred to:
QUESTIONS RESPONSES / STATEMENTS

Что іто? Љто вђдка.
What’s this/that? This is/That’s vodka.
Кто іто. Љто МЏшин отЎц.

Who’s this/that? This is/That’s Misha’s father.
Љто вЌша рѓчка? & Да, іто мој рѓчка. ' Нeт, іто ВЎрина рѓчка.
Is this/that your pen? Yes, this is/that’s my pen. No, this is/that’s Vera’s pen.
Љто твой млЌдший сын? & Да, іто мой млЌдший сын. ' Нeт, іто мой стЌрший сын.
Is this/that your younger son? Yes, this is/that’s my younger son. No, this is/that’s not my older son.
Чeй іто фотоаппарЌт? Љто ГрЏшин фотоаппарЌт.

Whose camera is this/that? This is/That’s Grisha’s camera.
Чьё іто пЏво? Љто eё пЏво.

Whose beer is this/that? This is/That’s her beer.
Чья іто собЌка? Љто РЏтина собЌка.

Whose dog is this/that? This is/That’s Rita’s dog.
The demonstrative ітот is used to modify a particular noun. This word does reflect the gender (and number) of
the noun it is modifying. Here are the forms for the singular:
Forms of the Demonstrative (Singular)
MASCULINE NEUTER FEMININE

ітот іто іта
) Note that neuter demonstrative іто and frozen іто look exactly the same. You should be able
to tell from context which one it really is.
V Question: I can’t figure out the stem. From the neuter and feminine it looks like іт+, but
from the masculine it appears to be ітот+∅.
Answer: You’re right again. Actually, the Masculine should be just ‘эт’, but that
seemed too short, so they ‘tacked’ on an extra syllable. In the other forms you
don’t need this extra syllable, so you just add endings onto the stem іт+.
14-2
14.А.1 Meaning of Љтот

The demonstrative этот / іто / іта can be translated by several different (and seemingly contradictory) words in
English. For now, we’ll just look at one possible meaning. Often means этот / іто / іта this noun here (or, as
some would say, this here noun) and is often contrasted with another noun (as seen in the dialogue).
Compare:
DEMONSTRATIVE ЉТОТ, ЉТО, ЉТА FROZEN ЉТО (here as an answer to Что іто?)
Љтот рюкзЌк нђвый This (here) backpack is new. / Љто нђвый рюкзЌк This/That is a new backpack. /
Masc That (there) backpack is new. It’s a new backpack
Љто пЏво тёплоe This (here) beer is warm. / Љто тёплоe пЏво This/That is warm beer. /
Neut That (there) beer is warm. It’s warm beer.
Љта рѓчка стЌрая This (here) pen is old. / Љто стЌрая рѓчка This/That is an old pen /
Fem That (there) pen is old. It’s an old pen.
The phrases with the demonstrative strongly imply that another backpack / beer / pen exists (about which the
person will shortly comment), while the phrases with frozen іто are complete sentences and don’t imply the
existence of another similar item.
State that your noun is different from this here (that there) noun:
Example: пЏво (cold) ➯ Моё пЏво холђдноe, а іто пЏво тёплоe.
1. пЏво (cold) 2. чай (warm) 3. рѓчка (old)

4. словЌрь (good) 5. кђшка (good-looking) 6. собЌка (talented)
7. рюкзЌк (old) 8. машЏна (car) (good) 9. печЎнье (tasty)
Review of чей / чьё / чья. Form both question and answer:
Example: pen (my) ➯ Чья іто рѓчка? Љто мој рѓчка.
1. backpack (my) 2. pencil (ВЎра) 3. daughter (our) 4. beer (Рђдя)

5. pen (your – pl.) 6. newspaper (Њля) 7. camera (her) 8. horse (his)
9. rifle (ЖЎня) 10. cat (your – pl.) 11. door (their) 12. magazine (Кђля)
13. book (his) 14. dictionary (my) 15. dog (ВЎра) 16. soap (your – sing.)
14-3
Use of the adjective любЏмый. Object to someone’s ‘dissing’ your favorite noun. (Note the
difference in the response about things vs. people):
Examples: пЏво (not tasty) ➯− Љто нeвкѓсноe пЏво.

− О чём ты говорЏшь? Љто моё любЏмоe пЏво.
БрЏтни Сприс (no-talent singer) ➯ - БрЏнти Спирс бездЌрная певЏца.

- О чём ты говорЏшь? ОнЌ мој любЏмая певЏца
1. рюкзЌк (ugly) 2. ХЌррисон Форд (average actor) 3. винђ wine (not tasty)
4. Джђнни Дэпп (bad actor) 5. рѓчка (bad) 6. журнЌл (average)
7. Майкл Бђлтон (no-talent 8. пeчЎньe (not tasty) 9. ДЎми Мур (no-talent actress)
singer)
10. газЎта (bad) 11. машЏна car (average) 12. НЌтали Мёрчант (no-talent
singer)
14-4
" Exercise 1 Provide a contrast:
Example: Мој рѓчка ➯ Мој рѓчка нђвая, а іта рѓчка совсЎм стЌрая.
1. Мой стол
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. Мой профЎссор
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3. Моё пЏво
_______________________________________________________________________________________
4. Мој кнЏга
_______________________________________________________________________________________
5. Мой фотоаппарЌт
_______________________________________________________________________________________
6. Мой рюкзЌк
_______________________________________________________________________________________
7. Мој собЌка
_______________________________________________________________________________________
8. Моё здЌниe
_______________________________________________________________________________________
" Exercise 2 Fill in the blanks and answer as truthfully as you want:
1. Мо_____ любЏм________ фильм − __________________________________________________.
2. Мо_____ любЏм________ актёр − ___________________________________________________ .
3. Мо_____ любЏм________ актрЏса − ____________________________________________________.
4. Мо_____ любЏм________ пeвЏца − ____________________________________________________.
5. Мо_____ любЏм________ пЏво − _____________________________________________________.

(We know that none of you here have ever tried beer, so just pretend)
6. Мо_____ любЏм________ кнЏга − _________________________________________________.
7. Мо_____ любЏм________ здЌниe в _______________________ − ______________________________.

your town/university
14-5
" Exercise 3 Translate into English:
1. Љто нe мой дивЌн. Мой дивЌн стЌрый, а ітот дивЌн совсЎм нђвый.
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Чeй іто карандЌш? Љто Кђстин карандЌш.
________________________________________________________________________________________
3. − Он совсЎм бeздЌрный актёр. − Нe говорЏ.
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
1. − Where is my favorite pen? − It’s lying on the table.
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
2. − This (here) beer is warm. − What a nightmare!
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
3. − Excuse me. Is this your backpack? − Leave me alone.
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
4. − Whose book is this? − It’s Nina’s book.
________________________________________________________________________________________
14-6
Dialogues: A: “Where are my glasses?”
Б: “What are those buildings?”
Grammar: The plural of nouns
Nouns and stress
The plural of possessives and іто
The plural of adjectives
The many uses of какђй
Диалђги
А. Где моЏ очкЏ? Where are my glasses?
ФЎдя: 1 Гдe моЏ очкЏ? ОнЏ лeжЌли на кровЌти. Љто Where are my glasses? They were (lying) on
2 моЏ eдЏнствeнныe очкЏ. ОнЏ ђчeнь дорогЏe. the bed. They’re my only (pair of) glasses .
3 Гдe жe онЏ? They’re very expensive. Where ARE they?
РЏта: 4 По-мђeму, онЏ лeжЌт на столЎ. I think they’re (lying) on the table.
ФЎдя: 5 (Looks on the table) Нeт. Здeсь тђлько моЏ (Looks on the table) No, here there are just my
6 ключЏ, стЌрыe журнЌлы, и твоЏ пЏсьма. keys, old magazines, and your letters.
Б. КакЏе іто здЌния? What are those buildings?

(Touring Санкт-Петербѓрг)
Сђня: 7 Какђe іто здЌниe? What building is that?

Ћша: 8 Љто ЭрмитЌж. That’s the Hermitage
Сђня: 9 А какЏe іто здЌния? And what are those buildings?
Ћша: 10 СлЎва АкадЎмия наѓк, а спрЌва университЎт. On the left is the Academy of Sciences and on
the right is the university.
ВЏтя: 11 Нeт, ты всё пeрeпѓтал. СлЎва унинверситЎт, а No, you mixed everything up. The Academy of
12 спрЌва АкадЎмия наѓк. Sciences sis on the left and Clio is on the right.
СловЌрь
1 очкЏ (eye)glasses (always plural)
2 eдЏнствeнный only; sole (Related to одЏн – but be sure to write ‘e’ and not ‘o’)
2 дорогђй expensive; dear
5 тђлько only; nothing but; just
×
6 письмо letter (See below for explanation of stress mark.)
7 какђй which (one); what (kind of) (See grammar explanation.)
8 ЭрмитЌж Hermitage museum in Saint Petersburg
10 слЎва on the left; to the left
10 АкадЎмия наѓк Academy of Sciences (Note that only the first word in an official title is capitalized
in Russian.)
10 спрЌва on the right; to the right
10 университЎт university (Actually, in the USSR there were very few “universities”. Most
institutions of higher learning were called инститѓт. Since 1991 many former
инститѓты have changed to университЎты)
15-1
15.А The Plural of Nouns
We saw the plural of nouns previously in words like делЌ, родЏтели, and дЎти. Now let’s look at the complete picture.
Masculine and Feminine Plural Nouns:

-{I} ( -ы / -и)
FINAL CONSONANT SINGULAR PLURAL ENDING
OF STEM (dictionary form) -{I}
нахЌл нахЌлы
HARD (except all дивЌн дивЌны
spelling-rule letters but актрЏса актрЏсы -ы
‘ц’)
газЎта газЎты
певЏца *певЏцы
гЎний гЎнии
**словaрь´ (Masc) словарЏ (note stress)
SOFT спЌльня спЌльни
фотогрЌфия фотогрЌфии
кровЌть1 (Fem) кровЌти -и
**карандаш´ карандашЏ (note stress)
SPELLING-RULE **ключ´ ключЏ (note stress)
LETTER (except ‘ц’) кнЏга кнЏги
собЌка собЌки
*In our discussion of the spelling rules we mentioned that after ц both и and ы can appear (Ѓльцин /
СолженЏцын). In fact, in grammatical endings, only ы (never и) is written after ц.
** See below for explanation of stress notation in these nouns.
Сhange the nouns to plural (We’ve deliberately included nouns you haven’t seen, but they all
follow the rules):
Example: КнЏга на столЎ. ➯ КнЏги на столЎ.
1. ГазЎта спрЌва. 2. ЖурнЌл слЎва. 3. ГитЌра на кровЌти.

4. БилЎт (ticket) на столЎ. 5. СобЌка на кровЌти. 6. ГЌлстук (tie) на дивЌне.
7. КнЏга на столЎ. 8. ФотоаппарЌт на столЎ. 9. Мышь в бЌре.
10. КонвЎрт (envelope) на столЎ. 11. Корђва (cow) в ТехЌсе. 12. Двeрь спрЌва.
13. Бутѕлка (bottle) в 14. СтакЌн (glass) на столЎ 15. БумЌга (paper) на дивЌне.
холодЏльнике
1
Actually, when forming the plural you don’t need to worry about the gender of nouns ending in -ь. The ending for both
Masc/Fem is -и.
15-2
Grammar Lesson 15
Neuter Plural Nouns

-{A} (-а / -я)
OF STEM (dictionary form) -{A}
×
*письмо пЏсьма
×
HARD (including *окно (window) ђкна
-а
×
spelling rule letters) *дело делЌ2 (note stress)
×
*сердце (heart) сердцЌ (note stress)
×
поле (field) полј (note stress)
SOFT плЌтье (dress) плЌтья -я
здЌние здЌния
*See below for explanation of stress notation.
15.Б Nouns and Stress
There are two basic stress patterns in nouns:
1) Fixed stress: Stress is predictable throughout all forms of the noun. A noun can have fixed stress on either
the stem or the ending. With Feminine and Neuter nouns there is no problem; the stress is always on the same
vowel in all forms. With end-stressed Masculine nouns, however, the stress may appear to move. For
example, the plural of карандЌш is карандашЏ. It appears that the stress has shifted from the ‘a’ to the ‘и’.
In fact, the stress has simply remained on the last possible vowel (lpv) in both forms. We’ll indicate “lpv
stress” with a stress mark following the stem: карандаш´, ключ´, словарь´. (As far as we can tell, there are
no Feminine nouns in ь that have “lpv stress”.)
2) Shifting stress: Stress changes in various forms of the noun. For now, we’ll only consider a shift in stress
occurs between the singular and plural, which we will indicate with an × over the vowel that is stressed in the
×
singular: The dictionary form письмо implies plural пЏсьма.
The table below has examples of nouns with the different types of stress patterns, and the notation we will be
using to indicate which stress pattern a noun has.
FIXED STRESS SHIFTING STRESS

STEM STRESS END STRESS
×
΄ on the stressed over stressed vowel of the
NOTATION: ΄ after last consonant (for “lpv”)
vowel dictionary form
sg pl sg pl sg pl
×
MASC: актёр актёры словарь΄ = словЌрь словарЏ мост = мост мостѕ
bridge
×
NEUT: здЌние здЌния (very few) письмо = письмђ пЏсьма
×
FEM: кнЏга кнЏги (very few) *сёстра = сестрЌ сёстры
*Note that when the stress shifts from the ending in singular сестрЌ to the stem, the “hidden” basic {O} is
×
revealed: сёстры. The same thing is found in жёна: женЌ~жёны.
2
We actually saw this in Lesson 1 in the phrase Как делЌ? ДeлЌ (matters, affairs) is the plural of дЎло.
15-3
Unfortunately, there is no good way to predict which nouns have shifting stress. However, here is one guideline:
given that there are very few end-stressed Neuter and Feminine nouns, if stress is on the ending in the singular in
a Neuter or Feminine noun, then most likely this is a shifting-stress noun, i.e., stress will shift to the stem in the
plural.
When you write your vocabulary notecards, it is very important that you include and memorize the stress patterns
for all nouns (don’t worry - this will soon be the case for all verbs too!)
You may not believe it, but this is only the tip of a rather nasty iceberg concerning the stress in nouns. But the
good news is that we won’t pursue this topic any further.
Change the nouns to plural (We’ve deliberately included nouns you haven’t seen, but they all
follow the rules):
×
Example: Письмо на столЎ. ➯ ПЏсьма на столЎ.
×
1. Окно (window) слЎва. 2. Карандаш´ на столЎ. 3. ПлЌтьe (dress) на кровЌти.
×
4. КрЎсло (armchair) слЎва. 5. Мој сёстра в ПрЏнстоне. 6. Словарь´ на столЎ.
× ×
7. ОбщeжЏтиe (dorm) слЎва. 8. Морe (sea) ђчень красЏвое. 9. Мес то (seat) слЎва.
×
10. ЗдЌниe спрЌва. 11. Ключ´ на дивЌне. 12. Его жёна в МосквЎ.
15.В The Plural of Possessives and Љтот
The possessives мой, твой, наш, ваш, чей act like Masculine/Feminine nouns in the plural, all taking the
ending {I} – even when they modify plural Neuter nouns. All four possessives have stems that happen to end in
either a soft consonant or spelling-rule letter, so the plural ending for all of them is spelled -и. In addition, even
though the demonstrative ітот / іто / іта this/that has a hard ‘т’, the plural is іти these/those, with the ‘т’ softening (just
as the ‘н’ in он / онЌ / онђ softens in the plural: онЏ):
Possessives and Љтот: Plural

-{I} (All genders)
SINGULAR PLURAL ENDING

-{I}
мой / моё / мој моЏ
твой / твоё / твој твоЏ
нЌш / нЌше / нЌша нЌши
вЌш / вЌше / вЌша вЌши
-и
чей / чьё / чья чьи
ітот / іто / іта іти (‘т’ softens)
Recall that 3rd person possessives (eгђ, eё, их) never change, not for gender or for number.
15-4
Grammar Lesson 15
15.Г The Plural of Adjectives
Plural Adjectives (All genders):

-{I}e (-ые / -ие)
OF STEM (All genders) -{I}е
HARD (not including интерЎсный, -ое, -ая интерЎсные
-ые
spelling rule letters) стЌрый, -ое, -ая стЌрые
срЎдний, -ее, -яя срЎдние
SOFT
послЎдний, -ее, -яя послЎдние
-ие
SPELLING RULE дорогђй, -ђе, -Ќя дорогЏе
LETTER хорђший, -ее, -ая хорђшие
Some examples of possessives and adjectives with nouns (in random order):
SINGULAR PLURAL
нђвая кровЌть нђвыe кровЌти
eё сeстрЌ eё сёстры
хорђший отЎц хорђшие отцѕ3
eгђ ключ eгђ ключЏ
мой карандЌш моЏ карандашЏ
их собЌка их собЌки
интeрЎсноe письмђ интeрЎсныe пЏсьма
бeздЌрный архитЎктор бeздЌрныe архитЎкторы
большђe здЌниe большЏe здЌния
вЌша спЌльня вЌши спЌльни
стЌрый словЌрь стЌрыe словарЏ
Change to the plural. Note that “frozen іто” is unchanged throughout, while the pronoun must
change:
Example: Љто мой ключ΄ ➯ Љто моЏ ключЏ.

ОнЌ бездЌрная певЏца ➯ ОнЏ бездЌрные певЏцы.
×
1. Љто мој кнЏга 2. Љто вЌшe письмо 3. Он бeздЌрный актёр
×
4. Љто мой eдЏнствeнный ключ΄ 5. Љто дорогђe кольцо (ring) 6. Љто стЌрая гитЌра
×
7. Љто красЏвая мѕшь 8. Љто хорђший стол΄ 9. Љто красЏвоe место
10. Он хорђший врач΄ 11. Љто мој любЏмая лђшадь 12. Љто совсЎм нђвоe плЌтьe
13. Љто плохђй карандаш´ 14. Он срЎдний актёр 15. Љто отлЏчноe здЌниe
16. ОнЌ плохЌя пeвЏца 17. Љто eгђ вeлосипЎд (bicycle) 18. Љто интeрЎсный журнЌл
3
Note -e- drops out in this word. More on this phenomenon in the next chapter.
15-5
15.Д The Many Uses of Какђй
15.Д.I What a(n) [noun]!

Earlier we saw какђй, -ђе, -Ќя used in exclamations with the meaning What a(n) [noun]!:
Какђй кошмЌр! What a nightmare!

Какђе красЏвое здЌние! What a beautiful building!
Какђй can be used in the plural (какЏе) as well: What [nouns]!
КакЏе нахЌлы! What jerks!

КакЏe красЏвые здЌния! What beautiful buildings!
Form an exclamation using the adjective какђй (the singular of unfamiliar words is given):
Example: beautiful buildings ➯ КакЏe красЏвыe здЌния!
1. bad actors 2. talentless singers (F) 3. expensive glasses 4. interesting magazines

5. excellent actresses 6. warm gloves (пeрчЌтка) 7. old buildings 8. beautiful mice
9. jerks (M) 10. jerks (F) 11. average backpacks 12. cold rooms (комнЌта)
15.Д.II Which [noun]?, What (kind of) [noun]?

Another (actually more common) use of какђй, etc. is in forming the questions Which [noun] is that? or What
kind of [noun] is that? Once again we find a frozen іто construction, with the frozen іто placed between какђй
and the noun:
QUESTION INTERPRETATIONS POSSIBLE RESPONSES

1) Which magazine is this/that? 1) Љто «Тайм».
Какђй іто журнЌл?
2) What kind of magazine is this/that? 2) Љто интерЎсный журнЌл.
1) Which book is this/that? 1) Љто «Ђнна КарЎнина».
КакЌя іто кнЏга?
2) What kind of book is this/that? 2) Љто стЌрая, дорогЌя кнЏга.
1) Which beer is this/that? 1) Љто Курс.
Какђe іто пЏво?
2) What kind of beer is this/that? 2) Љто тёплоe пиво.
1) Which glasses are those? 1) Љто очкЏ для чтЎния (for reading)
КакЏe іто очкЏ?
2) What kind of glasses are those? 2) Љто нђвыe, ђчeнь дорогЏe очкЏ.
15-6
Grammar Lesson 15
Form questions and provide answers according to the example:
Example: glasses (new) ➯ − КакЏe іто очкЏ? − Љто нђвыe очкЏ.

book («ГЎкльбeрри Финн») ➯ − КакЌя іто кнЏга? − Љто «ГЎкльбeрри Финн»
1. refrigerator (old) 2. magazine («Рђллинг Стоун») 3. beer (warm)

4. newspaper («ПрЌвда») 5. soap (very tasty) 6. glasses (expensive)
7. photograph (interesting) 8. building (excellent) 9. vodka (СтолЏчная)
15.Д. III Which [noun] is [person’s]?

Какђй can also be used in other constructions. Situation: You see more than one thing and want to determine
which one of them belongs to someone: Which [noun] belongs to [person]? Notice the difference in word order.
Here the noun immediately follows какђй:
QUESTION POSSIBLE RESPONSES

Какђй журнЌл твой? Which magazine is yours? Мой журнЌл слЎва. My magazine is (the one) on the left.
Какђe пeчЎньe моё? Which cookie is mine? Твоё пeчЎньe спрЌва. Your cookie is (the one) on the right.
КакЌя кнЏга ГЌлина? Which book is Galya’s? ГЌлина кнЏга слЎва. Galya’s book is (the one) on the left.
КакЏe очкЏ вЌши? Which glasses are yours? МоЏ очкЏ спрЌва. My glasses are (the ones) on the right.
Form questions and answers according to the example:
Example: book (his, on the left) ➯ − КакЌя кнЏга eгђ? − Егђ кнЏга слЎва.
glasses (mine, on the right) ➯ − КакЏe очкЏ твоЏ? − МоЏ очкЏ спрЌва.
1. keys (mine, on the left) 2. books (Lena’s, on the right) 3. cookie (hers, on the left)
4. camera (Slava’s, on the right) 5. backpack (mine, on the left) 6. pen (Vika’s, on the left)
7. glasses (mine, on the right) 8. book (their(s), on the left) 9. pencil (Zina’s, on the right)
15-7
" Exercise 1 Fill in the blanks:
NOUN SINGULAR PLURAL

(w/ stress notation)
карандаш΄ мой __________________________ _________ __________________________
×
сёстра ________ ___________________________ егђ _______________________________
×
окно іто _______________________ _________ __________________________
собЌка ___________ ________________________ нЌши _____________________________
словарь´ ____________________ _______________ дорогЏе ___________________________
" Exercise 2 Put these phrases into the plural. Don’t forget to change the verb endings!
×
1. Рука (arm) болЏт.
____________________________________________________________________________________
2. КакЌя красЏвая лђшадь!
____________________________________________________________________________________
3. Љто мой eдЏнствeнный ключ΄.
____________________________________________________________________________________
4. ОнЌ срЎдняя актрЏса.
____________________________________________________________________________________
×
5. Вот твоё письмо.
____________________________________________________________________________________
6. Егђ собЌка ђчeнь талЌнтливая.
____________________________________________________________________________________
7. Гдe мой стЌрый рюкзак΄?
____________________________________________________________________________________
8. Её рѓчка лeжЏт на столЎ.
____________________________________________________________________________________
15-8
" Exercise 3 Form questions using какђй and then give 2 different types of answers (Try your
best to use Cyrillic if your answers contain English names):
Example: пЏво ➯ − Какђе іто пЏво? − Љто вкѓсное пЏво. / − Љто Сімуэл Ђдамс.
1. кнЏга
Q: _______________________________________________________________________________
A1: _______________________________________________________________________________
A2: _______________________________________________________________________________
2. мѕло
Q: _______________________________________________________________________________
A1: _______________________________________________________________________________
A2: _______________________________________________________________________________
3. здЌния
Q: _______________________________________________________________________________
A1: _______________________________________________________________________________
A2: _______________________________________________________________________________
4. фотоаппарЌт
Q: _______________________________________________________________________________
A1: _______________________________________________________________________________
A2: _______________________________________________________________________________
15-9
Dialogue: “Are your sisters home?”
Grammar: Addressing adults: First name +
patronymic
st
1 conjugation: Present Tense
- Stem + ending
- -ай+ stem verbs
st
- Other 1 conjugation verb types: ид+΄,
жив+΄, зов+΄
- Meanings of the Present Tense
Диалђг
ТвоЏ сёстры дђма? Are your sisters (at) home?
Њра 1 ТвоЏ сёстры дђма? Что онЏ дЎлают? Are your sisters (at) home? What are they
doing?
ВЌля 2 ВЎра читЌeт журнЌл, а МЌша дЎлаeт Vera’s reading a magazine, and Masha’s doing
3 домЌшнee задЌниe. (her) homework.
Њра 4 А что ты дЎлаeшь сeгђдня? And what are you doing today?
ВЌля 5 Я? Ничeгђ осђбeнного. Я читЌю пЏсьма и Me? Nothing special. I’m reading (some)
6 слѓшаю рЌдио. А потђм мы идём в кинђ. letters and listening to the radio. And then
we’re going to the movies.
ВЌлина мать, ИрЏна, walks in
Њра 7 Дђбрый день, ИрЏна ПЌвловна, как вы Hello, Irina, daughter of Vadim, how are you
8 поживЌeтe? doing?
ИрЏна 9 ЗдрЌвствуйтe, Њра. Всё хорошђ, спасЏбо. А Hello, Yura. Everything’s OK, thanks. And
ВадЏмовна 10 вы? you?
Њра 11 Грех жЌловаться. I can’t complain.
СловЌрь
1 дђма (at) home
1 дЎлай+ do; make
2 читЌй+ read
3 домЌшнee задЌниe homework assignment (note soft нь on adjective)
4 сeгђдня today (Note that the г is pronounced [в], just like in ничегђ, егђ.)
5 ничeгђ осђбeнного nothing special (Another г as [в] in осђбенного.)
6 слѓшай+ listen to (no need for a preposition in Russian!)
6 рЌдио radio
6 потђм then; after that
6 ид+΄ go
6 в here: to
6 кинђ the movies (This is a foreign noun, which never changes its form.)
7 дђбрый день hello; good afternoon (lit.: good day)
7 поживЌй+ get along; be doing
7 Как вы поживЌeтe? How are you doing? (This is a pretty standard polite question in Russian.)
11 грех жЌловаться I can’t complain (Literally this fixed expression means sin to complain.)
грех sin
жЌлова+...ся complain
16-1
16.А Addressing Adults: First Name + Patronymic

ИрЏна ПЌвловна (7)
In addition to using the вы form with ВЌля’s mother ИрЏна, Њра addresses her as ИрЏна ПЌвловна, i.e., by
her full first name (See Lesson 3 for list) plus what is known as a patronymic (ђтчeство), which is based on the
father’s first name. (Sorry, no such thing as a matronymic – yet.)
To form a patronymic, take the father’s full name and then add the ending -{O}вич for men, -{O}вна for women:
MALE FEMALE
FATHER’S FIRST NAME -{O}вич -{O}вна
АлeксЌндр АлeксЌндрович АлeксЌндровна
АндрЎй АндрЎевич АндрЎевна
БорЏс БорЏсович БорЏсовна
ВЏктор ВЏкторович ВЏкторовна
ДмЏтрий ДмЏтриевич ДмЏтриевна
Геђргий Геђргиевич Геђргиевна
ИвЌн ИвЌнович ИвЌновна
Ѕгорь Ѕгоревич Ѕгоревна
ПЌвeл (е drops out) ПЌвлович ПЌвловна
Пётр (stress is on end) Петрђвич Петрђвна
СтeпЌн СтeпЌнович СтeпЌновна
If the father’s first name ends in a single consonant + -ий, then the ending becomes -ьeвич / -ьeвна.
FATHER’S 1ST NAME MALE FEMALE

ending in a single С + ий: -ьевич -ьевна
Анатђлий Анатђльeвич Анатђльeвна
ВасЏлий ВасЏльeвич ВасЏльeвна
ГeннЌдий ГeннЌдьeвич ГeннЌдьeвна
ЕвгЎний ЕвгЎньeвич ЕвгЎньeвна
16-2
Grammar Lesson 16
Irregular forms (for reference):
FATHER’S FIRST NAME MALE FEMALE

Ћков Ћковлeвич Ћковлeвна
НикЏта НикЏтич НикЏтична
МихаЏл Михайлович МихЌйловна
Ильј ИльЏч ИльЏнична (ч pronounced ш)
Ask the following people how they are doing. Their father’s name is in parentheses:
Example: ВарвЌра (СтeпЌн) ➯ Дђбрый день, ВарвЌра СтeпЌновна, как вы поживЌeтe?
1. БорЏс (ВЏктор) 2. НадЎжда (КонстантЏн) 3. АлeксЌндр (СeргЎй)

4. МарЏна (ИвЌн) 5. Фёдор (МихаЏл) 6. ВладЏмир (Ильј)
7. Ђнна (АндрЎй) 8. Ільга (ВасЏлий) 9. Антђн (ПЌвe/л)
10. ИрЏна (Геђргий) 11. ОлЎг (НиколЌй) 12. ГалЏна (ДмЏтрий)
16-3
16.Б Present Tense – 1st-Conjugation
16.Б.1 Stem + Ending

Like nouns, verbs can be broken down into stems + endings. However, unlike nouns and adjectives, not all verb
stems end in a consonant, and not all verb endings begin in a vowel. In describing how verbs conjugate (form the
present, past, imperative, infinitive, etc.) we will classify them by their stems. Verb stems will end with ‘+’. First
let’s look at one set of endings for the present tense:
1st-Conjugation Present Tense Endings

SINGULAR PLURAL
1st (я) -{U} (-у/-ю) 1st (мы) -ь{O}м (-ём/ем)
2nd (ты) -ь{O}шь (-ёшь/ешь) 2nd (вы) -ь{O}те (-ёте/ете)
3rd (он/онЌ/онђ) -ь{O}т (-ёт/ет) 3rd (онЏ) -{U}т (-ут/-ют)
16.Б.2 -АЙ+ Stem Verbs

By far the most common verb type in Russian are -ай+ stem verbs. Once you learn this verb type, you will be
able to conjugate thousands of Russian verbs.
We have already seen the following -ай+ stem verbs:
дЎлай+ рабђтай+ поживЌй+ читЌй+ слѓшай+ понимЌй+ пeрeпѓтай+ спрЌшивай+ дай+΄

do;make work get along read listen to understand mix up ask give
When we add the 1st-conjugation endings to -aй+ stems, they look like this:
Present Tense: -АЙ+ Stems
Person / Ending Pronoun дЎлай+ do; make читЌй+ read дай+΄ give
Number
1sg -{U} я дЎлаю читЌю даї
ь
2sg - {O}шь ты дЎлаешь читЌешь даёшь
ь
3sg - {O}т он/онЌ/онђ дЎлает читЌет даёт
ь
1pl - {O}м мы дЎлаем читЌем даём
2pl -ь{O}те вы дЎлаете читЌете даёте
3pl -{U}т онЏ дЎлают читЌют даїт
Absolute take-to-the-bank rule: For all 1st-conjugation verbs, in order to form the онЏ-form
just add a -т to the я-form: даї > даїт. Except for a possible difference in stress, there are no
exceptions. None.
16-4
Grammar Lesson 16
V Question: I thought you said these verbs are -ай+ stem. Where’s the ‘й’? I don’t see any
‘й’ in дЎлаю, читЌет, etc.
Answer: You should know better than that. All of the verbs do contain an ‘й’. It’s after
the -а-, and is spelled by a soft indicating vowel, either ‘e’, ‘ё’ or ‘ю’. So the
basic sound is as follows:
дЎлаю дь{E}л{A}й{U} (й{U} is spelled ‘ю’)
рабђтаeшь р{A}б{O}т{A}й{O}шь (unstressed й{O} is spelled ‘е’)
даёшь д{A}й{O}шь (stressed й{O} is spelled ‘ё’)
V Question: What do you mean by the -ь{O}- ending in рабђтаeшь and дЎлаeт? I don’t
see no stinkin’ ‘o’.
Answer: You’re really slipping. Don’t forget that an unstressed letter ‘e’ may be {O}.
Granted, the forms рабђтаeт and дЎлаeт don’t reveal the underlying {O}, but
the form даёт sure does. It’s really {O}. So, anytime the Present Tense of a
1st-conjugation verb is stressed on the ending, for the ты, он/Ќ, мы, вы forms,
you will get ‘ё’. But don’t write ‘ё’ if the stress is on the stem!
16.В 1st-Conjugation = Up-to-Snuff
As a (stupid but quite effective) mnemonic device, you can call these 1st-conjugation verbs Up-to-Snuff verbs.
The phrase Up-to-Snuff contains the three vowels ({U}-{O}-{U}) of the 1st-conjugation in the same order they
occur in the verbal paradigm:
Up {U} я жив-ѓ читЌ-ю

ты жив-ёшь читЌ-ешь (this ‘e’ is {O})
он/Ќ жив-ёт читЌ-ет (this ‘e’ is {O})
to {O}
мы жив-ём читЌ-ем (this ‘e’ is {O})
вы жив-ёте читЌ-ете (this ‘e’ is {O})
Snuff {U} онЏ жив-ѓт читЌ-ют
16-5
16.Г More (Non -АЙ+ Stem) Up-to-Snuff Verbs
Other 1st-conjugation (Up-to-Snuff) verb types: ид+΄ go, жив+΄ live, зов+΄ call
These are verbs whose stems do not end in -ай+ but which have the same Present Tense up-to-snuff endings as
verbs like дЎлай+ and читЌй+. For now we won’t give these verbs an official name. Just note that all the stems
ends in a consonant, just like the -ай+ stems.
Present Tense: 1st-conjugation (Up-to-Snuff)

(-ай+ stems and others)
PERSON / NUMBER STEM ENDING WORD

читЌй+ читЌю
дЎлай+ дЎлаю
дай+΄ даї
1sg я
ид+΄
-{U} идѓ
жив+΄ живѓ
зов+΄ зовѓ
читЌй+ читЌешь
дЎлай+ дЎлаешь
дай+΄ даёшь
2sg ты
ид+΄
-ь{O}шь идёшь
жив+΄ живёшь
зов+΄ зовёшь
читЌй+ читЌет
он дЎлай+ дЎлает
дай+΄ даёт
3sg онЌ
ид+΄
-ь{O}т идёт
онђ жив+΄ живёт
зов+΄ зовёт
читЌй+ читЌем
дЎлай+ дЎлаем
дай+΄ даём
1pl мы
ид+΄
-ь{O}м идём
жив+΄ живём
зов+΄ зовём
читЌй+ читЌете
дЎлай+ дЎлаете
дай+΄ даёте
2pl вы
ид+΄
-ь{O}тe идёте
жив+΄ живёте
зов+΄ зовёте
читЌй+ читЌют
дЎлай+ дЎлают
дай+΄ да⌦т
3pl онЏ
ид+΄
-{U}т идѓт
жив+΄ живѓт
зов+΄ зовѓт
16-6
Grammar Lesson 16
V Question: What a minute. Why are the final consonants of the stems ид+ , жив+ and
зов+ hard only before endings beginning with -{U}: идѓ(т) / живѓ(т) /
зовѓ(т), but then the ‘д’ or ‘в’ are soft everywhere else, when the ending
begins with {O}: идёшь, живёшь, зовёшь? What’s with this switching
between hard and soft?
Answer: You’re back on track. Really good observation. Yes, the softening before all
the endings beginning in {O} is unexpected, but we’ve seen other cases of
unpredictable softening, as in он, он{A}, он{O} but онь{I}. Just be happy to
know that this is the case with the entire Russian verb system: all consonants
capable of softening do so before endings beginning with {O}.
16.Б.4 Meanings of the Present Tense in Russian

☺ Good news! Russian has just one Present Tense. In other words, all of the following English sentences are
rendered by the single Russian sentence:
RUSSIAN ENGLISH
I read a magazine [every morning].
I am reading a magazine.
Я читЌю журнЌл. = I have been reading a magazine [for 3 hours].
I do read a magazine [every day].
Listen and repeat:
Example: читЌй+ ➯ я читЌю, ты читЌeшь, онЌ читЌeт, мы читЌeм, вы читЌeтe, онЏ читЌют
1. читЌй+ 2. дЎлай+ 3. ид+΄ 4. жив+΄

5. рабђтай+ 6. поживЌй+ 7. спрЌшивай+ 8. дай+΄
9. зов+΄ 10. слѓшай+ 11. понимЌй+ 12. покупЌй+ (buy)
Produce the form that is called for on the tape. This is a long, but very important exercise.
Example: читЌй+ журнЌл (мы, онЏ) ➯ Мы читЌeм журнЌл, онЏ читЌют журнЌл.
1. хорошђ рабђтай+ (я, мы, ты, вы, Кђля, eгђ млЌдший брат, их родЏтeли, Ђнна Львђвна)
2. жив+΄ в МосквЎ (мы, вы, мој сeстрЌ, нЌши дЎти, я, ты, онЏ, `Ѕрины родЏтeли, Њрий Ћковлeвич)
3. читЌй+ пЏсьма (я, мы, онЏ, вы, ты, ВЌся, Сђнина дочь, ВЎра ПЌвловна)
4. слѓшай+ рЌдио (я, ты, мы, вы, Њрин брат, моЏ сёстры, я, БорЏс ИльЏч)
5. спрЌшивай+ (ты, я, СлЌва, моЏ родЏтeли, вы, мы, ПолЏна БорЏсовна, их млЌдший брат)
6. дай+΄ (ты, мы, вы, я, Лeв НиколЌeвич, онЏ, я, НатЌлия МихЌйловна)
7. нe понимЌй+ (ты, мы, я, Ільга ПЌвловна, вы, Пётр Пeтрђвич, eгђ родЏтeли)
8. ид+΄ в кино (я, мы, онЏ, вы, ты, мой отЎц, наш профЎссор, МЌшин сын)
9. зов+΄ (ЛолЏта, ты, мы, eгђ брат, Гeђргий МаксЏмович, Зђя СтeпЌновна, я, вы)
10. что…дЎлай+? (ты, он, МЌша, вы, ГeннЌдий АндрЎeвич, я, мы, их родЏтeли)
16-7
Now try some verbs you’ve never seen before. Don’t forget to note where the stress is.
(Remember, if the stem ends in a consonant other than ‘й’, the endings for the я and онЏ-forms
do not soften the consonant.)
Example: бeр+΄ take ➯ я бeрѓ, он бeрёт, онЏ бeрѓт

знЌй+ know ➯ я знЌю, он знЌeт, онЏ знЌют
возьм+΄ take ➯ я возьмѓ, он возьмёт, онЏ возьмѓт
1. знЌй+ 2. жд+΄ (wait)

3. дѓмай+ (think) 4. помогЌй+ (help)
5. бeр+΄ (take) 6. замeчЌй+ (notice)
7. бЎгай+ (run) 8. встай+΄ (get up)
9. мђй+ (wash) 10. начн+΄ (begin)
16-8
Exercise 1 Form the patronymic for the following:
Example: ЖЌнна (БорЏс) ➯ ЗдрЌвствуйтe, ЖЌнна БорЏсовна!

ВадЏм (Григђрий) ➯ ЗдрЌвствуйтe, ВадЏм Григђрьeвич!
(You only need to write здрЌвстсвуйтe once)
1. Анатђлий (БорЏс) ______________________________________________________________
2. КЏра (Ѕгорь) " " ______________________________________________________
3. ЛeонЏд (Анатђлий) " " ______________________________________________________
4. ГалЏна (МихаЏл) " " ______________________________________________________
5. ЕлЎна (ВадЏм) " " ______________________________________________________
6. Њрий (Њрий) " " ______________________________________________________
7. ЛарЏса (ДмЏтрий) " " ______________________________________________________
Exercise 2 Fill in the verb chart. Pay attention to where the stress is!
читЌй+ понимЌй+ дай+΄ жив+΄
ты
он / онЌ
мы
вы
онЏ

16-9
1. We are going to the movies.
______________________________________________________________________________________
2. What is Nina’s brother doing? (Best word order: What (is) doing Nina’s brother?)
______________________________________________________________________________________
3. I understand everything.
______________________________________________________________________________________
4. My sisters are listening to the radio.
______________________________________________________________________________________
5. − What are you doing? − Nothing special.
______________________________________________________________________________________
16-10
Dialogues: A: “Who’s that man?”; Б: “Who’s that
woman?”; B: “Who are those people?”
Grammar: Nationalities and capitalization
Irregular plural nouns
st
1 conjugation: some more verb types:
пой+΄, танцѓй+, пьй+
Диалђги
А. Кто ітот человЎк? Who’s that man?
Шѓра: 1 Кто ітот чeловЎк? Who’s that man?
НикЏта: 2 Я дѓмаю, что іто ВЎрин муж. I think it’s Vera’s husband.
Шѓра: 3 А что он дЎлаeт? What’s he doing?
НикЏта: 4 Он пьёт францѓзскоe винђ, танцѓeт и поёт He’s drinking French wine, dancing, and
5 рѓсскиe пЎсни. singing Russian songs.
Б. Кто іта жЎнщина? Who’s that woman?

ДЌша: 6 Кто іта жЎнщина? Who’s that woman?
Макс: 7 Я дѓмаю, что іто Њрина жeнЌ. I think it’s Yura’s wife.
ДЌша: 8 А что онЌ дЎлаeт? What’s she doing?
Макс: 9 ОнЌ пьёт рѓсскоe пЏво, танцѓeт и поёт She’s drinking Russian beer, dancing, and
10 амeрикЌнскиe пЎсни. singing American songs.
В. Кто іти лїди? Who are those people?

ГЎна: 11 Кто іти лїди? Who are those people?
ВЌря: 12 Я дѓмаю, что іто ТЌнины брЌтья. I think it’s Tanya’s brothers.
ГЎна: 13 А что онЏ дЎлают? What are they doing?
ВЌря: 14 ОнЏ пьют англЏйскоe пЏво, танцѓют и поїт They’re drinking English beer, dancing, and
15 францѓзскиe пЎсни. singing French songs.
СловЌрь
1 чeловЎк man; person; human being (plural is лїди - see below)
2 дѓмай+ think
2 что that (conjunction)
4 пьй+ drink (See grammar explanation for more details on this verb type)
4 францѓзский French (Students often fail to write the ‘з’. Try not to forget.)
4 винђ wine
4 танцѓй+ dance (See grammar explanation for more details on this verb type)
4 пой+ ΄ sing (See grammar explanation for more details on this verb type)
17-1
5 пЎсня song (soft stem: пЎснь{A})

6 жЎнщина woman (approx. over the age of 30)
10 амeрикЌнский American
11 лїди people (plural of чeловЎк; related to German leute)
12 брЌтья brothers (irregular pl of брат)
14 англЏйский English (Note two ‘sets’ of ий)
[ [ [
17.А Nationalities and Capitalization

францѓзский (4), рѓсские (5), etc.
Of course, you remember not to capitalize я I. (Russians are very humble, unlike...). Don’t capitalize
nationalities, either adjectives or nouns:
Дђма я читЌю рѓсские журнЌлы. At home I read Russian journals.

Джон − америкЌнец. John is an American.
17.Б Some Irregular Plural Nouns

брат > брЌтья (11), человЎк > лїди (12)
As in English, a lot of common nouns (especially related to people – itself a perfect example) are irregular. For
now learn these two nouns. (Also, find your index card for брат and update it).
Singular Plural
брат брЌтья
человЎк лїди (related to German leute)
Change everything you can to plural (don’t forget about some stress changes):
Example: Я идѓ в кинђ. ➯ Мы идём в кинђ.

Он дђбрый чeловЎк. ➯ ОнЏ дђбрые лїди.
1. Гдe твой брат? 2. Я читЌю амeрикЌнский журнЌл. 3. Кто ітот чeловЎк?

4. Что дЎлаeт твој сeстрЌ? think! 5. Љто СЌшин брат. 6. Љто eгђ жeнЌ. think!
7. Он отлЏчный чeловЎк. 8. ОнЌ живёт в Бђстонe. 9. Ты дђма рабђтаeшь?
17-2
Grammar Lesson 17
17.В Some More Up-to-Snuff (1st-Conjugation) Verb Types

New verbs in this lesson:
Дѓмай+ is another -ай+ verb. Ho hum.
Пой+΄ and танцѓй+ are exactly like -ай+ verbs except there’s a different vowel before the ‘й’. Recall in Lesson
10 we had чѓвствую сeбј, the present tense stem of which is чѓвствуй+, similar to танцѓй+. Remember that
the stress mark appearing after the stem in пой+΄ indicates the stress is on the ending: пої, поёшь, … поїт.
What about пьй+? There’s no vowel in this stem! It may seem a bit odd, but it adds the regular endings and
gives the expected forms anyway: пьй+{U} Æ пью (because й{U} is spelled ‘ю’); пьй+{O}шь Æ пьёшь
(й{O} is spelled ‘ё’/‘е’). So, пьй+ is like an -ай+ verb but with a ‘ь’ instead of an ‘a’ before the stem final ‘й’.
Present Tense: 1st conjugation (Up-to-Snuff)

Person / Ending Pronoun пой+΄ sing танцѓй+ dance пьй+ drink

Number
1sg -{U} я пої танцѓю пьї
ь
2sg - {O}шь ты поёшь танцѓешь пьёшь
3sg -ь{O}т он/онЌ/онђ поёт танцѓет пьёт
1pl -ь{O}м мы поём танцѓем пьём
2pl -ь{O}те вы поёте танцѓете пьёте
3pl -{U}т онЏ поїт танцѓют пьїт
Listen and repeat:
Example: пьй+ ➯ я пью, ты пьёшь, онЌ пьёт, мы пьём, вы пьёте, онЏ пьют
1. пьй+ 2. пой+΄ 3. дѓмай+ 4. танцѓй+

5. плђхо сeбј чѓвствуй+ 6. бьй+ (beat; hit) 7. закрђй+ (close) 8. убирЌй+ (clean up)
17-3
Produce the form that is called for on the recording (A long, but very important exercise):
Example: пьй+ (мы, онЏ, etc.) ➯ мы пьём, онЏ пьют, etc.
1. пьй+ францѓзскоe винђ (я, мы, вы, ВадЏм НиколЌевич, онЏ, ты, ітот врач, іти врачЏ)
2. пой+΄ англЏйскиe пЎсни (я, ты, мы, твој сестрЌ, твоЏ сёстры, вы, Серёжины родЏтели)
3. хорошђ танцѓй+ (ты, вы, Ільга Петрђвна, ітот америкЌнец, іти америкЌнцы, Ђлина собЌка, я, мы)
4. плђхо сeбј чѓвствуй+ (я, ФЎдина дочь, ВЎра ИльЏнична, их дЎти, іта красЏвая жЎнщина, іти красЏвые
жЎнщины, мы, вы)
5. читЌй+ интeрЎсный амeрикЌнский журнЌл (іти лїди, вы, Њрий ДмЏтриевич, я, мы, какой рѓсский
челвЎк?, какЏе рѓсские лїди?, ты)
6. дѓмай+, что он нахЌл (мой стЌрший брат, моЏ стЌршие брЌтья, я, ты, ГрЏшин отЎц, онЏ, вы, Рђдина
мать, іти лїди)
17-4
17-й урок ДомЌшняя рабђта
" Exercise 1 Put as much as you can into the plural (not everything can change):
1. Гдe твой стЌрший брат?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. Кто ітот чeловЎк?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3. Љта жЎнщина ђчeнь красЏвая.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4. Мој млЌдшая сeстрЌ рабђтаeт в Нью-ДжЎрси.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5. Почeмѓ ты читЌeшь францѓзский журнЌл?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
6. Я идѓ в кинђ.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
7. ЧЎй кот слѓшает рЌдио?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
8. Какђй чeловЎк пьёт амeрикЌнскоe пЏво? (Think, do you need to change амeрикЌнскоe пЏво?)
_____________________________________________________________________________________
17-5
" Exercise 2 Fill in the verb charts (There are some unfamiliar verbs, but that shouldn’t make a
difference):
плђхо сeбј
пьй+ вёд+΄ lead мeшЌй+ bother открђй+ open
чѓвствуй+
ты
он/онЌ
мы
вы
онЏ
1. We are drinking American wine and singing French songs.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
2. The English women are reading a Russian magazine.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
17-6
Dialogue: “Are your brothers home?”
Grammar: 2nd conjugation: Present Tense
- When combining stem + ending
results in truncation
- Verb classes: -и+, -e+, Жа-Жа+
nd
- 2 conjugation and stress
Expressions with languages
Диалђг
ТвоЏ брЌтья дђма? Are your brothers (at) home?
КЌтя: 1 ТвоЏ брЌтья дђма? Что онЏ дЎлают? Are your brothers (at) home? What are they
doing?
Лёня: 2 ДЏма смђтрит тeлeвЏзор, а НикЏта и егђ Dima is watching TV, and Nikita and his
3 подрѓга ВЌря стојт на балкђнe и кѓрят. girlfriend Varya are standing on the balcony and
smoking.
КЌтя: 4 А ты что дЎлаeшь? And what are you doing?
Лёня: 5 Я? Ничeгђ осђбeнного. Я учѓ китЌйские Me? Nothing special. I’m studying Chinese
6 словЌ. В шкђле мы ѓчим китЌйский язѕк. vocabulary (= words). At school we’re
studying Chinese.
КЌтя: 7 Ты ѓчишь китЌйский? Ничeгђ сeбЎ! You’re studying Chinese? Wow!
Лёня: 8 А вы говорЏтe по-китЌйски? Do you speak Chinese?
КЌтя: 9 Нeт, я чуть-чѓть говорї по-францѓзски и No, I speak a little bit of French and I know
10 неплђхо знЌю испЌнский. Spanish fairly well.
СловЌрь
×
2 смотре + watch
2 тeлeвЏзор TV
2 подрѓга girlfriend
3 стој+ stand
3 балкђн balcony
×
3 кури + smoke
×
3 учи + study; learn (We saw: Он ѓчится в ПрЏнстоне He studies at Princeton)
3 китЌйский Chinese (adj)
×
6 слово (Plural словЌ) word
6 шкђла school
6 язык΄ language; tongue (We saw the Phrase: курс рѓсского языкЌ Russian (language)
course.)
8 говорЏ+ speak; talk (We saw: О чём ты говорЏшь? What are you talking about?)
9 чуть-чѓть a little bit; just a bit
9 францѓзский French (adj.) (See grammar explanation concerning the form по-францѓзски.)
10 знЌй+ know
10 испЌнский Spanish (adj)
18-1
18.А Present Tense 2nd-Conjugation (Guitar) Verbs
18.А.1 When combining stem + ending results in truncation of final letter of stem
Before we look at the Present Tense endings for the 2nd-conjugation (Guitar) verbs (the last two lessons covered
just 1st-conjugation Up-to-Snuff verbs), let’s look a little more at how endings are added to stems. Thus far (with
all nouns, adjectives, and 1st-conjugation verbs) we have seen “basic addition”: everywhere we have simply added
the endings – all of which have begun with a vowel – to the stems – all of which, so far, have ended with a
consonant. In other words, the combination C + V is a ‘harmonious’ one:
This could be the beginning of

a beautiful relationship.
C+V harmony: нЌш + -{A} нЌша

плох΄ + -{O}e плохђe
жив+΄ + -{U} живѓ
ь
дЎлай+ + - {O}т дЎлает
ь
ид+΄ - {O}м идём
But what happens if the stem ends in a vowel, i.e. (V + V)? Here you get TRUNCATION, where the stem vowel
is replaced, kicked out, 86ed, tossed by the vowel in the ending.
Beat it! …and stay out!
/V + V chaos: / + + -{U}
лeжа лeжѓ
×
смотре / + + -{I}т смђтрит
×
/ + + -{A}т ѓчат
учи
Why are we bringing this up here? Because all the stems of the 2nd conjugation (Guitar) verbs end in a vowel. So,
when these stems combine with endings beginning with a vowel, V / + V truncation will occur throughout the
Present Tense.
18.А.2 2nd-Conjugation (Guitar) Endings

Recall that we dubbed the 1st-conjugation endings Up-to-Snuff because the vowels found in the endings follow
the pattern {U} (идѓ) {O} (идёшь, идёт, идём, идёте) {U} (идѓт). To help you remember the vowel sequence
for the 2nd-conjugation, we suggest you think of Guitar, because, as you might expect, the pattern is {U}-{I}-{A}.
Present Tense endings, 2nd conjugation
SINGULAR PLURAL
st st
1 (я) -{U} 1 (мы) -{I}м
2nd (ты) -{I}шь 2nd (вы) -{I}те
rd rd
3 (он/онЌ/онђ) -{I}т 3 (онЏ) -{A}т
Note that the endings are quite similar to 1st conjugation – only the vowels are different (but not in the я form).
18-2
Grammar Lesson 18
18.А.3 2nd conjugation (Guitar) verb classes: -и+, -e+, -Жа-Жа+

There are only three types of 2nd-conjugation (Guitar) verbs (based on the final letter(s) of the stem):
×
1) -и+, e.g., кури+ (i.e., the final letter of the stem is и)
×
2) -e+, e.g., смотре + (i.e., the final letter of the stem is е)
3) Жа+ (where ‘Ж’ stands for any of the permanently hard or soft consonants ‘ж, ш, ч, щ, й’1), e.g., лeжЌ+,
слѕша+ listen, кричЌ+ shout, пищЌ+ squeal, стој+ (remember: й{A} is spelled я). We’ll refer to this group
as ‘Жа-Жа+ verbs’. Every other verb class besides -и+, -e+, Жа-Жа+ is 1st-conjugation.
We have already seen the following 2nd-conjugation (Guitar) verbs:
-и+ verbs -e+ verbs -Жа-Жа+ verbs

× ×
кури + smoke смотре + look лeжЌ+ lie; be in a lying position
говорЏ+ talk; speak вЏдe+ see стој+ stand; be in a standing position
×
учи + study; learn сидЎ+ sit; be in a sitting position
V Question: I still don’t see how you can determine the stem. The forms you’ve listed
above don’t appear in any dictionary, what with the crazy ‘+’ and the like.
×
Answer: Just trust us. Yes, the form смотре+ is not found in a dictionary, but it is OUR
form, from which you’ll be able to predict every other form of the that verb. A
little later on we’ll talk about dictionary forms and why they are inferior.
Present Tense, 2nd Conjugation (Guitar) Verbs

/ +V combination)
(Note truncation due to the V
PERSON / NUMBER STEM ENDING WORD

×
смотре/ + смотр⌦
1sg я леж/а +
×
-{U} лежѓ
уч/и + учѓ
×
смотре/ + смђтришь
2sg ты леж/а +
×
-{I}шь лежЏшь
учи
/+ ѓчишь
×
смотре/ + смђтрит
3sg он/онЌ/ леж/а + -{I}т лежЏт
онђ ×
учи ѓчит
/+
×
смотре/ + смђтрим
1pl мы леж/а +
×
-{I}м лежЏм
учи
/+ ѓчим
×
смотре/ + смђтрите
2pl вы леж/а +
×
-{I}тe лежЏте
учи
/+ ѓчите
смотре/ + смђтрят
3pl онЏ леж/а + -{A}т лежЌт
учи
/е + ѓчат
1
There is only 1 verb in -ца+, but it’s obscene.
18-3
IMPORTANT NOTE ABOUT 2nd CONJUGATION: Remember that the онЏ-form ending
for the 2nd-conjugation (Guitar) is -{A}т: смђтрят, лежЌт, готђвят. Do NOT attempt to use
the 1st conjugation -{U}т (as many Russian students tend to do by mistake). A Russian
standing near by is likely to short circuit.
18.А.4 2nd-Conjugation (Guitar) Verbs and Stress

The 1st-conjugation verbs we’ve learned so far (Lessons 16 and 17) all have fixed stress in the Present Tense. 2nd
-conjugation verbs can also have fixed stress. Stress can be fixed on any syllable of the verb: вЏде+ = always 1st
syllable: вЏжу, вЏдишь, … вЏдят; говорЏ+ = always last syllable: говорї, говорЏшь, … говорјт2, etc.
However, some 2nd-conjugation verbs have shifting stress in the Present Tense. Don’t get stressed: the shifting
pattern is always the same: from the ending in the 1st person singular (я-form) to the stem in all other forms. As
×
with nouns, we will indicate shifting stress with the symbol × above the end syllable: смотре + = смотрї,
смђтришь, ... смђтрят. On your verb index cards, DON’T FORGET to include stress pattern.

×
слѕша+ говорЏ+ смотре+
слѕш у говор ї смотр ї
слѕш ишь говор Џшь смђтр ишь
слѕш ит говор Џт смђтр ит
слѕш им говор Џм смђтр им
слѕш ите говор Џте смђтр ите
слѕш aт говор јт смђтр ят
Listen and repeat:

×
Example: кури+ ➯ я курї, ты кѓришь, онЌ кѓрит, мы кѓрим, вы кѓритe, онЏ кѓрят
стој+ ➯ я стої, ты стоЏшь, онЌ стоЏт, мы стоЏм, вы стоЏтe, онЏ стојт
×
1. говорЏ+ 2. лeжЌ+ 3. учи + 4. кричЌ+ (shout)
× ×
5. кури+ 6. молчЌ+ (be silent) 7. смотре + 8. вЎри+ (believe)
× ×
9. чини+ (repair) 10. дeржа+ (hold) 11. пђмни+ (remember) 12. рeшЏ+ (decide)
Produce the form that is called for on the recording (Another long, but very important exercise):
Example: стој+ на балкђнe (мы, онЏ, etc.) ➯ мы стоЏм на балкђне, онЏ стојт на балкђне.., etc.
1. говорЏ+ по-рѓсски (я, онЌ, мы, ты, вы, eгђ млЌдший брат, их родЏтeли, Ђнна Львђвна)
2. лeжЌ+ на дивЌнe (мы, вы, мој сeстрЌ, нЌши дЎти, я, ты, Ѕрины родЏтeли, Њрий Ћковлeвич)
×
3. учи+ словЌ (я, МЏшина сeстрЌ, мы, онЏ, вы, ты, Сђнина дочь, ВЎра ПЌвловна)
2
Technically, stress in verbs like говорЏ+ is still on the stem, since the ‘и’ is still part of the stem. But remember, this
stem vowel gets cut when the verb endings are added. The result is that the stress winds up being on the ending after all:
говорЏ/ + + -{U} говорї.
18-4
Grammar Lesson 18
×
4. смотре+ тeлeвЏзор (я, ты, мы, вы, КЌтин брат, моЏ сёстры, я, БорЏс Петрђвич)
5. нe пђмни+ (ты, я, вЌши родЏтeли, вы, мы, онЏ, ГалЏна ИвЌновна, их млЌдший брат)
6. кричЌ+ (ты, мы, вы, я, Лeв НиколЌeвич, онЏ, eё стЌршая сeстрЌ, НатЌлия МихЌйловна)
×
7. кури+ (вы, мы, я, Ільга ПЌвловна, онЏ, ты, Пётр Њрьевич, eгђ родЏтeли)
8. молчЌ+ (Бђря, мы, онЏ, вы, ты, мой брат, ГрЏшин сын, я)
The “Chameleon”: Keep changing the phrase using each newly given word. Sometimes the
subject will change, sometimes the verb). As you will hear on the recording, word order is
flexible in Russian. Your answer is not “wrong” if the order does not match the recording.
×
Example: Что … дЎлай+ (МЌша, онЏ, кури+) ➯Что дЎлаeт МЌша? Что онЏ дЎлают? ОнЏ кѓрят.
Start with Что … дЎлай+ ?

×
1. я 2. вы 3. мы 4. смотре+ 5. онЏ
тeлeвЏзор
6. ты 7. ВЎра 8. читЌй+ журнЌл 9. мы 10. её брат
×
11. я 12. кури+ 13. вы 14. ГЎна 15. мы
16. ты 17. ид+΄ в кинђ 18. онЏ 19. мы 20. я
21. пьй+ винђ 22. он 23. мы 24. пой+΄ рѓсскиe 25. онЏ
пЎсни
26. я 27. ГЌля 28. говорЏ+ 29. я 30. онЏ
по-францѓзски
18.Б Talking About Languages

Вы говорЏтe по-рѓсски? (8)
Back in Lesson 7 the poor café worker said: я плђхо понимЌю по-рѓсски I don’t understand Russian well.
With the verbs говорЏ+ speak, читЌй+ read, понимЌй+ understand you need that little по- (don’t forget to
write the dash; lots of students do), to which you add the name of the language (the adjective minus the final -й):
With говорЏ+, читЌй+, понимЌй+: по-Xки
ADJECTIVE ADD ПО- & REMOVE -Й USE WITH ПОНИМЂЙ+, ЧИТЂЙ+, ГОВОРЅ+
англЏйский English по-англЏйски in English говорЏ+ по-англЏйски speak English
рѓсский Russian по-рѓсски in Russian читЌй+ по-рѓсски read Russian
францѓзский French по-францѓзски in French понимЌй+ по-францѓзски understand French
испЌнский Spanish по-испЌнски in Spanish говорЏ+ по-испЌнски speak Spanish
китЌйский Chinese по-китЌйски in Chinese читЌй+ по-китЌйски read Chinese
немЎцкий German по-немЎцки in German понимЌй+ по-немЎцки understand German
18-5
×
For the verbs учи+ study; learn and знЌй+ know, however, you simply leave the language adjective as is
(including the final й) and optionally add the noun язѕк language.
×
With учи+, знЌй+: Xкий язѕк
×
ADJECTIVE ADD ЯЗЈК (OPTIONAL) USE WITH УЧИ+, ЗНЂЙ+
×
англЏйский English англЏйский (язѕк) English (language) учи+ англЏйский (язѕк) study; learn English
рѓсский Russian рѓсский (язѕк) Russian( language) знЌй+ рѓсский (язѕк) know Russian
×
францѓзский French францѓзский (язѕк) French (language) учи+ францѓзский (язѕк) study; learn French
испЌнский Spanish испЌнский (язѕк) Spanish (language) знЌй+ испЌнский (язѕк) know Spanish
×
китЌйский Chinese китЌйский (язѕк) Chinese (language) учи+ китЌйский (язѕк) study; learn Chinese
немЎцкий German немЎцкий (язѕк) German language знЌй+ немЎцкий (язѕк) study; learn German
Transform the sentence as in the example:
Example: ДЌша / хорошђ говорЏ+ / French

×
➯ ДЌша хорошђ говорЏт по-францѓзски.
ПЎтя / учи+ / English ➯ ПЎтя ѓчит англЏйский язѕк.
1. Я / нe понимЌй+ / Spanish 2. ВЌдик / читЌй+ /Russian 3. Ѕнна / нe говорЏ+ / English

×
4. Ты / знЌй+ / Russian? 5. Вы / говорЏ+ / French? 6. Мы / учи+ / Russian
×
7. Љти дЎвушки / плђхо 8. Егђ дЎти / учи+ / Chinese 9. Я / хорошђ говорЏ+ / German
понимЌй+ / English
18-6
Exercise 1 What are the 3 types of 2nd conjugation (Guitar) verbs? Give an example of each.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 2 Fill in this 2nd-conjugation (Guitar) verb table just as you did for the 1st
conjugation:
× ×
говорЏ+ смотре+ стој+ учи+ лeжЌ+
ты
СЌша
мы
вы
онЏ
18-7
Exercise 3 Answer the questions as truthfully as if you wish:
Example: Вы говорЏтe по-францѓзсцки? ➯ Да, я хорошђ говорї по-францѓзски.

or: Нeт, я нe говорю по-францѓзски.
or: Я понимаї по-францѓзски, но я нe говорї.
1. Ваш брат (Џли вЌша сeстрЌ) говорЏт по-испЌнски?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. КакЏе языкЏ вы учЏли в шкђле? (Keep the verb in the Past: Masculine Ending -л / Feminine -ла)
______________________________________________________________________________________
3. ВЌши родЏтeли читЌют по-англЏйски?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
4. Вы говорЏтe по-рѓсски?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 4 Put in a verb that makes sense:
1. Что ты ________________________ ? Я ____________________________ журнЌл.
2. МЏша ___________________________ на балкђнe и _______________________________ .
3. Мы __________________________ рѓсскиe словЌ.
4. Лёня _________________________ пЏво и _______________________ рѓсскиe пЎсни.
5. Ой, головЌ _________________________ , ѓши __________________________________!
18-8
Dialogue: “You are so strange!”
Grammar: Another use of какђй
nd
2 conjugation: V+V truncation and
consonant mutation
The Infinitive
- Forming the Infinitive
- Uses
Диалђг
КакЌя ты стрЌнная! You are so strange!
ЛЎна: 1 Какђй ты лeнЏвый! Ты вeсь дeнь сидЏшь и You are so lazy! You sit and watch TV all day.
2 смђтришь тeлeвЏзор.
ПЎтя: 3 Ну и что? Сижѓ, смотрї тeлeвЏзор. Я люблї So what? I’m sitting and watching TV. I like to
4 сидЎть и смотрЎть тeлeвЏзор. А что нЌдо sit and watch TV. So what should (I) do?
5 дЎлать?
ЛЎна: 6 Я нe знЌю. ЗанимЌться, рабђтать, читЌть, I don’t know. (You ought to) study, work, read,
7 готђвить обЎд. cook (prepare) dinner.
ПЎтя: 8 Но ты знЌeшь, что я ђчeнь плђхо готђвлю. А ты But you know that I can’t cook (= I cook very
9 что дЎлаeшь? poorly). And what are you doing?
ЛЎна: 10 Я? Я глЌжу брїки. Я ђчeнь люблї глЌдить Me? I’m ironing (my) pants. I really like to
11 брїки. iron pants.
ПЎтя: 12 Да, я вЏжу. КакЌя ты стрЌнная! Yes, I see (that). You are so strange!
СловЌрь
1 лeнЏвый lazy
1 вeсь дeнь all day (Learn this as a fixed phrase for now.)
1 сидЎ+ sit; be in a sitting position (as opposed to sitting down)
×
3 люби + like; love
4 нЌдо (one; you) has to; ought to; must
6 занимЌй+…ся study (We’ll discuss the …ся later on.) This verb means spend time studying,
×
(reading, doing homework, etc.) and never takes a direct object like учи+ does
7 готђви+ prepare; make; cook
7 обЎд dinner
8 но but, however
10 глЌди+ iron
10 брїки pants (always plural)
12 вЏде+ see
12 стрЌнный strange
19-1
19.А Another Use of Какђй

какђй ты ленЏвый (1); какЌя ты стрЌнная! (12)
In addition to the uses illustrated in Lesson 15, какђй is used to constructions such as You are so [adjective]! He
is such a [Noun}! The structure is shown below. Note that both какђй and the adjective agree in gender and
number with the PERSON (the subject). If you add another noun after the adjective, какђй and the adjective will
agree with the NOUN. (Lit: How kind he is – the difference between this and такой)
КАКІЙ + PERSON + ADJECTIVE (& NOUN)

Какђй он дђбрый! He is so kind!
agreement with person
КакЌя МЌша стрЌнная! Masha is so strange!

КакЏе онЏ ленЏвые! They are so lazy!

Какђй Ільга отлЏчный врач! Olga is such an excellent doctor!

agreement with noun
Make comments about people according to the prompt:
Example: Волђдя (kind) ➯ Какђй Волђдя дђбрый!
1. ты (F) (kind) 2. он (old) 3. онЏ (lazy)

4. вы (attractive) 5. НЏна (smart: ѓмный) 6. ГЎна (excellent student
студЎнт)
7. я (kind person) 8. он (bad student) 9. мы (good students)
19-2
Grammar Lesson 19
19.Б /+V Truncation and Consonant Mutation

2nd-Conjugation: : V
Some consonants in a verb stem cannot take the shock of seeing their vowel neighbor to the right
unceremoniously lopped off by the vowel from the ending. Being paired up with the 1st person ending -{U} just
adds insult to injury and the stem consonant MUTATES into another consonant.
1. Add the я-form Present Tense ending -{U} to

the verb stem. (Because of the /V+ V Hey, stem vowel, отвяжЏсь! You’re
combination that results, vowel truncation no longer needed. I’m the head
occurs as expected): vowel in charge now!
вЏдe+ {U}
2. The consonant that is now at the end
of the stem undergoes mutation:
Oh, the agony! E and I were so

close. I can’t take this. I’m
mutating. What a world! Ahhhhh!!!
вЏд+ {U}
вЏж+ {U} Æ вЏжу
This mutation occurs only in the я-form. When any other ending is added, no such mutation occurs:
Yo, stem
vowel,
scram!
вЏдe+ {I}шь /{A}т
Hey {I}, {A}, you’re not so

bad. I think I’ll stick around.
вЏд+ {I}шь /{A}т Æ вЏдишь, вЏдят
English also has consonant mutation, but we don’t normally represent it in spelling. If you say ‘did you’ at
normal conversational speed, most likely it comes out ‘didja,’ where [d] mutates to [j]. The same sort of thing
happens with ‘got you!,’ which can even be spelled ‘gotcha!’ ([t] mutates to [ch]). English also has [d] Æ [zh]
mutation in pairs like decide Æ decision, collide Æ collision, etc.
19-3
Here are the mutations we’ve seen so far:
MUTATION EXAMPLE: NO MUTATION:

2nd conj., Present 1sg only Remaining Present Tense
вЏде/ +{U} Æ вЏжу вЏдишь … вЏдят
дÆж сидЎ/ +{U} Æ сижѓ сидЏшь … сидјт
глЌди/ +{U} Æ глЌжу глЌдишь … глЌдят
For consonants that are formed with the lips (known as the Labials), instead of changing into a different
consonant, an ль is added before the я-form ending is attached. So far we’re seen the following stems with labial
mutations:
×
б Æ бл люби/ +{U} Æ люблї лїбишь … лїбят
в Æ вл готђви/ +{U} Æ готђвлю готђвишь … готђвят
We'll see two more labial consonants (м and п) fairly soon.
V Question: Why didn’t we see consonant mutation last lesson with лeжЌ/ +{U} and
×
смотре/ +{U}? Don’t these consonants mutate?
Answer: Not every consonant CAN mutate. The consonants р and й don’t mutate. As
for Жа-Жа verbs, the final stem consonant ALREADY is mutated, and once
you mutate, you don’t feel like doing it again.
NON-MUTATING EXAMPLE:
CONSONANTS 2 ND
CONJ., ALL OF PRES. TNS.
говорЏ/ +{U}е/ Æ говорї (as well as говорЏшь … говорјт)

р - doesn’t mutate ×
смотре/ +{U} Æ смотрї (as well as смђтришь … смђтрят)
й - doesn’t mutate стој+{U} Æ стої (as well as стоЏшь … стојт)
лежЌ/ +{U} Æ лежѓ (as well as лежЏшь … лежЌт)
ж - already mutated ×
держа/ + +{U} Æ держѓ (as well as дЎржишь … дЎржат)
×
ч - already mutated учи/ +{U} Æ учѓ (as well as ѓчишь … ѓчат)
Listen and repeat. There are several new verbs, but they work exactly like similar verbs you
know:
×
Example: лови + (catch) ➯ я ловлї, ты лђвишь, он лђвит, мы лђвим, вы лђвитe, онЏ лђвят
вЏдe+ ➯ я вЏжу, ты вЏдишь, он вЏдит, мы вЏдим, вы вЏдитe, онЏ вЏдят
× ×
1. готђви+ 2. дари + (give a gift) 3. получи + (receive) 4. вЏдe+
5. обЏдe+ (offend) 6. нeнавЏдe+ (hate) 7. грЌби+ (rob) 8. кричЌ+ (yell)
×
9. води + (lead) 10. остЌви+ (leave) 11. мЎри+ measure 12. звонЏ+ (phone)
н doesn’t mutate!
19-4
Grammar Lesson 19
Chameleon:
×
Example: Что … дЎлай+ (МЌша, онЏ, кури+) ➯Что дЎлаeт МЌша?, Что онЏ дЎлают?, ОнЏ кѓрят.
Start with готђви+ обЎд
1. он 2. я 3. мы 4. глЌди+ брїки 5. МЌша

6. ты 7. онЏ 8. пьй+΄ винђ 9. я 10. мы
11. вы 12. ГЎна 13. ты 14. сидЎ+ на дивЌне 15. НЏна
16. я 17. мы 18. всё вЏде+ 19. онЏ 20. я
21. ты 22. стој+ на 23. Іля 24. я 25. ты
балкђне
×
26. онЏ 27. учи+ рѓсский 28. я 29. вы 30. мој сестрЌ
язѕк
19.В The Infinitive

рабђтать; сидЎть; готђвить
19.В.1 Forming the Infinitive

The most common Infinitive ending is -ть.
This ending, along with the Past Tense endings (-л, -ла, -ло, -ли), begin in a consonant, so let’s see how to add a
consonant ending to a verb stem:
Taking what we’ve seen with the Present Tense, where V+C combines harmoniously, while V+V causes havoc,
we can now make a more general statement about attaching endings to stem:
Opposites Attract (and combine harmoniously), Likes Repel (leading to truncation – and possible mutation)
OPPOSITES ATTRACT: C+V, V+C / +V, C/ +C

LIKES REPEL: V
(and combine peacefully) (leading to truncation – and possibly mutation)
Vowel endings (e.g., nouns and adjective endings; Present Tense verb endings)
читЌй+{U}т читЌют жив+{U}т живѓт сидЎ/ +{U} сижѓ
брїк+{I} брїки балкђн+{E} балкђне ×
люби/ +{U} люблї
нЌш+{A} нЌша вЌш+{O} вЌше лeжá/ +{I}т лeжЏт
ленЏв+{I}й ленЏвый срЎднь+{A}я срЎдняя ×
учи/ +{A}т ѓчат
Consonant endings (e.g., Infinitive ending –ть. We’ll discuss the Past Tense shortly)
говорЏ+ ть говорЏть понимЌй/ + ть понимЌть
сидЎ+ ть сидЎть читЌй/ + ть читЌть
лeжЌ+ ть лeжЌть жив/ + ть жить
×
кури+ ть курЏть (no stress shift in the Infinitive)
19-5
V Question: What about the Infinitive for ид+΄ go ? Is it ить? How about пьй+΄? What
could the Infinitive of that verb be?
Answer: You know, you ask a lot of questions. No, the Infinitive of the stem ид+ is not
ить, but that’s a good guess, it’s идтЏ. (Don’t ask; just memorize it for now).
The Infinitive of verb types like пьй+΄ and пой+΄ are also forms we don’t
expect. We won’t tell you what they are right now. We’ll keep you in
suspense until the next lesson.
19.В.3 Uses of the Infinitive

Infinitives are normally translated as to talk, to understand, etc., and generally appear in the same environment as
they would in English:
Я люблї смотрЎть тeлeвЏзор. I like to watch TV.

НЌдо занимЌться. (You) have to study / (You) must study*
*Note that when the word must is used, you lose the to in English: You must study. This isn’t an issue in Russian,
where the Infinitive is a single word.
Form an Infinitive as in the example
Example: читай+ ➯ Я люблї читЌть
×
1. говорЏ+ 2. смотре+ тeлeвЏзор 3. готђви+ 4. глЌди+ брїки
×
5. спЌ+ (sleep) 6. учи+ рѓсскиe словЌ 7. рабђтай+ 8. дЎлай+ домЌшнee
задЌниe
×
9. лeжЌ+ на дивЌнe 10. стој+ 11. кури+ 12. игрЌй+ (play)
13. читЌй+ 14. лeтЌй+ (fly) 15. гулјй+ (stroll) 16. слѓшай+ рЌдио
×
Chameleon (Keep the Present Tense of люби+ as a constant):
Example: МЌша лїбит читЌть (готђви+, я) ➯ МЌша лїбит готђвить; Я люблї готђвить
Start with: МЏша лїбит курЏть.
1. я 2. вы 3. дЎлай+ домЌшнee 4. мы
задЌниe
5. ВЌня 6. моЏ брЌтья 7. глЌди+ брїки 8. я
×
9. моЏ сёстры 10. смотре + тeлeвЏзор 11. он 12. я
19-6
" Exercise 1 Fill in this verb table:
× ×
вЏдe+ люби + готђви+ дeржа+
Infin.
ты
ЖЎня
мы
вы
онЏ
" Exercise 2 Fill in this verb table:
×
дѓмай+ плыв+΄ пђмни+ лови +
Infin.
ты
ЖЎня
мы
вы
онЏ
19-7
" Exercise 3 List 3 things you like or don’t like to do. Then list 3 things that a sibling or parent
likes or doesn’t like to do. Do not use the verbs drink, sing, dance – they each
have a nasty infinitive form.
Example: Я люблї говорЏть по-рѓсски.

Мой млЌдший брат нe лїбит занимЌться.
1. ________________________________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________________________________________
1. ________________________________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________________________________________
19-8
Dialogues: “A typical day”
Grammar: Expressing when you’re not impressed
The Past Tense
The suffix -ся
Double-stem verbs
Verbs and stress
Диалђг
День как день A typical day
НЌстя: 1 МЏша, что ты дЎлал вчерЌ? Misha, what did you do yesterday?
МЏша: 2 Что я дЎлал? Ничегђ осђбенного. Я читЌл, What did I do? Nothing special. I read, wrote
3 писЌл пЏсьма, гулјл в пЌрке, занимЌлся, (some) letters, strolled in the park, studied,
4 глЌдил брїки, курЏл, стојл на головЎ, сидЎл и ironed (my) pants, smoked, stood on (my) head,
5 смотрЎл телевЏзор, готђвил обЎд. День как sat and watched TV, made dinner. A typical
6 день. day.
НЌстя: 7 А что дЎлала твој стЌршая сестрЌ НЌдя? And what did you older sister Nadya do?
МЏша: 8 НЌдя сидЎла на дивЌне и пилЌ плохђе, дешёвое Nadya sat on the sofa and drank bad cheap
9 немЎцкое пЏво, пЎла китЌйские пЎсни. ОнЌ German beer, sang Chinese songs. She listened
10 чуть-чѓть слѓшала рЌдио, а потђм онЌ дЎлала to the radio for a while and then she did (her)
11 домЌшнее задЌние. homework.
НЌстя: 12 А твоЏ млЌдшие брЌтья ВЏтя и Њра? Что онЏ And your younger brothers Vitya and Yura?
13 дЎлали? Где онЏ бѕли? What did they do? Where were they?
МЏша: 14 ОнЏ бѕли в Нью-Йђрке. Там онЏ гулјли в They were in NY. There they strolled in the
15 пЌрке, пЏли хорђшее дорогђе францѓзское винђ, park, drank good, expensive French wine,
16 смотрЎли итальјнский фильм, говорЏли по- watched (saw) an Italian film, spoke German,
17 немЎцки, курЏли и пЎли рѓсские пЎсни. smoked, and sang Russian songs.
НЌстя: 18 Ничегђ себЎ! Wow!
СловЌрь
×
2 писа+ write (Present Tense isn’t what you expect. Use in Past only for now)
3 гулјй+ take a walk; stroll (This is a regular ай+ verb, but instead of а, there’s я.)
3 пЌрк park
5 день как день a typical day (See grammar explanation about this construction.)
×
8 {пьй+ / пи+} drink (See grammar explanation about bizarre notation.)
8 дешёвый cheap
9 нeмЎцкий German (This “strange” word is related to the word “mute” - because the Slavs
[not just Russians] who encountered the Germans thought they didn’t know how
to speak ‘correctly’)
9 {пой+´ / пЎ+} sing (See grammar explanation about bizarre notation.)
16 итальјнский Italian (Note that there is a ь – and not an и – following the л.)
16 фильм film; movie
20-1
20.А [Noun] как [Noun]: A Typical [Noun]

дeнь как дeнь (9)
The structure [Noun] как [Noun] gives the meaning a typical X; nothing to write home about; no great shakes,
etc.
КнЏга как кнЏга. A typical book.

ПЏво как пЏво. Average beer, nothing special.
СтудЎнты как студЎнты. Just ordinary students.
(Never said about Princeton students, конЎчно.)
20.Б The Past: An ‘Л’ of a Tense
Examples of the Past Tense we’ve seen in previous lessons:
Я сказЌл/а «чай»! I said (M/F) “tea”!

Мы бѕли в Калифђрнии. We were in California.
Он лeжЌл на столЎ. It (M) was lying on the table.
Онђ бѕло в холодЏльнике It (N) was in the refrigerator.
The Past Tense is pretty easy in Russian. There aren’t that many exceptions, as there are in English.1 All the
endings begin in -л-, so it’s our second consonant ending (the first one was the Infinitive ending -ть).
SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC (я, ты, он) FEM (я, ты, онЌ) NEUT (онђ) ALL (мы, вы, онЏ)
-л -ла -ло -ли2
The distinction in the Present between person (я, ты, он …) is replaced in the Past Tense by gender and number.
So, if someone shows you the form сказЌла in isolation, you can’t tell if it refers to я, ты, or онЌ. The only
thing you know is that the subject is one female.
1
Think about practically any common English verb, and we’ll bet you 20 to 1 that it has an irregular Past Tense: see/saw,
know/knew, do/did, drink/drank, buy/bought, go/went, ad infinitum.
2
Note that л softens unexpectedly in the plural: -ли, just like ‘н’ in онЏ: ОнЏ пЏли (hey it rhymes − what a great
mnemonic).
20-2
Grammar Lesson 20
Since the Past Tense endings begin with a consonant, we get the same results as we did when forming Infinitives:
V+C (harmony)
SINGULAR PLURAL
STEM MASC (я, ты, он) FEM (я, ты, онЌ) NEUT (онђ) ALL (мы, вы, онЏ)
говорЏ+ говорЏл говорЏла говорЏло говорЏли
×
смотре+ смотрЎл смотрЎла смотрЎло смотрЎли
лeжЌ+ лежЌл лежЌла лежЌло лежЌли
писЌ+ писЌл писЌла писЌло писЌли
C/ +C (truncation of final stem consonant)
SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC (я, ты, он) FEM (я, ты, онЌ) NEUT (онђ) ALL (мы, вы, онЏ)
работай
/+ рабђтал рабђтала рабђтало рабђтали
занимЌй
/ +… ся занимЌлся занимЌлась занимЌлось занимЌлись
×
жив/ + жил жилЌ* жЏло жЏли
×
*Note the shift in stress in the verb жив+ in the Feminine form. See below for more details on verbs and stress.
Give the Past Tense он / онЌ / онЏ forms of the following verbs:
1. читЌй+ 2. говорЏ+ 3. лежЌ+

4. вЏде+ 5. рабђтай+ 6. писЌ+
20.В The Verbal Suffix -ся

занимЌй+…ся (3)
×
We’ve seen a few verbs so far that have the verbal suffix -ся: занимЌй+…ся study учи+...ся be a student.
Whenever the letter immediately preceding the с is a VOWEL, ся ⇒ сь.
Cся Vсь
e.g., занимЌться, занимЌются, занимЌлся e.g., занимЌюсь, занимЌетесь, занимЌлась
учЏться, ѓчишься, ѓчатся, учЏлся учѓсь, ѓчитесь, учЏлись
So, you get -сь in the я and вы forms of the Present Tense, and in all forms of the past except the Masculine.
We will discuss the actual meaning(s) of this suffix in a later chapter.
20-3
Chameleon:
Start with: Он ѓчится в ПрЏнстоне.
1. я 2. ты 3. онЏ 4. мы 5. МЌша
6. вы 7. Past Tense 8. Кђля 9. онЏ 10. занимЌй+…ся
11. ты (F) 12. вы 13. Глеб 14. Present Tense 15. я
16. мы 17. ты 18. твоЏ дЎти 19. вы 20. ПЌша
20.Г Stress Patterns in Verbs

×
Just as with nouns, verbs can have either fixed stress (indicated by ΄) or shifting stress (indicated by ).
20.Г.1 Fixed stress

Stress is the same throughout the Present, Past, and Infinitive. It can be on any syllable:
Fixed stress: ΄
1ST CONJUGATION 2ND CONJUGATION

читЌй+ дЎн+ put говорЏ+ вЏде+
PRESENT TENSE
1sg читЌ ю дЎн у говор ї вЏж у
2sg читЌ ешь дЎн ешь говор Џшь вЏд ишь
3pl читЌ ют дЎн ут говор јт вЏд ят
PAST TENSE
Masc читЌ л де л говор Џл вЏд ел
Fem читЌ ла дЎ ла говор Џла вЏд ела
Pl читЌ ли дЎ ли говор Џли вЏд ели
INFINITIVE
читЌ ть де ть говор Џть вЏд еть
20.Г.2 Shifting stress

With very few exceptions, shifting stress is limited to either the Present or the Past, i.e., with very few exceptions,
a verb will not have shifting stress in both tenses.
×
So how can we tell when the refers to the Present Tense and when it refers to the Past? Below is a simple and
(usually) foolproof rule3:
3
We will need to modify this later on, but for now this rule will be enough.
20-4
Grammar Lesson 20
Any 1st conjugation verb with an × means shifting stress in the PAST
(Stress shifts from the stem to the ending in the Feminine form only)
Any 2nd conjugation verb with an × means shifting stress in the PRESENT
(Stress shifts from the ending in the 1sg to the stem in all the other forms)
Stress for the Infinitive is wherever the stress mark is written
All you need to memorize is WHICH verbs have shifting stress. This should be included on your index cards for
each verb.
×
Shifting stress:

жив+× плыв+× sail смотре×+ люби×+
PRESENT TENSE
NO SHIFT SHIFT to stem in 2sg to 3pl
1sg жив ѓ плыв ѓ смотр ї люб лї
2sg жив ёшь плыв ёшь смђтр ишь лїб ишь
3pl жив ѓт плыв ѓт смђтр ят лїб ят
PAST TENSE
SHIFT to ending in Fem NO SHIFT
Masc жЏ л плѕ л смотр Ўл люб Џл
Fem жи лЌ плы лЌ смотр Ўла люб Џла
Neut жЏ ло плѕ ло смотр Ўло люб Џло
Pl жЏ ли плѕ ли смотр Ўли люб Џли
INFINITIVE
жи ть плы ть смотр Ўть люб Џть
Past Tense. Listen and repeat:
Example: сидЎ+ (Бђря) ➯ Бђря сидЎл

читЌй+ (ВЎра) ➯ ВЎра читЌла
×
1. кури+ (КЌтя) 2. вЏде+ (ГрЏша) 3. знЌй+ (Ѕнна)
×
4. рабђтай+ (ПЎтя) 5. читЌй+ (НатЌша) 6. учи+ словЌ (вы)
× ×
7. слѓшай+ рЌдио (Ѕра) 8. смотре+ тeлeвЏзор (я) (M) 9. люби+ читЌть (МЌша)
× × ×
10. жив+ в ПрЏнстоне (МЌша) 11. жив+ в Петербѓрге (он) 12. жив+ в МосквЎ (онЏ)
20-5
Change the sentences into Past:
Example: Что ты (ВЎра) дЎлаeшь сeгђдня? ➯ Что ты дЎлала вчeрЌ?
1. Сeгђдня он читЌeт нeмЎцкий журнЌл. 2. Мы стоЏм на балкђнe и кѓрим.

3. РЏта (F) сeгђдня вeсь дeнь смђтрит тeлeвЏзор. 4. МоЏ брЌтья лїбят спЌть (sleep).
5. Я (ДЏма) говорї по-китЌйски. 6. Почeмѓ вы лeжЏтe на столЎ?
7. МоЏ сёстры сидјт на дивЌнe. 8. Я (Зђя) слѓшаю рЌдио.
9. Мы живём в Калифђрнии. 10. Что вы дЎлаeтe сeгђдня?
×
20.Д Double-Stem Verbs: {пьй+ / пи+} drink ; {пой+´/ пЎ+} sing
You may not have known it (or cared), but we are using what is known as the ‘One-Stem Verb System’. The idea
is that, given a single form, the stem, you can predict every possible form of a verb. Basically it works very well
– otherwise we wouldn’t be using it.
Some verbs, however, don’t fit into this system as nicely. For these verbs you really need two stems, one stem to
which you attach vowel endings (the Present Tense and other stuff), and another stem to which you attach
consonant endings (the Infinitive, the Past, and other stuff). We’ll call these Double-Stem Verbs. (Very
original.)
The good news is that the stem to which vowel endings are attached (almost) always ends in a consonant, so you
(almost) always have harmonious C+V, and the stem to which consonant endings are attached (almost) always
ends in a vowel, giving harmonious V+C.
пьй+ ‘C Stem’ (ends in consonant)

used with endings beginning with a vowel (e.g., Present), yielding C+V
×
пи+ ‘V Stem’ (ends in vowel)
used with endings beginning with a consonant (e.g., Past, Infinitive), yielding V+C
Our notation: Double-Stem Verbs will appear in curly brackets { / }, with the consonant stem (used to form the
Present Tense) on the left and the vowel stem (used to form the Past Tense and Infinitive) on the right.
× ×
Some Double-Stem Verbs: {пьй+ / пи+} drink {пой+´ / пЎ+} sing {зов+´ / зва+} call
See all the forms on the next page.
20-6
Grammar Lesson 20
Double-stem verbs
× ×
Person / Ending Pronoun {пьй+ / пи+} {пой+´ / пЎ+} {зов+´ / зва+}
Number drink sing call
C STEM (used with V endings): пьй+ пой+΄ зов+΄
PRESENT TENSE
1sg -{U} я пью пої зовѓ
ь
2sg - {O}шь ты пьёшь поёшь зовёшь
3sg - ь{O}т он/онЌ/онђ пьёт поёт зовёт
ь
1pl - {O}м мы пьём поём зовём
2pl - ь{O}те вы пьёте поёте зовёте
3pl -{U}т онЏ пьют поїт зовѓт
× ×
V STEM (used with C endings): пи+ пЎ+ зва+
PAST TENSE
Masc -л я, ты, он пил пел звЌл
Fem -ла я, ты, онЌ пилЌ пЎла звалЌ
Neut -ло онђ пЏло пЎло звЌло
Pl -ли мы, вы, онЏ пЏли пЎли звЌли
INFINITIVE
-ть пить петь звать
V Question: What can you conclude about the Present Tense conjugation (1st or 2nd ?) of all
double-stem verbs, given the fact that the stem to which vowel endings are
attached ends in a consonant?
Answer: (This answer to be filled in by you and answered in class)
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Put the double-stem verbs in the correct form. Begin with the Present Tense:
×
1. {пьй+ / пи+} винђ (мы, онЏ, Кђля, вы, ты, ВЎра, Past, он, мы, онЌ, ты-МЏша, вы, Бђря)
2. {пой+´ / пЎ+} пЎсни (я, мы, онЏ, Кђля, вы, ты, БорЏс, Past, он, мы, онЌ, ты-МЏша, вы, Бђря)
3. {закрђй+ / закрѕ+}(close) дверь (я, мы, онЏ, Кђля, вы, ты, дЎти, Past, он, мы, онЌ, ты-МЏша, вы, Бђря)
20-7
" Exercise 1 Answer the following questions about verbs and stress:
1. What is the pattern for shifting stress in the Present Tense? Provide an example.
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the pattern for shifting stress in the Past Tense? Provide an example.
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Which type of verbs (conjugation type) NEVER has shifting stress in the Past Tense?
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
" Exercise 2 Mark stress on the following verbs:
Stem: игрЌй+ держа×+ плыв+× учи×+ пђмни+

Conjugation:
PRESENT
я играю держу плыву учу помню
онЏ играют держат плывут учат помнят

PAST
он играл держал плыл учил помнил
онЌ играла держала плыла учила помнила
мы играли держали плыли учили помнили
20-8
" Exercise 3 Fill in either -ся or -сь:
1. Я учѓ__________ в ПрЏнстоне 2. Егђ сёстры ѓчат_________ в ГЌрварде.
3. ВчерЌ МЌша занимЌла_______ в библиотЎке. 4. НЌдо занимЌть___________!
5. Где вы ѓчите_____________? 6. ВчерЌ он дђлго (for a long time)

жЌловал__________.(complained)
7. ВчерЌ мы жЌловали_____________. 8. Где ты обѕчно (usually)

занимЌешь_____________.
" Exercise 4 Put the following sentences into the Past:
1. Мы живём в ПрЏнстоне.
________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Где онЌ? (think about the verb)
________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Что он дЎлает?
________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Я читЌю пЏсьма.
________________________________________________________________________________________
5. ОнЏ поїт китайские пЎсни.
________________________________________________________________________________________
6. ВЎра занимЌется в библиотЎке.
________________________________________________________________________________________
7. Мой отЎц пьёт америкЌнское пЏво.
________________________________________________________________________________________
8. Ты (Њра) говорЏшь по-рѓсски?
________________________________________________________________________________________
9. Вы стоЏте на балкђне и кѓрите.
________________________________________________________________________________________
20-9
" Exercise 5 Fill in the table:
× ×
Stem: {пьй+ / пи+ } {мђй+ / мѕ+} {бер+´ / бра+ }
PRESENT
вы
онЏ
PAST
он
онЌ
онЏ
20-10
Dialogue: “Nothing to write home about”
Grammar: Another expression for when you’re
not impressed
Verb agreement with кто, что, and
всё
Relative clauses
-{O}ва+ verbs
Диалђг
Не ахтЏ Nothing to write home about
НатЌша: 1 Кто был на вeчeрЏнкe вчeрЌ? Who was at the party yesterday?
ДeнЏс: 2 МЏша, Лёша, Стёпа. Misha, Lyosha, Styopa.
НатЌша: 3 Какђй Стёпа? Which Styopa?
ДeнЏс: 4 Стёпа АрхЏпов. ПЌрeнь, котђрый никогдЌ нe Styopa Arkhipov. The guy who never bathes.
5 мђeтся.
НатЌша: 6 Да, да, я пђмню. A кто eщё там был? Oh yeah, I remember. Who else was there?
ДeнЏс: 7 ГЌля, ВЏка, ОксЌна. Galya, Vika, Oksana.
НатЌша: 8 КакЌя ОксЌна? Which Oksana?
ДeнЏс: 9 ОксЌна Сeмёнова. ДЎвушка, котђрая бeз концЌ Oksana Semyonova. The girl/woman who
10 кѓрит. smokes all the time.
НатЌша: 11 Да, да, пђмню. А мѓзыка былЌ? Вы танцевЌли? Oh, yeah, I remember. Was there any music?
Did y’all dance?
ДeнЏс: 12 Да, танцевЌли. Там бѕли музыкЌнты, котђрыe Yeah, (we) danced. There were some musicians
13 рЌньшe игрЌли в грѓппe «ДДТ». there who used to play in the group DDT.
НатЌша: 14 Как былЌ мѓзыка? ОнЏ хорошђ игрЌли? How was the music? Did they play well?
ДeнЏс: 15 Не ахтЏ. Мѓзыка как мѓзыка. Nothing to write home about.
СловЌрь
1 на here: at (followed by Location ending)
1 вeчeрЏнка party
4 котђрый who, which; that (See grammar explanation.)
4 никогдЌ never (Note that the verb is also negated with нe. More on negation later.)
5 {мђй+...ся / мѕ+...ся} bathe; wash oneself
6 пђмни+ remember
6 кто / что ещё? who / what else?
9 бeз концЌ all the time; continuously (lit: without end)
11 мѓзыка music (Note that the з is hard!)
12 музыкЌнт musician
13 рЌньшe previously; used to; before (in previous times)
13 игрЌй+ play
13 грѓппа group (Can refer to any group, including a rock group.)
15 нe ахтЏ nothing to write home about
21-1
21.А Another Expression For When You’re Not Impressed

нe ахтЏ (16)
Unfortunately not everything in this world is peachy keen. So, the more ways to say that something is nothing to
write home about or nothing special the better. We’ve already learned the phrases тЌк себе and [Noun] как
[Noun]. The expression нe ахтЏ indicates that an event / thing was not as good as expected.
Listen and repeat:

ОбЎд был нe ахтЏ. Dinner was nothing special.
Не ахти can also be used as an adverb (as can тЌк себе):
− Как Мадђнна пЎла? + Нe ахтЏ./ TЌк себе. − How did Madonna sing? +Nothing to write home about.
− Как ты ѓчишься? + Нe ахтЏ. / TЌк себе − How are you doing in school? + So-so.
21.Б Verb Agreement With Кто, Что, and Всё

Кто был на вeчeрЏнкe? (1)
Кто always takes a Masculine Singular verb ending, even if you know that the subject in the answer will be a
female or more than one person:
Кто там был? Who was there? (Even if you know that the answer will consist of >1 person.)
− Кто здесь курЏл? − Who was smoking here? (said by Principal Skinner in the girls’ bathroom)
+ Лиза курЏла. + Liza was
− Кто пьёт молокђ, вы? − Who drinks milk, y’all?

+ Да, мы пьём молокђ. + Yes, we drink milk.
If the subject is что or всё, the verb is in the Neuter Singular:
Что бѕло в холодЏльнике? What was in the refrigerator? (Even if you know that the answer will
consist of many items.)
Всё лежЌло на столЎ. Everything was (lying) on the table.
Form questions and give answers. You’ll need to look at the answer to decide whether to ask
кто or что.
Example: was at the party (we) ➯ − Кто был на вeчeрЏнкe? − Мы бѕли на вeчeрЏнкe.
1. was listening to the radio (I – fem.) 2. understands Russian (my parents)
3. lives on the moon (лунЌ) (my cat) 4. was (lying) on the sofa (our keys)
5. likes to study (Sasha’s brothers) 6. is making dinner (my father)
7. is going to the movies (we) 8. works in МосквЌ (Katya’s sister)
9. was lying on the bed (your (pl.) kids) 10. was (lying) on the table (my book)
11. mixed everything up (that talentless 12. was in the refrigerator (her glasses)
lawyer)
21-2
Grammar Lesson 21
21.В Relative Clauses: Котђрый

ПЌрeнь, котђрый… (4); ДЎвушка, котђрая… (9); МузыкЌнты, котђрыe… (13)
In case you don’t remember, a relative clause is a clause headed by relative pronoun (who, which, that) that
modifies a noun. Relative clauses let you combine two sentences that share a common noun into one.
1) The man knows all about relative clauses. 2) The man does not bathe regularly. Æ
common noun
{The man who does not bathe regularly knows all about relative clauses.}
1) Otto is reading a book, 2) The book was written by C. Montgomery Burns. Æ

common noun
{Otto is reading a book that was written by C. Montgomery Burns.}
Unlike English, which uses three relative pronouns (who for animate nouns and which or that for inanimate
nouns), Russian has just one: котђрый. Котђрый, which is always preceded by a comma, behaves like a
regular adjective, and agrees in number and gender with the noun it modifies.
Masc ПЌрень, котђрый стоЏт на балкђне, ѓчится The guy who is standing on the balcony goes to
в ПрЏнстоне. Princeton.
Neut Љто пЏво, котђроe бѕло в холодЏльникe. This is the beer that was in the refrigerator.
Fem ДЎвушка, котђрая рабђтает в бЌре, никогдЌ The woman who works at the bar never bathes.
не мђется.
Plural Гдe кнЏги, котђрые лeжЌли на столЎ? Where are the books that were (lying) on the table?
In English it is often possible to omit the relative pronoun who, that, which, while in Russian который cannot
be left out:
Письмо, котђрое я читЌл, лежЏт на столе. The letter (that) I was reading is on the table.
Актёры, котђрые рабђтают в ресторЌне, The actors (who are) working in a restaurant, speak German
хорошђ говорјт по-немЎцки. well.
Merge the second sentence into the first using the correct form of котђрый:
Example: Там был пЌрeнь. Он ѓчится в ПрЏнстонe. ➯ Там был пЌрeнь, котђрый ѓчится в ПрЏнстоне.
1. Гдe мој сeстрЌ? Она рабђтаeт в рeсторЌнe.
2. ПЌрень стоЏт на головЎ. Он учЏл рѓсский язѕк.
3. ДЎвушка без концЌ поёт рѓсские пЎсни. ОнЌ сeгђдня набралЌ нe тот нђмeр.
4. Мышь пьёт чай. ОнЌ живёт на балкђнe.
5. Љти адвокЌты лїбят пить. ОнЏ плђхо рабђтают.
6. Дочь нe пђмнит, гдe мѕло. ОнЌ бeз концЌ занимЌeтся.
7. Лђшади лeжЌт на кровЌти. ОнЏ хорошђ поїт.
8. Гдe винђ? Онђ стојло на столЎ.
9. Гдe амeрикЌнскиe врачЏ? ОнЏ рЌньшe жЏли в МосквЎ.
10. Лїди идѓт в кинђ. ОнЏ бeз концЌ шѓтят.
11. Сын лїбит писЌть. Он плђхо сeбј чѓвствуeт.
12. Францѓзская актрЏса хорошђ понимЌeт по-англЏйски. ОнЌ былЌ на вeчeрЏнкe.
21-3
21.Г -{O}ва-Stem Verbs
There is an important class of 1st-conjugation (Up-to-Snuff) verbs that we will refer to as -{O}ва+ verbs. (Since
they're not -и, -е, or Жа-Жа verbs, they have to be 1st-conjugation.) In the Past Tense and Infinitive (i.e., before
Consonant endings) the stem ends in {O}ва+ (which can be spelled either ова or ева depending on either the
hardness/softness of the preceding consonant or whether the preceding consonant is a spelling rule letter. No
stems happen to have ёва.)
In the Present Tense (and in other verb forms that begin with a vowel) the {O}ва+ changes to {U}й+ (spelled
either уй or юй). Add the Present endings the same way as with -ай+ verbs: the й and the vowel in the ending are
spelled as a single Soft-indicating vowel.
You may recall that when we originally presented the verb dance, the form was given as танцѓй+. In fact, the
verb dance is an {O}ва+ stem verb. The Past and Infinitive stem is танцевЌ+. (So that е in танцева+ really is
basic {O} but you can’t write unstressed o after ц.)
We also had the expression feel well/bad чѓвствую себј хорошо/плђхо. As predicted, the Past and Infinitive
stem is чѓвствова+.
-{O}ва+ verbs
Person / Ending Pronoun чѓвствова+ себј танцевЌ+

Number feel dance
Present Tense: Stem ends in {U}й+
1sg -{U} я чѓвствую себј танцѓю
ь
2sg - {O}шь ты чѓвствуешь себј танцѓешь
3sg - ь{O}т он/онЌ/онђ чѓвствует себј танцѓет
ь
1pl - {O}м мы чѓвствуем себј танцѓем
2pl - ь{O}те вы чѓвствуете себј танцѓете
3pl -{U}т онЏ чѓвствуют себј танцѓют
Past Tense / Infinitive: Stem ends in {O}ва+
Masc -л я, ты, он чѓвствовал себј танцевЌл
Fem -ла я, ты, онЌ чѓвствовала себј танцевЌла
Neut -ло онђ чѓвствовало себј танцевЌло
Pl -ли мы, вы, онЏ чѓвствовали себј танцевЌли
Infinitive -ть чѓвствовать себј танцевЌть
21-4
Grammar Lesson 21
V Question: {O}ва+ verbs have what sure seem to be two different stems, so why not list
them as double-stem verbs: {танцѓй+ / танцевЌ+}?
Also, why are these called -{O}ва+ stems and not -{U}й+ stems.
Answer: First question: Technically, we could list -{O}ва+ stems as double-stem verbs.
What makes -{O}ва+ verbs different from other double-stem verbs is that there
are hundreds of -{O}ва+ verbs, all of which conjugate the same.
-{O}ва+ verbs are “productive”; you can create new verbs with this suffix.
Many of these new verbs are derived from foreign words. Try to guess the
meanings of the following “new” -{O}ва+ verbs:
аплодЏрова+ арестовЌ+
донжуЌнствова+ парковЌ+ (машЏну)
рекомендовЌ+ фотографЏрова+
As for the second question, again, you have a good point. However, since the
Infinitive is what is listed in all dictionaries, and since -{O}ва+ is used by
nearly everyone else, we’ll stick to tradition in this one case.
Chameleon:
1. МЌша хорошђ танцѓет. (я, ты, онЏ, мы, Past Tense, он, вы, кто?, я (first masculine, then feminine)
2. ЖЌннин отЎц плђхо себј чѓвствует. (онЌ, вы?, мы, я, Кђля, Past Tense: онЏ, ты? (masculine), онЌ)
3. ПолЏция егђ арестовЌла. (мы, кто?, Кђджак, Present Tense1, я, вы, онЏ)
1
The forms are Present but it’s really the Future! A lot more on this later on.
21-5
" Exercise 1 Put in verbs that make sense:
1. Кто _________________________ на вeчeрЏнкe вчeрЌ?
2. Кто _______________________________ по-рѓсски?
3. Кто _________________________________ моё пЏво?
4. Кто никогдЌ не_____________________________________________?
5. Кто ______________________________________________ на кровЌти?
6. Кто рЌньшe ___________________________________________ в ПрЏнстонe?
7. Кто _____________________________________________ танцeвЌть?
" Exercise 2 Combine the following pairs of sentences into one using a relative clause:
1. ДЎти игрЌют в пЌркe. ОнЏ поїт рѓсскиe пЎсни.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. АдвокЌт смђтрит тeлeвЏзор. Он бeз концЌ занимЌется.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3. ПeвЎц ђчeнь талЌнтливый. Он плђхо учЏлся.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
4. Гдe кнЏга? ОнЌ лeжЌла на столЎ.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
5. ПрограммЏст никогдЌ нe мђeтся. Он жил в Нью-Йђркe.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
21-6
6. Сёстры бeз концЌ кѓрят. ОнЏ рабђтают в СпрЏнгфилдe.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
7. ЖЎнщина всё пeрeпѓтала. ОнЌ идёт в кинђ.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
" Exercise 3 Finish the sentences as you wish:
1. АнглЏйский музыкЌнт, котђрый рЌньшe игрЌл в грѓппe «Кто», …
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. Гдe рюкзЌк, котђрый …
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3. ЖЎнщины, котђрые стојт на балкђнe, …
_______________________________________________________________________________________
4. Вот лђшадь, котђрая …
_______________________________________________________________________________________
" Exercise 4 Translate from English into Russian:
1. I used to drink all the time.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. Misha’s younger sister likes to dance. She dances pretty well.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3. People who drink French wine never bathe.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
21-7
Dialogue: How do you say 'cheat-sheet' in Russian?
Chapter 2 - Review (Lessons 12-21)

Диалђг
Как сказЌть “cheat-sheet” по-рѓсски? How do you say “cheat-sheet” in Russian?
ГЌля: 1 Как сказЌть “cheat-sheet” по-рѓсски? How do you say “cheat-sheet” in Russian?
Лёва: 2 “Cheat-sheet” по-рѓсски шпаргЌлка. Почемѓ “Cheat-sheet” in Russian is шпаргЌлка. Why
3 ты спрЌшиваешь? are you asking?
ГЌля: 4 Потомѓ что зЌвтра контрђльная (рабђта) по Because tomorrow there is a Russian exam.
рѓсскому языкѓ.
Лёва: 5 Всё јсно. Ни пѓха, ни перЌ. I see. (All is clear.) Good luck (on the exam)
ГЌля: К чёрту! (Appropriate response)
СловЌрь
1 как сказЌть “Х” по-рѓсски? how do you say “X” in Russian?
2 шпаргЌлка cheat-sheet; notes to cheat from
(Cultural note: In general, cheating is not uncommon in Russian schools, and is
not considered as serious an offense as it is in the US. That doesn’t mean you can
use шпаргЌлки on your exams.)
2 спрЌшивай+ ask (someone something) We’ve seen what is the imperative of this verb in the
expression Не спрЌшивай! Don’t ask!
4 потомѓ что because
4 зЌвтра tomorrow
4 контрђльная (рабђта) test
контрђльная (рабђта) по Russian test (It’s best to memorize this as a set phrase for now. Note that it’s
рѓсскому языкѓ different from Russian professor, which is профЎссор рѓсского языкЌ.)
5 ни пѓха, ни перЌ good luck (Literally “Neither down nor the feather”. Supposedly said to hunters
to encourage them to get the animal itself, and not the down or feather.)
6 к чёрту Required response to Ни пѓха, ни пера. (Literally “Go to hell/the devil! You
canand mustsay this to anyone who wishes you good luck, including your
professor, parents, etc.)
22-1
22-й урок ПовторЎние
CHAPTER 2 REVIEW: LESSONS 12-21
Nouns and modifiers
Stems and endings
Throughout the rest of the course we will break down most words into a stem plus an ending.
For all nouns, possessives, demonstratives, and adjectives the stem ends in a consonant (C), while the ending begins in a
Vowel (V) (or is ∅).
The ending is simply added to the stem, with predictable spelling rules applying:
STEM ENDING indicates gender & number

(ends in C) (begins in V or -∅)
RESULT
NOUNS
адвокЌт+ адвокЌт адвокЌты
ь
словар +΄ -∅ -{I} (Plural) словЌрь словарЏ
ь
двЎр дверь двЎри
машЏн+ машЏна машЏны
ь -{A} -{I} (Plural)
кѓхн + кѓхня кѓхни
×
слов+ слђво словЌ
-{O} -{A} (Plural)
здЌний+ здЌние здЌния
ь
дЎт − -{I} (Plural) N/A дЎти
POSSESSIVES / ЉТОТ
мой+΄ мой моё мој моЏ
нЌш+ нЌш нЌше нЌша нЌши
-∅ -{O} -{A} -{I}
іт+ *ітот іто іта **іти
(Masc) (Neut) (Fem) (Pl)
*unexpected extra syllable; **unexpected softening
чей+ (е drops) чей чьё чья чьи
ADJECTIVES
нђв+ нђвый нђвое нђвая нђвые
плох+΄ плохђй плохђе плохЌя плохЏе
-{I}й/-ђй -{O}е -{A}я -{I}е
хорђш+ хорђший хорђшее хорђшая хорђшие
(Masc) (Neut) (Fem) (Pl)
больш+΄ большђй большђе большЌя большЏе
ь
срЎдн + (soft) срЎдний срЎднее срЎдняя срЎдние
We will follow tradition and list modifiers in the Masculine Singular (since every other form is 100% predictable).
22-2
Gender and number of nouns, possessives/demonstratives, and adjectives
All nouns, possessives/demonstratives, and adjectives are marked for gender and number. The gender of a noun is fixed (and
usually obvious from the ending), while adjectives and possessives/demonstratives take the appropriate ending to agree with
the noun in gender and number.
In the chart below, adjective endings appear on the left; noun and possessive/demonstrative endings on the right:
SINGULAR PLURAL
Masculine Neuter Feminine -{I}е -{I}
-{I}й/-ђй -∅ -{O}е -{O} -{A}я -{A} / -ь (Neut pl nouns: -{A})
нђвый фотоаппарЌт нђвое пальтђ нђвая кнЏга нђвые фЏльмы
плохђй словЌрь плохђе винђ плохЌя фотогрЌфия плохЏе фотогрЌфии
хорђший отЎц хорђшее пЏво хорђшая собЌка хорђшие местЌ
большђй университЎт большђе здЌние большЌя кѓхня большЏе здЌния
послЎдний журнЌл послЎднее печЎнье послЎдняя дверь послЎдние актёры
мой брат моё окнђ мој мать моЏ словарЏ
наш профЎссор нЌше мЎсто нЌша лђшадь нЌши родЏтели
ітот человЎк іто мѕло іта дЎвушка іти двЎри
Notes:
Two irregular Plural nouns: чeловЎк лїди; брат брЌтья
Even though they ‘feel’ like adjectives, possessives like мой, твой, наш, ваш, чей, МЏшин, ВЎрин, etc., and the
Demonstrative ітот take noun endings.
The 3rd person possessives eгђ, eё, их never change, regardless of the gender or number of the noun modified:
Љто егђ/её/их брат. Где егђ/её/их сестра? На столЎ лежЏт егђ/её/их письмђ. Вот егђ/её/их родЏтели.
Gender of nouns ending in -ь
Sometimes the gender is predictable (between Masculine and Feminine), other times it’s not:
ALWAYS MASCULINE ALWAYS FEMININE CAN’T PREDICT

If the noun refers to a profession, If the noun ends in a Husher + -ь: Others (abstract nouns tend to be
a common suffix is -тель: Feminine):
учЏтель (teacher), писЌтель (writer) ночь (night), мышь (mouse), вещь словЌрь, рубль (M)
(thing), рожь (rye), лђшадь, дверь, жизнь (life) (F)
Stress patterns of nouns (Introduction)
There are two basic stress patterns in nouns:
1) Fixed stress: Stress is fixed on one syllable throughout all forms of the noun, either on the stem or on the ending.
2) Shifting stress: Shift in stress occurs, usually between the singular and plural.
22-3

STEM STRESS END STRESS
×
΄ on the stressed ΄ following the word (mostly Masc): over stressed vowel of the
NOTATION:
vowel stress goes on last possible vowel dictionary form
sg pl sg pl sg pl
×
MASC: актёр актёры словарь΄ = словЌрь словарЏ мост = мост мостѕ
bridge
×
NEUT: здЌние здЌния (very few) письмо = письмђ пЏсьма
×
FEM: кнЏга кнЏги (very few) сёстра = сестрЌ сёстры
One pattern to pay attention to: If a Neuter or Feminine noun is end-stressed in the singular, most likely it shifts stress to the
stem in the plural (e.g., if the singular is письмђ, сестрЌ, then we can assume that the plural will be пЏсьма and сёстры,
respectively).
Possessives from first names in -{A}
Nuke the {A} and add the suffix -ин- plus the appropriate noun ending:
FIRST NAME POSSESSIVE STEM EXAMPLES

ДЌша ДЌшин+ ДЌшин брат
Лёва Лёвин+ Лёвина сестрЌ
Ђня Ђнин+ Ђнино письмђ
Кђля Кђлин+ Кђлины дЎти
Frozen іто vs. demonstrative ітот, іто, іта, іти
In the following common phrases on the left the word іто is fixed, and does not change regardless of the Gender or Number
of the nouns involved. It’s best to memorize these. On the right are sentences with the demonstrative (this [these] here / that
[those] there) ітот, іта, іто, іти.
FROZEN ЉТО DEMONSTRATIVE ЉТОТ, ЉТО, ЉТА, ЉТИ

− Что іто? − What’s this/that? Љтот пЌрень ѓчится в That guy goes to Princeton.
− Љто кнЏга. − It’s a book. ПрЏнстоне.
− Кто іто? − Who’s that? Љто винђ ђчень дорогђе. This wine is really expensive.
− Љто мой профЎссор. − It’s/That’s my professor.
− Чей іто рюкзЌк? − Whose backpack is this? Љта кнЏга совсЎм нђвая. This book is brand new.
− Љто ЛЏзин рюкзЌк. − It’s Liza’s backpack
− КакЌя іто кнЏга . Which/What kind of book is that? Љти дЎвушки говорјт по- Those young women speak
− Љто нђвая кнЏга. It’s a new book. рѓсски. Russian.
− Љто «ВойнЌ и мир» It’s War and Peace.
22-4
Uses of какой
What (a/an) X!
Какђй красЏвый кот! What a nice looking cat!
Какђе большђе здЌние! What a big building!
КакЌя дорогЌя машЏна! What an expensive car!
КакЏе бездЌрные архитЎкторы! What talentless architects!
Which X?, What (kind of) X?
Какђй актёр игрЌл в фЏльме? Which OR What kind of actor performed in the film?
Какђе пЏво он пьёт? Which OR What kind of beer is he drinking?
КакЌя кнЏга лежЌла на столЎ? Which OR What kind of book was on the table?
КакЏе лїди ѓчатся в ПрЏнстоне? (Ічень Which OR What kind of people go to Princeton?
талЌнтливые, конЎчно)
Which X is Y’s (with a possessive)
Какђй фотоаппарЌт твой? Which camera is yours?
Какђе письмђ СЌшино? Which letter is Sasha’s?
КакЌя кнЏга мој? Which book is mine?
КакЏе брїки ГрЏшины? Which pants are Grisha’s?
so X; such (a/an) X!
Какђй он красЏвый! He is such a hunk!
КакЌя КЌтя талЌнтливый музыкЌнт! Katya is such a talented musician!
Какђй вы хорђший врач! You are such a good doctor!
КакЏе вы стрЌнные! You guys are so strange!
Patronymics
In formal situations address a person by his/her full first name plus patronymic.
FATHER’S 1ST NAME PATRONYMIC

add -{O}вич for a man, -{O}вна for a woman
АндрЎй АндрЎевич / АндрЎевна
БорЏс БорЏсович / БорЏсовна
ДмЏтрий ДмЏтриевич / ДмЏтриевна
Геђргий Геђргиевич / Геђргиевна
ИвЌн ИвЌнович / ИвЌновна
СергЎй СергЎевич / СергЎевна
If father’s name ends in 1 consonant + -ий, ending is -ьевич/-ьевна
Анатђлий Анатђльевич / Анатђльевна
ВасЏлий ВасЏльевич / ВасЏльевна
Њрий Њрьевич / Њрьевна
Exceptions
Ильј ИльЏч / ИльЏнична
МихаЏл МахЌйлович / МихЌйловна
НикЏта НикЏтич / НикЏтична
Ћков Ћковлевич / Ћковлевна
22-5
Verbs
Stem + ending
All verbs will be listed by their stem: рабђтай+, ид+ ´, вЏде+. Unlike nouns and adjectives, whose stem always ends in a
consonant, verb stems may end in either a consonant or a vowel. Also, unlike noun and adjective endings, which always
begin in a vowel, verb endings may begin in either a consonant or a vowel.
Basic Rules of Combination
OPPOSITES ATTRACT (HARMONY) LIKES REPEL (TRUNCATION)

Stem Ending Result Stem Ending Result
C + V C/ + C
>
ид+΄ -{U} идѓ жив/+ -ть жить
дЎлай+ -ь{O}т дЎлает знЌй/+ -ли знЌли
V + C /
V + V
<
вЏде+ -ть вЏдеть смотре/+ -{U} смотрї
лежЌ+ -ла лежЌла стој/+ -{I}м стоЏм
Present Tense: 1st conjugation (Up-to-Snuff)
There are 2 conjugations for the Present Tense, commonly referred to as 1st and 2nd conjugation. The verb stem tells you to
which conjugation a verb belongs. All verbs except -и+ stem, -е+ stem, and -Жа-Жа+ stem verbs are 1st conjugation.
All of the 1st conjugation verbs we’ve seen so far have stems that end in a consonant, and allow harmonious C+V
combination. The 1st conjugation verb classes that we’ve seen so far are -ай+ stems, consonant stems, and -{O}ва+ stems (of
course -ай+ stems themselves end in a consonant, but they form a huge class of 1st conjugation verbs):
Person/ Ending* Pronoun -ай+ stems: consonant stems: -{O}ва stems:

Number рабђтай+ жив+> танцевЌ+
1sg -{U} я рабђтаю живѓ танцѓю
2sg -ь{O}шь ты рабђтаешь живёшь танцѓешь
3sg - ь{O}т он/онЌ/онђ рабђтает живёт танцѓет
1pl - ь{O}м мы рабђтаем живём танцѓем
2pl - ь{O}те вы рабђтаете живёте танцѓете
3pl -{U}т онЏ рабђтают живѓт танцѓют
* 1st conjugation endings which begin with {O} will always be spelled ‘ё’ or ‘e’. After hard consonant stems (жив+, ид+, the
я and онЏ forms are spelled with a hard-indicating ‘у’: живѓ, идѓт.
Mnemonic: For all 1st conjugation verbs, just add a ‘т’ to the я-form to get the онЏ-form: я живѓ > онЏ живѓт.
Present Tense: 2nd conjugation (Guitar)
There are 3 types of 2nd conjugation verbs: -и+ stems, -е+ stems, and -Жа-Жа+ stems, where ‘Ж’ stands for ‘ж, ш, ч, щ, й’.
Since the stems of all 2nd conjugation verbs end in a vowel, we get chaotic V
/ +V in the Present Tense.
22-6
Person/ Ending* Pronoun -и+ stems: -е+ stems: -Жа-Жа+ stems:

Number кури×+ смотре×+ лежЌ+
1sg -{U} я курї смотрї лежѓ
2sg -{I}шь ты кѓришь смђтришь лежЏшь
3sg -{I}т он/онЌ/онђ кѓрит смђтрит лежЏт
1pl -{I}м мы кѓрим смђтрим лежЏм
2pl -{I}те вы кѓрите смђтрите лежЏте
3pl -{A}т онЏ кѓрят смђтрят лежЌт
* 2nd conjugation endings will always be spelled with vowels ‘ю’, ‘и’, and ‘я’ (unless the Spelling Rules dictate otherwise).
Consonant mutation for some 2nd- conjugation (Guitar) verbs
/ +V truncation, the preceding consonant mutates in the 1st singular only:

In some cases, in addition to V
EXAMPLE: NO MUTATION:
MUTATION 2nd conj., Present 1sg only Remaining Present Tense
вЏде/ +{U} вЏжу вЏдишь … вЏдят
д ж сидЎ/ +{U} сижѓ сидЏшь … сидјт
глЌди/ +{U} глЌжу глЌдишь … глЌдят
×
б бл люби/ +{U} люблї лїбишь … лїбят
в вл готђви/ +{U} готђвлю готђвишь … готђвят
Past Tense
(No distinctions based on conjugation types)
VERB STEM SINGULAR PLURAL

Masculine Feminine Neuter All genders
(я, ты, он) (я, ты, онЌ) (онђ) (мы, вы, онЏ)
-л -ла -ло -ли
V+C: HARMONY
говорЏ+ говорЏл говорЏла говорЏло говорЏли
×
смотре+ смотрЎл смотрЎла смотрЎло смотрЎли
лeжЌ+ лежЌл лежЌла лежЌло лежЌли
писЌ+ писЌл писЌла писЌло писЌли
C/ +C: TRUNCATION OF VERB-STEM CONSONANT
работай /+ рабђтал рабђтала рабђтало рабђтали
занимЌй / +… ся занимЌлся занимЌлась занимЌлось занимЌлись
×
жив/ + жил жилЌ жЏло жЏли
22-7
Verbs and stress
Fixed stress: ΄

читЌй+ танцевЌ+ говорЏ+ вЏде+
PRESENT TENSE
1sg читЌ ю танц ѓю говор ї вЏж у
2sg читЌ ешь танц ѓешь говор Џшь вЏд ишь
3pl читЌ ют танц ѓют говор јт вЏд ят
PAST TENSE
Masc читЌ л танц евЌл говор Џл вЏд ел
Fem читЌ ла танц евЌла говор Џла вЏд ела
Pl читЌ ли танц евЌли говор Џли вЏд ели
INFINITIVE
читЌ ть танц евЌть говор Џть вЏд еть
×
Shifting stress:
Any 1st conjugation verb with an × means shifting stress in the PAST (Stress shifts from the stem to the ending in the
Feminine form only).
Any 2nd conjugation verb with an × means shifting stress in the PRESENT (Stress shifts from the ending in the 1sg to the
stem elsewhere: 2sg to 3pl).
Stress for the Infinitive is wherever the stress mark is written.

×
жив+× {зов+´ / зва+} смотре×+ люби×+
PRESENT TENSE
NO SHIFT SHIFT to stem in 2sg to 3pl
1sg жив ѓ зов ѓ смотр ї люб лї
2sg жив ёшь зов ёшь смђтр ишь лїб ишь
3pl жив ѓт зов ѓт смђтр ят лїб ят
PAST TENSE
SHIFT to ending in Fem NO SHIFT
Masc жи л зва л смотр Ўл люб Џл
Fem жи лЌ зва лЌ смотр Ўла люб Џла
Pl жЏ ли звЌ ли смотр Ўли люб Џли
INFINITIVE
жи ть зва ть смотр Ўть люб Џть
22-8
The Infinitive
The infinitive ending is -ть. When attached to verb stems ending in a vowel, harmony results; when attached to a verb stem
ending in a consonant, truncation occurs:
V+C (HARMONY) C
/ +C (TRUNCATION)
<
кури+ ть курЏть понимЌй/ + ть понимЌть
вЏде+ ть вЏдеть читЌй/ + ть читЌть
>
лeжЌ+ ть лeжЌть жив/ + ть жить
танцевЌ+ ть танцевЌть
Uses of the infinitive:

×
After the verb люби+ and the “modal” word нЌдо:
Я люблї лежЌть на дивЌне и смотрЎть I like to sit on the couch and watch TV.
телевЏзор.
НЌдо занимЌться. You have to study. (Generalized ‘you’)
20.IV Double-stem verbs
For double-stem verbs, we will list the Present Tense stem on the left and the Past Tense/Infinitive stem on the right
Person / Ending Pronoun × ×

Number {пьй+ / пи+ } {пой+´/ пе+} {зов+´ / зва+ }
C STEM (used with V endings): пьй+ пой+΄ зов+΄

PRESENT TENSE
1sg -{U} я пью пої зовѓ
2sg -{O}шь ты пьёшь поёшь зовёшь
3sg -{O}т он/онЌ/онђ пьёт поёт зовёт
1pl -{O}м мы пьём поём зовём
2pl -{O}те вы пьёте поёте зовёте
3pl -{U}т онЏ пьют поїт зовѓт
V STEM (used with C endings): пи+× пЎ+ зва+×
PAST TENSE
Masc -л я, ты, он пил пел звЌл
Fem -ла я, ты, онЌ пилЌ пЎла звалЌ
Neut -ло онђ пЏло пЎло звЌло
Pl -ли мы, вы, онЏ пЏли пЎли звЌли
INFINITIVE
-ть пить петь звать
22-9
21.IV -{O}ва verbs
There is a large group of verbs that have the Past Tense/Infinitive stem in -{O}ва. In the Present Tense, this verbal suffix
changes to {U}й, to which are added regular 1st conjugation endings:
Person / Ending Pronoun чѓвствова+ жЌлова+…ся танцевЌ+

Number feel complain dance
STEM: -{U}й+
PRESENT TENSE
1sg -{U} я чѓвствую жЌлуюсь танцѓю
2sg -{O}шь ты чѓвствуешь жЌлуешься танцѓешь
3sg -{O}т он/онЌ/онђ чѓвствует жЌлуется танцѓет
1pl -{O}м мы чѓвствуем жЌлуемся танцѓем
2pl -{O}те вы чѓвствуете жЌлуетесь танцѓете
3pl -{U}т онЏ чѓвствуют жЌлуются танцѓют
STEM: -{O}ва+
PAST TENSE
Masc -л я, ты, он чѓвствовал жЌловался танцевЌл
Fem -ла я, ты, онЌ чѓвствовала жЌловалась танцевЌла
Neut -ло онђ чѓвствовало жЌловалось танцевЌло
Pl -ли мы, вы, онЏ чѓвствовали жЌловались танцевЌли
INFINITIVE
-ть чѓвствовать жЌловаться танцевЌть
Technically -{O}ва+ verbs are really double-stem verbs. For sake of convenience, and because there are so many of them we
will list the Past Tense/ Infinitive stem.
20.III Spelling the verbal suffix -ся / -сь
Cся Vсь
e.g., занимЌться, занимЌются, занимЌлся e.g., занимЌюсь, занимЌлась, занимЌетесь
учЏться, ѓчатся, учЏлся учѓсь, учЏлась, ѓчитесь
We’ll discuss the meaning(s) of this suffix later in the course.
22-10
Miscellaneous grammar points

18.II Speaking/understanding a language
After the verbs говорЏ+, понимЌй+, читЌй+ you use по- followed by the Masculine Singular adjective of the language
minus ‘й’:
Кто здесь говорЏт по-рѓсски? Who here speaks Russian?

Ты понимЌешь по-англЏйски? Do you understand English?
Я хорошђ читЌю по-немЎцки, но плђхо говорї. I read German well, but I don’t speak (it) well.
×
With the verbs учи+ and знЌй+ use the full adjective in the Masculine Singular and optionally the noun язѕк language:
МЏша ѓчит китЌйский (язык). Misha is studying Chinese.

Мој сестрЌ хорошђ знЌет итальјнский (язѕк). My sister knows Italian well.
Note: Just like the personal pronoun я, the names of the languages or nationalities are NOT capitalized.
20.I, 21.I Expressing when you’re not impressed
The construction X как X is used to express: a typical X, nothing special. Also, не ахтЏ indicates you were expecting more.
− Љто хорђшая кнЏга? − КнЏга как кнЏга. − Is that a good book? − It’s so-so.
− Как был концЎрт? − Не ахтЏ. − How was the concert? − Nothing to write home about.
21.II Agreement with кто, что, and всё
With кто, the Masculine Singular is used, even if you know the answer involves a female or more than one person.
Кто был на балкђне? Who was on the balcony?

Кто сидЏт на дивЌне? Who’s sitting on the sofa?
Compare with что and всё, which take a Neuter Singular verb:
Что лежЌло на столЎ? What was (lying) on the table?

Всё бѕло на кровЌти. Everything was on the bed.
21.III Relative clauses
A relative clause is used to combine two sentences about the same noun into one. The relative pronoun котђрый is used,
which must agree in gender and number with the noun in the main clause.
1) ПЌрень стоЏт на балкђне.

ПЌрень, котђрый стоЏт на балкђне, ѓчится в ПрЏнстоне.
2) Он ѓчится в ПрЏнстоне.
1) Он читЌет письмђ.
Он читЌет письмђ, которђе лежЌло на столЎ.
2) Онђ лежЌло на столЎ.
1) ДЎвушка рабђтает в бЌре
ДЎвушка, котђрая рабђтает в бЌре, никогдЌ не мђется.
2) ОнЌ никогдЌ не мђется.
1) Вот студЎнты!
Вот студЎнты, котђрые понимЌют по-немЎцки.
2) ОнЏ понимЌют по-немЎцки.
22-11
Exercise 1 Fill in the correct endings and add stress marks where needed:
1. Гдe мо__________ нђв_____________________ рюкзак_____________________ (pl)?
2. ЛЌрин_____________ родЏтeл____________ ђчeнь интeрЎсн________ лїд____________.
3. Я люб_____________ тёпл_________________ пЏв________________________.
4. Вот сто_______________ мо________________ любЏм___________ лђшад______ (sg).
5. Ч_____________ (whose) іт____________ словар____________________ (pl)?
Exercise 2 Fill in the tables:
дЎлай+ {мђй+...ся / мѕ+...ся} готђви+ танцевЌ+
*Verb type
Pres. я
он/Ќ
вы
онЏ
Past он
онЌ
онЏ
Infinitive
* Possible verb types: 1st conjugation regular, 1st conjugation double stem, 2nd conjugation
22-12
жив+ > кричЌ+ (shout)
*Verb type
Pres. я
он/Ќ
вы
онЏ
Past он
онЌ
онЏ
Infinitive
* Possible verb types: 1st conjugation regular, 1st conjugation double stem, 2nd conjugation
1. − Where is my favorite pen? − It’s lying on the table.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. I go to Tilson. My older sister goes to Dempsey.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3. This is not my tea. This (here) tea is cold, but my tea is warm.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
22-13
4. − What did Masha do yesterday?

− Nothing special. She listened to the radio and read a French magazine. A typical day.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5. − May I speak to Galya? − You have the wrong number.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
6. − Hello, Vera (daughter of Maksim). How are you? − Everything is good.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
7. I like to lie on the sofa and sing.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
8. − Are you parents at home?

− Yes, they’re standing on the balcony and smoking.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
22-14
Nouns & Pronouns

университЎт university
АкадЎмия наѓк Academy of Sciences холодЏльник refrigerator
13 актёр actor 20 фильм movie; film
актрЏса actress 17 чeловЎк man; person; human being (plural is лїди)
13 архитЎктор architect 12 чeй, чьё, чья, чьи whose (M, F, N)
18 балкђн balcony 22 шпаргЌлка cheat-sheet
19 брїки pants (always pl) 22 экзЌмен test
17 брЌтья brothers (irregular pl of брат)
21 вeчeрЏнка party экзЌмен по рѓсскому Russian test
17 винђ wine языкѓ
12 дверь (F) door ЭрмитЌж Hermitage museum
12 газЎта newspaper 14 ітот, іто, іта, іти this (one here); that (one there); these ones; those ones
21 грѓппа group (rock or otherwise) 18 язык΄ language
16 домЌшнee задЌниe homework assignment (soft нь)
17 жЎнщина woman (approx. over the age of 30)
12 журнЌл magazine
×
13 звёзда star
13 здЌниe building Verbs
12 карандЌш pencil
16 кинђ the movies 19 вЏде+ see
12 кнЏга book 19 глЌди+ iron
21 котђрый who, which 18 говорЏ+ speak; talk
12 лђшадь horse (F) 19 готђви+ prepare; make; cook
17 лїди people (plural of чeловЎк; related to German Leute) 20 гулјй+ stroll
21 мѓзыка music 17 дѓмай+ think
21 музыкЌнт musician 12 дЎлай+ do; make
12 мѕло soap 19 занимЌй+…ся spend time studying
12 мышь mouse 18 знЌй+ know
19 обЎд dinner 21 игрЌй+ play
15 очкЏ (eye)glasses (always plural) 16 ид+΄ go
×
20 пЌрк park 18 кури+ smoke
<
13 пeвЎц´ singer (male) 19 люби+ like; love
певЏца singer (female) 21 {мђй+…ся / мѕ+...ся} bathe; wash oneself
17 пЎсня song 21 пђмни+ remember
<
12 печЎнье cookie 20 писа+ write (Present Tense isn’t what you expect. Use in Past only
12 пЏво beer for now)
×
15 письмо letter 16 поживЌй+ get along; be doing
×
18 подрѓга (girl)friend 17 {пьй+ / пи+} drink
12 ружьё rifle 17 {пой+ / пЎ+} sing
14 рѓчка pen 19 сидЎ+ sit
16 рЌдио radio 16 слѓшай+ listen to (no need for a preposition in Russian!)
×
14 рюкзак´ backpack; book-bag 18 смотре + watch
12 словарь´ dictionary 22 спрЌшивай+ ask
×
18 слово word 18 стој+ stand
12 спЌльня bedroom 17 танцева+ dance
×
18 тeлeвЏзор TV 18 учи+ study; learn
16 читЌй+ read
22-15
Adjectives & Adverbs Expressions & Misc.

17 амeрикЌнский American 21 бeз концЌ all the time; continuously (lit: without end)
17 англЏйский English 16 в (кинђ) to (the movies)
13 бeздЌрный talentless 19 вeсь дeнь all day
13 большђй big 14 вот there (it is)
14 вкѓсный tasty; delicious 20 дeнь как дeнь a typical day; nothing out of the ordinary
20 дешёвый inexpensive; cheap 16 дђбрый день hello; good afternoon (lit.: good day)
15 дорогђй expensive; dear 16 дђма (at) home
15 едЏнствeнный only; sole 21 (что/кто) ещё (what/who) else
13 интeрЎсный interesting 12 и and
18 испЌнский Spanish (adj) 12 Џли or
20 итальјнский Italian (Note: there’s only 1 ‘и’ in this word and a ‘ь’ after the 16 Как вы поживЌeтe? How are you doing? (This is a pretty standard question in
‘л’) Russian)
15 какђй which (one); what (kind of), what a (noun)!; how (adjective)! 22 как сказЌть Х по- how do you say X inRussian?
18 китЌйский Chinese (adj) рѓсски?
19 лeнЏвый lazy 21 на (вечерЏнке) at (party)
14 любЏмый favorite 21 нe ахтЏ nothing to write home about
20 нeмЎцкий German (this ‘strange’ word is related to the word ‘deaf; 21 никогдЌ never (Note that verb is also negated with нe. More on this in
mute’) Chapter 3)
14 нђвый new 22 Ни пѓха, ни перЌ! good luck
13 отлЏчный cool; awesome; excellent К чёрту! (required response)
13 ђчень very 16 ничeгђ осђбeнного nothing special
13 плохђй bad 19 нЌдо (one; you) has to; ought to; must
13 послЎдний (note: soft нь) last; final 19 но but
16 потђм then; after that 13 ну и что? so what?; who cares?; big deal!
21 рЌньшe previously; used to 12 о чём ты говорЏшь? what are you talking about?
16 сeгђдня today 22 потомѓ что because
15 слЎва on the left; to the left 18 по-францѓзски / по- speak, read, understand French/Russian/English
14 совсЎм completely; really; totally рѓсски / по-англЏйски
15 спрЌва on the right; to the right 17 что that (conjunction)
13 срЎдний (note: soft нь) average; nothing special
14 стЌрый old
19 стрЌнный strange
13 талЌнтливый talented
15 тђлько only
14 тёплый warm
17 францѓзский French
14 холђдный cold (related word: холодЏльник)
13 хорђший good (note stress is on second syllable, unlike the adverbial
form хорошђ)
18 чуть-чѓть a little bit; just a bit
22-16
Dialogues: A: “You’re drinking my vodka”; Б: “You’re
drinking my milk”; В: “You’re drinking my
juice”; Г: “You’re feeding my horse”
Grammar: Tag questions
nd
2 conjugation and consonant mutation
(cont’d): Labials
The notion of Case
The Nominative Case
The Accusative Case of nouns,
possessives, and ітот
- Forms; - Uses
- Masculine first names in -{A}
Case and word order
Диалђги
А. Ты пьёшь мої вђдку! You’re drinking my vodka!
Волђдя: 1 Что же ты дЎлаeшь? What the heck are you doing!?
ЛЎна: 2 Ты слeпђй, что ли? Вђдку пью. Are you blind or something? I’m drinking
vodka.
Волђдя: 3 Я нe слeпђй. Ты пьёшь мої вђдку! Вон стоЏт I’m not blind. You’re drinking my vodka! Your
4 твој вђдка. Дѓра! vodka is (standing) over there. Idiot!
ЛЎна: 5 Ой, извинЏ рЌди Бђга. Oh, I’m really sorry.
Волђдя: 6 Ничeгђ. Don’t worry about it.
Б. Ты пьёшь моё молокђ! You’re drinking my milk!

ЛЏза: 7 Что же ты дЎлаeшь? What the heck are you doing!?
Кђстя: 8 Ты слeпЌя, что ли? Молокђ пью. Are you blind or something? I’m drinking milk.
ЛЏза: 9 Я не слепЌя. Ты пьёшь моё молокђ! Вон стоЏт I’m not blind. You’re drinking my milk! Your
10 твоё молокђ. ДурЌк! milk is (standing) over there. Idiot!
Кђстя: 11 Ой, извинЏ рЌди Бђга. Oh, I’m really sorry.
ЛЏза: 12 Ничeгђ. Don’t worry about it.
В. Ты пьёшь мой сок! You’re drinking my juice!

СЎва: 13 Что же ты дЎлаeшь? What the heck are you doing!?
ЗЏна: 14 Ты слeпђй, что ли? Сок пью. Are you blind or something? I’m drinking juice.
СЎва: 15 Я не слепђй. Ты пьёшь мой сок! Вон стоЏт I’m not blind. You’re drinking my juice! Your
твой сок. Дѓра! juice is (standing) over there. Idiot!
ЗЏна: 16 Ой, извинЏ рЌди Бђга. Oh, I’m really sorry.
СЎва: 17 Ничeгђ. Don’t worry about it.
Г. Ты кђрмишь мої лђшадь! You’re feeding my horse!

КЏра: 18 Что же ты дЎлаeшь? What the heck are you doing!?
Рђдя: 19 Ты слeпЌя, что ли? Лђшадь кормлї. Are you blind or something? I’m feeding (my)
horse.
КЏра: 20 Я не слепЌя. Ты кђрмишь мої лђшадь! Вон I’m not blind. You’re feeding my horse! Your
21 стоЏт твој лђшадь. ДурЌк! horse is (standing) over there. Idiot!
Рђдя: 22 Ой, извинЏ рЌди Бђга. Oh, I’m really sorry.
КЏра 23 Ничeгђ. Don’t worry about it.
23-1
СловЌрь
2 слeпђй (note: end-stressed) blind
2 … что ли? … or something? (a tag question)
3 вон (over) there
4 дѓра idiot; fool (said about a woman)
8 молокђ milk (cognate)
10 дурак´ idiot; fool (said about a man)
14 сок juice
19 корми<+ feed
[ [ [
23.A Tag Questions: ...что ли?

Ты слeпђй, что ли? (2)
The phrase что ли following questions adds incredulity (didn’t think you’d see that word today, did you?),
something like or something?
Listen and repeat:
Ты шѓтишь, что ли? Are you joking (or something)?

Ты слeпђй, что ли? Are you blind (or something)?
Ты нe понимЌeшь, что ли? Don’t you understand? Can it really be that you don’t
understand?
ОнЌ амeрикЌнка, что ли? Is she an American? (I thought she was French.)
Express incredulity about the following. Use the ты form. (Don’t worry if your answer doesn’t
match exactly):
Example: Your roommate is studying AGAIN ➯ Ты ОПЋТЬ занимЌeшься, что ли?
1. Your friend is drinking YOUR vodka.
2. Your roommate says she has a date with Brad Pitt (ha ha).
3. You think you see cigarette smoke coming from your 10-year-old brother’s room.
4. Your roommate is ironing his pants AGAIN.
5. You think you smell beer on your conservative roommate’s breath.
6. Your roommate refuses to bathe.
23-2
Граммáтика Lesson 23
23.Б More Consonant Mutations: Labial Consonants (б, в, м, п, ф)
The verb корми<+ (feed) is the third example of an inserted ‘л’ in the 1st sg Present. We previously saw 1) б>бл
(люби</+ {U} Æ я люблї) and 2) в>вл (готђв/и +{U}Æ я готђвлю). All three consonants (м, б, в) are
pronounced using the lips, and are referred to as labial consonants. The other labials are ‘п’ and ‘ф’. (We won’t
see any verbs with ‘ф’ this year, but they also > фл in the я-form of the present tense.)
LABIAL EXAMPLE: NO MUTATION:

MUTATIONS 2nd conj., 1sg pres. tns. Remaining pres. tns.
б > бл люби</+{U} Æ люблї лїбишь … лїбят
в > вл / +{U}
готђви Æ готђвлю готђвишь … готђвят
м > мл <
корми+ {U} Æ кормлї кђрмишь … кђрмят
п > пл купи</+{U} Æ куплї кѓпишь … кѓпят
To review other mutations, see Lesson 19.
Chameleon:
1. корми<+ лђшадь / я 2. он 3. онЏ

<
4. люби+ смотрЎть телевЏзор 5. вы 6. я
7. готђви+ обЎд 8. Пђля 9. мы
<
10. купи+ (will buy) молокђ 11. ЖЎня 12. я
23-3
23.В The Notion of Case (or How to Write a Ransom Note in Russian)
If you kidnapped someone named Tanya and wanted to send a ransom note (in English) using words cut out of a
newspaper, you could use any of the following instances of the word “Tanya”:
(1) Tanya prefers double-stem verbs.

(2) Only no-talent singers respect Tanya.
(3) I dreamt about Tanya again last night.
Each time it’s simply T-a-n-y-a. The reader of the ransom note couldn’t tell whether ‘Tanya’ had been the subject
of the sentence [sentence (1)], the direct object of a verb [sentence (2)], or the object of a preposition [sentence
(3)].1
Russian kidnappers are not as lucky. For each of the three examples above (plus a few more), the form/ending of
ТЌня - which is a noun - is different. So if the Russian kidnappers snatched Tanya and they wanted to write (in
Russian): “We will harm Tanya if you don’t pay us,” - where Tanya is the direct object of the verb ‘harm’ - they
would have to find a sentence in the newspaper in which Tanya was also a direct object. In the other two
sentences (subject of the sentence or object of preposition) Tanya would have a different ending. This is what is
known as Case - the function (subject/direct object/object of preposition, etc.) of a noun (along with its modifiers)
appears as part of the word.2
There are six Cases in Russian, which we will not enumerate for you at this time (we like to maintain an element
of surprise). A great deal of this course from now on will focus on these Cases, both their forms and uses.
So …
WELCOME TO THE WONDERFUL WORLD OF CASE!
23.Г The Nominative Case (ИменЏтельный ПадЎж)
So, what Case have nouns, pronouns, etc. been in all this time? Usually they’ve been in the Nominative Case,
whose main function is to indicate the subject of the sentence. We’ve already learned the Nominative forms in
both the singular and the plural, e.g., мој любЏмая кнЏга, твоЏ стЌршие сёстры. The “dictionary form” of
nouns that we talked about in before is actually the Nominative Case.
Also, remember the location endings we learned Chapter One? This is called (not surprisingly) the Locative or
Prepositional Case. We will learn more forms and uses of this Case later.
Now let’s look at the Accusative Case, which is used to mark direct objects (among other things).
1
Actually, there is one possible form of ‘Tanya’ in English that the kidnappers could not use: “Tanya’s hair is really from
one of those spray cans.” (unless they cut out the ’s.)
2
The only place English distinguishes Case with varying forms is in personal pronouns: he vs. him vs. his; she vs. her vs.
her(s); I vs. me vs. my/mine, etc.
23-4
23.Д The Accusative Case (ВинЏтельный ПадЎж) of Nouns
23.Д.1 Forms
Accusative Case: Singular Nouns, Possessives, Љтот
NOMINATIVE ACCUSATIVE
MASCULINE
-∅ (Same as Nominative) (consonant / -ь)
мой сок мой сок
МЏшин фотоаппарЌт МЏшин фотоаппарЌт
наш словЌрь наш словЌрь
ітот карандЌш ітот карандЌш
NEUTER
-{O} (Same as Nominative) (-о / -ё (rare for nouns) / е)
моё мѕло моё мѕло
нЌшe пЏво нЌшe пЏво
СЌшино пeчЎньe СЌшино пeчЎньe
іто здЌниe іто здЌниe
FEMININE
-{U} (-у / -ю)
мој газЎта мої газЎту
нЌша вђдка нЌшу вђдку
МЌшина спЌльня МЌшину спЌльню
іта фотогрЌфия іту фотогрЌфию
FEMININE NOUNS IN –Ь
-∅ (Same as Nominative) (always -ь) (Modifiers take -{U})
мој мать мої мать
нЌша мышь нЌшу мышь
Њрина двeрь Њрину двeрь
іта лђшадь іту лђшадь
We saw the Accusative of Feminine nouns in the 'Telephone' dialogue: “Mђжно ГЌлю / ВЎру?” We still have
not had Feminine Accusative Adjectives, so we can’t yet say “I want cheap Russian vodka”.
Remember: the 3rd person possessives NEVER change form, even with nouns in the Accusative Case: eгђ/eё/их
сок, мѕло, вђдку, мать
) IMPORTANT NOTE ABOUT MASCULINE NOUNS IN THE ACCUSATIVE: The

Accusative of Masculine nouns is the same as the Nominative ONLY for inanimate nouns, i.e.,
a thing – as opposed to a person or animal. Animate Masculine nouns (people and animals) get
their own special ending. So, at this point we do not know how to say “I loathe my Russian
professor”. We’ll cover this in Chapter 4. Hopefully by then your feelings will have changed.
23-5
23.Д.2 Uses of the Accusative Case

The most common use of the Accusative Case is for marking the Direct Object of a transitive verb3:
{Ты} пьёшь [моё пЏво].

{ВЎра} читЌeт [мой журнЌл].
{Кто} пьёт [мої вђдку]?
{Мој сестрЌ} кормЏлa [іту лђшадь].
{subject} [Direct Object]

Nominative Accusative
We will see further uses of the Accusative Case in the next few lessons.
Listen and repeat. Pay attention to the new endings (for Feminine):
1. Я читЌю кнЏгу (журнЌл, письмђ, газЎту, ромЌн (novel), статьї (article), диссeртЌцию)
2. СлЌва пьёт молокђ (чай, вђдку, кђфe, сок, винђ, вђду (water), пЏво)
3. Я вЏжу твої рѓчку (ітот словЌрь, её мѕло, нЌшу собЌку, іту двeрь, егђ карандЌш, кнЏгу, твоё рЌдио)
4. Ты знЌeшь ВЎру? (іту жЎнщину, мої сeстрѓ, eгђ мать, Бђрину жeнѓ, их дочь)
Insert the possessive or demonstrative in the correct form:
Example: Он пьёт вђдку (my) ➯ Он пьёт мої вђдку.

Ты вЏдишь жЎнщину (that there) ➯ Ты вЏдишь іту жЎнщину.
1. ВЌря читЌeт кнЏгу. (my, your-sg, our, Ira’s, his, their, that there, your-pl, Kolya’s)
2. Њра пьёт молокђ. (my, her, our, their, Gena’s, your-sg, that there, your-pl)
3. Я вЏжу рюкзЌк. (his, her, your-sg, Vera’s, my, their, our, this here, Vika’s)
23.Д.3 The Accusative of Masculine first names in -{A} Кто лїбит МЏшу?
A refinement of the above note about Masculine animate nouns: As we just mentioned, the Accusative ending for
Masculine animate nouns is different from the ending for inanimate nouns. However, Masculine first names
ending in -{A} (which we forced all the males in the class to select) behave just like regular Feminine nouns and
take -{U} in the Accusative:
ВЎра лїбит МЏшу. Vera loves Misha.

НЌташа нe лїбит Кђлю. Natasha doesn’t love Kolya.
3
For those who never paid attention in high school English, a transitive verb (like see) is one that takes a Direct Object
(John sees Bill), while an intransitive verb (like go) does not (John went; John went Bill is not grammatical).
23-6
Put the following nouns/phrases into the Accusative:
Example: Кто вЏдит (this here book)? ➯ Кто вЏдит іту кнЏгу?
1. Кто вЏдит...? (juice, vodka, Misha, Misha’s dog, my book, Vika, beer, that sofa, this
photograph, Sveta’s mother, Kolya)
2. Я люблї (our refrigerator, his magazine, that song, Vera, his sister, this pencil, their wine,
Borya, her horse, your-sg milk, Seryozha)
23.Е Case and Word Order
Compare the English sentences: “Lassie bit Timmy” “Timmy bit Lassie”
Obviously these sentences have different meanings. In English the meaning is revealed by word order. Changing
the word order changes the meaning of the sentence. In English normally you have Subject > Verb > Direct
Object. The form of a noun in English doesn’t change if it’s the subject versus the Direct Object versus the object
of a preposition, etc. So, if we cut out the word ‘Timmy’ and asked you whether he had been the subject (the
‘biter’ or the Direct Object (the ‘bitee’), you couldn’t tell.
Since in Russian you can tell the function of the noun by the form of the word (its Case), the order in which the
words appear is not as important. So, for the single English sentence “Masha loves Gena”, you can have several
equivalents in Russian:
МЌша лїбит ГЎну.

МЌша ГЎну лїбит.
ГЎну лїбит МЌша.
ГЎну МЌша лїбит.
Лїбит МЌша ГЎну.
= Masha loves Gena.
Лїбит ГЎну МЌша.
Is there any difference in meaning when you change word order? The answer is yes: Different word orders
normally result from emphasizing different elements of the sentence. But the “rules” pertaining to word order in
Russian can be quite complex, and we won’t spend a lot of time focusing on this question.
To be honest, in speech the most common word order in Russian is Subject > Verb > Object, just as in English.
In writing, however, many ‘strange and exotic’ word orders occur all over the place. So, you are going to need to
“bust out” of the Subject > Verb > Object mindset.
23-7
23-й урок - ДомЌшнее задЌние
" Exercise 1 Identify the case of the nouns and modifiers in the sentences. Be careful! There
is not always going to be Subject-Verb-Direct Object word order:
Example: МЏша лїбит МЌшу.

Nom Acc
Лђшадь кђрмит ЛЎна.

Acc Nom
1. СЌша читЌeт кнЏгу.
_______________________
2. Мой кот их собЌку нe лїбит.
__________________________________
3. ВЎру МЏша нe вЏдит.
________________________
4. ВЎра МЏшу нe вЏдит.
________________________
5. Молокђ кот пьёт.
____________________
6. МЌша обЎд готђвит.
_________________________
7. ПЌша вЏдит мышь.
________________________
8. ПЌшу вЏдит мышь.
________________________
9. Ѕра статьї (article) читЌет.
________________________
10 Винђ пьёт ВЏтя.
______________________
23-8
" Exercise 2 Rewrite as in the example. Don’t forget to change the possessive pronoun.
Example: Вон лeжЏт твој кнЏга, вЏдишь? ➯ Да, я вЏжу мої кнЏгу.
1. Вон лeжЏт мој газЎта, вЏдишь? (Think about what possessive to use!)
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. Вон лeжЏт твоё пeчЎньe, вЏдишь?
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. Вон лeжЏт eгђ собЌка, вЏдишь?
__________________________________________________________________________________
4. Вон лeжЏт твоё письмђ, вЏдишь?
__________________________________________________________________________________
5. Вон лeжЏт МЏшин фотоаппарЌт, вЏдишь?
__________________________________________________________________________________
6. Вон лeжЏт ЛЏдина мышь, вЏдишь?
__________________________________________________________________________________
" Exercise 3 Put the nouns in the Accusative. (You don’t know most of these nouns, but it
makes no difference− you know the forms):
1. ГЌля вЏдит (мој грѓша рeаr) ________________________________________.
2. МЏша кѓрит (марихуЌна) ____________________________________________.
3. Кђля глЌдит (КЏрино плЌтьe dress) _____________________________________.
4. ОксЌна готђвит (зЌвтрак breakfast) ________________________________________.
5. Паворђтти поёт (Ќрия) ____________________________________________________.
6. ЛЎна кђрмит (твој лђшадь) ____________________________________________.
7. Кто лїбит (eгђ дочь) __________________________________________________?
23-9
Dialogues: A: “What kind of bread do you want?”; Б:
“What kind of wine does Misha want?”; В:
“What kind of car do you want?”; Г: “What
kind of horse do they want?”
×
Grammar: The irregular verb хоте+ want
- Forms - Uses
The Accusative Singular of adjectives
‘Regular’ adjectives vs. possessives/
demonstratives
Диалђги
А. Какђй хлеб вы хотЏте? What kind of bread do you want?
ГрЏша: 1 Какђй хлeб вы хотЏтe? What kind of bread do you want?

ЛЏза: 2 Мы хотЏм чёрный хлeб, а нЌши родЏтeли хотјт We want black bread, and our parents want
3 бЎлый. white (bread).
Б. Какђе винђ хђчет МЏша? What kind of wine does Misha want?
НЌстя: 4 Какђe винђ МЏша хђчeт? What kind of wine does Misha want?
Волђдя: 5 Он хђчeт францѓзскоe крЌсноe винђ. He wants French red wine.
В. Какѓю машЏну ты хђчешь? What kind of car do you want?
ДЏма: 6 Какѓю машЏну ты хђчeшь? What kind of car do you want?

ЗЏна: 7 Я хочѓ ђчeнь дорогѓю, сЏнюю нeмЎцкую I want a really expensive, dark blue German
8 машЏну. МeрсeдЎс. car. A Mercedes.
ДЏма: 9 ДeржЏ кармЌн шЏрe. Don’t hold your breath.
Г. Какѓю лђшадь вы хотЏте? What kind of horse do you want?
Люда: 10 Какѓю лђшадь вы хотЏте? What kind of horse do y'all want?

Рома: 11 Мы хотЏм большѓю, корЏчнeвую лђшадь. We want a big brown horse.
СловЌрь
1 хлeб bread
1 хђчeшь, хочѓ, etc. want (Irregular verb; See grammar explanation.)
2 чёрный black
3 бЎлый white
5 крЌсный red
6 машЏна car
7 сЏний (soft!) (navy) blue
9 дeржЏ кармЌн шЏрe don’t hold your breath (lit.: hold (your) pocket wider)
11 корЏчнeвый brown
24-1
<
24.А An Important Irregular Verb: Хоте+ Want
Forms
Present Tense
SINGULAR PLURAL
st
1 pers. я хочѓ мы хотЏм
nd
2 pers. ты хђчeшь вы хотЏтe
3rd pers. он/Ќ хђчeт онЏ хотјт
What’s so strange about the Present Tense of хоте<+ want (leaving aside the stress pattern)? Look at the singular
endings versus the plural. Think about this because your instructor will ask you in class.
Note that т mutates to ч. What do you think the я-form of отвЎти+ answer is?
Infinitive and Past Tense

Stem is хоте<+ (normal: V+C)
PAST INFINITIVE
Masc я, ты, он хотЎл
Fem я, ты, онЌ хотЎла
хотЎть
Neut онђ хотЎло
Pl мы, вы, онЏ хотЎли
Uses of the verb хоте<+

As in English, you can combine the Present and Past of this verb with:
1) an Infinitive:
Я хочѓ жить в Нью-Йђрке. I want to live in NY.
Мы хотЎли петь рѓсские пЎсни. We wanted to sing Russian songs.
Кђля не хђчет занимЌться. Kolya does not want to study.
2) a Direct Object:
Мы хотЏм большѓю спЌльню. We want a large bedroom.
ЛЏля хотЎла францѓзскоe винђ. Lilya wanted French wine.

Example:
Conjugate based on the prompt:
Я хочѓ пить (ты, мы) ➯ Ты хђчeшь пить. Мы хотЏм пить.
1. Я хочѓ пeть рѓсскиe пЎсни (ты, онЌ, мы, Шѓрина сeстрЌ, онЏ, я, вы, нЌши дЎти)
2. ЛЎна нe хотЎла занимЌться (я [БорЏс], МЌша, мы, вы, студЎнты, Кђля, онЏ, ты [ВЎра])
3. Он хђчeт корЏчнeвую лђшадь (мы, я, ты, онЌ, вы, онЏ, ЗЏнина дочь, нЌши родЏтели)
24-2
Grammar Lesson 24
24.Б Accusative Singular Adjectives
As you might have expected, for Masculine (inanimate) and Neuter adjectives, the Accusative is the same as the
Nominative. Feminine Accusative adjectives, however, have a different ending than Nominative.
MASCULINE
*Same as Nominative: -{I}й (-ый/-ий), ђй
бЎлый хлeб бЎлый хлeб
большђй словЌрь большђй словЌрь
хорђший журнЌл хорђший журнЌл
сЏний дивЌн сЏний дивЌн
NEUTER
Same as Nominative: -{O}е (-ое/-ее)
бЎлоe винђ бЎлоe винђ
большђe здЌниe большђe здЌниe
хорђшee пeчЎньe хорђшee пeчЎньe
послЎднee окнђ window послЎднee окнђ
FEMININE
-{U}ю (-ую / -юю)
бЎлая машЏна бЎлую машЏну
большЌя фотогрЌфия большѓю фотогрЌфию
срЎдняя пЎсня срЎднюю пЎсню
корЏчневая лђшадь** корЏчневую лђшадь
Notes:
* Again, remember that this applies ONLY to Masculine inanimate nouns (and their accompanying adjectives).
We still can’t say phrases like I saw your older brother.
** Note that even though feminine nouns in -ь do not change in the Accusative, their accompanying modifiers do.
Listen and repeat:
1. Я хочѓ крЌсную машЏну (бЎлую, сЏнюю, большѓю, нeмЎцкую, большѓю

амeрикЌнскую, нђвую, дорогѓю)
2. МЏша лїбит холђдноe пЏво (амeрикЌнскоe, нeмЎцкоe, тёплоe, срЎднee, стЌроe,
францѓзскоe, дорогђe)
3. Кђля хђчeт нђвый рюкзЌк (большђй, дорогђй, рѓсский, крaсЏвый, амeрикЌнский)
24-3
Insert the adjective in the correct form:
Example: Мы поём пЎсню (Russian) ➯ Мы поём рѓсскую пЎсню.
1. МЌша пьёт молокђ (cold, bad, Russian, warm, expensive, old)

2. Лїба читЌeт кнЏгу (interesting, new, Russian, French, bad, favorite, Spanish)
3. Я вЏдeл журнЌл (new, Russian, German, bad, interesting, old, expensive)
24.В “Regular” Adjectives vs. Possessives/Demonstratives
Do not mix up the endings of “regular” adjectives, which have adjectival endings (большђй телевЏзор,
послЎднee печЎнье, отлЏчная кнЏга, срЎднюю дверь) with those of possessives/demonstratives, which take
noun endings1 (мой-∅ брат, нЌшe (={O}) здЌние, іту жЎнщину, ЛЎнина лђшадь, моЏ сёстры)
adjective ending adjective ending
poss./іто adjective noun poss./іто adjective noun

мой любЏмый журнЌл мой любЏмый журнЌл
вЌша сЏняя машЏна вЌшу сЏнюю машЏну
іто вкѓсное печЎнье іто вкѓсное печЎнье
both use noun ending both use noun ending
Answer the question:
Example: Какѓю рѓчку ты хђчeшь? (your new) ➯ Я хочѓ твої нђвую рѓчку.
1. Какѓю машЏну хђчeт СЌша? (my old; her red, their white; this here black; Vera’s new)
2. Какђй журнЌл ты читЌeшь? (your German; his old; Slava’s Russian)
3. Какђe здЌниe вы вЏдитe? (our new; his big; her old; Lena’s white)
4. Чью лђшадь ты кђрмишь? (your, our, his, her, their, Dasha’s, Shura’s)
1
These modifiers take noun endings in the Nominative and Accusative only, but adjective endings in other Cases. More on
this later.
24-4
" Exercise 1 Fill in the blanks and put the verb want in the PRESENT tense in the doubly
underlined blanks. Write ∅ if no ending is needed:
1. Сeрёжа нђв___________, крЌсн________ рѓчк_______________.
2. Чт________ (what) ты ?
Я нђв______________ рюкзЌк_______________.
3. Как______ пЏв___________ вы ?
Мы тёпл___________, немЎцк__________________ пЏв_____.
4. Мо_______ родЏтeл______ корЏчнeв_________ лђшад________.
5. Как___________ вђдк____________ МЏша ?
Он рѓсск__________ вђдк_______________.
" Exercise 2 Fill in the blanks and put the verb want in PAST tense tense in the doubly
underlined blanks. Write ∅ if no ending is needed:
1. МЌша пeть іт_____ пЎсн___________ (sing.)
2. Я лeжЌть на дивЌн_____________.
3. Мо______ сёстр________ готђвить обЎд_______________.
4. Кђля слѓшать рЌди________________.
5. Мы курЏть, но нЌш________ родЏтeл_______ сказЌ______ Нет!
" Exercise 3 Change the sentences as in the example:
Example: Вон хорђшая, сЏняя машЏна (я) ➯ Я вЏжу хорђшую, сЏнюю машЏну.
1. Вон нђвая, дорогЌя машЏна (мы)
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. Вон большђй, сЏний рюкзЌк (МЌша)
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3. Вон холђдноe нeмЎцкоe пЏво (онЏ)
_______________________________________________________________________________________
4. Вон слeпЌя, чёрная лђшадь (вы)
24-5
_______________________________________________________________________________________
5. Вон стЌрый, англЏйский журнЌл (я)
_______________________________________________________________________________________
6. Вон послЎдняя рѓсская кнЏга (ты)
_______________________________________________________________________________________
" Exercise 4 Fill in the blanks with the correct endings. Add stress marks where necessary:
1. Как________ пЎсн_________ ты лїбишь?
2. Ч__________ (whose) собЌк___________ он кђрмит?
3. МЌша нe понимЌeт __________ (his) доч_______________.
4. Вы вЏдитe мо__________ письм___________ ?
5. Я пђмню іт________ стЌр_____________ англЏйск_____________ журнЌл__________
" Exercise 5 Answer the questions as honestly as you wish:
1. Какѓю машЏну вы хотЏтe?
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Какђe пЏво вы лїбитe? (Hypothetical)
___________________________________________________________________________
3. Что вы хотЏтe дЎлать сeгђдня?
___________________________________________________________________________
4. Какђй хлeб вы лїбитe?
___________________________________________________________________________
24-6
Dialogues: A: “You never do anything”
Б: “No one bought anything”
Grammar: Review of fixed expressions
Negation (cont’d)
- Negating question words
- Russian: a multiple negative language
- Translating ни- words: A problem with
English
- Masculine verbal agreement with никтђ
and ничегђ.
Expressing PERSON and I, you and
PERSON, etc.
Диалђги
А. Ты никогдЌ ничeгђ нe дЎлаeшь You never do anything
НатЌша: 1 Что ты дЎлаeшь? What are you doing?

Њра: 2 Ничeгђ. Nothing.
НатЌша: 3 Ты никогдЌ ничeгђ нe дЎлаeшь. You never do anything.
Њра: 4 А ты ничeгђ нe знЌeшь! ОтстЌнь от мeнј. And you don’t know anything! Leave me alone.
Б. Никтђ ничeгђ нe купЏл Nobody bought anything
Лёня: 5 Гдe ты былЌ? Where were you?

ЖЌнна: 6 КогдЌ? When.
Лёня: 7 Сегђдня, конЎчно же. УжЎ пђздно. Today, of course. It’s already late.
ЖЌнна: 8 НигдЎ. Nowhere.
Лёня: 9 Вы с ГЌлeй бѕли в магазЏнe. Что ты купЏла? You and Galya went shopping (were at the
10 store). What did you buy?
ЖЌнна: 11 Ничeгђ. Nothing.
Лёня: 12 А ГЌля, что онЌ купЏла? And Galya, what did she buy?
ЖЌнна: 13 Никтђ ничeгђ нe купЏл. No one bought anything.
Лёня: 14 СлЌва Бђгу. Thank goodness. (Thank God.)
СловЌрь
3 отстЌнь Informal form of отстáньте, which we had in Lesson 3.

6 когдЌ when
7 конЎчно of course (Notice that the ч is pronounced ш, similar to что)
7 ужЎ already
7 пђздно late (The д is silent between the з and н.)
8 нигдЎ nowhere; anywhere
9 вы с ГЌлей you and Galya (lit.: you (pl) with Galya) (Note the voicing of the с to [з].)
9 магазЏн store (false cognate)
×
10 купи + buy
13 никтђ no one
14 слЌва Бђгу thank goodness; thank God; that’s good (lit.: glory to God)
25-1
25.А Multiple Negation in Russian

Ты никогдЌ ничегђ не дЎлаешь! (4); Никтђ ничeгђ нe купЏл. (13)
25.А.1 Negating Verbs and Question Words

Back in Lesson 6 we learned that basic negation involves simply placing the negative particle нe in front of the
element you wish to negate (usually the verb):
Я нe знЌю. I don’t know.

ОнЏ живѓт нe в ПрЏнстонe, а в ТрЎнтонe. They don’t live in Princeton, but in Trenton.
You can also negate a question word, such as кто, когдЌ, гдe, что, etc. In this case add ни (don’t confuse with
нe1) to the question word:
Q WORD НИ+Q WORD

2
что what ничeгђ nothing (Nom/Acc)
кто who никтђ (Nom); никогђ (Acc) no one
когдЌ when никогдЌ never
гдe where нигдЎ nowhere
какђй никакђй none at all
чей ничЎй no one’s
как никЌк not at all; in no way
Now add the verb phrase. We still need не as well (We know - there ends up being more than one negative
particle in a single sentence. We’ll explain below). Keep the нe in front of the verb phrase. As a rule, it is better
to move all the ни-words to the front, before the [нe + verb phrase]. This gives you the following word order:
SUBJECT + НИ + Q WORD + НЕ + VERB PHRASE

Ты ничегђ не знЌешь! You don’t know anything!
Никтђ не лїбит занимЌться. No one likes to study.
Он никЌк не хотЎл обЏдеть offend МЌшу. He didn’t want to offend Masha in
any way.
Я никогдЌ не вЏдел твої нђвую машЏну. I never saw your new car.
Её родЏтели нигдЎ не рабђтают. Her parents don’t work anywhere.
1
не and ни- are very easily confused, even more so since they are pronounced virtually the same (they are normally
unstressed and, as you remember, ‘е’ and ‘и’ both reduce to /и/).
2
Ничтђ does exist, but its use is rather limited.
25-2
Grammar Lesson 25
Listen and repeat. Note that due to vowel reduction, you can’t really hear any difference
between нe and ни-:
QUESTION NEGATIVE RESPONSE

1. Кто сидЏт на дивЌнe? Никтђ нe сидЏт на дивЌнe.
2. Что СЌша купЏла? СЌша ничeгђ нe купЏла.
3. КогдЌ он учЏл рѓсский язѕк? Он никогдЌ нe учЏл рѓсский язѕк.
4. Гдe ты живёшь? Я нигдЎ нe живѓ.
5. Что лежЏт на столЎ? Ничегђ не лежЏт на столЎ.
Answer the questions in the negative:
Example: Кто лeжЏт на кровЌти? ➯ Никтђ нe лeжЏт на кровЌти.

КогдЌ ГрЏша занимЌeтся? ➯ ГрЏша никогдЌ нe занимЌeтся.
1. КогдЌ вы читЌли «Ђнну КарЎнину»? 2. Что онЏ дЎлают?

3. Гдe МЌша вЏдeла СЌшу? 4. КакЌя рукЌ болЏт?
5. Кто лїбит рэп мѓзыку? 6. Что МЌша купЏла?
7. КогдЌ Ѕгорь занимЌeтся? 8. Гдe онЏ бѕли вчeрЌ?
9. Кто здeсь кѓрит? 10. Что ты знЌешь?
25.А.2 Russian is a Multiple Negative Language

Many textbooks refer to Russian as a “double negative” language. But, as we’ve seen, Russian is a multiple
negative language. You can pile as many ни-words in front of the [нe + verb] phrase as you’d like (as long as the
sentence still makes sense):
Никтђ ничeгђ нигдЎ нe купЏл. No one bought anything anywhere.

Он никогдЌ ничeгђ нe говорЏт. He never says anything.
‘Add water’ and negate these ‘freeze dried’ sentences:

×
Example: Кто / что / люби+ ➯ Никтђ ничeгђ нe лїбит.
1. Кто / когдЌ / занимЌй+…ся

2. МЏша / когдЌ / что / понимЌй+
3. Мы / гдe / когдЌ / что / дЎлай+
4. Кто / что / вЏде+
25-3
25.А.1 Translating Ни- words: A problem with English

In the table in 25.А.1 we translated the Russian ни- words as no- words in English (ничегђ = nothing, никтђ =
no one, нигдЎ = nowhere). but then most of the sentences that followed show the English equivalents of the ни-
words beginning with any- (Ты ничегђ не знЌешь! = You don’t know anything!). Technically, this could also
be translated You know nothing. This is a problem with English; fortunately, in Russian negative question words
are always ни-.
To make matters more complicated, the English any- can be used in non-negated constructions as well, e.g., Did
you see anything? Anyone could have done this. This is a totally different usage of any than in negative
sentences, and is expressed in Russian in a way which we haven’t learned yet. For now, every case of any- will
be in a negative sentence.
Compare these negative responses in English vs. Russian. Note how the one word responses in English differ
from complete sentence responses: 3
QUESTION NEGATIVE RESPONSE

Ничeгђ. Nothing.
Что ты купЏл? What did you buy?
Я ничeгђ нe купЏл. I didn’t buy anything.
НигдЎ. Nowhere.
Гдe ты вЏдeла ВЎру? Where did you see Vera? Я нигдЎ нe вЏдeл ВЎру. I didn’t see Vera
anywhere.
Никтђ. No one
Кто лїбит тёплоe пЏво Who likes warm beer? Никтђ нe лїбит тёплоe пЏво. No one likes warm
beer
When does he read НикогдЌ. Never
the paper?
КогдЌ он читЌет газЎту? Он никогдЌ нe читЌет газЎту. He doesn’t ever read
(OR: never reads) the
paper.
Whenever you see an English sentence that contains a negative question word, first make everything that you can
negative and then translate the sentence into Russian:
REGULAR ENGLISH WITH EVERYTHING REGULAR RUSSIAN

SENTENCE NEGATED SENTENCE
I don’t see anything > I don’t see nothing > Я ничeгђ нe вЏжу.
No one likes Ira > No one doesn’t like Ira > Никтђ нe лїбит Ѕру.
No one ever drinks anything > No one never doesn’t drink nothing > Никтђ никогдЌ ничeгђ нe пьёт.
3
This is not intended to be a study of negation in English, but rather a warning about the dangers of word for word
translation. But in case you’re curious how the English works, the general rule is: no- is used unless there is a preceding
negative particle (like not, -n’t).
25-4
Grammar Lesson 25
1. I don’t see anything.

2. Zina didn’t see Ira anywhere.
3. He never complains.
4. No one ever speaks Japanese.
5. No students like to study.
6. No one ever understands anything.
25.А.4 Verbal Agreement with Никтђ and Ничегђ

We saw in Lesson 21 that кто always takes Masculine Singular verb endings. The same is true of никтђ:
Никтђ нe знал. No one knew.

Никтђ ничeгђ нe купЏл. No one bought anything.
We also saw that что always takes Neuter Singular verb endings. The same is true of ничегђ when used as a
subject.
Ничегђ нe лежЏт на столЎ. Nothing is (lying) on the table.

Ничегђ нe лежЌло на дивЌне. Nothing was (lying) on the bed.
) For the time being, do not use the verb to be in negative constructions. Saying sentences like
No one is home and Nothing was in the refrigerator in Russian is a bit more complex than it
seems and will be covered in a later chapter.
Form questions and answer in the negative:
Example: bought an expensive German car ➯ Кто купЏл дорогѓю нeмЎцкую машЏну?
Никтђ нe купЏл дорогѓю нeмЎцкую машЏну.
1. wants to study
2. understands Russian
3. lives on the moon (лунЌ)
4. saw Masha’s sister
5. sang a Russian song
25-5
25.Б Expressing Vera and I; You and Misha, etc.

Вы с ГЌлей (9)
Expressing plural subjects such as Vera and I, you and Misha, Katya and Dima, etc., is not as simple in Russian
as in English. In Russian you (often) cannot simply put и between two names (John and I; You and Mark, etc.).
Instead, you must use the preposition c with.. With this preposition, the ending on first names in -{A} gets
changed to -{O}й: ВЎра Æ c ВЎрой, МЏша Æ с МЏшей. (This is another Case, the name and details of which
are not important right now.)
1. To express [Name] and I, you need the plural pronoun мы, the preposition с with, and then the name of the
person with the ending -{O}й e.g., мы с Лёвой Lyova and I, мы с КЌтей Katya and I. The verb that
follows this subject noun phrase agrees in the form of the pronoun, in this case 1pl.
2. To express you and [Name], the pronoun used is вы instead of мы, e.g., вы с ГЌлей you and Galya, вы с
ГЎной you and Gena. Again, the verb agrees with the pronoun, so it appears in the 2pl.
We’ll discuss a little later on how to treat phrases like she and Masha, he and my sister, Dima and Tanya, Nina
and Vera, etc. It can get rather complicated./
(PRO)NOUN + С + NAME IN -{O}Й + VERB PHRASE

Мы с ВЎрой ѓчимся / учЏлись в ПрЏнстоне. Vera and I go / went to Princeton.
verb agrees with pronoun: 1pl
Вы с МЏшей смђтрите / смотрЎли ітот фильм? Are / Were you and Misha watching
verb agrees with pronoun: 2pl this film?
Note that, for now, the -{O}й ending applies only to first names that end in -{A} (just like the possessives
СЌшин, НатЌшина, МЏшины, etc.). You cannot yet say sentences like My brother and I went to Tahiti.
1. Masha and I are going to the movies (the cinema).

2. What did you and Galya do yesterday?
3. Yesterday Ira and I strolled in the park.
4. Why are you and Gena watching TV?
5. Kira and I were at the store (went shopping).
6. Why did you and Kolya buy American vodka?
25-6
" Exercise 1 Answer the following questions in the negative (don’t forget both negation
elements):
1. Кто хђчeт жить в Нью-Йђркe?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. Что Лёня читЌeт?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3. КогдЌ вы бѕли в МосквЎ?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
4. Гдe ты занимЌeшься?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
" Exercise 2 Make up 3 questions and answer them in the negative (the more negative
elements the better):
1. _______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
25-7
" Exercise 3 Fill in the blanks with the proper forms. Add stress marks where necessary:
1. _________________________________________ ид______ в кинђ.

(Vanya and I)
2. _________________________________________ слѓша_____ рЌдио?

(you and Dima))
3. _________________________________________ сидЎл____ на дивЌне и смотрЎл____ телевЏзор.

(Shura and I)
4. _________________________________________ бѕл____ в магазЏне.

(you and Katya)
1. I don’t see anything anywhere.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. − Masha didn’t buy anything. − Thank God.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3. No one ever sang anything.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
4. No students like to study.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
5. You never do anything.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
25-8
Dialogue: “I can’t stand Heavy Metal!”
Grammar: The “Cluster Buster” (Introduction)
The Accusative plural of nouns,
possessives, and adjectives
Conditional sentences
- Uses of бы
- Placement of бы
Диалђг
Я терпЎть не могѓ хіви-мЎталл! I can’t stand Heavy Metal!
(Марк returns home. Он был в магазЏнe.)
Ѕнна: 1 Что в мешкЎ? Что ты купЏл? What’s in the bag? What did you buy?
Марк: 2 Зeлёныe полотЎнца. Green towels.
Ѕнна: 3 Почeмѓ зeлёныe? Ты жe знал, что я хотЎла Why green? You knew after all that I wanted
4 жёлтые полотЎнца. yellow towels.
Марк: 5 Нeт, я нe знал. Ѓсли бы я знал, я бы купЏл No, I didn’t know. If I had known I would have
6 жёлтые полотЎнца. bought yellow towels.
Ѕнна: 7 Что eщё ты купЏл? What else did you buy?
Марк: 8 КомпЌкт-дЏски. (Some) CDs.
Ѕнна: 9 КакЏe? What did you get? (Which ones?)
Марк: 10 Хіви-мЎталл. Heavy Metal.
Ѕнна: 11 Ты жe знаeшь, что я тeрпЎть нe могѓ хЎви- You know that I can’t stand Heavy Metal!
12 мЎталл!
Марк: 13 Ѓсли бы я знал іто, я бы нe купЏл іти дЏски. If I had known that, I wouldn’t have bought
these CDs.
СловЌрь
1 мeшок´ (о) bag
2 зeлёный green
полотЎнцe towel
4 жёлтый yellow
5 Ўсли бы if (conditional, + Past)
бы conditional particle (+ Past)
8 (компЌкт-)дЏск CD
10 хіви-мЎталл Heavy Metal
11 я тeрпЎть нe могѓ (что/когђ) I can’t stand (+ ACC)
(я) могѓ I can (this verb is somewhat irregular; just learn this one form for now)
[ [ [
26-1
26.А The “Cluster Buster” Vowel

Что в мешкЎ? (1)
The dictionary form of the word bag is мешђк. However, in the first line of the dialogue we see the location
phrase в мешкЎ in the bag. Notice that the о is gone. So, the stem of bag is мешк+΄, which contains, even for
Russians, the unacceptable consonant cluster шк at the end of the word. In comes the Cluster BusterVowel1 о to
the rescue. In other forms besides the Nominative, when an ending beginning with a vowel is attached, no Cluster
Buster Vowel is needed. For now, the only place you’ll see a Cluster Buster Vowel is Masculine Nominative
Singular forms. (We’ll see Cluster Buster Vowels in other forms in later chapters.)
) FYI: English also has Cluster Buster Vowels:

wonder ~ wondrous; disaster ~ disastrous; doctor ~ doctrine; miraculous ~ miracle
Since you can’t really predict which forms contain a Cluster Buster, we’ll let you know with our notation of
writing the Cluster Buster vowel in parenthesis after the word: отец´ (е), мешок´ (о), день (е). The most
commonly found Cluster Busters Vowels are ‘о’, ‘e’ and ‘ё’. Once in a blue moon you’ll see ‘и’.
Now we can see that чей has the Cluster Buster е. The stem is чьй+, which has no vowel at all. So in the
Masculine Nominative Singular an e is inserted. No Cluster Buster is needed in the Feminine, Neuter or Plural:
чья, чьё, чьи, and Feminine Accusative чью.
As a general rule, it’s not uncommon to have a Cluster Buster Vowel before the consonant к.
Listen and repeat:
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL

1. отец´ (е) Æ отцѕ 2. америкЌнец (е) Æ америкЌнцы
3. мешок´ (о) Æ мешкЏ 4. подЌрок (о) gift Æ подЌрки
5. кошелёк´ (ё) walletÆ кошелькЏ 6. рот (о) mouth Æ рты
7. день (е) Æ дни 8. один´ (и) Æ однЏ some
9. чей (е) чьи 10. потолок´ (о) ceiling потолкЏ
V Question: Why is it that when the Soft-indicating Cluster Busters Vowels ‘ё’, ‘е’ and ‘и’
drop out, sometimes the preceding consonant remains soft, as indicated by ‘ь’
(e.g., кошелёк/кошелькЏ) and sometimes not (e.g., день/дни)?
Answer: Very good question. It’s a bit complicated. For now you need to just
memorize what happens for each individual noun.
1
Also known as “fill vowel” or “fleeting vowel”.
26-2
Grammar Lesson 26
26.Б The Accusative Plural
We’re happy to announce that the Accusative Plural is exactly like the Nominative Plural (except, again, for
animate nouns – both Masculine and Feminine people and animals), so we can’t yet say sentences like I see the
professors, their wives, and the rhinoceroses.
Accusative Plural
Nouns, Possessives, Љтот & Аdjectives
NOM SG NOM & ACC PL
MASCULINE/ FEMININE (Inanimate)
poss./іто adj. noun
Same as Nom Pl: -{I} -{I}е -{I}
твой большђй магазЏн твоЏ большЏе магазЏны
вЌш сЏний словарь вЌши сЏние словарЏ
чья рѓсская кнЏга чьи рѓсские кнЏги
НЏнина интерЎсная фотогрЌфия НЏнины интерЎсные фотогрЌфии
іта корЏчневая дверь іти корЏчневые двЎри
NEUTER
poss./іто adj. noun
Same as Nom Pl: -{I} -{I}е -{A}
іто интерЎсное мЎсто іти интерЎсные местЌ
нЌше дорогђе ружьё нЌши дорогЏе рѓжья
СЌшино хорђшее здЌние СЌшины хорђшие здЌния
Put the English cues into the Accusative Plural:
1. МЌша купЏла (white towels, old CDs, black pants, expensive watch часѕ, good dictionaries)
2. Мы пЎли (Russian songs, old songs, new songs, English songs, Italian songs)
3. Кто читЌл (my letters, his books, these newpapers, interesting magazines, her articles статьј)
Change the direct object from singular to plural:
Example: Я хочѓ купЏть зeлёноe полотЎнце. ➯ Я хочѓ купЏть зeлёныe полотЎнца.
1. Гдe я могѓ купЏть рѓсский диск? 2. Я хочѓ сЏнюю рубЌшку (shirt).

3. ДЌша поёт францѓзскую пЎсню. 4. ВчерЌ МЌша читЌла хорђший журнЌл.
5. Я люблї мої дорогѓю машЏну. 6. Ты вЏдишь их ружьё?
7. Вы вЏдeли eгђ фотоаппарЌт? 8. Никтђ не вЏдел мой нђвый словЌрь.
9. Какђй язѕк ѓчит Сeрёжа? 10. Я читЌю интерЎсное письмђ.
11. Я нe пђмню іто здЌниe. 12. Я тeрпЎть нe могѓ іту зeлёную рѓчку.
13. Я вчeрЌ глЌдил ЖЌннину їбку (skirt). 14. Я тeрпЎть нe могѓ іто слђво.
15. Ты нe вЏдeл мой большђй крЌсный мeшђк? 16. Почемѓ ітот адвокЌт смђтрит на её зелёный
рюкзЌк?
26-3
26.В Conditional Sentences: Past Tense + бы

Ѓсли бы я знал, я бы купЏл … (5)
26.В.1 Uses of бы
The particle бы is used together with the Past Tense of the verb:
×
1) To ‘soften’ wishes, normally with the verb хоте+:
Мы хотЎли бы учЏться в ПрЏнстонe. We would like to study at (go to) Princeton.

МЌша хотЎла бы рабђтать в ПарЏжe. Masha would like to work in Paris.
Никтђ нe хотЎл бы жить в Чeрнђбылe. No one would want to live in Chernobyl.
For now keep the phrase of хотЎл/а/и + бы together.
‘Soften’ the wish:
Example: Сђня хђчет рабђтать в Макдђнальдсе. ➯ Сђня хотЎла бы рабђтать в Макдђнальдсе.
1. Я (M) хочѓ пить.

2. ВЎра хђчeт танцeвЌть.
3. ОнЏ хотјт пeть рѓсскиe пЎсни.
4. БорЏс хђчeт стојть на головЎ.
5. Я (F) хочѓ занимЌться.
2) To indicate a hypothetical situation. This is normally expressed in two clauses: Ѓсли бы … бы
BOTH CLAUSES THAT CONTAIN БЫ MUST HAVE THE VERB IN THE PAST TENSE
Note that these sentences with бы do not express Past Tense.

Ѓсли бы я знал, я бы купЏл зeлёныe полотЎнца. If I had known, I would have bought green towels.
Ѓсли бы ЖЌнна жилЌ в Нью-Йђркe, If Zhanna lived in NY,
онЌ бы читЌла «Нью-Йђрк Таймс». she would read the New York Times.
Ѓсли бы там бѕло францѓзскоe винђ, я бы пил. If there had been French wine there, I would have
drunk (it).
Also note that only the main verbs must appear in the Past. The verb in the subordinate clause is in whatever
tense the context calls for.
[Ѓсли бы я знал] , {почeмѓ он кѓрит}, я бы сказЌл. If I knew why he smokes, I would say.
Main clause subordinate clause Lower Main Clause
verb obligatorily in Past verb in this case in Present
26-4
Grammar Lesson 26
26.В.2 Placement of Ўсли бы and бы

Ѓсли бы is a phrase you never want to break up. It always appears at the beginning of a clause, and is normally
followed by the subject.
Giving exact rules for the position of бы (as opposed to Ўсли бы) is a bit more complicated. Бы very often
appears as the second element in the clause, though it is not unusual for бы to come either directly before or after
the verb – but don’t put бы between the negative particle не and the verb. (We suggest you stick to the second
position – it’s the safest place for бы.) Here are some examples of the different positions of бы:
Ѓсли бы Тђля учЏлся в ГЌрварде, он бы никогдЌ

не занимЌлся. (second position)
Ѓсли бы Тђля учЏлся в ГЌрварде, он никогдЌ бы
If Tolya went to Harvard, he would never study.
не занимЌлся. (preceding verb)
Ѓсли бы Тђля учЏлся в ГЌрварде, он никогдЌ не
занимЌлся.бы. (following verb)
You can reverse the order of the бы and Ўсли бы clauses:
Тђля бы никогдЌ не занимЌлся, Ўсли бы он учЏлся

в ГЌрварде.
Тђля никогдЌ бы не занимЌлся, Ўсли бы он учЏлся
Tolya would never study if he went to Harvard.
Тђля никогдЌ не занимЌлся бы, Ўсли бы он учЏлся
(In case you’re interested, the placement of бы is the kind of thing that linguists study. Now that’s what we call
F-U-N.)
Combine the sentences and make them conditional:
Example: ВЏка ѓчится в ПрЏнстонe. ОнЌ бeз концЌ занимЌeтся ➯

Ѓсли бы ВЏка учЏлась в ПрЏнстонe, онЌ бы бeз концЌ занинмЌлась.
1. ВЎра живёт в ПарЏжe. ОнЌ говорЏт по-францѓзски.

2. Мы читЌли газЎту. Мы нe всё пeрeпѓтали.
3. Бђря плђхо сeбј чѓвствуeт. Он лeжЏт на кровЌти.
4. Я знЌю, гдe он живёт. Я сказЌл.
5. Я знал, что ты хђчeшь бЎлую машЏну. Я купЏл бЎлую машЏну.
6. ОнЏ ѓчатся в ПрЏнстонe. ОнЏ бeз концЌ занимЌются.
7. Ты нe кѓришь. Ты хорошђ сeбј чѓвствуeшь.
8. Я был в ГeрмЌнии. Я купЏл МeрседЎс.
9. НЏна живёт в МЏнске. ОнЌ никогдЌ нe мђeтся.
26-5
" Exercise 1 Change the direct object to plural:
1. Я хочѓ крЌсную рѓчку.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. Мы вЏдeли большђe здЌниe.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3. Сђня купЏла красЏвый мешђк. (think!)
_______________________________________________________________________________________
4. СЌша кѓрит рѓсскую сигарЎту. (Even though we’ve never seen this noun, you can tell what the Nominative is!)
_______________________________________________________________________________________
5. ВЎра глЌдила моё плЌтьe (dress).
_______________________________________________________________________________________
6. Я слѓшаю (here: take) интeрЎсный курс.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
7. Макс бeз концЌ читЌeт словЌрь. (stress!)
_______________________________________________________________________________________
8. СлЌва поёт итальјнскую пЎсню.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
9. ЖЎня закрѕла (closed) двeрь.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
26-6
" Exercise 2 Make the sentences conditional:
1. Я учѓсь в ГЌрвардe. Я никогдЌ нe занимЌюсь.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. Он нe кѓрит. Он хорошђ сeбј чѓвствуeт.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3. МузыкЌнты игрЌли хорђшую мѓзыку. Мы танцeвЌли.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
4. Ѕра былЌ в БeрлЏнe. ОнЌ пьёт хорђшee немЎцкое пЏво.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
5. Мы смђтрим рѓсские фЏльмы. Мы хорошђ говорЏм по-рѓсски.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
6. Я ђчeнь хорошђ пої. Я не рабђтаю в Макдђнальдсe.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
7. Вы мѕлись сeгђдня. Мы нe говорЏм о вас (about you).
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
26-7
Dialogue: “I’m not looking at anyone”
Grammar: The Accusative of personal pronouns
Prepositions and Case
The н- at the beginning of (н)егђ, (н)её,
(н)их
Prepositions and negation
Диалђг
Ћ ни на когђ не смотрї I’m not looking at anyone
1 (В пЌрке) (In a park)

ГрЏша: 2 По-мђeму, ітот пЌрeнь смђтрит на тeбј. I think that guy is looking at you.
ВЌря: 3 О чём ты говорЏшь? Он смђтрит не на мeнј. What are you talking about? He’s not looking
at me.
ГрЏша: 4 А на когђ он смђтрит? На МЌшу? Then who is he looking at? At Masha?
ВЌря: 5 Нeт. Никтђ никогдЌ нe смђтрит на нeё. No. Nobody ever looks at her.
ГрЏша: 6 Нет, он тђчно смђтрит на нас. He’s definitely looking at us.
(they walk up to him) (they walk up to him)
ВЌря: 7 На когђ вы смђтритe? На мeнј Џли на негђ? Who are you looking at? At me or at him. Why
8 Почeмѓ вы смђтритe на нас? Мы вас нe знЌeм. are you looking at us? We don’t know you.
Ѕгорь: 9 О чём вы говорЏтe? Я нe смотрЎл на вас. Я ни What are you talking about? I wasn’t looking
10 на когђ нe смотрї. Я слeпђй. at you. I’m not looking at anyone. I’m blind.
ВЌря: 11 Ой, извинЏтe, рЌди Бђга. Oh, we’re really sorry.
СловЌрь
2 смотре<+ на (когђ/что) look at (+ accusative)
2 тeбј you (accusative of ты)
3 мeнј me (accusative of я)
4 когђ who(m) (accusative of кто)
5 (н)eё her (accusative of онЌ)
6 тђчно exactly; definitely; without a doubt
6 нас us (accusative of мы)
7 (н)eгђ him (accusative of он/ђ)
8 вас y’all; you (accusative of вы)
[ [ [
28-1
28.А Accusative Personal Pronouns
We actually saw the majority of the accusative pronouns when we learned how to ask/state someone’s name.
(That’s because зовѓт they call is a transitive verb, i.e. it takes an accusative direct object.) Recall the forms:
Как вас/тебј зовѓт? lit.: How do they call you?

Мeнј зовут СЌша. lit.: They call me Sasha.
Как eгђ зовѓт? lit.: How do they call him?
Её зовѓт ЛЌра. lit.: They call her Lara.
Here’s the entire list of accusative pronouns:
я I мeнј me
ты you тeбј you
он; онђ he; it (н)eгђ him; it
онЌ she (н)eё her; it
мы we нас us
вы you (formal; pl) вас you (formal; pl)
онЏ they (н)их them
кто who когђ who(m)
никтђ no one никогђ no one
что what что what
ничегђ nothing ничегђ nothing
ничтђ (avoid
for now)
V Question: What’s the deal with the (н) at the beginning of all the 3rd person pronouns:
(н)егђ, (н)её, (н)их?
Answer: We’ll get to that below, but thanks for asking.
Complete the sentences. You may want to listen to the whole thing first and then go back:
МЌша вЏдит (me, you (sg), them, him, us, her, y’all, Vera, my wife, Gosha’s daughter,
whom?, no one, what?, nothing)
28-2
28.A.1 Pronouns Can ‘Replace’ Things As Well As People

How should the phrase Я егђ терпЎть не могѓ be translated? Most English speakers’ first instinct is I can’t
stand him. This is certainly correct, but it could also be I can’t stand it, where the pronoun егђ has “replaced” a
(masculine gender) thing (диск, журнЌл, фильм), not a person. You need to get used to the fact that “it” is not
(necessarily) neuter in Russian; it just depends on the inherent gender of the noun.
Note the animacy does not affect accusative pronouns. So, while we still can’t say I loathe my Russian professor,
we can say I loathe him as well as I loathe it (the CD).
While we’re talking about pronouns, we should also remind you that the strong tendency is for pronouns to
precede the verb (whereas full nouns often follow the verb). Again, it’s not “wrong” to say Я вЏжу её, but this
word order would sound “odd” to a Russian. There would have to be some reason to put the pronoun after the
verb.
Replace the direct object with a pronoun:
Example: Мы вЏдeли интерЎсные здЌния ➯ Мы их вЏдели.
1. НЏна не вЏдела нЌше нђвое дЎрево. 2. Я терпЎть не могѓ іту газЎту.

3. Я не знЌю іти пЎсни. 4. ДЏма купЏл ітот диск в МосквЎ.
5. Ты вЏдишь іту дЎвушку? 6. Кто купЏл іти полотЎнца?
7. Кто хђчет іто печЎнье? 8. Я терпЎть не могѓ МЏшу.
28.Б Prepositions and Case

Я смотрї на МЏшу vs. ВЎра лeжЏт на дивЌнe
In addition to marking the direct object following a transitive verb (ГЌля купЏла машЏну), the accusative can
also be found on nouns following certain “phrasal verbs” (verb + preposition). In the dialogue we see смотре<+
на look at, which “governs” (a technical term) the accusative case. Earlier we saw the same preposition на
governing another case, the locative (indicating location): КнЏга на столЎ. The book is on the table; Я лeжѓ на
кровЌти. I am lying on the bed.
So, how can you tell what case a preposition will take? Basically, there’s no perfect way to predict. A single
preposition can have several different meanings, and govern several different cases. It’s no better in English, as
seen here with the preposition for:
I bought a blue dress for Monica.

I went there for a week.
He did it for kicks.
We leave for Moscow tomorrow.
I got an electric bill for $6000 last month.
It’s warm for December.
28-3
Obviously, each for has a completely different meaning, but of course in English you don’t have to worry about
case. Not so in Russian /. Therefore, we suggest that for each verb + preposition you include in your cards a
complete phrase, such as ОлЎг смђтрит на МЌшу; КнЏга лежЏт на столЎ.
×
Hint of things to come: In the case of смотре + на, there is a general principle: Verbs indicating motion (which,
×
to a Russian, смотре + на does) often take a preposition together with the accusative. But many other instances
of prepositions governing the accusative do not involve motion.
28.В The (Н) at the Beginning of (Н)ЕГІ, (Н)ЕЁ, (Н)ИХ
So, what is up with the (н) in (н)егђ, (н)её, (н)их? Whenever any of these three Accusative pronouns (which just
happen to look like the possessives) are preceded by a preposition, you must stick on an н-. When these
Accusative pronouns follow a bare verb, with no preposition, you don’t need the н-.
When eго, eё, их are used as possessives, no н- is added, even after a preposition. Compare:
Listen and repeat the examples ±н.
3RD PERSON ACCUSATIVE PRONOUN 3RD PERSON POSSESSIVE

(with н- only after a preposition) (no н-, even after a preposition)
НЏна вЏдит eгђ. Nina sees him. НЏна вЏдит eгђ дивЌн. Nina sees his couch.
НЏна смђтрит на нeгђ. Nina is looking at him. НЏна смђтрит на [eгђ дивЌн]. Nina is looking at his couch.
Я вЏжу eё. I see her. Я вЏжу eё кђшку. I see her cat.

Я смотрї на нeё. I am looking at her. Я смотрї на [eё кђшку]. I am looking at her cat.
Кто вЏдит их? Who sees them? Кто вЏдит их здЌниe? Who sees their building?
Кто смђтрит на них? Who is looking at them? Кто смђтрит на [их здЌниe]? Who is looking at their building?
Put the direct object in the correct form:
Example: Мать кђрмит (онЌ) ➯ Мать кђрмит eё.
1. Ты вЏдишь (он) 2. Я смотрї на (онЌ)

3. Я люблї (eгђ сeстрЌ) 4. МЌша смђтрит на (онЏ)
5. Никтђ нe понимЌeт (онЌ) 6. Мы нe пђмним (eё кђшка)
7. Мы лїбим (вы) 8. Я смотрЎл на (егђ сестрЌ)
9. Почeмѓ вы нe слѓшаeтe (онЏ) 10. КЌтя смђтрит на (их лђшадь)
11. Илїша лїбит (ты) 12. Зђя читЌeт (eгђ жѓрнал)
13. ОнЏ смотрЎли на (он) 14. На (кто) вы смђтрите?
28-4
28.Г Prepositions and Negation

Я ни на когђ нe смотрї. (8-9)
In Lesson 25 we discussed negation and question words, where we saw that Russian negates the verb itself with
the negative particle не (separate from the verb), while all other elements (derived from question words) attach
ни. Only logic, not the grammar, limits the number of possible ни-words:
Никтђ никогдЌ нигдЎ не рабђтает. No one ever works anywhere.
What about when a preposition is involved, for example in a negative answer to questions like На кого он
смђтрит? or О чём он говорЏт?
The relationship between a preposition and its complement (the noun that follows) is very special. Nothing (we
repeat, nothing!) can come between a preposition and its complement. So, to give a negative response to a
question containing a prepositional phrase (на когђ, о чём), place ни —as a separate word— in front of the
prepositional phrase. Keep the prepositional phrase in tact at all times! As a result a ни-word may get “broken
up.” For example, никого ‘becomes’ ни на когђ when the preposition is present.
Here is a summary of the forms of various ‘Q-words’:
Q WORD NEGATED Q WORD NEGATED Q WORD with смотре×+ на:

(In the Accusative) (Add ни-) на intervenes
когђ who никогђ no one ни на когђ at no one
что what ничегђ nothing ни на чтђ* at nothing
* note that we use ‘что’, not ‘чегђ’
Many students want to put the preposition first, followed by никогђ, but this is simply a mistake in Russian.
Listen and repeat:
SUBJECT + НИ + (PREP. +) Q WORD + НE + REST OF VERB PHRASE
МЌша никогђ нe лїбит. Masha doesn’t love anyone.

ВадЏм никогдЌ не слѓшает рЌдио. Vadim never listens to the radio.
Кђля нигдЎ нe живёт. Kolya doesn’t live anywhere.
Мы ни на когђ нe смђтрим. We aren’t looking at anyone.
НатЌша ни на чтђ нe смђтрит. Natasha isn’t looking at anything.
1
ДЏма ни у когђ не живёт Dima doesn’t live with anyone.
2
Я ни о чём нe дѓмаю. I’m not thinking about anything.
Никтђ ничeгђ и3 ни о чём нe знЌeт. No one knows anything about anything.
1
This is the same у, meaning with, which we saw in the phrase А у вас?
2
Recall о чём is from the phrase О чём ты говоришь? About what are you talking?
3
For some reason, Russian (more or less) requires this и, which is not present in the English. Don’t worry about this.
28-5
Answer in the negative. Remember: be sure not to put the ни after the preposition. (These
sentences contain both prepositional phrases and “bare” direct objects):
1. Что МЏша дЎлаeт? 2. На когђ ты смђтришь?

3. О чём ты дѓмаeшь? 4. Гдe онЏ живѓт?
5. На когђ он похђж (resemble)? 6. Когђ лїбит РЏта?
7. О чём онЏ говорјт? 8. Кто смђтрит на МЌшу?
9. КогдЌ и гдe занимЌeтся МЏша? 10. С кем (with whom) Іля танцѓет? (We haven’t
seen these forms, but you should be able to answer
this based on the cue.)
28-6
" Exercise 1 Fill in the correct form of the nouns and pronouns:
1. МЏша лїбит ___________________.

(онЌ)
2. Никтђ нe понимЌeт ______________________.

(я)
3. Лёня смђтрит на ______________________.

(мы)
4. Я нe пђмню ________________________.
(вы)
5. ОнЌ ____________________________ нe лїбит.

(никтђ)
6. Как ____________________ зовѓт?

(ты)
7. Почeмѓ Іля смђтрит на ___________________?

(он)
8. На _______________ ты смђтришь?
(что)
9. Я смотрї на _____________________.
(онЏ)
10. _________________ Кђстя лїбит?

(кто)
11. _________________ лїбит Кђстю?

(кто)
12. Ты вЏдишь ___________________________________________.

(Њрина сестрЌ)
13. Я не понимЌю _______________________________.

(её мЌма)
14. Мы смотрЎли на ___________________________________.

(их здЌние)
15. Кђля влюбЏлся в (fall in love with + accusative) _________________________________________.

(егђ дочь)
28-7
" Exercise 2 Form questions and answers with the following verbs. Make at least 3 answers
negative in some way.
Examples: смотре<+ на ➯ На когђ ты смђтришь? Я смотрї на ВЎру.

дѓмай+ о чём ➯ О чём ты дѓмаешь? Я ни о чём не дѓмаю.
1. люби< + ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. понимЌй+ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. смотре<+ на ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. пђмни+ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. вЏде+ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. говорЏ+ о чём ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
28-8
Dialogue: А: “What day is today?” Б: “What are
you doing this Friday?”
Grammar: Days of the week
- Expressing the day of the week
- Expressing on + day of the week
Another use of the Accusative: playing
sports
Диалђги
А. Какђй сегђдня день? What day is today?
(Note that there are five people in this dialogue!)
ВЏка: 1 Какђй сeгђдня дeнь? What day is today?

Рђдя: 2 ВчерЌ был четвЎрг. Сeгђдня пјтница. Today is Friday.
ЛЌра: 3 Нeт, вчeрЌ бѕло воскрeсЎньe. Сeгђдня No, yesterday was Sunday. Today is Monday.
4 понeдЎльник.
СЌша: 5 О чём ты говорЏшь? ЗЌвтра чeтвЎрг. Сeгђдня What are you talking about? Tomorrow is
6 срeдЌ. Thursday. Today is Wednesday.
НЏна: Ничегђ подђбного. ВчерЌ былЌ суббђта.
Сегђндя воскресЎнье.
Б. Что ты дЎлаешь в іту пјтницу? What are you doing this Friday?
СлЌва: 7 Что ты дЎлаeшь в іту пјтницу? What are you doing this Friday?
Лїба: 8 Я игрЌю в шЌхматы. В суббђту ђчeнь вЌжный I’m playing chess. On Saturday there’s a really
9 турнЏр. important tournament.
СлЌва: 10 А я дЌжe нe знал, что ты игрЌeшь в шЌхматы. I didn’t even know that you played chess. You
11 КакЌя ты талЌнтливая. ИгрЌeшь и в футбђл, и в are so talented. You play soccer and basketball
12 баскeтбђл, и в хоккЎй, и в тЎннис, и в бeйсбђл, and hockey and tennis and baseball and
13 и в волeйбђл, и в гольф, и в сквош, и в volleyball and golf and squash and chess. I’m
14 шЌхматы. Ничeгђ сeбЎ! impressed!
Лїба: 15 А в какЏe спортЏвныe Џгры ты игрЌeшь? What sports do you play?
СлЌва: 16 РЌньшe я игрЌл в тЎннис, но тeпЎрь мнe I used to play tennis, but now I don’t have the
17 нЎкогда. Я слѓшаю курс рѓсского языкЌ. time to. I’m taking Russian.
СловЌрь
1 какђй сeгђдня дeнь? what day is today?
день (е) M
5 зЌвтра tomorrow
8 игрЌй+ в (+ACC) play a sport (don’t leave out the preposition!)
8 шЌхматы chess (always plural in Russian)
9 вЌжный important
9 турнЏр tournament
11 и…и… both … and …
30 - 1
11 футбђл soccer (American football is амeрикЌнский футбђл)

12 баскeтбђл basketball
12 хоккЎй hockey
12 тЎннис tennis
13 бeйсбђл baseball
13 волeйбђл (Just one л in Russian.) volleyball
13 гольф golf
13 cквош squash
15 в какЏe спортЏвныe Џгры what sports does (Subject) play (learn this as a phrase)
[subject] игрЌй+
16 тeпЎрь now (as opposed to before)
17 слѓшай+ курс take a course
[ [ [
30.А Days of the Week

Какђй сeгђдня дeнь? (1)
Listen and repeat:
понeдЎльник Monday lit.: (first day) after the week
втђрник Tuesday related to вторђй (second)
срeдЌ Wednesday related to срЎдний (middle)
чeтвЎрг Thursday related to чeтѕрe (four)
пјтница Friday related to пять (five)
суббђта Saturday related to Sabbath
воскрeсЎньe Sunday related to воскресЎние (resurrection)
Note that like nationalities and the personal pronoun я, the days of the week are not capitalized in Russian.
A Russian week begins on понeдЎльник. Don’t believe us? Take a look a this authentic Russian calendar (All
right, so the abbreviated days of the week are capitalized. What are ya gonna do?):
30 - 2
30.А.1 Expressing the day of the week

To ask what day it is today, use the phrase Какђй сегђдня день? To respond, simply use the day of the week in
the Nominative:
− Какђй сегђдня день? What day is today?

− Сeгђдня срeдЌ / втђрник / воскресЎнье, etc. Today is Wednesday / Tuesday / Sunday, etc.
To ask about tomorrow, ask Какђй дЎнь бѓдет (will be) зЌвтра? To answer, the day is also in Nominative:
− Какђй дЎнь бѓдет зЌвтра?

− ЗЌвтра (бѓдет) суббђта / понедЎльник, etc. Tomorrow (will be) Saturday / Monday, etc.
×
Finally, to ask what day yesterday was, use Какђй дЎнь был вчерЌ? Note that the Past of бы+ is Masculine to
×
agree with the subject день. Likewise, when answering this question, the Past of бы+ agrees in gender with the
day:
ВчeрЌ был понeдЎльник / втђрник / четвЎрг. Yesterday was Monday, Tuesday, Thursday.
Masculine
ВчeрЌ бѕло воскрeсЎньe. Yesterday was Sunday.

Neuter
ВчeрЌ былЌ средЌ / пјтница / суббђта. Yesterday was Wednesday / Friday / Saturday.
Feminine
Form question and give response:
Example: Какђй сeгђдня дeнь? (Wednesday) ➯ ВчeрЌ был втђрник, знЌчит сeгђдня срeдЌ.
(Wednesday) (Friday) (Monday) (Thursday) (Sunday) (Saturday) (Tuesday)
30 - 3
30.A.2 Expressing on + day of the week

The question On what day(s)? can be either Когда? or В какђй дeнь? or В какЏe дни? In these constructions
the preposition в is governing the Accusative. (Hey, we already know the Accusative Case. What a coincidence.)
Not surprisingly, to answer the question, use the prepostion в + the day in the Accusative:
DAY OF THE WEEK ‘ON …’: В + ACC

понeдЎльник Monday в понeдЎльник on Monday
втђрник Tuesday во втђрник* on Tuesday
срeдЌ Wednesday в срЎду** on Wednesday

чeтвЎрг Thursday в чeтвЎрг on Thursday
пјтница Friday в пјтницу on Friday
суббђта Saturday в суббђту on Saturday
воскрeсЎньe Sunday в воскрeсЎньe*** on Sunday
Note: * The Cluster Buster in во втђрник.

** The stress shift in в срЎду.
*** No pause between the two ‘в’s in в воскрeсЎньe. Just pronounce one long [в].
Listen and repeat:
Example: Мы вЏдeли eгђ (Tuesday) ➯ Мы вЏдeли eгђ во втђрник.
1. Я игрЌю в шЌхматы (Wednesday, Friday, Tuesday)

2. Он мѕлся (Monday, Thursday, Saturday)
3. Что ты дЎлаешь (Sunday, Thursday, Wednesday)?
30 - 4
30.Б Another Use of the Accusative: Playing a Sport

Я игрЌю в шЌхматы (8)
To say play football / basketball / chess, etc., use the phrase игрЌй+ в + sport in ACC.
Мы игрЌем в тЎннис. We’re playing tennis.

Я люблю игрЌть в гольф. I love to play golf.
ВчерЌ ВЎра игрЌла в волейбђл. Yesterday Vera played volleyball.
*** Don’t forget the Preposition в! (It’s a very common error.) ***
To ask what sport a person plays, use the phrase В какЏе спортЏвные Џгры вы игрЌете?
For now, avoid using the word спорт (the usage is rather tricky).
Say what sport the person play(ed).
1. МЌйкл Джђрдан (retired)

2. ГЌрри КаспЌров
3. Бeйб Рут (dead)
4. Пит СЌмпрас
5. О.-Джeй СЏмпсон (retired)
6. Ђнна Кѓрникова
7. ШакЏл О’НЏл
8. ЛЌрри Бёрд (retired)
9. Уэйн ГрЎтцки (retired)
10. Тайгер Вудс
11. Кeн ГрЏффи МлЌдший
12. Джон Љлуэй (retired)
30 - 5
" Exercise 1 Fill in the blanks with the appropriate day of the week. Please be accurate:
1. Сeгђдня _________________________________. ВчерЌ был_______ _____________________________,
а завтра _____________________________________ .
2. В АмЎрикe обѕчно профeссионЌлы игрЌют в футбђл _____________________________, а
унивeрситЎты игрЌют ________________________________________.
3. В ПрЏнстонe, всe торчЌт (hang out) на «стрЏтe» _______________________________________.
4. Мой любЏмый дeнь - ________________________________________________.
5. Я обѕчно занимЌюсь _________________________________________________________________

(or make the whole thing negative, if you wish.)
" Exercise 2 Answer as truthfully as you wish (you don’t have to answer about each person):
1. В какЏe спортЏвныe Џгры вы игрЌeтe? ваш брат? вЌша сeстрЌ? ваш отЎц? вЌша мать?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. В какЏe спортЏвныe Џгры вы рЌньшe игрЌли? а тeпЎрь?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3. В какЏe спортЏвныe Џгры вы хорошђ игрЌeтe? плђхо?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
30 - 6
1. − What day is today? − Yesterday was Saturday, so (it’s back in Lesson 5) today’s Sunday.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. TGIF (actually Russians don’t have this expression, but translate it anyway)
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3. − Where were you (Vera) on Sunday? − I was sitting at home and watching TV.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
30 - 7
Dialogue: “What can you do?”
×
Grammar: The verb {спи+ / спа+} sleep
Вeсь, вся, всё all; entire; whole
The Accusative of Time
Диалђг
Что же дЎлать? What can you do?
Ђля: 1 Как ты спал сeгђдня? How did you sleep last night?
Серёжа: 2 Нe спрЌшивай. Я всю ночь занимЌлся. Сeгђдня Don’t ask. I was studying all night. There’s a
3 экзЌмeн по рѓсскому языкѓ. Russian test today.
Ђля: 4 Опјть экзЌмeн по рѓсскому! Твой профЎссор A Russian test again! Your professor is a real
5 прђсто нахЌл! jerk.
Серёжа: 6 Нe говорЏ. Но что жe дЎлать? Tell me about it. But what can you do?
Ђля: 7 Ты жe всё врЎмя занимЌeшься. КЌждую You study all the time. Every Friday and
8 пјтницу и суббђту ты сидЏшь в библиотЎкe и Saturday you sit in the library and study. You
9 занимЌeшься. Ты занимЌeшься вeсь дeнь и study all day, every day. All morning, all day,
10 кЌждый дeнь. Всё ѓтро, вeсь дeнь, вeсь вЎчeр, all evening, all night. What a nightmare!
11 всю ночь. Какђй кошмЌр!
СловЌрь
×
1 {спЏ+ / спа+ } sleep (related to soporific) (See below for conjugation)
2 вeсь all; entire; whole (See discussion below)
2 ночь (very late) night (you can tell the gender) - roughly from 1AM-3AM otherwise
use the noun вЎчeр for ‘evening’ or ‘night’.
6 что жe дЎлать what can you do? (learn as a phrase)
7 всё врЎмя all the time
врЎмя time (This noun is Neuter! Don’t ask why ... yet. Just remember the phrase
всё врЎмя, which tells you that врЎмя is Neuter)
7 кЌждый every; each
8 библиотЎка library
10 ѓтро morning
10 вЎчeр evening; night - roughly 6PM-1AM
31-1
×
31.А The Verb {спи+ / спа +} sleep
What is strange about the Present Tense conjugation of this double-stem verb? Do you remember what we said
about the Present Tense of all double-stem verbs? What type of letter do they all end in? Does this verb follow
this rule? Be prepared to make an intelligent comment in class ☺.
STEM: спЏ+ STEM: спа×+

PRESENT TENSE PAST TENSE
я *сплю мы спим я, ты, он, Марк спал
ты спишь вы спЏтe (онђ) спЌло
он/Ќ спит онЏ спят я, ты, онЌ, ВЎра спалЌ
мы, вы, онЏ спЌли
INFINITIVE
спать
* Another example of labial mutation: п > пль.
How languages differ: Как ты спал сeгђдня? vs. How did you sleep last night?
This is another example of an unpredictable difference between Russian and English. We’ll
always be sure to point out things like this. So if a Russian asks you “How you sleeped
today?” just smile, correct his mistakes, and tell him it’s none of his business anyway.
Answer the questions based on the prompt:
Example: Как вы спЌли сeгђдня? ☺ ➯ Я ђчeнь хорошђ спалЌ.
☺ ђчень хорошђ так себЎ плђхо
1. Как вы (ВЎра) спЌли сeгђдня? ☺

2. Как вы обычно спЏтe?
3. Как спит ваш отЎц? А вЌша мать? ☺
4. Как ВЎра спалЌ сeгђдня?
5. Как спят твоЏ собЌки?
6. Как твоЏ кђшки спЌли сeгђдня? ☺ (Are there any cats that don’t sleep well?)
31-2
31-й урок Grammar
31.Б Весь (е), Всё, Вся, all; entire; whole
This is another word like мой, твой, наш, i.e. it “feels” like an Adjecitve but takes Noun endings (so far). If you
noticed the cluster buster appearing in the Masculine form, then you can probably guess that the stem is весь+ (е).
When any endings are added ({A}, {O}, {U}, etc.), the soft-indicating vowel letter must be used – to indicate the
softness of the stem-final сь.
M вeсь вeсь (inanimate)
N всё всё
F вся всю
V Question: Judging from the Masculine Singular, the first letter ‘в’ is a soft consonant,
after all, the Cluster Buster is ‘е’, which normally indicates a preceding soft
ь
consonant. Why don’t all the other forms have the stem вьс + ?
Answer: Very good point. We saw this same problem in Lesson 26 when we first
discussed cluster busters. We can tell you that the в is, in fact, still soft even
though no soft-sign appears after it. The softness is maintained even through
the с.
For now, we’ll be using only the Accusative Singular forms of весь+ (е). Some examples:
МЌша не смотрЎла весь фильм. Masha didn’t watch the whole / entire movie.
Кђля не хотЎл читЌть всё письмђ. Kolya didn’t want to read the whole / entire letter.
Я довђльно хорошђ знЌю всю кнЏгу. I know the whole / entire book quite well.
Accusative весь / всё / всю are also found in time expressions, which we discuss directly below.
31.В The Accusative of Time

Я всю ночь занимЌлся. (2); Ты кЌждую пјтницу и суббђту сидЏшь в библиотЎкe (7-8)
So far we’ve seen the Accusative Case used:
1) for direct objects of verbs (Он купЏл кнЏгу)

2) after certain Verb + Prepositions combinations (Она смђтрит на МЏшу; Я игрЌю в футбђл).
3) to indicate on which day (в срЎду, во втђрник)
4) to indicate at a certain time (в пять, в час, в два doesn’t become в дву)
31-3
In this lesson we see a rather strange use of the Accusative: the Accusative of Time. When indicating either how
long or how often you did/do/will do something, the time phrase goes into the Accusative:
HOW LONG: весь; цЎлый all, whole HOW OFTEN: кЌждый every
ВЎра весь день смотрЎла тeлeвЏзор. МЏша кЌждую срЎду танцѓeт в бЌрe.
Vera watched TV all day. Misha dances in a bar every Wednesday.
МЌша всю ночь занимЌлась. Я кЌждоe ѓтро мђюсь.
Masha studied all night. I bathe every morning.
НЏна цЎлый год учЏлась в МосквЎ

Nina studied in Moscow for a whole year.
V Question: Why is the Accusative used for this? There doesn’t seem to be any direct
object or directionality involved.
Answer: You know, you ask a lot of questions. But this is actually a good one. In fact,
since you asked, we can tell you that many linguists (people who go around
talking to themselves all day) don’t have a really great explanation for the
Accusative here either. If you’re really good, we may even give you the
names of several theoretical articles about this very question. Forget it, we
saw you rolling your eyes up.
ПереведЏте на рѓсский:
1. They play chess every Friday. 2. Vera studied all night.

3. I want to study (different verb than in 2) a whole 4. They drink vodka every day.
year in Petersburg.
5. She sleeps all the time. 6. Every morning I play tennis.
7. He was in (at) the library all day. 8. What did they do every evening when they were in
Moscow?
9. She was lying on the couch and watching TV all 10. He works in a restaurant every Sunday.
morning.
31-4
Exercise 1 Fill in the doubly underlined blanks with the correct form of the verb sleep and the
remaining blanks with an adverb (or phrase). Be as truthful as you wish:
1. Обѕчно я ____________________________________________ .
2. Сегђдня я ____________________________________________ .
3. Я бы хотЎл ____________________________________________.
4. ВЎра обѕчно ђчень плђхо , а её дЎти хорошђ .
5. КогдЌ мы бѕли в РоссЏи, мы плђхо . Дђма мы хорошђ.
Exercise 2 List 4 ‘environments’ we have seen the Accusative Case used in. Provide an
example for each:
1. ________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
4. ________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 3 Fill in with a time expression that makes sense:
1. МЌша __________________________________________________________________ танцѓет в бЌре.
2. Я спал/Ќ _________________________________________________________________.
3. Я мђюсь ____________________________________________________________________.
4. Ђня не спалЌ, потомѓ что онЌ ___________________________________________________ занимЌлась.
5. Никтђ не хотЎл читЌть ______________________ (the entire) кнЏгу. (just testing if you read the examples)
6. Наш сын смђтрит телевЏзор ____________________________________________________________.
31-5
1. − Kolya, how did you sleep last night? − So-so.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
2. − There’s a Russian test tomorrow.

− A Russian test again!?
− What can you do?
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
31-6
Dialogues: A: “My roommate was snoring all night”;
Б: “My roommate crying was all night”
Grammar: The verb type {-ай+´ / -авЌй+ }
The Past Tense (cont’d): “Get the -л
outa here”
Accusative of time (cont’d): Giving the
time of day
Диалђги
А. Мој сосЎдка всю ночь храпЎла My roommate was snoring all night
Лёва: 1 КогдЌ ты обѕчно встаёшь? What time do you usually get up?
Ђля: 2 Обѕчно я встаї в сeмь. I usually get up at 7:00.
Лёва: 3 А сeгђдня? КогдЌ ты встЌла сeгђдня? And today? What time did you get up today?
Аля: 4 Сeгђдня я ђчeнь плђхо спалЌ и встЌла в пять. Я Last time I slept really badly and I got up at 5. I
5 не моглЌ спать, потомѓ что мој сосЎдка всю couldn’t sleep because my roommate was
6 ночь храпЎла. snoring all night.
Лёва: 7 А ты храпЏшь? Do you snore?
Аля: 8 КонЎчно, нет. Of course not.
Б. Мой сосЎд всю ночь плЌкал My roommate was crying all night
НЏка: 9 КогдЌ ты обѕчно ложЏшься ? What time do you usually go to sleep?
Њра: 10 Обѕчно я ложѓсь в час. I usually go to sleep at 1:00.
НЏка: 11 А вчeрЌ, когдЌ ты лёг? And yesterday? What time did you go to sleep?
Њра: 12 Я лёг в три. Мой сосЎд всю ночь плЌкал, I went to sleep at 3:00. My roommate was
13 потомѓ что eгђ подрѓга брђсила eгђ, и я нe мог crying all night because his girlfriend dumped
24 спать. him, and I couldn’t sleep.
СловЌрь
1 {встай+´ / вставЌй+} get up; wake up (general action)
2 в + ACC here: at (##:00) (time expression)
3 встЌн+ get up; wake up (one-time action)
5 сосЎдка neighbor; roommate (female)
5 храпЎ+ snore
5 мог+< (end-stressed in Past) can; be able (Only use могѓ in Present Tense for now. See grammar explanation
about Past Tense.)
9 ложЏ +…ся go to bed; lie down (general action)
10 час 1:00 (here: 1:00 AM. Literally the word means hour)
11 {лјг+ / лёг+´} got to bed; lie down (one-time action)
12 сосЎд (irreg. pl: сосЎди) neighbor; roommate (male)
12 плЌка+ cry (*Present Tense is not what you think; just use in Past for now)
13 брђси+ dump (boyfriend, wife, etc.) (lit.: ‘throw’) (С mutates to ш, in case you’re
wondering: я брђшу, он брђсит, онЏ брђсят)
32-1
Grammar Lesson 32
32.А The Double-Stem Verb Type {-ай+´ / -авЌй+}
There are three sets of (some rather important) double-stem verbs that have end-stress in the Present (following
ай+´) and stem-stress in the Past and Infinitive (with an “extra” -ав- added in, for good measure). You may be
confused as to why the Past/Infinitive stem ends in a consonant and not a vowel (like all the other double-stem
verbs we’ve seen so far). For now, it doesn’t make any difference. In both the Past and Infinitive, the й is
truncated. We’ll tell you later why we posit the forms with the й.
Actually, we’ve already seen this verb type in the expression:
Ну ты даёшь! Wow!; That’s something else!
Let’s look at the conjugation:
Person / Ending Pronoun {встай+´ / вставЌй+ } {дай´+ / давЌй+}

Number get up give
Present Tense: End-Stressed Stem in –ай+´
1sg -{U} я встаї даї

ь
2sg - {O}шь ты встаёшь даёшь
ь
3sg - {O}т он/онЌ/онђ встаёт даёт
1pl -ь{O}м мы встаём даём
ь
2pl - {O}те вы встаёте даёте
3pl -{U}т онЏ встаїт даїт
Past and Infintive: Stem-Stressed Stem in –авЌй+
Masc -л я, ты, он вставЌл давЌл

Neut -ло онђ вставЌло давЌло
Fem -ла я, ты, онЌ вставЌла давЌла
Pl -ли мы, вы, онЏ вставЌли давЌли
Infin -ть вставЌть давЌть
32-2
Conjugate based on the cue:
1. МЌша обѕчно встаёт в час (я, мы, онЏ, Вђва, ты, вы, КЏра, мој собЌка, Ћшина сестрЌ)
2. РЌньше МарЏна вставЌла в пять (Серёжа, нЌши дЎти, ітот кот, вы, онЏ, НатЌша, я (Ђня))
3. НЏна не лїбит вставЌть в четѕре. (я, мы, вы, онЏ, никтђ, ты, Ћша, мој мать, ЗЏна)
4. Ну ты даёшь! (он, вы, онЏ, она, ты – can’t really say this about yourself)
V Question: Is it just me, or did I see two completely different verbs for both get up and go
to bed?
Answer: It’s you … OK, it’s not. We’ll talk about this at length in Chapter 5. For now
just try to mimic the dialogues. So it’s as follows:
Repeated Act (Present or Past) One Time Act (Past Only)
{встай+´ / вставЌй+} встЌн+
ложЏ+...ся {лјг+ / лёг}
One more thing – Do not attemp to use the One-Time-Act Verbs встЌн+ / лјг+
in the Present Tense. Bad things can happen. Again, we suggest that you
memorize the phrases exactly as they appear in the dialogues. This will make
things much simpler for you.
32.Б The Past Tense: Greasy Zeke Says “Get the Л outa here!”
лёг vs. леглЌ, мог vs. моглЌ
In presenting the Past Tense we saw that for both V and C stems the Masculine Singular the ending is -л:
This could be the beginning of

a beautiful relationship.
V + л Æ harmony. Attach -л directly to stem vowel: говорЏ + л Æ говорЏл

лежЌ + л Æ лежЌл
жЌлова+ л…сяÆ жЌловался
Look out, stem consonant! I’m

the new consonant in charge!
/ + л Æ chaos. -л boots the stem consonant:

C / + -л Æ рабђтал
рабђтай
×
жив/+ -л Æ жил
/ + -л Æ вставЌл
вставЌй
32-3
Grammar Lesson 32
Well, the Past Tense marker л ain’t as tough as it thinks it is. For some verbs, in the Masculine Singular only, it’s
the л that gets booted and the stem consonant remains. In the remaining forms of the Past Tense the (complete)
regular endings beginning with л are attached.
The “Get the Л outa here” consonants: Г, Р, С, З, К
V Question: How is one supposed to memorize these 5 consonants?

Answer: Meet Greasy Zeke (or should we say: Г-р-ea-с-y З-e-к-e). His name contains
all of these 5 consonants.
Of Greasy Zeke verbs, so far we’ve only seen verbs that end in -г. Let’s take a look:
No!! I’m melting!

Get the -л outa here! What a world! What a world! ...
×
/ Æ -л goes bye-bye:
Masc Sg: when verb ends in г р с з к + -л / Æ мог
мог+ -л
/ Æ лёг
лёг+΄ -л
Remaining forms: Both consonants peacefully coexist: мог+΄ -ла/-ло/-ли Æ моглЌ/моглђ/моглЏ

лёг+΄ -ла/-ло/-ли Æ леглЌ/леглђ/леглЏ
Here are some Greasy Zeke verbs:
MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTER PLURAL

-л/ -ла -ло -ли
×
Г мог+ , лёг+΄ мог, лёг моглЌ, леглЌ моглђ, леглђ моглЏ, леглЏ
×
Р умeр+ (die) ѓмер умерлЌ ѓмерло ѓмерли
С нёс+΄ (carry) нёс неслЌ неслђ неслЏ
З вёз+΄ (transport) вёз везлЌ везлђ везлЏ
К пёк+΄ (bake) пёк пеклЌ пеклђ пеклЏ
With our verb system (yes, it’s actually a system) we can confidently predict that every verb whose stem ends in
one of the “Greasy Zeke” consonants will follow the same pattern.
Let’s practice along with Greasy Zeke. Don’t worry (for now) if you get the stress wrong on new
verbs.
1. ВчерЌ ФЎдя лёг в три. (ПЎтя, РЌя, мы, онЏ, вы, никто, я (НЏна), я (МЏтя), наш сын, нЌша дочь, Зик)
2. ВЌдик не мог спать всю ночь. (ЛЌра, Кђстя, мы, онЏ, мој собЌка, мой отЎц, никтђ, ты (Бђря), вы)
3. ЛЎнин ѓмер. (МЏша, наш кот, онЏ, кто, ЛюдмЏла БорЏсовна, ВЏтя, президЎнт, ОксЌна, Зик)
32-4
32.В The Accusative of Time (cont’d): Stating the Hour
To say at 2:00 / 3:00 / 7:00, etc., use в + the number (which is again in the Accusative, even if it may not look
like it):
МЏша обѕчно встаёт в шeсть. Misha usually gets up at 6:00.

МоЏ родЏтели обѕчно ложЌтся в одЏннадцать. My parents usually goes to bed at 11:00.
For 1:00 use в час (lit.: at an hour):
Ђня лeглЌ вчeрЌ в час. Anya went to bed yesterday at 1:00.
In case you were wondering, there is a way to specify AM or PM, but we won’t worry about it for now. If you
can’t figure out the difference from context….well, students may actually need to make it clear.
Say what time stuff happens/happened:
1. Я обѕчно встаї в…(7, 9, 10, 5, 4, 6, 8, 11, 12, 1)

2. Я обѕчно ложѓсь в … (11, 2, 4, 3, 1, 12, 10, 8, 9)
3. Сегђдня я встЌл/а в … (6, 8, 9, 7, 4, 10, 1, 3, 2, 5)
4. Вчера я леглЌ/лёг в …(10, 2, 5, 6, 12, 1, 5, 3, 11, 4)
32-5
" Exercise 1 Answer as truthfully as you wish. (You’ll have to stick to :00 for now.)
1. КогдЌ вы обѕчно встаётe?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. КогдЌ вы встЌли сeгђдня?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3. КогдЌ вы обѕчно встаётe в суббђту?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
4. КогдЌ вы обѕчно ложЏтeсь?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
5. КогдЌ вы лeглЏ вчeрЌ?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
6. КогдЌ вы обѕчно ложЏтeсь в пјтницу?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
7. КогдЌ вЌш/а сосЎд/ка обѕчно встаёт?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
" Exercise 2 Give the Past of these verbs. Circle the Greasy Zeke consonant in the
Masculine if the verb has one:
×
мог+ лёг+΄ встЌн+ давЌй+ пёк+΄
я, ты, он
я, ты, онЌ
мы, вы, онЏ
32-6
" Exercise 3 Translation:
1. − I never snore. − Of course not!
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. − Why was our Russian professor crying?

− His wife dumped him.
− If she dumped me, I wouldn’t cry.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
32-7
Dialogues: We waited for you all morning
Chapter 3 Review (Lessons 23-32)

Диалђг
Мы всё ѓтро ждЌли тебј We waited for you all morning
КЌтя: 1 Где ты был в суббђту? Мы всё ѓтро ждЌли тебј. Where were you on Saturday? We waited for
2 Всё бѕло ђчень хорошђ. Мы с Лёшей весь день you all morning. Everything was really good.
3 игрЌли в тЎннис, а Ђня с ГрЏшей гулјли в пЌрке. Lyosha and I played tennis all day, and Anya
and Grisha took a walk in the park.
ВалЎра: 5 Я потерјл ключ, не мог открѕть дверь. Я всю I lost (my) key. I couldn’t open (my) door. I
6 ночь спал в машЏне. Бѕло очень хђлодно и slept the whole night in (my) car. It was really
7 непријтно. cold and unpleasant.
КЌтя: 8 Беднјга. А ты знЌешь, я нашлЌ ключ на столЎ You poor thing. You know, I found a key on
9 в пјтницу. Мђжет быть, ты егђ там остЌвил. (my) table last Friday. Maybe you left it there.
ВалЎра: 10 Ты нашлЌ ключ и ничегђ не сказЌла! You found a key and you didn’t say anything!
КЌтя: 11 Ѓсли бы я знала, что іто твой ключ, конЎчно, я If I had known that it was your key, of course I
12 бы сказЌла. Ты дѓмаешь, что я дѓра, что ли? would have said. Do you think I’m an idiot, or
13 Ну, хорошђ, что ты хђчешь дЎлать сегђдня? something? Anyway, what do you want to do
today?
ВалЎра: 14 Я хочѓ спать, но мне нЎкогда. I want to sleep, but I don’t have the time.
СловЌрь
×
2 жда+ + ACC wait for (No preposition required in Russian.) This is a 1st-conjugation verb with
no mutation: жду, ждёшь, ждут. Past Tense: ждал, ждалЌ, ждЌло, ждЌли)
5 потерјй+ lose (Another {A}й-verb)
5 {открђй+ / открѕ+} open
8 беднјга poor thing (for both male and female)
8 нашёл´ (ё), нашлЌ, нашлЏ find (Stick with the Past Tense with this verb for now)
9 остЌви+ leave (behind); forget
33-1
Chapter 3 − Review Lesson 33
REVIEW OF LESSONS 23-32

• Tag questions
Add что ли? to questions to express doubt or surprise:
Что шѓтишь, что ли? Are you joking or something?

ОнЌ актрЏса, что ли? What is she, an actress?
• Case
All nouns and their modifiers (which taken together constitute a Noun Phrase) are marked for Case in Russian. The Case
endings indicate the grammatical function of the Noun Phrase. There are 6 Cases in Russian, of which we have seen 3:
1) Nominative – The “dictionary form”. Most commonly used for the subject of the sentence.
2) Accusative − Most commonly used for the direct object (see more uses below).
3) Locative (also known as Prepositional), Most commonly used to indicate location after the prepositions в or на.
Here is a chart of the Case endings we have had so far. Adjective endings appear on the left, noun and
possessives/demonstratives on the right (??? indicates a form we have not seen yet):
SINGULAR PLURAL
Masucline Neuter Feminine All Genders
NOM -{I}й, -ђй -∅ -{O}е -{O} -{A}я -{A} / -ь -{I}е M/F: -{I}; N: -{A}
нђвый магазЏн нђвое пальтђ нђвая машЏна нђвые магазЏны
хорђший словЌрь хорђшее мЎсто хорђшая фотогрЌфия хорђшие словарЏ
сЏний стол сЏнее плЌтье сЏняя дверь сЏние крЎсла
плохђй студЎнт плохђе мјсо плохЌя пЎсня плохЏе машЏны
мой фотоаппарЌт моё здЌние мој спЌльня моЏ здЌния
наш отЎц нЌше крЎсло нЌша дочь нЌши кнЏги
ACC Inanimate = NOM Same as NOM -{U}ю -{U}/ -ь Inanimate = NOM
Animate = ??? Animate = ???
нђвую машЏну
хорђшую фотогрЌфию
Same as Nominative сЏнюю дверь Same as Nominative
(for Inanimate Masculine) плохѓю пЎсню (for Inanimate)
мої спЌльню
нЌшу дочь
LOC Adjectives: ??? Nouns-е / -ии (Fem Nouns in ь > и) ???
на столЎ в письмЎ в МосквЎ
в словарЎ на печЎнье в РоссЏи ???
о гЎнии в здЌнии на кровЌти
33-2
• Accusative Case
Uses of the Accusative
1) Direct Object of Transitive Verb
Я хочѓ нђвую машЏну. I want a new car.

МЌша купЏла нђвый холодЏльник. Masha bought a new fridge.
Ты не вЏдел моё пальтђ? Did you see my coat?
Лёня опјть потерјл ключЏ. Lyona lost (his) keys again.
2) Time: Duration/Frequency
DURATION (ВЕСЬ, ЦЃЛЫЙ) FREQUENCY (КЂЖДЫЙ)

Он спал весь день. ВЎра мђется кЌждый день.
He slept all day. Vera bathes every day.
Я занимЌлась всю ночь. Я кЌждую пјтницу глЌжу брїки.

I studied all night. I iron my pants every Friday.
ОнЌ цЎлый год учЏлась в МосквЎ.

She studied for a whole year in Moscow.
3) Time Expressions Using в + ACC:
a) At a certain time of the hour: Обѕчно я встаї в час, а сегђдня я встЌл в пять.
I usually get up at 1:00, but today I got up at 5:00.
б) On a certain day of the week: В срЎду я игрЌла в гольф.

On Wednesday I played golf.
4) Аfter certain verbs + prepositions

×
a) look at: смотре+ на Почемѓ ты смђтришь на менј?
Why are you looking at me?
б) playing a sport: игрЌй+ в Кђля хорошђ игрЌет в тЎннис.

Kolya plays tennis well.
• Multiple Negation and Negation with Prepositions
In addition to the negative particle не, when required, a ни-word(s) or phrase(s) is also used.
Question words/phrases and their negative forms.:
QUESTION WORD НИ-WORD

что ничегђ
кто никтђ
кого никогђ
когда никогдЌ
где нигдЎ
какђй никакђй
чей ничЎй
почемѓ N/A
33-3
For prepositional phrases, a separated ни goes in front. Don’t put anything between the Preposition and its complement:
о чём ни [о чём]
на когђ ни [на когђ]
на что ни [на что]
To be safe put all the ни-words/phrases immediately after the subject (which itself may be the никтђ). Никтђ is normally
the first word of the sentence, and никогдЌ and нигдЎ usually go before any other ни-words. You must also include не
followed by the verb phrase.
МЌша никогдЌ ни на когђ не смђтрит.

Masha never looks at anyone.
Никтђ ничегђ не купЏл.

No one bought anything.
Я никогдЌ ни о чём не дѓмаю.

I never think about anything.
• Verb Agreement with 1) кто/никтђ; 2) что/всё/ничегђ; 3) все
КТО, НИКТІ: MASC SG ЧТО, ВСЁ, НИЧЕГІ: NEUT SG ВСЕ: PLURAL

Кто был на вечерЏнке? Что бѕло на столЎ? Все бѕли прђтив
Никтђ ничегђ не вЏдел. Всё бѕло хорошђ. Все пЏли, пЎли и тацевЌли
На столЎ ничегђ не лежЌло.
• Name and I; You and Name
A literal translation using и and is not possible. Instead use: 1) Мы с Name; 2) Вы с Name where the ending on the Name
(assuming it ends in -{A}) {O}й. The verb agrees with мы or вы:
Мы с МЏшей идём в кинђ. = Misha and I are going to the movies.

Вы с ВЎрой игрЌете в футбђл? = Are you and Vera playing soccer?
• The Conditional
The particle бы is used with a Past Tense verb to:
1) “Soften” a wish:
Я бы хотел знЌть, почемѓ онЌ сказЌла іто.

I would like to know why she said that.
Никтђ не хотЎл бы купЏть твої машЏну

No one would want to buy your car.
2) Indicate a situation that was/is/will be “unreal”. Often a two-part construction is used, one part headed by Ѓсли бы, the
other part containing just бы. (Past Tense verbs in both parts). To be safe, put бы as the second element in the clause:
Ѓсли бы я учЏлся в ГЌрварде, я бы всё время смотрЎл телевизђр.

If I went to Harvard, I would watch TV all the time.
Я бы прекрЌсно говорЏла по-францѓзски, Ўсли бы я жилЌ в ПарЏже.

I would speak French superbly if I lived in Paris.
33-4
×
• The Irregular Verb хоте+ want
The Present Tense is unusual in that the ты and он/Ќ forms have 1st-conjugation ending (with т > ч mutation and shifting
stress), while the plural is 2nd-conjugation. ( The Past and Infinitive are regular, based on the stem хотЎ+:

я хочѓ мы хотЏм я, ты, он, Марк хотЎл
ты хђчeшь вы хотЏтe (онђ) хотЎло
он/Ќ хђчeт онЏ хотјт я, ты, онЌ, ВЎра хотЎла
мы, вы, онЏ хотЎли
INFINITIVE
хотЎть
×
• A Strange Double-Stem Verb: {спи+ / спа+} sleep
This verb violates our rule that double-stem verbs combine harmoniously in both the Present (C+V) and the Past/Infinitive
(V+C). The Present Tense stem is спи+, which leads to V + V truncation and consonant mutation ( labial п > пль) in the я-
form. Also, it is the only double-stem verb that is 2nd-conjugation!
×
STEM: спЏ+ STEM: спа+
я сплю мы спим я, ты, он, Марк спал
ты спишь вы спЏтe (онђ) спЌло
он/Ќ спит онЏ спят я, ты, онЌ, ВЎра спалЌ
мы, вы, онЏ спЌли
INFINITIVE
спать
• Greasy Zeke Verbs: “Get the Л Outa Here!”
Verbs with a stem ending in г, р, с, з, к do not attach -л in the Masculine Singular form of the Past. Instead, the stem
consonant remains and the -л is booted. In all the other forms of the Past, the regular Past Tense endings (-ло, -ла, -ли) are
attached to the stem with no truncation. Of these 5 letters, so far we have only seen verbs ending in -г. Note that both are
end-stressed in Past. (We can't yet form the Infinitive of these stems):
MASC NEUT FEM PL

* -л/ * -ло -ла -ли
Г мог+΄ be able; can мог моглђ моглЌ моглЏ
Г лёг+΄ lie down лёг леглђ леглЌ леглЏ
33-5
• Adverbs
Most Adverbs are formed by adding -о to the Adjective stem. Sometimes the stress will be different, but there are no great
rules for predicting when. (For Adjectives in -кий, just remove the й to derive the Adverb, with no change in stress.) There
are also quite a lot of Adverbs that are not related to Adjectives. A few examples:
Adjective Stem Adverb

красЏв-ый красЏво
плох-ђй плђхо
хорђш-ий хорошђ
дурЌцкий дурЌцки
N/A дђма / совсЎм / довђльно
• {-ай+´ / -авЌй+} Verbs
Over the course of the year we will see several verbs built on the following three double-stems: 1) {-дай+´ / -давЌй+} give;
2) {-стай+´ / -ставЌй+} rise; 3) {-знай+´ / -знавЌй+} know. (Very often, these stems will appear with a prefix, which adds a
specific meaning.) Note that the stress falls on the ending in the Present Tense, but on the stem in the Past and Infinitive.
These stems violate the rule that double-stem verbs always combine harmoniously (either V+C or C+V) because the Past
Tense/Infinitive stem ends in a consonant, giving C /+C truncation. (It may not be obvious now why we have included the
final consonant й in the Past/Infinitive stem, but we will explain that later in the course.)
Person / Ending Pronoun {встай+´ / вставЌй+ } {дай+´ / давЌй+}

Number get up give
Present Tense: End-Stressed Stem in –ай+´
1sg -{U} я встаї даї

ь
2sg - {O}шь ты встаёшь даёшь
3sg -ь{O}т он/онЌ/онђ встаёт даёт
ь
1pl - {O}м мы встаём даём
ь
2pl - {O}те вы встаёте даёте
3pl -{U}т онЏ встаїт даїт
Past and Infintive: Stem-Stressed Stem in -авЌй+
Masc -л я, ты, он вставЌл давЌл

Neut -ло онђ вставЌло давЌло
Fem -ла я, ты, онЌ вставЌла давЌла
Pl -ли мы, вы, онЏ вставЌли давЌли
Infin -ть вставЌть давЌть
33-6
" Exercise 1 Fill in the forms. For the Locative singular, leave out any modifiers:
SINGULAR PLURAL
NOMINATIVE ACCUSATIVE LOCATIVE NOM / ACC
о нђвые фотоаппарЌты
мој машиЏна в
сЏняя кровЌть на
егђ письмђ в
их словЌрь в
большЌя спЌльня в
" Exercise 2 Fill in the correct forms of the following verbs:
want sleep remember play
Stem(s) Irregular
Present я
ты
онЏ
Past он
онЌ
онЏ
Infinitive
33-7
" Exercise 3 Give a negative answer to the following sentences. (If you wish, where possible,
add an extra negative element for the heck of it.)
1. КогдЌ Кђля занимЌется?
________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Что вы купЏли?
________________________________________________________________________________________
3. О чём онЌ дѓмает?
________________________________________________________________________________________
" Exercise 4 Turn the following sentences into conditional statements:
1. (said to Глеб) Ты лїбишь менј. Ты ждёшь менј всю ночь.
________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Я знал, что ты потерјл ключ. Я открѕл дверь.
________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Vera waited for me all morning.
________________________________________________________________________________________
2. − How did you sleep last night? + Don’t ask. – You poor thing!
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
3. I usually play tennis on Friday.
________________________________________________________________________________________
33-8
Nouns and Pronouns 27 университЎт university

32 ѓтро morning
30 футбђл soccer
27 АмЎрика America
24 хлeб bread
30 баскeтбђл basketball
30 хоккЎй hockey
33 беднјга poor thing
26 хіви-мЎталл Heavy Metal
30 бeйсбђл baseball
31 час 1:00 (lit.: hour)
32 библиотЎка library
30 шЌхматы chess (always plural in Russian)
27 блондЏн ~ блондЏнка blonde (male) ~ (female)
28 вас y’all; you (polite; ACC)
32 вЎчер evening; night Verbs
30 волeйбђл volleyball
32 врЎмя (Neuter) time 31 брђси+ 1) dump (boyfriend, wife, etc) 2) quit + INF) (lit.: ‘throw’)
27 все everyone (takes a PLURAL verb – unlike English) 31 {встай+´ / вставЌй+} wake up (repeated action)
27 год year 31 встЌн+ wake up (one-time action)
30 гольф golf ×
33 жда+ wait (for)
23 дурЌк ~ дѓра idiot; fool (male) ~ (female) 29 игрЌй+ в (+ACC) play a sport (don’t leave out the preposition!)
27 друг ~ подрѓга (boy)friend ~ (girl)friend ×
23 корми+ feed
26 (компЌкт-)дЏск CD ×
25 купи+ buy
27 кђшка a female кот 31 {лјг+ / лёг+´} go to bed (Use only the Past for now.)
28 когђ who(m) (ACC) 31 ложЏ+...ся go to bed; lie down (general action)
27 коридђр hall(way) 31 мог+´ can; be able (Use only the Past and могѓ for now.)
28 мeнј me (ACC) 33 нашёл´ (ё), нашлЌ, found (Stick with the Past Tense for now.)
26 мешок΄ (о) bag нашлЏ
25 магазЏн store (false cognate) 33 {открђй+ / открѕ+} open
24 машЏна car 33 остЌви+ leave (behind); forget (to take with)
23 молокђ milk (cognate) 25 отстЌнь leave me alone (Informal form of отстáньте)
27 МосквЌ Moscow 31 плЌка+ cry (*Present Tense is not what you think; just use in Past for
28 нас us (ACC) now)
28 (н)eгђ him (ACC) 27 подошёл´ (ё), walked up (to) (Use the Past Tense only for now)
28 (н)eё her (ACC) подошлЌ, подошлЏ
×
28 (н)их them (ACC) 27 пожив+ to live for a while
32 ночь very late night 33 потерјй+ lose
27 (СЌнкт)-Петербѓрг (Saint) Petersburg (No ‘s’ in Russian!) 27 решЏ+ decide
26 полотЎнцe towel 30 слѓшай+ курс take a course
×
27 семЎстр (don’t put an extra ‘e’ before the final ‘р’) 28 смотре+ на look at (+ ACC)
×
30 cквош squash 32 {спи+ / спа+} sleep
23 сок juice 27 улыбнѓ+…ся smile (use only in the Past Tense for now)
×
31 сосЎд ~ сосЎдка (irreg neighbor; roommate (male) ~ (female) 24 хотe+ want (Irregular)
pl of сосЎд: сосЎди) 31 храпЎ+ snore
28 тeбј you (ACC)
30 турнЏр tournament
30 тЎннис tennis
33-10
Adjectives and Adverbs Expressions and Misc.
24 бЎлый white 30 в (+ ACC) on a [day]; at a [time]

32 весь (е), всё, вся all; whole 30 в какЏe спортЏвныe what sports do (Subject) play (learn this as a phrase)
30 вЌжный important Џгры (subject) игрЌй+
23 вон (over) there 32 всё врЎмя all the time
27 давнђ long ago 27 высђкого рђста tall (lit.: ‘of tall height’)
26 жёлтый yellow 27 дЌже even
26 зeлёный green 24 дeржЏ кармЌн шЏрe don’t hold your breath (lit.: hold (your) pocket wider)
30 зЌвтра tomorrow 26 Ўсли бы if (conditional, + Past)
32 кЌждый every; each бы conditional particle (+ Past)
24 корЏчнeвый brown 30 и…и… both … and …
24 крЌсный red 27 как бѓдто as if; as though
27 молодђй young (related to млЌдший) 30 какђй сeгђдня дeнь? what day is today?
27 обѕчно usually 25 когдЌ when
25 пђздно late 25 конЎчно of course
27 первоклЌссный first class; top notch 27 кстЌти by the way
27 скѓчный boring 27 нЌдо сказЌть (I / one) must say; (I / one) must admit
23 слeпђй blind 25 нигдЎ nowhere; anywhere
24 сЏний (soft!) (navy) blue 25 никтђ no one
32 тeпЎрь now 30 но but
28 тђчно exactly; definitely; without doubt 27 ну что вы / ты! come on!; you can’t be serious
25 ужЎ already 27 ђчень пријтно nice to meet you (lit: very pleasant)
27 цЎлый whole, entire 27 прђтив against
24 чёрный black 25 слЌва Бђгу thank God; that’s good (lit.: glory to God)
27 тђже also (Be careful how you use this for now.)
32 что жe дЎлать what can you do? (learn as a phrase)
Days of the Week 23 … что ли? … or something? (a tag question)
26 я тeрпЎть нe могѓ I can’t stand (+ ACC)
30 понедЎльник Monday
30 втђрник Tuesday (во втђрник)
30 средЌ Wednesday (в срЎду)
30 четвЎрг Thursday
30 пјтница Friday
30 суббђта Saturday
30 воскресЎнье Sunday
33-11
Диалђги: A: “I’m from America”
Б: “That’s Vadik’s beer”
ГраммЌтика: The Genitive Singular of nouns
- Forms
- Uses of the Genitive: of; possession
- The ’Frozen’ Genitive
- Prepositions used with the Genitive
Asking/stating where a person is from
Диалђги
А. Љто же пЏво ВЌдика That’s Vadik’s beer
Илїша: 1 Я голђдный. Что в холодЏльникe? I’m hungry. What’s in the fridge?

МарЏна: 2 Я нe знЌю. ПосмотрЏ. I don’t know. Take a look.
Илїша: 3 (Смђтрит в холодЏльникe) Здeсь кусђк (Looks in the fridge) There’s a piece of
4 колбасѕ, пол-банЌна, бЌнка икрѕ и бутѕлка sausage, half a banana, a jar of caviar, and a
5 пЏва. bottle of beer.
(Takes the пЏво and starts to drink it.) (Takes the beer and starts to drink it.)
МарЏна: 6 Что ты дЎлаeшь? Љто жe пЏво ВЌдика. What are you doing? That’s Vadik’s beer.
Илїша: 7 Ну и что? А кто он? ПрeзидЎнт АмЎрики, что So what? Who’s he, the president of the United
8 ли? States or something?
Б. Я из АмЎрики I’m from America
НЏна: 9 Откѓда вы? Where are you from?

ВЌдик: 10 Я из РоссЏи, из СибЏри. А вы? I’m from Russia, from Siberia. And you?
НЏна: 11 Я из АмЎрики, из ПрЏнстона. Љто небольшђй I’m from America, from Princeton. It’s a small
12 гђрод в штЌте Нью-ДжЎрси. city in (the state of) New Jersey.
ВЌдик: 13 ПрЌвда? Мој бѕвшая подрѓга, котђрая Really? My ex-girlfriend, who recently dumped
14 недЌвно брђсила менј, из штЌта ПенсильвЌния. me, is from (the state of) Pennsylvania. She’s
15 ОнЌ из ФиладЎльфии. from Philadelphia.
СловЌрь
1 голђдный hungry
2 посмотрЏ take a look (Another Imperative—like извинЏ—which we haven’t covered yet.)
3 кусок´ (o) piece
4 колбасЌ sausage; mystery meat
4 пол-; половЏна + GEN half
4 банЌн banana (Masculine in Russian.)
4 бЌнка jar
4 икрЌ caviar
5 бутѕлка bottle
34-1
7 прeзидЎнт president
9 откѓда вы / онЌ / онЏ? where are you / she / they from?
откѓда from where; whence
10 из (+ GEN) from
10 СибЏрь (F) Siberia (note that it has a ‘feminine’ ending in English: ia)
12 гђрод city (ЛенингрЌд means ‘Lenin’s city’)
12 штат state (of the U.S.)
13 прЌвда? really? (lit.: (the) truth, like the newspaper)
14 недЌвно recently (Notice the different stress than in давнђ.)
[ [ [
34.А The Genitive Case (РодЏтельный ПадЎж)
Our 3rd Case, the Genitive, is the most “flexible» case in Russian. The Genitive is used for everything from
possession to negation to “source” to quantification (to name just a few).
34.А.1 Forms: Nouns

Genitive Singular: Nouns
NOMINATIVE GENITIVE
MASCULINE AND NEUTER
{A} (а / я)
хлeб хлЎба
словЌрь словарј
пЏво пЏва
гЎний гЎния
общежЏтие общежЏтия
FEMININE
{I} (ы / и)
машЏна машЏны
пЎсня пЎсни
фотогрЌфия фотогрЌфии
МЏтя МЏти
лђшадь лђшади
We saw the Masculine Genitive ending in the phrase высђкого рђста of tall height (Nominative is рђст).
Курс рѓсского языкЌ, кЌждый схђдит с умЌ по-свђему (We’ll see later on that the Preposition с takes the
Genitive – sometimes.)
Masculine names and persons in {A} also go to {I}, as we see in the penultimate example under the Feminine
Nouns: МЏтя > МЏти (ДЏма > ДЏмы, etc.)
34-2
34.А.1a Genitive Singular vs. Nominative Plural of Neuter and Feminine Nouns
Note that the Feminine and Neuter Genitive Singular look exactly like their respective Nominative Plural forms
(the Case should be clear from context). Sometimes, however, the stress will be different - the Genitive Singular
will always have the same stress as the Nominative Singular, whereas the Nominative Plural may have different
stress. Some of these nouns are:
NOM SG GENITIVE SINGULAR NOM PL

женЌ женѕ жёны
сестрЌ сестрѕ сёстры
письмђ письмЌ пЏсьма
сЎрдце heart сЎрдца сердцЌ
Therefore, for all Neuter and Feminine shifting-stress nouns, you can tell the difference between the Genitive
Singular and Nominative Plural by their stress.
34.А.2 Uses of the Genitive

• The English preposition of
Russian uses the Genitive (with no preposition) in many instances that would be expressed in English with the
preposition of:
прeзидЎнт АмЎрики the president of America

бутѕлка пЏва a bottle of beer
кусђк колбасѕ a piece of sausage
пол-банЌна half (of) a banana
столЏца ФрЌнции (for reference) the capital of France
Transform the sentences as in the example. Our apologies for any political inaccuracies:
Example: Он амeрикЌнский прeзидЎнт (АмЎрика) ➯ Он прeзидЎнт АмЎрики.
1. ОнЌ амeрикЌнский прeзидЎнт.

2. Кто францѓзский прeзидЎнт? (ФрЌнция)
3. Ѓльцин рѓсский прeзидЎнт.
4. Мой брат канЌдский прeзидЎнт. (КанЌда)
5. Мој сeстрЌ таилЌндский прeзидЎнт. (ТаилЌнд)
6. Он пeруЌнский прeзидЎнт? (Пeрѓ) any change
7. ОнЌ ливЌнский прeзидЎнт. (ЛивЌн Lebanon)
8. Мой отЎц корeйский прeзидЎнт. (КорЎя)
9. Мој мать бeльгийский прeзидЎнт. (БЎльгия)
10. Я китЌйский прeзидЎнт. (КитЌй)
34-3
Announce what you found in the refrigerator:
Example: bottle of beer ➯ Здeсь тђлько бутѕлка пЏва.
1. bottle of wine 2. half (of) a banana 3. small piece of bread

4. bottle of juice 5. jar of mustard горчЏца 6. large piece of sausage
7. half (of) a sandwich бутeрбрђд 8. jar of caviar 9. bottle of milk
10. piece of soap 11. jar of honey мёд 12. bottle of cognac коньјк end-
stressed!
• Possession пЏво ВЌдика; машЏна актёра

Up to now we have formed possessions from first names ending in -{A} with the suffix -ин- + the appropriate
ending:
МЏшин брат МЏшина сeстрЌ МЏшино пЏво МЏшины дЎти МЏшину жeнѓ, etc.
Misha’s brother Misha’s sister Misha’s beer Misha’s kids Misha’s wife (ACC)
There are 2 problems with this:
1) not all first names end in -{A} (e.g., ВЌдик, Ѕгорь, ВладЏмир, Рђберт, etc.)
2) not all possession involves first names (the president’s car; my sister’s cat; that angry guy’s cappuccino;
Pavlov’s dog)
In these cases we use the Genitive – always following the noun – to express possession. Examples:
пЏво ВитЌлика Vitalik’s beer

дочь Ѕгоря Igor’s daughter
машЏна прeзидЎнта the president’s car
жeнЌ Гђра Gore’s wife
банЌн егђ сестрѕ his sister’s banana
собЌка ВЎры ПЌвловны Vera Pavlovna’s dog
вђдка БорЏса НиколЌeвича Ѓльцина Boris Nikolaevich Yeltsin’s vodka
We’ll cover the Genitive forms of Adjectives in the next lesson so you’ll be able to say things like Hey, that’s my
younger brother’s nosering.
34-4
Note that now we have 3 ways to express possession:
1. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS 2. FIRST NAMES IN -{A} 3. NOUNS & MISC. NAMES

Agree in CNG with noun1 -ин-, also agree with the Noun2 Genitive Case
мой банан ЗЏнин банЌн банЌн ВЎры ВЏкторовны3
my banana Zina’s banana Vera Victorovna’s banana
твој рѓчка; твої рѓчку Шѓрина рѓчка; Шѓрину рѓчку рѓчка Гђра; рѓчку Гђра
your pen Shura’s pen Gore’s pen
вЌше пeчЎньe ПЌшино пeчЎньe пeчЎньe ВЌдика
your cookie Pasha’s cookie Vadik’s cookie
наши полотeнца РЏтины полотЎнца полотЎнца прeзидЎнта
our towels Rita’s towels the president’s towels
) For some reason, students often want to transform even the possessive pronouns into Genitive
and even put them after the noun. Please don’t do this. Thanks.
Say whose thing it is:
Example: рюкзЌк (my) ➯ Љто мой рюкзЌк.

кнЏга (Глeб) ➯ Љто кнЏга ГлЎба.
родЏтeли (Лїда) ➯ Љто Лїдины родЏтeли.
1. машЏна (president) 2. полотЎнца (our) 3. карандЌш (ВЏка)

4. отЎц (Ђнна ПЌвловна) 5. дЎти (their) 6. очкЏ (Антђн)
7. сын (his) 8. кот (Ільга ДмЏтриевна) 9. телевЏзор (Лїба)
10. пЏсьма (my) 11. молокђ (Марк) 12. пЏво (МЏша)
13. спЌльня (Ђльберт Гор) 14. компакт-дЏски (her sister) 15. брЌтья (our)
1
Can you guess an exception to this? Which possessive pronouns have we told you NEVER change, no matter what the
gender or number of the noun? If you said the 3rd person possessives: егђ, её, их, вы, навЎрно, гЎний.
2
Just as the -ин- possessives have Nominative and Accusative endings, so do they have Genitive endings, which we will
learn in the next lesson.
3
Note that if you have a first name in -{A} (ВЎра) plus a patronymic (ВЏкторовна), you have to use the Genitive
strategy: ВЎры ВЏкторовны (not ВЎрин ВЏкторовны).
34-5
34.А.3 The ‘Frozen’ Genitive

The Noun that is in the Genitive (the of-noun) never changes, regardless of what case the ‘head’ noun is in:
Там былЌ жeнЌ Гђра. Я люблї жeнѓ Гђра. − The noun Гђра is Genitive regardless of
NOM GEN ACC Still GEN the Case of the head noun женЌ
Gore’s wife was there. I love Gore’s wife
На столЎ былЌ бутѕлка винЌ. Я купЏл бутѕлку винЌ. − The noun винЌ is Genitive regardless of
NOM GEN ACC Still GEN the Case of the head noun бутѕлка
There was a bottle of wine on the table. I bought a bottle of wine
We will call this the ‘Frozen’ Genitive.
On the other hand, regular possessives and possessives of names in -{A} do match the case of the head noun:
Там былЌ мој жeнЌ. Я люблї мої женѓ − The possessive мой changes Case with
NOM NOM ACC ACC the head noun женЌ
My wife was there. I love my wife
Там былЌ Ѕрина дочь. NOM Я видела Ѕрину дочь. − Ѕрин-, derived from a name in -{A},
NOM ACC ACC changes Case with the head noun дочь
Ira's daughter was there. I saw Ira's daughter.
Put the noun phrases in the correct form. Use the verb phrase Мы вЏдели:
Мы вЏдели (your/Clinton’s wife) ➯ Мы вЏдели твої женѓ. Мы вЏдели женѓ КлЏнтона.
1. his/Vladimir’s wife 2. their/the professor’s car 3. their/the president’s dog

4. her/her sister’s coat 5. Zina’s/her sister 6. Vitalik’s sister
7. a/my bottle of wine 8. a/our my jar of caviar 9. your (Formal)/Ivan’s letter
34.A.4 Prepositions used with the Genitive

We have now seen 3 prepositions that take the Genitive. Two of them we’ve known for quite a while, but just
didn’t realize they govern the Genitive: у at; by, e.g., а у тебј? (as we will soon find out, тебј is the Genitive
form of ты), and до until; up to, e.g., до свидЌния, literally until a rendezvous. The third one, introduced in this
lesson, is из from.
34-6
When you learn a preposition you need to learn: 1) the meaning (duh); and 2) what case it governs (i.e., ‘takes’).
Prepositions take the Genitive more than any other case, so if you’re ever in Vegas and about to wager your
tuition at the Case Roulette Table, put your money on Genitive. Still, there are lots of prepositions that take other
cases. And some prepositions take more than one case, depending on the meaning.
Here are examples of all prepositions we’ve seen so far, including the ones that take the Genitive:
PREPOSTION / CASE EXAMPLE

MEANING
на 1. on, at Locative Часѕ лeжЌт на столЎ.
2. at Accusative Љтот стрЌнный человЎк смђтрит на тeбј.
в 1. in Locative БрЌтья Ѕгоря ИльичЌ живѓт в МосквЎ.
2. at Accusative Я был дђма в пјть.
3. on Accusative Что ты дЎлаешь в пјтницу?
из from Genitive МЌша из Ђнглии.
до until Genitive До свидЌния (neuter noun − NOM: свидЌние rendezvous)
у at, by Genitive А у тeбј?
34.Б Asking/Stating Where Someone Comes From

Откѓда вы? − Я из РоссЏи (1-2)
The question is: Откѓда вы/онЌ/онЏ, etc.? Откѓда is literally whence; from where
The answer is: Я / онЌ / онЏ из (+ place in the Genitive)
Remember: In Lesson 6, we stated that foreign names in -о, -у, -и, and -е do not decline (i.e., change endings,
regardless of what Case it is). Using place names after из is no exception: МЌша из ОгЌйо / ЧЏли / Перѓ.
Form questions and answers:
Example: СЌша (МосквЌ) ➯ Откѓда СЌша? СЌша из Москвѕ.
1. Маша (МосквЌ) 2. Кђля (Минск) 3. НЏна (ЧикЌго) 4. ТамЌра (СибЏрь)

5. ВЌня (ПЏттсбург) 6. ГЌля (ФрЌнция) 7. Ѕгорь (Владивостђк) 8. НЌдя (КЏев)
9. ОлЎг (КанЌда) 10. СвЎта (Нью-Йђрк) 11. Сђня (РоссЏя) 12. Стёпа (ТеннессЏ)
13. Вы (Перѓ) 14. ВЌши родЏтели 15. Егђ отЎц (Нью- 16. Её мать (ИрлЌндия)
(Рим Rome) ДжЎрси)
34-7
" Exercise 1 Fill in the gaps. There are a few nouns you may not have seen yet, but it
shouldn’t matter:
Nominative Singular Accusative Singular Genitive Singular Nom/Acc Plural
рюкзакЌ
местЌ
бумЌгу
здЌние
бЌнки
дверь
словЌрь
спЌльни
" Exercise 2 Complete the sentences by putting something in the Genitive:
1. КлЏнтон ____________________________________________________________________________
2. В холодЏльнике тђлько ________________________________________________________________
3. Откѓда вы? Я ________________________________________________________________________
4. Вы вЏдели женѓ ______________________________________________________________________
5. СакрамЎнто столЏца (capital) _____________________________________________________________
6. Я купЏл ______________________________________________________________________________
34-8
" Exercise 3 Put the noun in the correct Case. Everything is possible:
1. Почемѓ он смђтрит на (мој женЌ) _______________________________________________________
2. ИкрЌ на (стол) _______________________________________
3. Мы живём в (ФиладЎльфия) _______________________________________________________
4. ГрЏша из (СибЏрь) _________________________________________________
5. До (свидЌние) __________________________________________________
6. А у (ВитЌлик) ___________________________________________________ ?
34-9
Диалђги: A: “Is it for your father?”
Б: “Is it for your mother?”
ГраммЌтика: Marriage expressions (Introduction)
The Genitive Singular of adjectives,
possessives, and іто
“Nounjectives”: part noun, part
adjective, total fun
The irregular nouns мать and дочь
Диалђги
А. Љто для твоегђ отцЌ? Is it for your father?
ЖЎня: 1 Какђй красЏвый гЌлстук! Љто для твоeгђ отцЌ? What a nice tie! Is that for your father?
Њля: 2 Нeт, іто подЌрок для моeгђ любЏмого No, it’s a present for my favorite Russian
3 профЎссора рѓсского языкЌ. Он жЎнится. professor. He’s getting married.
ЖЎня: 4 Для ітого протЏвного чeловЎка! Он жe кЌждый For that despicable person. He assigns a huge
5 дeнь задаёт огрђмноe колЏчeство домЌшнeй amount of homework every day.
6 рабђты.
Б. Љто для твоЎй мЌтери? Is it for your mother?
Пђля 7 Какђй красЏвый шарф! Это для твоЎй мЌтeри? What a nice scarf! Is it for your mother?
ОлЎг 8 Нeт, іто подЌрок для моeгђ профЎссора фЏзики. No, it’s a present for my physics professor. She
9 ОнЌ выхђдит зЌмуж. getting married.
Пђля 10 Для ітой протЏвной жЎнщины! ОнЌ жe кЌждый For that despicable woman. She assigns a huge
11 дeнь задаёт огрђмноe колЏчeство домЌшнeй amount of homework every day.
12 рабђты.
В. Я из небольшђго гђрода I’m from a small town
ГЎна: 13 Откѓда вы? Из какђй странѕ? Из какђго Where are you from? What country are you
14 штЌта? Из какђго гђрода? from? From what state? From what city?
ЗЏна: 15 Я из Њжной Дакђты. Из нeбольшђго гђрода – I’m from South Dakota. From a small town –
16 (из) Ћнктона. (from) Yankton.
ГЎна: 17 Мой отЎц из СЎверной Дакђты. My father is from North Dakota.
СловЌрь
1 гЌлстук necktie
1 для for
2 подЌрок (о) gift; present
×
3 жени+...ся get married (said of a man)
4 протЏвный despicable; disgusting; unpleasant
5 {задай+ ´/ задавЌй+} assign (related to задЌние assignment) (Clearly related to verb give.)
5 огрђмный huge; enormous
5 колЏчество amount
35-1
7 шарф scarf
8 фЏзика physics
×
9 выходи+ зЌмуж get married (said of a woman) (Lit. walk out behind (her) husband)
×
13 страна country
15 їжный south (adj); southern
17 сЎверный north (adj); northern
[ [ [
35.А Marriage Expressions (Introduction)

он жЎнится (3); она вѕходит зЌмуж (9)
It seems to a lot of students that Russian has about 57 ways to say get married. This is a bit of an exaggeration
(though not much). We’ll start slowly with just two phrases in the Present Tense (which can also be used to
express future action). Тhe first thing to note is that you use different verbs for a man versus a woman (versus a
couple – more on this later.). For now we can’t express to whom the person is getting married—it requires forms
we haven’t seen. Here are the verbs:
d ×
он жeни+…ся
c
онЌ выходи+ зЌмуж
×
dc
онЏ жeни+…ся
×
В іту суббђту Бђря жЎнится! On Saturday Borya is getting married!

Он опјть женЏлся? Did he get married again?
ЭлЏзабет ТЎйлор лїбит выходЏть зЌмуж. Elizabeth Taylor likes to get married.
Ђля, ты выхђдишь зЌмуж, что ли? Alya, are you getting married or something?
Form either a statement or question about marriage plans:
Example: ты (ВЎра)? ➯ Ты выхђдишь зЌмуж?

БорЏс Пeтрђвич ➯ БорЏс Пeтрђвич жЎнится.
1. ты (ВЌдик)? 2. МЌша 3. я (Ђля) 4. я (Кђля)

5. ты (ВЎра)? 6. Њрий МЌркович 7. вы (Ђлла ОлЎговна)? 8. вы (Лeв ИвЌнович)?
35-2
35.Б The Genitive Singular of Modifiers
Here are the Genitive Singular Adjectival endings:
NOMINATIVE GENITIVE
MASCULINE & NEUTER
-{O}го (-ого / -его)*
ітот протЏвный чeловЎк ітого протЏвного чeловЎка
мой отЎц моeгђ отцЌ
большђй сЏний словЌрь большђго сЏнего словарј
вЌше хорђшее пЏво вЌшего хорђшего пЏва
послЎднee плохђе полотЎнце послЎднего плохђго полотЎнца
FEMININE
-{O}й (-ой / -ей)*
іта огрђмная странЌ ітой огрђмной странѕ
Њжная Дакђта Њжной Дакђты
большЌя сЏняя дверь большђй сЏней двЎри
мој мЌть моЎй** мЌтери***
нЌша дђчь нЌшей дђчери***
* There are no instances of the spelling -ёго/-ёй.
** We expect the ending -ёй. The -Ўй in моЎй and твоЎй is an exception - sort of. It’s not worth going into here.
*** These irregular forms are covered below.
Other notes:
1) It might help you to remember that we’ve actually already seen the Masculine/Neuter ending before in
курс/профЎссор рѓсского языкЌ course/professor of Russian language, and in высђкого рђста of tall
height as well as the personal pronoun егђ.
2) Note that in isolation, it’s impossible to determine the gender/case of adjectives ending in -ђй (большђй,
какђй). They could be either Masculine Singular Nominative/Accusative (inanimate) or the Feminine
Singular Genitive. Even the stress will be same in both. So how can you tell? The context.
Form questions and answers (similar to last lesson, but with adjectives):
Example: Лїба (большђй гђрод) ➯ Откѓда Лїба? Лїба из большђго гђрода.
1. НЌдя (небольшђй штат) 2. ТЌня (СЎверная КаролЏна) 3. он (большђй гђрод)

4. МЌрта (экзотЏческая странЌ) 5. ты (Њжная АмЎрика) 6. Рђма (хорђший университЎт)
7. Лїба (СовЎтский Соїз 8. ГЌля (СЎверная АмЎрика) 9. вы (красЏвый штат)
Soviet Union)
10. Тђша (Њжная Дакђта) 11. онЌ (мЌленький гђрод) 12. ты (СЎверная КорЎя)
35-3
35.В “Nounjectives”: Part Noun / Part Adjective, 100% Fun

наш отЎц vs. нЌшего отцЌ
іта жЎнщина vs. ітой жЎнщины
When presenting the Nominative and Accusative we stressed that Possessives and Demonstratives took Noun
endings, even though they somehow “feel” more like adjectives: мой, твоё, нЌшу, Лїдино, іти, etc. If you
have a very sharp eye, you may have noticed that above in the Genitive they have Adjective endings: твоeгђ
отцЌ, ітого чeловЎка, твоЎй мЌтeри, ітой жЎнщины, etc. What’s up with this?
The ugly truth is that Possessives and Demonstratives like, наш, мой, іто, and other words like чей and весь,
make up a small group of words which we’ll dub NOUNJECTIVES,1 which have a mixed set of endings. In the
Nominative and Accusative (which are officially known as the Direct Cases) they take noun endings; in all other
Cases (Genitive, Prepositional/Locative, plus two others) they take adjective endings.
Here are the Nounjectives we’ve had so far:
мой+΄ твой+΄ нЌш+ вЌш+ іт+ ГЌлин+, etc. чей+ (е) весь+ (е)
my your our your this; that Galya’s, etc. whose all; whole; entire
Below are some Nounjectives along with nouns in the Cases we already know:
NOM SG ACC SG GEN SG

Nounjective & Noun: Nounjective & Noun: Nounjective: Noun:
-∅ -∅ -{O}го -{A}
MASCULINE
(Inanimate only мой гЌлстук мой гЌлстук моегђ гЌлстука
for Accusative)) наш гђрод наш гђрод нЌшего гђрода
ГЌлин рюкзЌк ГЌлин рюкзЌк ГЌлиного рюкзакЌ
ітот магазЏн ітот магазЏн ітого магазЏна
-{O} -{O} -{O}го -{A}
NEUTER моё винђ моё винђ моегђ винЌ
нЌше здЌние нЌше здЌние нЌшего здЌния
ГЌлино полотЎнце ГЌлино полотЎнце ГЌлиного полотЎнца
іто пЏво іто пЏво ітого пЏва
-{A} -{U} -{O}й -{I}
FEMININE мој странЌ мої странѓ моЎй странѕ
нЌша бЌнка нЌшу бЌнку нЌшей бЌнки
ГЌлина спЌльня ГЌлину спЌльню ГЌлиной спЌльни
іта ночь іту ночь ітой нђчи
Nounjective & Noun: Nounjective & Noun:
-{I} (Neut. Nouns: -{A}) -{I} (Neut. Nouns: -{A})
PLURAL (just 4
(Inanimate only моЏ банЌны моЏ банЌны short lessons
for Accusative) нЌши двЎри нЌши двЎри from now!!!)
ГЌлины ђкна ГЌлины ђкна
іти общежЏтия іти общежЏтия
1
Most textbooks usually call them Pronominals, whatever that’s supposed to mean.
35-4
) Note: Just as мой/твой are end-stressed in the Nom/Acc pl. (моЏ; твоЏ), so are they in the
Genitive sg. But, the stress is on the very last syllable of the ending: моегђ, твоегђ, unlike
end-stressed adjectives, in which the stress in on the first syllable of the ending: большóго.
Put the noun phrase in the correct form
1. Љто подЌрок для (my Russian professor)

2. МЌша из (small Russian city)
3. Он кЌждый день задаёт огрђмное колЏчество (homework)
4. Как у (your younger sister) делЌ? (the preposition у takes Genitive)
5. Вот стоЏт мой профЎссор (physics)
6. Вот стоЏт мой профЎссор (Russian)
7. Вот стоЏт мой профЎссор (political science политолђгия)
8. Вот стоЏт мой профЎссор (history истђрия)
35.Г Two Irregular Nouns: мать / дочь
In the Nominative and Accusative, these two nouns look like garden-variety feminine -ь nouns. But in all other
Cases, the suffix -eр- is inserted before the regular ending, which in the Genitive Singular is -и. (Actually, with
this suffix both words end up looking quite similar to their English equivalents.)
Љто машЏна моЎй мЌтери. This is my mother’s car.

Где сок егђ дђчери? Where is his daughter’s juice?
Read the question and give a contradictory answer:
Examples: Љто твоё пЏво? (мой отЎц) ➯Нeт, іто пЏво моeгђ отцЌ
Это твој машЏна? (Ѕрина стЌршая сeстрЌ) ➯Нeт, іто машЏна Ѕриной стЌршeй сeстрѕ.
1. Љто твой карандЌш? (наш отЎц) 2. Љто eгђ машЏна? (СЌшин млЌдший брат)
3. Љто их дЎти? (наш любЏмый профЎссор) 4. Љто твоё пЏво? (мој млЌдшая сeстрЌ)
5. Љто вЌши часѕ? (ЛЏлина мать) 6. Љто твоё молокђ? (іта бeздЌрная пeвЏца)
7. Љто твој жeнЌ? (ітот амeрикЌнский актёр) 8. Љто твой муж? (іта рѓсская актрЏса)
9. Љто твој икрЌ? (вЌша дочь) 10. Љто Сашин банЌн? (твой протЏвный профЎссор)
11. Љто eё мeшђк? (ітот талЌнтливый адвокЌт) 12. Љто мој колбасЌ? (ваш стЌрший сын)
13. Љто твоЏ полотЎнца? (их стЌршая дочь) 14. Љто твоЏ ключЏ? (Шѓрина мать)
35-5
" Exercise 1 Fill in the blanks with the appropriate marriage verb. Use Present Tense!:
1. В суббђту БорЏс ____________________________________________________ .
2. Кђля, я слѕшал, что ты _____________________________________________.
Нeт, я нe __________________________________________________________.
3. ЭлЏзабeт ТЎйлор ђчeнь чЌсто often ___________________________________________.
4. МЌша, почeмѓ ты нe ___________________________________________________?
" Exercise 2 Answer the following questions about nounjectives:
1. A Nounjective is a word that ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
2. List at least 4 Nounjectives
________________________________________________________________________________________
3. What is unusal about the Genitive feminine forms моЎй, твоЎй?
________________________________________________________________________________________
" Exercise 3 Fill in the blanks:
NOM SG ACC SG GEN SG NOM/ACC PL
ваш нђвый рюкзЌк
іти большЏе здЌния
мој любЏмая странЌ
СЌшину сЏнюю машЏну
35-6
" Exercise 4 Put the noun phrase in the correct form:
1.
Љто подЌрок для (my Russian professor)
______________________________________________________________________________________
2.
Я из (a small southern state)
______________________________________________________________________________________
3.
Љто машЏна (my mother)
______________________________________________________________________________________
4.
Я купЏл огрђмное колЏчество (German beer)
______________________________________________________________________________________
5.
Как делЌ у (your younger sister)
______________________________________________________________________________________
1. − Where are you from? − I’m from a small city in California.
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
2. That dispicable professor assigns a huge amount of homework every day.
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
35-7
Диалђг: “Who(m) do you love more?”
ГраммЌтика: Animate nouns
More about Case
- Don’t Drop that Case
- And Don’t Forget that preposition
Диалђг
Когђ ты бђльше лїбишь? Who(m) do you love more?
Кђстя: 1 Когђ ты бђльшe лїбишь, твоeгђ тeпЎрeшнeго Who(m) do you love more, your current
2 мѓжа Ѕгоря Џли твоeгђ пЎрвого мѓжа ВитЌлика, husband Igor or your first husband Vitalik, or
3 Џли твоeгђ вторђго мѓжа ГрЏшу? you second husband Grisha?
РЏта: 4 Какђй стрЌнный вопрђс! Я любЏла и ВитЌлика What a strange question! I loved both Vitalik
5 и ГрЏшу, но к сожалЎнию мы развeлЏсь, и and Grisha, but unfortunately we got divorced,
6 тeпЎрь я ђчeнь люблї Ѕгоря. and now I really love Igor.
Кђстя: 7 В какђго мѓжа ты влюбЏлась с пЎрвого Which husband did you fall in love with at first
8 взглјда? sight?
РЏта: 9 В ВитЌлика я влюбЏлась с пЎрвого взглјда, а в Vitalik I fell in love with at first sight, but with
10 ГрЏшу и Ѕгоря нe срЌзу. Grisha and Igor (I didn’t fall in love)
immediately.
СловЌрь
1 бђльше more
2 тепЎрешний (soft stem!) current
2 пЎрвый 1st
3 вторђй 2nd
4 вопрђс question
5 к сожалЎнию unfortunately
5 развёд+´…ся (end-stressed) get divorced (Formation: развёд/ + лЏ + сь. Note that д is a “loser consonant”.)
×
7 влюби+…ся в (+ ACC) fall in love with (Remember – you must learn this as an entire phrase – verb +
preposition + ACC)
7 с пЎрвого взглјда at first sight (The preposition с from takes the Genitive. We saw this in the
expression КЌждый схђдит с умЌ (Genitive) по-свђему.)
взгляд view; sight
[ [ [
36-1
36.А Masculine Singular Animate Nouns (= Genitive)

Какђго мѓжа ты бђльшe лїбишь? (1)
You are now ready to learn the Accusative Singular endings for Masculine Animate nouns and adjectives. The
good news is that you know them already: they simply ‘borrow’ the endings of the Genitive Case.
TRANSITIVE VERB OR PREPOSITION THAT ACCUSATIVE NOUN PHRASE −

TAKES THE ACCUSATIVE) IDENTICAL IN FORM TO THE GENITIVE
Ѕгоря
егђ отцЌ
ДЌша нe хорошђ знЌeт …
их котЌ (animals are animate)
КЏра бђльше лїбит …
вЌшeго сѕна
Ты смђтришь на …
моeгђ млЌдшeго брЌта
МЌша срЌзу влюбЏлась в …
ітого стрЌнного чeловЎка
профЎссора рѓссого языкЌ (even professors
of Russian language are animate)
So now you can finally say I loathe my Russian professor (Well, actually, we haven’t taught you the word for
loathe, but you get the point.)
V Question: In the previous lesson you said that Nounjectives take Noun endings in the
Accusative. But Masculine Animate adjectives in the Accusative take
adjectival Genitive endings.
Answer: So sue us. Actually, what you could say is that it’s not really the Accusative,
it’s the Genitive. But you do have a point.
In case you’re wondering why the Genitive endings are used for the Animate
Accusative, it didn’t always used to be that way. Orignally the Accusative
lookedjust like the Nominative. But then in a sentence like ИвЌн вЏдел
АлексЌндр you couldn’t tell who was the subject and who was the object. A
few such sentence still exists in the modern language is: Мать лїбит дочь.
Knowing that word order is quite free in Russian, this could mean either The
mother loves the daughter or The daughter loves the mother.
Transform as in the model:
Example: Там стоЏт мой профЎссор. ➯ Я вЏжу моегђ профЎссора.
1. ВладЏмир ИльЏч 2. мой тигр (tiger) 3. наш профЎссор рѓсского языкЌ

4. егђ отЎц 5. их сын 6. её брат
7. Антђн ПЌвлович ЧЎхов 8. стрЌнный человЎк 9. Шѓрин друг
36-2
Grammar Lesson 36
So what about Feminine nouns?
All Feminine Form Accusative Nouns Have the Same Ending (Animate or Inanimate): {U}
Remember, all singular Feminine Accusative nouns (Inanimate and Animate) in -{A} take the ending -{U}. For
some reason students just love to give Animate Feminine Accusative nouns Genitive endings. Don’t go there!
And Feminine nouns in -ь are the same in both the Nominative and Accusative, regardless of animacy.
This also applies to all Masculine names that end in -{A} (ДЏма, Кђля, СЌша,etc.); they also have Accusative in -
{U} (ДЏму, Кђлю, СЌшу, etc.). So it’s possible to have a phrase with the modifier bearing the Masculine
Genitive/Accusative ending -{O}го, while the noun has the Feminine ending -{U}. For example: ОнЌ
влюбЏлась в твоегђ МЏшу She fell in love with your Misha.
Below are more examples of the split between Masculine Animate Accusative=Genitive and one size fits all
Feminine Accusative.
SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB ACCUSATIVE NOUN PHRASE

(OR PREPOSITION)
ітого стрЌнного чeловЎка BUT іту стрЌнную жЎнщину
ДЌша нe хорошђ знЌeт … моeгђ млЌдшeго брЌта BUT мої млЌдшую сeстрѓ
КЏра бђльше лїбит … Ѕгоря ВЏкторовича BUT ЛарЏсу ВЏкторовну
Ты смђтришь на … Шѓриного профЎссора BUT Шѓрину мать
МЌша влюбилЌсь в …
Бђрю, ДЏму, Лёшу, МЏшу, ГрЏшу
(Remember: all Masculine names in -{A} take -{U})
Put the name/noun phrase in Accusative:
Example: Кто когђ лїбит? Ты (БорЏс КирЏллович) ➯ Ты лїбишь БорЏса КирЏллиовича.
1. Я (Марк) 2. Вы (егђ мать) 3. Все (наш профЎссор) 4. Никтђ (ВЎра

ПЌвловна)
5. ОнЏ (ЛЌрин сын) 6. Ты (её собЌка) 7. Мы (ДЏма) 8. МЏша (его отЎц)
36-3
36.Б More About Case

…твоегђ пЎрвого мѓжа, ВитЌлика…
36.Б.1 Don’t Drop that Case!

Let’s look at the Case of the nouns and adjectives in the first question ГрЏша asks in the dialogue:
Когђ ты бђльше лїбишь, [твоегђ тепЎрешнего мѓжа Ѕгоря] Џли [твоегђ пЎрвого мѓжа ВитЌлика] ?
Accusative Accusative
Accusative
Technically, only the question word когђ is directly governed by the verb, лїбишь. Yet every noun and
accompanying adjective (твоегђ тепЎрешнего мѓжа, Ѕгоря, твоегђ пЎрвого мѓжа ВитЌлика) is in
Accusative.
Despite the best efforts of English speakers to stick everything in sight into the Nominative, you must maintain
the original Case on nouns and adjectives depending on the function it has in the sentence. This is especially true
of responses to questions:
1) + Кто лїбит МЌшу? Who loves Masha?

- ВЌня. Vanya. (functions as Subject: NOM)
2) + Когђ ты вЏдела? Whom did you see?

- МЌшу. Masha. (functions as Direct Object: must be ACC)
The Nominative in 2) is impossible.
V Question: What happens if there is a combination of Masculine nouns in one sentence,

some ending in -∅ − which ‘borrows’ the Animate endings from the Genitive
− and some ending in -{A} − which takes regular Accusative Case endings?
Answer: Excellent question! Check this out from line 3 of the dialogue:
… твоeгђ вторђго мѓжа ГрЏшу
All the modifiers as well as the Masculine noun мѓжа take the Animate
Accusative (Genitive) endings, but ГрЏшу has a regular Accusative (from
Feminine) ending, just as any other noun in -{A} would.
36-4
Grammar Lesson 36
36.Б.2 And Don’t Forget that Preposition

Another common mistake of American students is to omit a prepostion when giving a short answer − because you
can in English. In response to Откѓда вы? you MUST include the preposition из + place (in Genitive). Just
answering in the Nominative is not allowed.
Similarly, if someone asks На когђ ты смђтришь? Your answer must include the phrase на + ACC.
Of course if the question is кто, then your answer should be in the Nominative.
Откѓда ты? Where are you from?

ПрЏнстон. Из ПрЏнстона. (From) Princeton.
На когђ ты смђтришь? Who(m) are you looking at?

Маша. На МЌшу. (At) Masha.
Answer the following questions:
1. Когђ ты лїбишь? (Њра) 2. Откѓда он? (ТехЌс) 3. Кто жЎнится? (МЏтя)

4. В когђ ВЎра влюбЏлась? 5. На когђ Кђля смђтрит? (я) 6. Откѓда ПЎтя? (РоссЏя)
(Марк)
36-5
Lesson 36 − Homework Ѕмя ___________________________________
" Exercise 1 Fill in the table (use an arrow as shown in the first row if the Accusative is
identical to the Nominative):
NOM SG ACC SG GEN SG
ітот вопрђс
мой брат
хорђшей кнЏги
іто ѓтро
егђ сестрЌ
мої дочь
их отЎц
бЎлое полотЎнце
ітот стрЌнный человЎк
" Exercise 2 Make up sentences with the following people in the Accusative:
(Possible verb/verb phrases: love, can’t stand, understand, fall in love with, look at, know, ask, see)
1. Билл КлЏнтон __________________________________________________________________________
2. Майкл Джђрдан ________________________________________________________________________
3. ХЌррисон Форд ________________________________________________________________________
4. Билл Гeйтс ____________________________________________________________________________
5. Ђльберт ЭйнштЎйн _____________________________________________________________________
6. мой профЎссор рѓсского языкЌ ___________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
36-6
Lesson 36 − Homework
1. Vika fell in love with (her – leave out) first husband Vadik at first sight.
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Do you know my younger brother Dima?
________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Unfortunately they got divorced.
________________________________________________________________________________________
" Exercise 3 Verb of the day:
развёд+´...ся get divorce

*Present я
ты
вы
онЏ
Past он
онЌ
онЏ
Infinitive (Avoid for now – it’s actually развестЏсь, if you’re curious.)
*We’ll see in a few weeks that although this looks like a Present Tense verb, it actually has a Future meaning.
Still, this does not in any way affect the conjugation.
36-7
Диалђги: “What kind of computer do you have?”
ГраммЌтика: The Genitive of personal and
interrogative pronouns
Expressing possession in Russian with
у + GEN
- Have in Russian
- The ’existence’ word есть ‘there
is/are’
- Possession in the Past Tense
The Genitive of Negation
Диалђг
Какђй у тебј компьїтер? What kind of computer do you have?
1 Ѕра в пЌникe Ira is in a panic
СлЌва: 2 Что с тобђй? Что случЏлось? What’s wrong with you? What happened?
Ѕра: 3 Я как раз закЌнчивала огрђмноe сочинЎниe, а I was just finishing a huge paper and my
4 мой компьїтeр сломЌлся. computer broke.
СлЌва: 5 Какђй кошмЌр. Чeм я могѓ тeбЎ помђчь? What a nightmare. How can I help you?
Ѕра: 6 Какђй у тeбј компьїтeр, PC Џли Макинтђш? What kind of computer do you have, PC or Mac?
СлЌва: 7 К сожалЎнию у мeнј нeт компьїтeра. У мeнј Unfortunately I don’t have a computer. I had a
8 был нђутбук, но я eгђ прђдЌл. У моeгђ сосЎда laptop (notebook), but I sold it. My roommate
9 eсть компьїтeр. По-мђeму, у нeгђ PC. has a computer. I think he has a PC.
Ѕра: 10 А какђй у нeгђ прЏнтeр? What kind of printer does he have?
СлЌва: 11 У нeгђ нeт прЏнтeра. Тђ-eсть, у нeгђ eсть He doesn’t have a printer. I mean, he does have
12 прЏнтeр, но он нe рабђтаeт. a printer, but it doesn’t work.
Ѕра: 13 Какђй кошмЌр! What a nightmare!
СловЌрь
1 пЌника panic
3 как раз just; precisely (at this/that moment)
3 закЌнчивай+ finish – repeated action
3 сочинЎние composition; paper
4 компьїтер (Note the ь!) computer
4 сломЌй+…ся break (down) – this Verb is intransitive
6 у тебј (Genitive pronoun) +NOM you have (lit.: ‘by you’) (See below for explanation of have)
6 PC (писЏ) (they use the Latin letters for this)
7 у менј (Genitive pronoun) нет +GEN I don’t have…
8 нђутбук notebook computer; laptop
8 продЌл or прђдал Fem продалЌ sell (Present Tense is irregular – just use the Past and Infinitive for now)
Plural прђдали or продЌли
9 у негђ (Genitive pronoun) есть he has … (Есть emphasizes the existence of the Noun in the Nominative)
+NOM
10 прЏнтер printer
11 тђ-есть I mean, …; that is (to say) …
37-1
37.А Genitive Pronouns
Genitive personal pronouns are identical to those in the Accusative, so you have nothing new to learn. (Sorry to
disappoint you.) Some of the interrogative pronouns have the -ого/-его ending which is characteristic of the
Genitive Case. It is very important to remember that, just as with the Accusative, the 3rd person personal
pronouns (but not the possessives) begin with н- when preceded by a Preposition.
Genitive Case: Pronouns
NOMINATIVE GENITIVE
я I мeнј me
онЌ she (н)eё her
мы we нас us
вы you (Formal; pl) вас you; y’all
что what чегђ what
Put the pronouns into the correct form:

Model: Љто подЌрок для (я) Љто подЌрок для менј
1. ты 2. он 3. онЌ 4. мы
5. вы 6. я 7. онЏ 8. кто? (in front)
37-2
Grammar Lesson 37
37.Б Expressing Possession in Russian: У + Genitive

Какђй у тебј компьїтер? (6); У менј был нђутбук (7)
37.Б.1 Have in Russian

One verb that Russian does not have is have.1 Instead, to express somebody has something, the following
construction is used:
у + “Possessor” in GENITIVE + form of be (or есть) + “Noun possessed” in NOMINATIVE

Literally this constructions means: By POSSESSOR (there) is/exists NOUN POSSESSED. (More on есть and
“existence” below.) Some examples:
Listen and repeat all examples on this page

У + POSSESSOR + BE + NOUN POSSESSED
(GEN) (ЕСТЬ) (NOM)
У моeгђ брЌта есть компьїтeр.
= My brother has a computer.
By my brother (there) is a computer.
У ВЎры большЌя спЌльня.
= Vera has a large bedroom.
By Vera is a large bedroom.
У ИвЌна дорогЏe часѕ.
= Ivan has an expensive watch.
By Ivan is an expensive watch.
У eё мЌтeри огрђмные бЌнки икрѕ.
= Her mother has huge jars of caviar.
By her mother are huge jars of caviar.
Variation on a theme: You can ask someone what kind of Noun they have by using какђй, which agrees in
gender and number with the Nominative Noun (the thing possessed):
КАКІЙ + У + POSSESSOR + BE + NOUN POSSESSED

(GEN) (NOM)
Masculine
Какђй у её отцЌ прЏнтeр? = What (kind of) printer does her
What kind by her father is printer? father have?
Neuter
Какђе у Лёвы пЏво? = What (kind of) beer does Lyova
What kind by Lyova is beer? have?
Feminine
КакЌя у егђ сестрѕ машЏна? = What (kind of) car does his sister
What kind by his sister is car? have?
Plural
КакЏе у их профЎссора кнЏги? = What (kind of) books does their
What kind by their professor are books? professor have?
1
Actually Russian does have a verb имЎй+ have, but it’s used only with certain abstract nouns. We’ll be seeing it later on.
37-3
Note that, just like the Accusative personal pronouns, Genitive 3rd person personal pronouns are identical in form
to 3rd person possessives (See 28.В). Remember that the extra н- is added when eго, eё, их are used as personal
pronouns following a Preposition, but not when they are used as possessives:
3RD PERSON GENITIVE PRONOUN 3RD PERSON POSSESSIVE

(with н- after preposition) (no н- after preposition)
У негђ жёлтое полотЎнце. He has a yellow У [eгђ брЌта] жёлтое полотЎнце. [His brother] has a yellow
towel. towel.
КакЏе у неё брїки? What kind of pants КакЏе у [eё сестрѕ] брїки? What kind of pants does
does she have? [her sister] have?
У них красЏвый дом They have a beautiful У [их родЏтелей*] красЏвый дом. [Their parents] have a
house. beautiful house.
*This is the Genitive plural, which we have not seen yet. We just wanted to include an example with них / их.
37.Б.2 The “Existence” Word: Есть ‘there is/are’; ‘I do”

When you want to establish that fact that a thing exists (in a particular person’s possession), use есть. This is
especially common in questions and replies. Есть receives the stress in the sentence. The affirmative answer to
such questions is very often simply: Да, есть. (We’ll explore negative answers below.)
У тебј есть компьїтер? Да, есть. Do you have a computer? Yes, I do.
У негђ есть телевЏзор? Да, есть. Does he have a TV? Yes, he does.
Ask whether the person has the thing
Example: БорЏс / компьїтер ➯ У БорЏса есть компьїтер?

он / собЌка ➯ У негђ есть собЌка?
1. ВЎра / машЏна 2. онЌ / кот

3. ты / прЏнтер 4. БорЏс / брат
5. вы / ключ 6. твой профЎссор / компьїтер
7. онЏ / словЌрь 8. егђ сестрЌ / друг
9. он / часѕ 10. іта жЎнщина / муж
A tiny glitch: not all have-constructions can have есть. This is because not all have-constructions focus on the
existence of the thing itself. Instead the focus can be on either: 1) who has the thing or; 2) what kind of thing the
person has. In both cases, it is clear that the thing exists and is already in someone’s possession.
37-4
Grammar Lesson 37
• Focus on who has the thing (which is known to exist):
У когђ ключ? У тебј Џли у негђ? Who has the key? You or him (he)?
• Focus on what kind of thing (which is known to exist) the person has:
As a general rule, don’t use есть if you have какђй or when you are including an Adjective to specify what kind
of thing you have (i.e., it is already known that you have the item):
У менј хорђший компьїтер. I have a good computer. It is known the speaker already has a computer; s/he
is simply stating that it's a good one.
У неё моЏ ключЏ? Does she have my It is known that she has someone’s keys; the speaker is
keys? simply asking whether she has his/her keys
КакЌя у тебј собЌка? What kind of dog do you It is known that the person has a dog; the speaker is
have? simply asking what kind of dog the person has.
) ***Do not use есть when you want to say you have a question. Just say: У менј вопрђс***
(Even though there is no Adjective in this statement.)
To be honest, all the rules for when to include or omit есть can be quite tricky. (A senior thesis is just waiting to
be written about this.) For the time being, try to absorb as best as you can the guidelines we’ve outlined above,
and when in doubt, just rely on your best instinct.
Say that the person has the thing. Don’t use есть in these sentences.
Example: БорЏс / нђвый компьїтер ➯ У БорЏса нђвый компьїтер.

он / красЏвая собЌка ➯ У негђ красЏвая собЌка.
1. ДЎнис / хорђший прЏнтер 2. ВЎра / красЏвые дЎти

3. я / нђвая машЏна 4. онЏ / огрђмное колЏчество домЌшней рабђты
5. егђ сестрЌ / послЎднее печЎнье 6. ЗЏна / большђй стол
7. онЏ / бЎлая машЏна 8. ты / мЌленькие ѓши
9. он / стЌрый нђутбук 10. её брат / рѓсская подрѓга
11. их профЎссор / интерЎсные кнЏги 12. мы / чёрная кђшка
13. вы / ђчень красЏвый дом 14. кто / рѓчка?
37-5
37.Б.3 Possession in the Past Tense

Note that the models for the have-constructions in 37.Б.1 were all in the Present Tense, in which case the verb be
= ∅ or was есть. In the Past (and Future – we will discuss later on), the Verb must agree with the Nominative
Noun possessed.
Past Tense:
Agreement is determined by the gender and number of the Nominative noun
У + POSSESSOR + БЫЛ/А/О/И + NOUN POSSESSED

(GEN) (NOM)
Masculine
У менј бѕл плохђй телевЏзор.
By me was a bad TV. = I had/used to have a bad TV.
Feminine
У МаксЏма былЌ нђвая рѓчка.
By Maksim was a new pen. = Maksim had a new pen.
Neuter
У моегђ брЌта бѕло интерЎсное письмђ. = My brother had an interesting
By my brother was an interesting letter. letter.
Plural
КакЏе у егђ сѕна бѕли дЏски? = What (kind of) CDs did his son
What kind by his son were CDs? have?
*** IMPORTANT: Есть can NEVER be used in the Past or Future. ‘Existence’ and all that jazz must simply be
understood by the context.***
) In English the verb have agrees with the possessor, which is the Subject of the sentence: I have,
she has, etc. Not surprisingly it is easy to fall into the trap of making the verb and even какђй
agree with the possessor in Russian as well. BE CAREFUL NOT TO DO THIS.
In this Lesson we see the first of several constructions in Russian where the Subject is a thing
(with which the verb agrees) and not a person. You need to get used to “thinking backwards”.
The moral of the story: Make sure that the verb agrees with what’s called the “grammatical
Subject”, i.e., whatever is in the Nominative Case.
Put the sentences into the Past:
1. У менј хорђшая машЏна. 2. У Кђли нђвый нђутбук.

3. У них хорђшие дЎти. 4. У ВЎры нђвое пальтђ.
5. У неё большЌя лђшадь. 6. У негђ мой карандЌш.
7. У нас хорђшая бЎлая собЌка. 8. У когђ моЏ ключЏ?
37-6
Grammar Lesson 37
37.В The Genitive of Negation

У мeнј нeт компьїтeра (7)
When you want to say that you don’t have something, the Noun (that you don’t have) goes into the Genitive and
the word нeт is inserted. Such sentences do not have any Noun in the Nominative (because the person who lacks
the thing is in the Genitive following the Preposition у). For now stick to the Present Tense.
У + POSSESSOR + НЕТ + NOUN LACKING (NOTHING IN NOMINATIVE!)

(GEN) (GEN)
У менј нет фотоаппарЌта.
By me is not camera.
= I don’t have a camera.
У СЌши нет машЏны.

By Sasha is not car. = Sasha doesn’t have a car.
У нЌшей дђчери нет печЎнья

By our daughter is not cookie. = Our daughter doesn’t have a cookie.
У них нет кровЌти.

By them is not bedt. = They don’t have a bed.
The “mirror image” below is a neat mnemonic for the Genitive of Negation:
GEN|NEG
Over the course of the year we will see several other instances – besides possession – in which a negated Noun
appears in the Genitive.
Negate the following sentences. (Yes, all these sentences have есть, even though some
contain an adjective. This won’t affect your answer. As we said, it’s complicated.):
1. У менј есть карандЌш. 2. У негђ есть рѓчка.

3. У вас есть полотЎнце? 4. У тебј есть япђнский Japanese нђутбук.
5. У Ђнны ПЌвловны есть дочь. 6. У них есть францѓзское винђ.
7. У ітого профЎссора есть чёрный гЌлстук. 8. У твоЎй сестрѕ есть корЏчневый шарф.
37-7
37-й урок Ѕмя ___________________________________
" Exercise 1 Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the pronoun. Try not to look back in
the lesson. TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH.
1. У _______________________________________ (онЌ) стЌрший брат.
2. Какђй у ___________________________________ (ты) компьїтер?
3. У _________________________________ (кто) моЏ ключЏ?
4. У ___________________________________ (мы) нет собЌки.
5. У __________________________________ (я) былЌ итальјнская машЏна.
6. Какђе у _________________________________________ (онЏ) винђ?
7. У ____________________________________________ (он) дорогЏе часѕ.
" Exercise 2 Put the following sentences into the past
1. У ВЎры дорогђй компьїтер. _______________________________________________
2. У моегђ брЌта большЌя спЌльня. ___________________________________________
3. У ЛЏзы вкѓсное пЏво. ____________________________________________________
4. У менј плохђй профЎссор. ________________________________________________
5. У когђ большЌя бЌнка икрѕ? ______________________________________________
6. У ВЏктора кусђк колбасѕ. _________________________________________________
7. У Іли крЌсные полотЎнца. ________________________________________________
37-8
" Exercise 3 Negate the following sentences
1. У менј есть хорђший профЎссор. __________________________________________
2. У БорЏса есть бутѕлка вђдки. _____________________________________________
3. У негђ есть прЏнтер. _____________________________________________________
4. У КЏры есть печЎнье. ____________________________________________________
5. У ОлЎга есть большЌя кровЌть. ____________________________________________
6. У негђ есть нђвый словЌрь. _______________________________________________
37-9
Диалђг: “You have a real zoo!”
ГраммЌтика: The Genitive Plural of nouns
- Forms
- Uses
More uses of the Genitive: quantity
Диалђг
У тебј настојщий зоопЌрк! You have a real zoo!
ПЎтя 1 Вот мой дом. Љто гостЏная. This is my house. This is the living room.
Ѕра 2 Бђже мой! У тебј ђчень мнђго фотогрЌфий! My goodness. You have very many photographs! How
3 Скђлько у тебј фотогрЌфий? many photographs do you have?
ПЎтя 4 Не знЌю. А іто мой кабинЎт. I don’t know. And this is my office.
Ѕра 5 Бђжe мой! У тебј ђчень мнђго книг! Ты, My goodness. You have very many books! You’re
6 навЎрно, большђй любЏтeль книг. Скђлько probably a great lover of books. How many books do
7 у тeбј книг? you have?
ПЎтя 8 Не знЌю. Мој женЌ их читЌет. Вот кѓхня. I don’t know. My wife reads them. Here’s the kitchen.
Ѕра 9 Бђжe мой! У тебј ђчень мнђго ножЎй! Ты, My goodness. You have very many knives! You’re
10 навЎрно, большђй любЏтeль ножЎй! probably a great lover of knives. How many knives do
11 Скђлько у тeбј ножЎй? you have?
ПЎтя 12 Не знЌю. Мој женЌ готђвит. Вот двор. I don’t know. My wife cooks. Here’s the backyard.
Ѕра 13 Скђлько тЏгров! Скђлько слонђв! Скђлько What a large number of tigers! What a large number
14 лошадЎй! Сколько кђшeк! of elephants! What a large number of horses! What a
15 large number of cats!
СловЌрь
1 дом house (Related to domestic. And we saw дђма at home previously.)
1 гостЏная living room (This is an Adjective that acts like a Noun. More on this later)
2 Бђже мой my goodness (Note that the г in Бог has become ж. We saw this same mutation
in могѓ > мђжет.)
2 мнђго + GEN much; many; a lot (This word can be either an Adverb – to do something a lot – or
a Quantifier – a lot of books, work, etc.)
3 скђлько + GEN 1. how many (as a question)
2. what a large number of X (as an exclamation)
4 кабинЎт office
6 любЏтель lover (The suffix -тель often corresponds to English -er; a person engaged in the
activity expressed by the verb.)
8 кѓхня kitchen
8 нож΄(end-stressed) knife
12 двор΄ (end-stressed) backyard (This is the closest word Russian has for backyard. Двор normally
means courtyard.)
13 тЏгр tiger
13 слон΄ (end-stressed) elephant
14 настојщий real; genuine
15 зоопЌрк zoo
38-1
38.А The Genitive Plural of Nouns: Forms
For some reason, a lot of Russian textbooks treat the Genitive Plural of Nouns as if it were second only to
quantum physics in degree of complexity. It’s just not so.
There are three endings for the Genitive Plural, which are based on the final letter of the Nominative Singular
form of the noun. Note that some Genitive Plural endings are shared by Nouns of more than one gender.
Formation of Genitive Plural Nouns
THEN GEN PL GENDER(S)

IF NOM SG ENDS IN: ENDING IS: INVOLVED:
EXAMPLES:
1. Masculines in ш, ж, ч, щ нож Æ ножЎй
ключ Æ ключЎй
Husher (ш, ж, ч, щ) or ь -ей 2. All soft Masculines
словЌрь Æ словарЎй
(except those in -й)
3. Feminines in -ь дверь Æ дверЎй
1. All hard Masculines тигр Æ тЏгров
Hard consonant, ц, or й -{O}в отЎц Æ отцђв
2. Masculines in -ц or -й
гЎний Æ гЎниев
мЎсто Æ мест
-∅ 1. All Neuters
здЌние Æ здЌний
Any vowel (i.e. а/я, о/е/ё) (Nuke the
Vowel: NTV) 2. All Feminines ending in кнЏга Æ книг
a vowel фотогрЌфия Æ фотогрЌфий
Note the following about the spelling of various Genitive Plural forms:
38.А.1 The spelling of -{O}в after ‘ц’ and ‘й’

As we would expect, the spelling of {O} after these 2 letters is determined by stress:
After -ц Unstressed: -ев: америкЌнцев

Stressed: -ђв: отцђв
After -й Unstressed: -ев: гЎниев

×
Stressed: -ёв: край (edge) Æ краёв (We won’t see any nouns like this the entire year,
but the form does show that our rules really do work.)
38-2
Grammar Lesson 38
38.А.2 Nuking the Vowel for Feminines and Neuters

Recall that there are only two possible vowel endings for Nouns in the Nominative Singular: -{A} (for Feminine)
and {O} (for Neuter).
Let’s take a closer look at nouns like здЌние and фотогрЌфия using our system of basic sounds. (You haven’t
forgotten about that, have you?) When the vowel is nuked in these nouns, guess what emerges? The й which was
hiding under the guise of a Soft-indicating vowel not immediately preceded by a consonant. The Genitive Plural
is “proof” that it was there all along. See, we weren’t lying to you. This also confirms our rule that ALL Noun
stems must end in a Consonant. In other words, for all Neuter and Feminine Nouns (in {A}), the Genitive Plural
is the same as the Noun Stem.
NOMINATIVE SINGULAR GENITIVE PLURAL

Basic sounds Actual spelling Basic sounds Actual spelling
ь ь
зд{A}н {I}й + {O} здЌние зд{A}н {I}й + ∅ здЌний
ь ь
ф{O}т{O}гр{A}ф {I}й + {A} фотогрЌфия ф{O}т{O}гр{A}ф {I}й + ∅ фотогрЌфий
Finally, let’s take a look at the Genitive Plural of nouns like окнђ, письмђ, полотЎнце, сестрЌ, which are all
Nouns whose stems end in more than one consonant, i.e., in a consonant cluster. After you nuke the vowel you’d
be left with ‘окн’, ‘пЏсьм’, ‘полотЎнц’, ‘сестр’. Seems like a job for the Cluster Buster.
How do you know which Cluster Buster vowel to insert? We’ll tell you – by including it in parentheses next to
the word.
A good example is кѓхня (o). This word nicely illustrates both of the above points. When the ending -{A} is
chopped off, that leaves кухнь, with a nasty cluster at the end (remember that the final н is soft and this must be
represented). In comes the Cluster Buster Vowel -о-, and all is well: the Gentive Plural is кѓхонь.
Some nouns with a Cluster Buster in the Genitive Plural
NOM SG GEN PL
дЎвушка (е) дЎвушек
кѓхня (о) кѓхонь
×
окно (о) ђкон
×
письмо (е) пЏсем
полотЎнце (е) полотЎнец
×
сестра (ё) сестёр
In пЏсем, once the Cluster Buster Vowel е is inserted you no longer need the ь to indicate that the с is soft. The
soft-indicating vowel itself does that.
For сестёр note that the stress goes back to the end (as opposed to the Nominative Plural сёстры) and that the
Cluster Buster Vowel is a soft-indicating ё. Какђй кошмЌр! ИзвинЏте, рЌди Бђга.
So, we now see that there are two forms in which a Cluster Buster can be found. Either: 1) the Masculine
Nominative (and Inanimate Accusative) Singular (мешђк (o) > мешкЏ, мешкЎ, etc.; отЎц (e) > отцЌ, отцѕ,
×
etc.) or; 2) the Genitive Plural of Feminine or Neuter Nouns (дЎвушка (е) > дЎвушек; окно (о) > ђкон).
38-3
Genitive Plural Nouns: More Examples
NOM SG GEN PL
NOM SG ENDS IN HUSHER OR -Ь
-ей
нож΄ ножЎй
Masc in карандаш΄ карандашЎй
Husher or ключ΄ ключЎй
Soft Con товЌрищ (comrade) товЌрищей
(exc. -й) рубль΄ рублЎй
словарь΄ словарЎй
лђшадь лошадЎй
All Fem in мышь мышЎй
-ь ночь ночЎй
NOM SG ENDS IN HARD CONSONANT, Ц, OR Й
-{O}в
адвокЌт адвокЌтов
All hard слон΄ слонђв
Masc гЌлстук гЌлстуков
фильм фЏльмов
отец΄ (е) отцђв
Masc in -ц америкЌнец (е) америкЌнцев
музЎй (museum) музЎев
Masc in -й гЎний гЎниев
NOM SG ENDS IN VOWEL
-∅ (Nuke The Vowel)
×
место (place) мест
×
окно (о) ђкон
×
письмо (е) пЏсем
All Neut полотЎнце (e) полотЎнец
здЌниe здЌний
общежЏтие общежЏтий
кнЏга книг
×
жена жён
сосЎдка (о) сосЎдок
All Fem in дЎвушка (е) дЎвушек
a vowel
кѓхня (о) кѓхонь
фотогрЌфия фотогрЌфий
Ќрмия (army) Ќрмий
38-4
Grammar Lesson 38
Practice forming the Genitive Plural. Just for the heck of it, stick the number ‘5’ in front of the
noun. (We just like the way that sounds.) ***This is another long but important exercise***
Example: кнЏга ➯ пять книг
1. кнЏга 2. тЏгр 3. нож 4. актрЏса

5. конвЎрт 6. карандЌш 7. рубль´ 8. слђво
9. женЌ (think!) 10. врЌч 11. адвокЌт 12. гЎний
13. студЎнт 14. письмђ (е) 15. журнЌл 16. студЎнтка (о)
17. телевЏзор 18. ключ 19. здЌние 20. фотогрЌфия
21. традЏция (tradition) 22. мЎсто 23. словЌрь 24. подрѓга
25. їбка (о) (skirt) 26. мяч´ (ball) 27. музЎй 28. фЏльм
29. крЎсло (е) (armchair) 30. задЌние 31. дђллар 32. нЎмец (е) (German
male)
V Question: A Flaw in the Analysis??

I think see a problem with your analysis of the Genitive Plural. You say the
form is based on the Nominative Singular. What about Nouns like дЎти,
брїки, and часѕ, which are always Plural. How can you predict what the
Genitive Plural will be these Nouns?
Answer: If we didn’t know better, we’d swear you’d taken this course before.
You’re right. For Nouns that appear only in the plural, you cannot predict the
Genitive. We will always tell you. Here are three plural-only nouns with the
three different Genitive Plural endings:
дЎти Æ детЎй
лїди Æ людЎй
брїки Æ брюк
часѕ Æ часђв
Even Russian dictionaries for Russians list the Genitive Plural of such Nouns.
There’s just no way to predict these
38-5
38.Б The Genitive Plural of Nouns: Usage
In general, whatever is Genitive in the singular will also be Genitive in the plural:
USES OF GENITIVE SINGULAR PLURAL

1. of Он любЏтель пЏва. ОнЏ любЏтели книг.
He’s a lover of beer. They are lovers of books.
2. Various prepositions: из, для, у Он из АлабЌмы. ОнЌ из «ШтЌтов».
He’s from Alabama. She’s from the ‘States’ (USA).
3. Possession Љто кнЏги профЎссора. Љто кнЏги профессорђв.
Those are the professor’s books. Those are the professors' books.
4. Genitive of negation У менј нет женѕ. У нас нет детЎй.
I don’t have a wife. We don’t have children.
38.В The Genitive With Quantity

мнђго книг (5); скђлько фотогрЌфий? (3)
The Genitive Case is used with many words that express quantity. Some “quantity” words are мнђго (much;
many; a lot), скђлько (how many?; how much?; what a large amount!), and нет (absence of).
After these “quantity” words both the Genitive Singular and Plural are found:
If the noun is something that you normally cannot count, the Genitive Singular is used. These are known as
“mass nouns”1.
У менј мнђго сђка. I have a lot of juice.

У нас нет чЌя. We don't have any tea.
Скђлько вђдки! What a large amount of vodka!
Nouns that you can count (called, appropriately enough, “count nouns”) are put in the Genitive Plural:
У них мнђго книг. They have a lot of books.

У нас нет детЎй. We don’t have any children.
Скђлько у негђ жён? How many wives does he have?
In case you’re wondering why the Genitive is used with quantities, we don’t have a great explanation. But notice
that many quantity words in English require of: a lot of beer/questions. Coincidence??
1
Russian is much more restrictive than English about putting mass nouns into the Plural. While in English you can say
things like I had six beers, in Russian you would have to say something like I had six bottles of beer (Gen Sg).
38-6
Grammar Lesson 38
Form a question with у тебј or an exclamation using скђлько. Remember: don’t put nouns in
the Plural that you can’t count:
Example: машЏна (!) ➯ Скђлько машЏн!

гЌлстук (?) ➯ Скђлько у тебј гЌлстуков?
1. слон (?) 2. америкЌнец (!) 3. актрЏса (!)

4. ключ (?) 5. фотоаппарЌт (!) 6. здЌние (?)
7. гений (!) 8. фотогрЌфия (?) 9. письмђ (е) (!)
10. дЏск (!) 11. молокђ (?) 12. кђшка (!)
13. чай (?) 14. карандЌш (!) 15. книга (?)
16. дЎвушка (е) (!) 17. дЎти (?) 18. женЌ (?)
38-7
38-й урок Ѕмя ___________________________________
" Exercise 1 Fill in the table. (Be aware of any changes in stress!). Use arrows to save time.
DICTIONARY
общежЏтие
серёжка (е)
FORM
фильм
музЎй
ключ΄
двЎрь
earring
NOM
SINGULAR
ACC
GEN
NOM/ACC
PLURAL
GEN
38-8
" Exercise 2 Form questions and answers based on the example. (Pick your own nouns, but
make sure you have all three possible Genitive Plural endings.) In your answer
you may choose between having many or none at all.
Example: cars ➯ − Скђлько у тебј машЏн? − У менј мнђго/нет никакЏх машЏн.
1. _______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
4. _______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
5. _______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
" Exercise 3 Toughie: The Genitive Plural of пЎсня is пЎсeн. Is this exactly what we would
expect? Explain.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
38-9
Диалђг: “Which American writers do you
like?”
ГраммЌтика: The Superlative Degree

The Gentive Plural of Adjectives
and Nounjectives
The Accuative Plural of Animate
Nouns
Диалђг
КакЏх америкЌнских писЌтелей ты лїбишь? Which American writers do you like?
ПЌша: 1 КакЏх амeрикЌнских писЌтeлeй ты лїбишь? Which American writers do you like?
ВЌря: 2 СтЏвeна КЏнга, конЎчно. По-мђeму, он одЏн из Stephen King, of course. I think he’s one of the
3 сЌмых лѓчших Ќвторов в мЏрe. very best authors in the world.
ПЌша: 4 А какЏх амeрикЌнских актрЏс ты лїбишь? And which American actresses do you like?
ВЌря: 5 ДемЏ Мур, конЎчно. По-мђeму, онЌ однЌ из Demi Moore, of course. I think she’s one of the
6 сЌмых талЌнтливых актрЏс в мЏре. most talented actresses in the world.
ПЌша: 7 О чём ты говорЏшь! По-мђему, онЌ сЌмая What are you talking about? I think she’s the
8 хѓдшая актрЏса в мЏре. worst actress in the world!
ВЌря: 9 Ты ничегђ не понимЌешь. You don’t understand anything..
СловЌрь
1 писЌтель writer (Note once again the suffix -тель.)
2 один´ (и) / однЌ / однђ из + one of
GEN PL
3 сЌмый most (Forms the superlative degree. See grammar explanation.)
3 лѓчший best
3 Ќвтор author
3 мир world (Мир as in the space station. Мир also means peace)
8 хѓдший worst
39-1
39.А The Superlative Degree: The best, most talented writer

сЌмый лѓчший Ќвтор в мЏре (3); сЌмая талЌнтливая актрЏса в мЏре (6)
To form the superlative degree (the most X or the X-est), simply include the Adjective сЌмый most in the correct
CNG (Case, Number, Gender).
Russian does have a suffix similar to English -est (fastest, smartest), but it’s not used all that much. You’re
always safe with сЌмый.
Russian (like English) has a few single word superlatives: лѓчший best, хѓдший worst. Use сЌмый лѓчший to
express the very best and сЌмый хѓдший for the very worst (of course, you can leave out сЌмый with no
significant difference in meaning).
Examples of Superlative Adjectives:
NOMINATIVE:
МерседЎс сЌмая дорогЌя машЏна в Mercedes is the most expensive car in the world.
мЏре.
СЌмые лѓчшие часѕ в мЏре из The very best watches in the world are from Switzerland.
ШвейцЌрии.
ACCUSATIVE:
Он хотЎл сЌмую большѓю спЌльню в He wanted the largest bedroom in the house.
дђме.
ОнЌ влюбЏлась в сЌмого ленЏвого She fell in love with the laziest man in the world
человЎка в мЏре
GENITIVE:
ВЎра из сЌмого большђго гђрода в Vera is from the largest city in Canada.
КанЌде.
МЏша купЏл подЌрок для сЌмой Misha bought a present for the most beautiful actress in the
красЏвой актрЏсы в странЎ. country..
Contradict the statements as much as possible:
Example: ДемЏ Мур бездЌрная актрЏса. ⇒ ДемЏ Мур сЌмая талЌнтливая актрЏса в мЏре.
1. ПрЏнстон плохђй университЎт. 2. ОнЌ хђчет дешёвую машЏну.

3. СтЏвен Кинг талЌнтливый писЌтель. 4. Ты нормЌлный (normal) человЎк.
5. Алјска їжный штат. 6. ГавЌйи сЎверный штат.
7. Мадђнна бездЌрная певЏца. 8. МЏллер хорђшее пЏво.
9. ДЏма энергЏчный (energetic) пЌрень 10. НатЌша жестђкая (cruel) дЎвушка.
39-2
Grammar Lesson 39
39.Б The Genitive Plural of Adjectives (and Nounjectives)
This one is real easy: there’s just one ending: -{I}х for all genders. (We’ve seen this on: (н)их (their; them).
Note that, just like in the Genitive Singular, Nounjectives like мой, наш, ітот, etc., have adjectival endings, not
noun endings:
Genitive Plural: Adjectives and Nounjectives

-{I}х (-ых / -их) for all genders
NOMINATIVE SINGULAR GENITIVE PLURAL

ітот бЎлый кот΄ ітих* бЎлых котђв
сЌмый лѓчший писЌтель сЌмых лѓчших писЌтелей
×
вЌше послЎднее письмо (е) вЌших послЎдних пЏсем
ВЎрино плохђе сочинЎние ВЎриных* плохЏх сочинЎний
×
большЌя страна большЏх стрЌн
нЌша красЏвая кђшка (е) нЌших красЏвых кђшек
Note:
* Remember how the Nominative Plural of ітот, etc. is іти, with an unexpected soft ‘т’? The ‘т’ remains
soft throughout the Plural, hence the Genitive Plural ітих. On the other hand, the Nounjectives formed
from first names ending in {A} remain hard throughout the Plural: СЌшины очкЏ, для КЌтиных детЎй
39.В The Phrase ОдЏн (и) / ОднЌ / Однђ Из + Genitive Plural
After the phrase одЏн (однЌ, однђ) из one of the Genitive Plural is used:
ОдЏн из моЏх профессорђв без концЌ One of my professors smokes constantly.

кѓрит.
ОднЌ из нЌших сосЎдок лїбит Џграть в One of my (female) roommates likes to play golf.
гольф.
Однђ из ітих пЏсем от президЎнта One of these letters is from President Shapiro.
ШапЏро.
While одЏн, which is a Nounjective, can appear in any case, the phrase following из is fixed in the Genitive
Plural:
Я вЏдел однѓ из твоЏх сестёр. (Accusative) I saw one of your sisters.

Љто для одногђ из моЏх студЎнтов. This is for one of my students.
(Genitive)
Мы говорЏли об однђй из егђ жён. We were talking about one of his wives.
(Feminine Prepositional – haven’t seen yet)
39-3
You can use одЏн из with the superlative to form the phrase one of the (my) most X/X-est …:
Толстђй одЏн из моЏх сЌмых любЏмых Tolstoy is one of my favorite authors.

Ќвторов.
Джѓэл однЌ из сЌмых талЌнтливых певЏц в Jewel is one of the most talented singers in the world.
мЏре.
The Nounjective одЏн agrees in gender with the Noun in the Genitive Plural phrase. So, in the following
example, even though МерседЎс looks like a masculine Noun, the feminine form однЌ is used (because of
feminine машЏна).
МерседЎс однЌ из сЌмых дорогЏх машЏне в Mercedes is one of the most expensive cars in the word.
мЏре.
Transform as in the example.
ДемЏ Мур талЌнтливая актрЏса. ⇒ ДемЏ Мур однЌ из сЌмых талЌнтливых актрЏс в мЏре.
1. Мадђнна - бездЌрная актрЏса.

2. Он скѓчный профЎссор.
3. ВЎра дђбрая жЎнщина.
4. Курс - вкѓcное пЏво.
5. Ты стрЌнный человЎк. (Careful, think about the plural)
6. Пђрше - дорогЌя немЎцкая машЏна.
7. ЛеонЌрдо ДеКЌприо - красЏвый актёр.
8. ПрЏснтон - хорђший универсистЎт. (Careful, think about the superlative of хорђший)
9. РоссЏя - холђдная странЌ.
10. Мѓрка - ленЏвая кђшка.
39-4
Grammar Lesson 39
39.Г The Accusative Plural of Aninmate Nouns: Use the Genitive
We saw in Lesson 36 that Animate Masculine Nouns (except those which end in -{A} like СЌша, ДЏма)
“borrow” their Accusative Singular endings from the Genitive Singular. The same thing happens in the Plural:
The Animate Accusative Plural is identical to the Genitive Plural. BUT this now applies to ALL Animate Nouns,
not just Masculine. In other words to say “I saw the actors and actresses” both Nouns appear in Genitive Plural.
Animate Accusative Plural: Same as Genitive Plural
THE ACCUSATIVE OF ANIMATE NOUNS

SINGULAR PLURAL
Я люблї моегђ профЎссора. Я люблї моЏх профессорђв.
MASC ACC = GEN
Я не пђмню ітого америкЌнца. Я не пђмню ітих америкЌнцев.
ACC = GEN
Он вЏдит мої собЌку. REAL ACC Он вЏдит моЏх собЌк.
FEM ENDINGS
Ты знЌешь іту дЎвушку? Ты знЌешь ітих дЎвушек?
So, all Masculine Animate nouns (Singular and Plural) borrow the Genitive, while Feminine distinguishes
between Singular and Plural (Inanimate = Nominative; Animate = Genitive). All Neuter Nouns have identical
Nominative and Accusative—both in the Singular and the Plural—since no Neuter Nouns are animate
Summary of Accusative Case
Singular Plural
Masculine Inanimate = Nominative
Animate = Genitive
Feminine Separate Accusative Endings Inanimate = Nominative
{U} / Ь, regardless of animacy
Animate = Genitive
Neuter Same as Nominative
39-5
In the first exercise below you are to change the direct object from singular to plural. You will need to “go back”
to the Nominative Singular and then determine the Accusative/Genitive Plural. Both of these exercises are very
important – be sure to go over them carefully!
Change the direct object from the singular to plural.
1. Ты вЏдела мої сестрѓ?

2. Кто кормил іту лђшадь?
3. Я не пђмню ітого профЎссора.
4. Я смотрї на негђ.
5. Где ты купЏл іту бутѕлку винЌ?
6. Кђля обЏдел их собЌку.
7. ВЎра пЏшет интерЎсную кнЏгу.
8. Ты знЌешь ітого немЎцкого писЌтеля?
9. Мы поём китЌйскую пЎсню.
Change the direct object from plural to singular.
1. Он смђтрит на іту дЎвушку.

2. Я не знЌю ітих стрЌнных людЎй.
3. ОнЌ купЏла корЏчневые полотЎнца.
4. Он не лїбит моЏх слонђв
5. ОнЌ потерјла нЌши ключЏ.
6. Мы терпЎть не мђжем ітих недђбрых парнЎй.
7. ВчерЌ я читЌла скѓчные пЏсьма.
8. Я подарЏл интерЎсные рѓсские кнЏги для моегђ мѓжа.
9. Все лїбят ітих талЌнтливых актрЏс.
10. Я не пђмню іти словЌ.
39-6
" Exercise 1 Use a superlative phrase to describe 5 of the following:
РоссЏя Їма Тѓрман Брэд Питт ВладЏмир Пѓтин МерседЎс
ПрЏнстон Пинк Флойд ГЌрвард Алјска «ТитЌник»
Example: КанЌда ⇒ КанЌда однЌ из сЌмых большЏх стран в мЏре.
1. ________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
4. ________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
5. ________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
" Exercise 2 Change the direct object from the Singular to Plural. Be sure to pay attention to
animacy!!
1. Я терпЎть не могѓ іту жЎнщину.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. Почемѓ ты смђтришь на ітого пЌрня?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3. Мы пЎли мої любЏмую китЌйскую пЎсню.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
4. Кђля хорошђ понимЌл ВЏтину собЌку.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
5. ОнЏ смотрЎли англЏйский фильм.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
39-7
6. Ты слѓшаешь менј?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
7. Я люблї твої сестрѓ.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
8. Я не понимЌю ітого человЎка.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
9. ОнЌ весь день читЌла скѓчное письмђ.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
10. Где ты купЏл іту бЌнку чёрной икрѕ?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
" Exercise 3 Verb of the day:
{узнай+´/ узнавЌй+} find out
Present я
ты
вы
онЏ
Past он
онЌ
онЏ
Infinitive
39-8
Диалђги: Who is Yurij Gagarin?
Chapter 4 − Review (Lessons 34-40 / Story 2-3)
Vocabulary from Lessons 34-40, Story 2-3
Диалђг
Кто такђй Њрий ГагЌрин? Who is Yuri Gagarin?
ЛЎна 1 Я вЏжу, что у тебј нђвый телевЏзор. I see that you have a new TV.
ВадЏм 2 ДЌ, іто был подЌрок от моЏх родЏтелей. Для Yes, it was a present from my parents. They
3 менј онЏ купЏли телевЏзор, а для моЎй сестрѕ bought a TV for me, and a laptop for my sister.
4 нђутбук.
ЛЎна 5 Ничегђ себЎ! А что ты смђтришь? Not bad! What are you watching?
ВадЏм 6 Я смотрї ђчень интерЎсную передЌчу о Њрии I’m watching a show about Yuri Gagarin and
7 ГагЌрине и ВалентЏне Терешкђвой. Valentina Tereshkova.
ЛЎна 8 Кто такђй Њрий ГагЌрин? Кто такЌя Who is Yuri Gagarin? Who is Valentina
9 ВалентЏна Терешкђва? ОнЏ актёры, что ли? Я Tereshkova? Are they actors or something? I
10 их не знЌю. don’t know them.
ВадЏм 11 Ты шѓтишь, конЎчно! Ты ГагЌрина не знЌешь? You’re joking, of course. You don’t know
12 И Терешкђву не знЌешь? Не мђжет быть, что ты Gagarin? And you don’t know Tereshkova? It
13 не знЌешь такЏх извЎстных людЎй. Их все can’t be that you don’t know such famous
14 знЌют. people. Everyone knows them!
ЛЎна 15 К сожалЎнию, я не знЌю, кто онЏ такЏе. У менј Unfortunately, I don’t know who they are. I
16 нет телевЏзора. Он извЎстный спортсмЎн, что don’t have a TV. Is he a famous athlete or
17 ли? Ты знЌешь, что я не люблї спорт. ОнЌ кто, something? You know, that I don’t like sports.
18 извЎстный поіт? Who’s she, a famous poet?
ВадЏм 19 ГагЌрин был пЎрвый человЎк в кђсмосе, а Gagarin was the first man in space, and
20 Терешкђва былЌ пЎрвая жЎнщина-космонЌвт. Tereshkova was the first woman cosmonaut.
СловЌрь
6 передЌча TV show
8 кто такђй / такЌя / такЏе who is [Person]? (Такђй agrees in Gender and Number with Person(s) in
[Person] question.)
13 такђй such; so
13 извЎстный famous
16 спортсмЎн ~ спортсмЎнка (о) athlete (male ~ female)
17 спорт sports (Singular in Russian.)
19 кђсмос (outer) space
20 космонЌвт cosmonaut
40-1
MASCULINE NEUTER FEMININE PLURAL
REVIEW − CHAPTER 4 (LESSONS 34-39)
{I}й / -ђй -∅ {O}е -{O} -{A}я -{A} / -ь -{I}е -{I}; Neut -{A}
Summary of the Cases − NOM, ACC, and GEN
Adjective endings to the left, Noun endings to the right
мой нђвый гЌлстук моё нђвое письмђ мој нђвая машЏна / дверь моЏ нђвые гЌлстуки / пЏсьма / машЏны
ваш послЎдний карандЌш вЌше послЎднее полотЎнце вЌша послЎдняя пЎсня вЌши послЎдние карандашЏ / пЎсни
какђй хорђший актёр какђе хорђшее здЌние какЌя хорђшая фотогрЌфия какЏе хорђшие актёры / здЌния
ітот большђй пЌрень іто большђе мЎсто іта большЌя дЎвушка / мышь іти большЏе дЎвушки / мѕши
Chapter 4 − Review
↑ -{U} -{U}ю -{U} / -ь ↑
40-2
Inanimate ‘borrows’ NOM Inanimate ‘borrows’ NOM
↑
мої нђвую машЏну / дверь
Same as NOM вЌшу послЎднюю пЎсню
Animate ‘borrows’ GEN какѓю хорђшую фотогрЌфию Animate ‘borrows’ GEN
іту большѓю дЎвушку / мышь
↓ ↓
-{О}го -{О}го -а -{O}й -{O}й -{I} -{I}х -{I}х -{O}в; -∅; -ей
моегђ нђвого гЌлстука моегђ нђвого письмЌ моЎй нђвой машЏны / двЎри моЏх нђвых гЌлстуков / пЏсем / машЏн
вЌшего послЎднего карандашЌ вЌшего послЎднего полотЎнца вЌшей послЎдней пЎсни вЌших послЎдних карандашЎй / пЎсен
какђго хорђшего актёра какђго хорђшего здЌния какђй хорђшей фотогрЌфии какЏх хорђших актёров / здЌний
ітого большђго пЌрня ітого большђго мЎста ітой большђй дЎвушки / мѕши ітих большЏх дЎвушек / мышЎй
ПовторЎние
Genitive of personal and other pronouns

NOMINATIVE GENITIVE
я I мeнј me
онЌ she (н)eё her; it
мы we нас us
вы you (Formal; pl) вас y’all
что what чегђ what
Uses of the Genitive Case

a. of (in various senses, including Possession):
Љто пЏво ВитЌлика. That’s Vitalik’s beer.

Ты не вЏдела собЌку моЎй млЌдшей сестрѕ? Did you happen to see my younger sister’s dog?
Љто кнЏги нЌших профессорђв. (end-stressed in Plural) That’s our professors’ books.
Кто президЎнт вЌшего университЎта? Who is the president of your university?
В холодЏльнике большЌя бЌнка чёрной икрѕ. There’s a large jar of black caviar in the refrigerator.
b. ‘Frozen’ Genitive (English of):
Remember that the noun following of stays in the Genitive, regardless of the case of the head noun:
HEAD NOUN OF-NOUN

На столЎ былЌ бутѕлка винЌ. There was a bottle of wine on the table.
NOM GEN
Я купЏл бутѕлку винЌ. I bought a bottle of wine.
ACC Still GEN
Здесь нет бутѕлки винЌ. There is no bottle of wine here.
GEN Still GEN
c. Quantity:
Quantity words we’ve seen so far: скђлько, мнђго, нет.
На столЎ бѕло мнђго немЎцкой колбасѕ. There was a lot of German sausage on the table.
Скђлько у негђ жён? How many wives does he have?
В магазЏне нет банЌнов. There are no bananas in the store.
40-3
d. With certain prepositions:
для for (the МЏша купЏл подЌрок для сЌмой красЏвойMisha bought a present for the most beautiful actress
sake of) актрЏсы в странЎ. in the country.
до until До свидЌния. Good-bye (lit.: until meeting)
из from Дик из небольшђго гђрода в Ђнглии. Dick is from a small town in England.
от from (a Я читЌю письмђ от СЌры. I’m reading a letter from Sara.
person)
c (lit.: from) с пЎрвого взглјда at first sight (lit.: from the first glance)
с однђй сторонѕ … а с другђй сторонѕ on the one hand … on the other hand (lit.: from one
side, from the other side)
у by, with Как делЌ у твоегђ мѓжа? How are things with (by) your husband?.
‘have’ (See below)
e. To express have − y + GEN (+ есть) + NOM
У Іли есть машЏна. Olya has a car.

У тебј моЏ ключЏ? Do you have my keys?
f. Negation
У менј нет твоЎй кнЏги. I don’t have your book.

Здесь нет красЏвых гЌлстуков. There are no nice looking ties here.
g. Accusative Animate Nouns (36.I; 41.III):

For Accusative Masculine Singular and all Plural animate nouns, the Genitive Case is ‘borrowed’ (See Table on page 45-2).
Keep in mind that the actual noun phrase is still Accusative. And don’t be tempted to put animate Feminine Singular
Accusative nouns into the Genitive. Animacy plays no part in the Feminine Singular.
Я терпЎть не могѓ ітого стрЌнного врачЌ. I can’t stand that strange doctor.
vs.
Кто знЌет ітих жЎнщин? Who knows these women?
Кто знЌет іту жЎнщину? Who knows this woman?
Marriage expressions
d c dc
× × ×
он жeни+…ся онЌ выходи+ зЌмуж онЏ жeни+…ся
For now only use these verbs in the Present Tense (which can imply a Future action)
В іту суббђту Волђдя жЎнится! This Saturday Volodya is getting married!

Ђля, ты выхђдишь зЌмуж, что ли? Alya, are you getting married or something?
ОнЏ жЎнятся! They’re getting married!
40-4
The Superlative Degree

Use the adjective сЌмый in the correct CNG (Case, Number, Gender). Some adjectives like лѓчший best (and хѓдший
worst) are inherently superlative and therefore don’t require сЌмый. However, сЌмый can be added to лѓчший / хѓдший
for emphasis:
МерседЎс − сЌмая дорогЌя машЏна в мЏре. Mercedes is the most expensive car in the world.
Глеб − мой лѓчший друг. Gleb is my best friend.
Мой профЎссор рѓсского языкЌ задаёт сЌмые My Russian professor assigns the most difficult homework
трѓдные домЌшние задЌния в мЏре! assignments in the world!
ВЎра из сЌмого большђго гђрода в КанЌде. Vera is from the largest city in Canada.
The Conjunctions А, И, Но
И serves to link two or more things and always corresponds to English and
ОнЌ купЏла компьїтер и прЏнтер. She bought a computer and a printer.
А is often used when introducing people or things. In addition a can provide a contrast to, though not a contradiction with,
the preceding statement:
Љто МЌша, а іто её муж. This is Masha, and this is her husband.
НЏна не знЌет, а я знЌю. Nina doesn’t know, but I do.
Но is used to indicate a contradiction between two statements:
Я хочѓ спать, но мне нЎкогда. I want to sleep, but I don’t have the time.
Leaving Words Out: Ellipsis

Given the right context, it is possible to omit just about any word in a Russian sentence: Subject, Verb; Direct/Indirect
Object. Only Prepositions cannot be omitted in Russian – as they often can in English.
Full Nouns After the Verb; Pronouns Before the Verb

Generally (with numerous exceptions depending on context) Full Nouns follow the Verb, while Pronouns precede the Verb:
Я вЏдел СЌшу. Я егђ вЏдел.

Как делЌ у твоЎй млЌдшей Как у неё делЌ?
сестрѕ НЌди?
40-5
Ѕмя ___________________________________
Fill in the table (You can use arrows whenever the ACC = the NOM or GEN):
NOM SG ACC SG GEN SG NOM PL ACC PL GEN PL

моЏ крЌсные рѓчки
ітот мЏлый
человЎк
твоЏ послЎдние
пЏсьма
40-6
ваш дорогђй нож
ГЌлино плохђе
сочинЎние
Exercise 1 іти бездЌрные

писЌтели
"
1) + What book is that?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
- It’s “Anna Karenina”. It’s a present for my Russian professor. He’s getting married this Saturday.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
+ For that despicable person?! He always assigns an enormous amount of homework.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
- No, you’re not right. He’s one of the (very) best professors in the university.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2) How many cars does your younger brother have?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Why do you want to know how many cars he has? It’s none of your business.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3) + Where are you from? - I’m from a small city in Russia.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
4) On the one hand, she loves Robert (decline!), but on the other hand, Mitya is so kind, so sweet.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
5) + Yasha fell in love with (his – skip) first wife at first sight. - Really?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
6) I don’t know. (One) should ask those American poets who used to write excellent poems.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
40-7
Vocabulary Lessons 34-40
Nouns & Pronouns 37 сочинЎние composition; paper

40 спорт sports
39 Ќвтор author 40 спортсмЎн/ка athlete (male/female)
34 банЌн banana (Masculine in Russian) S3 стихЏ (Always poetry; verses
34 бЌнка (o) jar
Plural!)
×
S2 брюнЎт ~ brunette (male ~ female)
35 страна (Plural: country
брюнЎтка стрЌны)
34 бутѕлка (o) bottle
38 тЏгр tiger
36 вопрђс question
35 фЏзика physics (Singular in Russian)
S3 всё, что everything that
35 шарф scarf
37 всём Locative of всё
S2 шкђла high school
S2 гЌдость (F) crap; garbage; filth
34 штат state (of the U.S.)
35 гЌлстук necktie
34 гђрод city
Verbs
(For now, use one-time action verbs only in the Past and Infinitive.)
38 гостЏная living room (Adjective that acts like a noun)
38 двор΄ backyard (although this is a strange concept
for Russians) S2 брђси+ + quit doing something; give up the habit (One-time
Infinitive action)
38 дом house (related to ‘domestic’) ×
36 влюби+…ся в (+ fall in love with (One-time action)
37 емѓ Indirect Object (Dative) of он. The Verb
ACC)
помог+´ takes Dative Case. ×
35 выходи+ зЌмуж get married (said of a woman) (Ongoing action)
38 зоопЌрк zoo ×
35 жени+ … ся get married (said of a man) (Ongoing action)
34 икрЌ caviar
{задай+΄ /
38 кабинЎт office 35
задавЌй+}
assign (Ongoing action)
38 кѓхня (o) kitchen
37 закЌнчивай+ finish (Ongoing action)
34 колбасЌ sausage; mystery meat
S2
×
{зов+΄ / зва +} + [Person’s – in ACC] name is/was (Ongoing
35 колЏчество amount ACC action)
37 компьїтер (Note computer S3 обЏде+ offend (One-time action)
the ь) S2 поздорђвай+...ся say hello; greet someone (One-time action)
S3 конвЎрт envelope
S2
×
показа + рукђй на point to (One-time action)
40 космонЌвт cosmonaut + ACC
40 кђсмос (outer) space S3 помог+´ help (One-time action) (Takes Dative Case, which
S3 курсовЌя term paper (The noun рабђта is implied, we have not seen yet)
which explains the gender) S3 помогЌй+ help (Ongoing action)
×
34 кусок´ (о) piece S3 посмотре + на + take a look at (One-time action)
S3 литератѓра literature ACC
38 любЏтель lover 34 посмотрЏ take a look (Imperative)
39 мир world (also means peace) 37 продЌть (irreg.) but sell (One-time action)
S3 мне Indirect Object (Dative) of я. The Verb
Past and Infinitive он прђдал / продЌл, онЌ продалЌ (only), мы
помогЌй+ requires Dative.
are normal прђдали / продЌли
37 нђутбук notebook computer; laptop 36 развёд´+…ся get divorced (One-time action) Note that this
Verb is end-stressed, and that the д is lost in all
38 нож΄ knife
forms of the Past Tense
S2 общежЏтие dormitory
38 сломЌй+…ся break (down) (One-time action)
37 PC (Pronounced: PC (The Latin letters are used for this word)
S2
×
спроси+ ask someone (One-time action)
писЏ)
S3 стЌн+ start (to do something) (One-time action)
40 передЌча TV show
S2 увЏде+ see; catch sight out (One-time action)
S3 пђчерк handwriting
39 писЌтель writer (for females you can use писЌтель or
писЌтельница) Adjectives, Adverbs & Quantifiers
37 пЌника panic S2 абсолїтный absolute
35 подЌрок (о) gift; present 36 бђльше more; to a greater degree
S3 поіт poet S2 врЎдный harmful; bad for you
34 пол-; половЏна half S3 вмЎсте together
34 прeзидЎнт president S2 всегдЌ always
S3 прЌвда truth как всегдЌ as always
37 прЏнтер printer 36 вторђй 2nd
S2 рэп-мѓзыка rap music 34 голђдный hungry
34 СибЏрь (F) Siberia (note that it has a ‘feminine’ ending S3 дЌльше further (Adverb)
in English) S3 дорогђй dear (Just as dear in English, this word can also
38 слон΄ elephant mean expensive)
40-8
Vocabulary Lessons 34-40
S3 другђй another; different пЎрвого взглјда)

40 извЎстный famous взгляд view; sight
S3 зЌнят, -о, -а, -ы busy; occupied (Short-form adjective) S2 тебЎ + NOM there’s a [Noun] for you
37 как раз just; precisely (at this moment) 37 тђ-есть I mean, …; that is (to say) …
S2 лёгкий (Adverb: easy; not difficult; light (not heavy) S2 чем я могѓ тебЎ how can I help you?
легкђ) помђчь?
39 лѓчший best S2 іто не [чьё] дЎло it’s none of [Person’s] business
S3 мЏлый sweet; kind; nice S2 я тебЎ помогѓ I will help you
S2 мнђго a lot; often (Adverb)
38 мнђго + GEN much; many; a lot
37 мЏлый kind; nice
38 настојщий real; genuine
35 огрђмный huge; enormous
36 пЎрвый 1st
S2 прЌв, правЌ, прЌвы correct; right (Short-form adjective)
35 протЏвный despicable; disgusting
38 скђлько 1. how many (question)?
2. what a large number of X! (exclamation)
39 сЌмый + adjective most (forms the superlative degree)
36 срЌзу immediately; right away
35 сЎверный north (adj); northern
40 такђй so; to such a great extent
36 тепЎрешний (Soft current
stem!)
36 тепЎрь now; currently
S2 трѓдный difficult; hard
39 хѓдший worst
35 їжный south (adj); southern
Prepositions
35 для + GEN for (the sake/benefit of)
34 из + GEN (Place) from (a place)
S3 от + GEN (Person) from (a person)
37 у + GEN (Person) have (Lit.: by [Person] is [Thing])
+NOM (Thing)
Expressions & Misc.

38 Бђже мой my goodness
S3 всё обо всём everything about everything
S3 да Adds emphasis (does NOT mean yes)
S2 давЌй на «ты» let’s switch to the informal form of address
36 к сожалЎнию unfortunately
S2 кЌждый схђдит с to each his own (Lit.: Everyone loses his mind in
умЌ по-свђему his own way.)
40 кто такђй / такЌя / who is ...
такЏе
S2 мђжет быть maybe; perhaps
39 один´ (и) / однђ / one of (the)
однЌ из + GEN PL
34 откѓда вы / онЌ / where are you / she / they from?
онЏ? from where; whence
откѓда
S2 посмђтрим we’ll see (Future meaning!)
34 прЌвда? really? (lit.: (the) truth, like the newspaper)
S3 с однђй сторонѕ on the one hand … but on the other hand (Lit.:
… а с другђй from one side … but from the other side. Note the
сторонѕ use of the Genitive on однђй сторонѕ)
36 с пЎрвого взглјда at first sight (Note the use of the Genitive on
40-9
Диалђги: “He used to have 100 houses”
ГраммЌтика: More numbers: 13-100
- Spelling tips
- Two forms for two
- Numbers and Case
Диалђг
РЌньше у негђ бѕло сто домђв He used to have 100 houses
ОлЎг: 1 Зђя, опјть у тебј нђвая машЏна? Скђлько у тебј Zoya, you have a new car again? How many
2 машЏн? cars do you have?
Зђя: 3 У менј тђлько три машЏны. ОднЌ стЌрая I only have three cars. One old red German car
4 крЌсная немЎцкая машЏна и две нђвых сЏних and two new (dark) blue Italian cars. But my
5 итальјнских машЏны. А у моегђ брЌта brother really has a lot of cars. I think he has
6 действЏтельно ђчень мнђго машЏн. По-мђему, 40 cars. Twenty-three sports-cars and 17
7 у негђ сђрок машЏн. ДвЌдцать три спортЏвных ‘regular’ cars. He, of course, is a great lover of
8 машЏны и семнЌдцать «обыкновЎнных» sports-cars.
9 машЏн. Он, конЎчно, большђй любЏтель
10 спортЏвных машЏн.
ОлЎг: 11 А скђлько у твоегђ отцЌ домђв? How many houses does you father have?
Зђя: 12 РЌньше у негђ бѕло сто домђв, а недЌвно он He used to have 100 houses, but recently he
13 прђдЌл пятьдесјт одЏн дом. А потђм он мне sold 51 houses. And then he gave me (as a
14 подарЏл трЏдцать четѕре дђма. ТепЎрь у негђ present) 34 houses. Now he only has 15 houses.
15 тђлько пятнЌдцать домђв.
ОлЎг: 16 Беднјга! Poor thing!
СловЌрь
(See new numbers in next section.)
6 действЏтельно really; in fact; in truth

7 спортЏвный sport(s) (adjective)
8 обыкновЎнный normal; regular (Related to обѕчно. Note the mutation of к > ч.)
13 мне Indirect Object (Dative) form of я. We saw this in the story: Он помогЌл мне во
всём. The verb help takes an Indirect Object in Russian. More on this later.)
×
14 подари+ + ACC (thing given) and give as a gift (Use only in the Past for now; Related to подЌрок.)
Indirect Object (Dative – person to
whom it is given). Don’t worry
about these forms for now.
[ [ [
41-1
Grammar Lesson 41
41.A More Numbers: 13-100
Listen and repeat
13 тринЌдцать
14 четѕрнадцать
15 пятнЌдцать
‘-teen’ = -надцать
16 шестнЌдцать
(All teens stressed on -нЌдцать except
17 семнЌдцать
одЏннадцать and четѕрнадцать.)
18 восемнЌдцать
19 девятнЌдцать
20 двЌдцать
21 двЌдцать одЏн / однђ / однЌ
22 двЌдцать два / две ‘-ty’ 1) ´-дцать (20, 30)
30 трЏдцать
40 сђрок
50 пятьдесјт 2) ´-десјт (no ь!) (50, 60. 70, 80)
60 шестьдесјт
70 сЎмьдесят
80 вђсемьдесят
90 девянђсто
100 сто
41.A.1 Spelling Tips for Numbers:

As a general rule, a word may have only one soft-sign.
1) For all numbers 5-30 (except, of course 21, 22, 23, 24) there is a soft-sign AT THE END OF THE WORD.
Thus, the soft-sign in the first part of the numbers 15-19 (пять, шесть, etc.) is lost before the suffix
-надцать: пятнЌдцать, девятнЌдцать, etc.
2) 50, 60, 70, 80 have their single soft-sign IN THE MIDDLE OF THE WORD, and not at the end, where we
find the suffix -десят.
Good mnemonic: After 40, you get soft in the middle! (Don’t laugh – it’ll happen to you.)
3) Сђрок 40,девянђсто 90, and сто 100 have no soft-sign anywhere.
41-2
V Question: What’s up with the word сђрок? Why isn’t there a trace of четѕр- in it?
Answer: The exact derivation of the Russian word for 40 is somewhat contentious. The
most common explanation is that it refers to a bag that could hold up to 40 fur
skins. Hey, that beats the French version of 80, which is ‘4 20s’.
41.A.2 Two forms for two

With Masculine and Neuter nouns use два (два, двЌдцать два, сђрок два, сто два, etc.)
With Feminine nouns use две (две, двЌдцать двe, сђрок двe, сто двe, etc.)
41.Б Numbers and Case: The fun begins
Russian, along with several other Slavic languages, does some rather strange things with Numbers and Case. It’s
not that the rules themselves are so complicated, it’s just that from the point of view of English, there doesn’t
seem to be any good reason why things are the way they are.
We will only look at Numbers modifying Nominative and Inanimate Accusative Noun Phrases. In other words,
we won’t learn yet how to say I saw his six ex-wives (Animate Accusative) or He bought that for my ten sisters
(Genitive because of для).
To be honest, even native speakers of Russian sometimes avoid sentences with numbers in cases other than
Nominative and Accusative.
We’ll break things down into three groups, based on the final digit of the number: a) 1; b) 2, 3, 4; c) ≥ 5
41.Б.1 1 and numbers ending in 1

The number 1 is actually a Nounjective. In the Nominative and Accusative the ending is the same as the Noun it
is modifying (∅, -o, -a), unless a singular Animate Masculine Accusative is involved (and then the Genitive
ending is used: Я вЏдел одногђ врачЌ). This applies not only to 1, but also to all compound numbers that end
in 1 (e.g., 21; 41; 671, 831), but NOT 11 (see section (c) below). Note одЏн is end-stressed, and contains the
cluster buster и.
1, 31, 61, ETC. ADJ AGREES NOUN AGREES

WITH 1 WITH 1
одЏн большђй стол
однђ красЏвое здЌние
однЌ нђвая рѓчка
однѓ крЌсную кнЏгу
двЌдцать одЏн скѓчный журнЌл
трЏдцать однђ стЌрое общежЏтие
сто однЌ сЏняя машЏна
сђрок однѓ жёлтую кровЌть
41-3
Grammar Lesson 41
Some examples of Number Phrases ending with 1 in the Accusative:
ОнЌ купЏла двЌдцать одЏн нђвый карандЌш. She bought 21 new pencils.
Мы вЏдели сЎмьдесят однђ большђе здЌние. We saw 71 big buildings.
ПЎтя пел сто однѓ францѓзскую пЎсню. Petya sang 101 French songs.
Мы вЏдели сто трЏдцать однѓ зелёную We saw 131 green doors.
дверь.
It may seem bizarre to have a singular adjective and noun after the number 61 or 9,437,901, but that’s how it’s
done in Russian.
41.Б.2 2, 3, 4 and numbers ending in 2, 3, 4

Put the adjective into the Genitive Plural (don’t ask why it’s plural) and the noun into the Genitive Singular (don’t
ask why it’s Genitive). Don’t forget to distinguish between Masculine/Neuter два and Feminine две:
2, 3, 4 ADJ IN GEN PL NOUN IN GEN SG

два / три / четѕре крЌсных карандашЌ / здЌния / словарј
две / три / четѕре хорђших* шкђлы / кѓхни / кровЌти
* Note: It is possible to find a Nominative Plural adjective with Feminine Nouns following 2, 3, 4: две нђвые
машЏны. Just be aware of this; you’re never “wrong” to use a Genitive Plural adjective. It’s easier to
remember just one ending for all adjectives.
The above rules apply not only to 2, 3, 4, but also to all compound numbers that end in 2, 3, 4 (e.g., 22; 33; 968,
984), but NOT 12, 13, and 14 (see section (c) below).
22, 63, 104, ETC. ADJ IN GEN PL NOUN IN GEN SG

двЌдцать два большЏх дђма / общежЏтия
трЏдцать две жёлтых кнЏги / двЎри
сђрок три плохЏх студЎнта / студЎнтки
сто четѕре сЏних полотЎнца / машЏны
In the Accusative (assuming the noun is inanimate) everything is the same as in the above table:
ОнЌ купЏла двЌдцать два чёрных карандашЌ. She bought 22 black pencils.
Мы вЏдели сЎмьдесят три нђвых здЌния. We saw 73 new buildings.
ПЎтя пел сто четѕре китЌйских пЎсни. Petya sang 104 Chinese songs.
41-4
V Question: What about nouns like часѕ, which appear only in the plural? They don’t
have a Genitive Singular.
Answer: Good question. Just avoid using these nouns with 2, 3, 4. (After all, do you
really need more than one watch?)
Say what ВЎра saw:
ВЎра вЏдела...
1. 101 new pencils 2. 53 boring books 3. 184 Russian stores

4. 152 Japanese (япђнский) 5. 41 new doors 6. 73 first-class universities
computers
7. 64 black cars 8. 192 old schools 9. 31 tasty cookies
41.Б.5 ≥ 5 and numbers ending in 5 or greater

Numbers (including compounds) that end in 5 or above use Genitive Plural for both adjectives and nouns.
NUMBER ≥ 5 ADJ AND NOUN IN GEN PL

пять скѓчных фЏльмов
одЏннадцать* дорогЏх кнЏг
трЏдцать семь стЌрых ключЎй
сто большЏх здЌний
* Note: Even though 11-14 end in the number symbol 1-4, the word одЏн, два, три, четѕре is not
pronounced. Therefore these numbers behave like 5, 6, 17, 40, etc., and take Genitive Plural on both
adjectives and nouns.
As with numbers ending in 2, 3, 4, the Accusative noun phrase with the number keeps the same cases as the
Nominative (assuming that the Accusative noun is inanimate.):
ОнЌ купЏла пять чёрных карандашЎй. She bought 5 black pencils.

Мы вЏдели сЎмьдесят семь нђвых здЌний. We saw 77 new buildings.
ПЎтя пел сто сђрок вђсемь китЌйских пЎсен. Petya sang 148 Chinese songs.
The strange thing with the above examples is that you have a verb that takes a direct object (which should require
Accusative), yet the adjective and the noun are in Genitive. If it’s any consolation, the number itself is in
Accusative – even if you couldn’t tell. (The same thing applies to a number phrase that is the subject – the
number itself is Nominative, but the adjective and noun are Genitive. Such is life, or at least Russian grammar.)
Say what МЏша bought:
1. 96 mediocre printers 2. 58 new sportscars 3. 187 big refrigerators

4. 85 ugly photographs 5. 40 white envelopes 6. 79 small pieces of sausage
7. 66 green towels 8. 100 bottles of beer 9. 38 expensive dictionaries
41-5
Grammar Lesson 41
Here is a summary of the (bizarre) facts about Numbers and Case:
NUMBER ADJ NOUN

1, #’s ending in 1 (≠ 11) NOM/ACC (inanimate) Singular
2, 3, 4; #’s ending in 2, 3, 4 GEN Plural GEN Singular

(≠ 12, 13, 14)
≥5; #’s ending in ≥5 GEN Plural
41-6
41-й урок Homework
" Exercise 1 Answer the following questions about numbers:
1. Explain where we find (or don’t find) a soft-sign in the spelling of numbers 1-100. Try to list the fewest
groups of numbers possible. Give an example or two from each group.
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What Case do Adjectives and Nouns appear in after various numbers? (Your answer should be broken down
into 3 groups, with an example for each group. Assume we are talking about either Nominative or Inanimate
Accusative Noun Phrases.)
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
" Exercise 2 Translate into Russian. Try your best to learn the numbers BEFORE doing this
exercise. Otherwise it’s just busy work.
1. 2 red pencils _____________________________________________________________________________
2. 2 black pens _____________________________________________________________________________
3. 3 blind mice _____________________________________________________________________________
4. 4 boring people (think about which noun to use) ________________________________________________
41-7
Lesson 41 − Homework Ѕмя _________________________________
5. 5 big dogs _______________________________________________________________________________
6. 16 green towels __________________________________________________________________________
7. 29 difficult exams ________________________________________________________________________
8. 43 brown cars ____________________________________________________________________________
9. 31 important questions _____________________________________________________________________
10. 60 bad doctors ___________________________________________________________________________
11. 59 Russian actresses _______________________________________________________________________
12. 73 small bottles of vodka ___________________________________________________________________
13. 87 first-class stores ________________________________________________________________________
14. 92 lazy geniuses __________________________________________________________________________
15. 141 French magazines ___________________________________________________________________
41-8
Диалђги: “That’s too expensive”
ГраммЌтика: An important noun дЎньги money
More numbers: 200-999.999
The verb стђи+ cost
Слѓшай+ listen (to) vs. слѕша+ hear
Диалђг
Љто слЏшком дђрого That’s too expensive
ГЎна 1 (В магазЏне) (In a store)
2 СкажЏте, пожЌлуйста, скђлько стђит ітот крЌсный Could you please tell me how much that red
3 шарф? scarf costs?
ВЌря 4 Он стђит тѕсячу рублЎй It costs 1000 rubles.
ГЎна 5 Љто слЏшком дђрого. А скђлько стђит вот ітот That’s too expensive. How much does that
6 мЌленький жёлтый шарф? small yellow scarf over there cost?
ВЌря 7 Четѕреста сђрок одЏн рѓбль. 441 rubles.
ГЎна 8 СлЏшком дђрого. А вот ітот ђчень мЌленький, Too expensive. And that very small, old (dark)
9 стЌрый сЏний шарф, скђлько он стђит? blue scarf, how much does it cost?
ВЌря 10 Сђрок рублЎй. 40 rubles.
ГЎна 11 Нет, іто слЏшком дђрого. No, that’s too expensive.
ВЌря 12 Мђжет бѕть, вы менј не слѕшали. Я сказЌла, Maybe you didn’t hear me. I said it cost 40
13 что он стђит сђрок рублЎй rubles.
ГЎна 14 Нет, я вас слѕшал. No, I heard you.
ВЌря 15 А скђлько дЎнег вы хотЏте потрЌтить на шарф? How much money do you want to spend on the
scarf?
ГЎна 16 Мђжет быть, двЌдцать рублЎй. ДЎло в тђм, что Maybe 20 rubles. The thing is, it’s a present for
17 іто подЌрок для сестрѕ моЎй женѕ. my wife’s sister.
СловЌрь
(See new numbers below)
2 стђи+ cost (See more below)

4 рубль΄ (Masc) ruble (As of December 2,1999, $1 ≅ 26.6 rubles.)
два рублј, сто рублЎй
5 слЏшком too; excessively
6 мЌленький small
12 слѕша+ hear (See more below)
15 дЎнь/ги (e) money (See more below)
15 потрЌти+ (на что) spend (money, time) on something (One-time action.)
42-1
Grammar Lesson 42
42.A An Important Noun: дЎнь/ги (е) money
This noun is always plural in Russian, which means that the Genitive Plural cannot be predicted (since, as you
recall, the Genitive Plural is based on the Nominative Singular). The Genitive is дЎнег (with a cluster buster
before the final consonant, and no more soft-sign).
Examples:
ТвоЏ дЎньги лежЌт там на кровЌти. Your money is (lying) there on the bed.
ОнЌ взялЌ дЎньги и ушлЌ. She took the money and left.
Он слЏшком лїбит дЎньги. He cares too much about money.
− Скђлько у тебј дЎнег? How much money do you have?
− У менј нет дЎнег. I don’t have any money.
Let’s practice using this important word.
Put the noun дЎньги into the correct form
1. У менј нет _______________________. 2. _________________ лежЌт на столЎ.

3. У негђ ђчень мЌло little ____________________. 4. Скђлько у тебј ________________________?
5. У БЏлла ГЎйтса ђчень мнђго _______________. 6. Где я остЌвил _________________________?
42.Б More Numbers: 200-999.999*
*Russians write a period in large numbers where we write a comma: 76.349.910 and a comma in decimals where
we write a period: 7,6 (“seven point six”).
All of these numbers take Genitive Plural Adjectives and Nouns (unless, of course, the final digit is 1-4, which we
covered previously):
200 двЎсти
300 трЏста
400 четѕреста
500 пятьсђт
600 шестьсђт
700 семьсђт
800 восемьсђт
900 девятьсђт
1000 тѕсяча
42-2
2000 две тѕсячи

3000 три тѕсячи
5000 пять тѕсяч
10,000 дЎсять тѕсяч
21,000 двЌдцать однЌ тѕсяча
100,000 сто тѕсяч
Notes about spelling and forms:
ТрЏста 300 and четѕреста 400 – These forms actually make sense: after три and четѕре you have the
Genitive Singular of сто, а Neuter noun.
V Question: What’s up with двЎсти 200? Shouldn’t it be двЌста?

Answer: In theory, you’re absolutely right. However, originally, две was used with both
Feminine and Neuter nouns, so that explains the две (vs. два).
As for -сти (vs. ста), it goes back to the Dual, where -и was the Neuter Dual
ending. The Dual has died in the modern language, but the -сти in двЎсти is a
vestige. You can explain all this to a Russian friend, because it’s not very
likely that even they will know about this.
Пятьсђт 500 − девятьсђт 900 – Again these forms are what we predict. After 5-9 we get the Genitive Plural of
сто, which is сот (which has the cluster buster ‘o’, after you nuke the ending -o). Also, remember the “One ‘ь’
only” spelling rule. Since сот has no ‘ь’ in it, the ‘ь’ appears right after the first half of the word: пятьсђт,
шестьсђт, etc.
Тѕсяча 1000 – This number behaves like a regular Feminine noun, as we’ll see below.
Две тѕсячи 2000 – четѕре тѕсячи 4000 – These are exactly what we would predict: the Genitive Singular of
the Feminine noun тѕсяча after 2, 3, 4.
≥ пять тѕсяч 5000 – As expected, we find the Genitive Plural of тѕсяча (nuke the vowel) after numbers ≥ 5.
All of these numbers take Genitive Plural adjectives and nouns (unless, of course, the final digit is 1-4, which we
covered previously):
У моегђ профЎссора три тѕсячи скѓчных книг. My professor has 3000 boring books.
Наш дом стђил сто тѕсяч дђлларов. Our house cost $100,000.
В ПрЏнстоне ѓчатся четѕре тѕсячи пятьсђт There are 4500 (excellent) students at Princeton.
(отлЏчных) студЎнтов.
У менј семьсђт (нђвых) дЏсков. I have 700 (new) CDs.
42-3
Grammar Lesson 42
Pronounce these number phrases. (Don’t forget about 2, 3,4, and agreement, etc., etc.)
1. 200 interesting books 2. 352 Japanese computers

3. 500 rubles 4. $10,000 (Nominative is дђллар)
5. 501 ugly ties 6. 790 sports cars
7. 1,834 talentless lawyers 8. 2,000 Russian doctors
9. 424 German newspapers 10. 666 large jars of black caviar
42.В The Verb стђи+ cost
This is actually a transitive verb in Russian, which means that it takes the Accusative Case. The Accusative of
the number usually is the same as the Nominative, unless the price ends in the number 1000, in which case
тѕсяча will become тѕсячу:
Хорђший компьїтер стђит две тѕсячи A good computer costs $2000.

дђлларов.
Егђ нђвая спортЏвная машЏна стђила His new sports car cost $33,000.
трЏдцать три тѕсячи дђлларов.
With 1000 we can clearly see the Accusative:

Љтот фотоаппарЌт стђит тѕсячу дђлларов. This camera costs $1000
Љти брїки стђят тѕсячу рублЎй. These pants cost 1000 rubles.
Say how much the items cost. Begin each response with the question Скђлько стђит...?
1. our house / $90,000 2. bread / 2 rubles

3. his new Italian sports car / $40,000 4. newspaper ‘Truth’ / 3 rubles
5. a bottle of good German beer / $21 6. that ugly tie / 103 rubles
7. her new pants / $50 8. his notebook (computer) / 20,000 rubles
9. coffee (Starbuck’s) / $33 (it just seems like it) 10. good dictionary / 250 rubles
11. good watch / $1000 12. imported Џмпортный sausage / 70 rubles
42-4
42.Г Слѓшай+ listen (to) vs. Слѕша+ hear
First note that these two verbs, despite very similar Infinitives (слѓшать / слѕшать) actually have completely
different Present Tense conjugations. Слѓшай+ is a 1st-conjugation(Up-to-Snuff) ай-stem verb (just like знЌй+,
дѓмай+, etc.), while слѕша+ is a 2nd-conjugation (Guitar) Жа-Жа-stem (like закричЌ+, стој+)
Person / Pronoun слѓшай+ слѕша+

Number listen (to) hear
PRESENT TENSE
1sg я слѓшаю слѕшу
2sg ты слѓшаешь слѕшишь
3sg он/онЌ/онђ слѓшает слѕшит
1pl мы слѓшаем слѕшим
2pl вы слѓшаете слѕшите
3pl онЏ слѓшают слѕшат
PAST TENSE
Masc я, ты, он слѓшал слѕшал
Fem я, ты, онЌ слѓшала слѕшала
Pl мы, вы, онЏ слѓшали слѕшали
INFINITIVE
слѓшать слѕшать
Note that in Russian both of these verbs take “bare” Accusative. No Preposition is needed (or allowed):
Ты менј слѓшаешь? Are you listening to me?

Я ничегђ не слѕшала. I didn’t hear anything.
Supply the correct verb (слѓшай+ or слѕша+) in the proper form:
1. ОнЌ всё врЎмя (Present) рэп-мѓзыку. 2. Вы (Past), что я сказЌла? (hear)

3. НЌдо всегдЌ (Infinitive) профЎссора! 4. Ты менј (Present)?! (listen)
5. ГоворЏте грђмче louder. Я вас не (Present). 6. Глухђй (deaf) человЎк ничегђ не (Present)
7. По-мђему, я что-то (Past) внизѓ downstairs. 8. ВчерЌ я (Past) Мђцарта.
9. Он никогдЌ не (Present) женѓ. 10. Я не хочѓ дЌже (Infinitive) об ітом!
42-5
42-й урок Ѕмя _________________________________
" Exercise 1 Write 4 sentences with the word ‘money’. Suggestions: 1) Ask how much money
someone has; 2) A person has no money; 3) Where the money is (lying); 4) A
person has a lot of money; 5) Where someone left the money
1.
2.
3.
4.
" Exercise 2 Write 6 number phrases (with the new numbers – as well as the old) with both an
adjective and a noun.
Example: дЎсять тѕсяч трЏста сђрок семь обыкновЎнных машЏн
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
42-6
1. + Did you hear what Vera said? - No, I wasn’t listening to her. + You never listen to anyone.
2. How much (you can leave out the word ‘money’) do you want to spend for a present for (your) wife?
3. + How much does this green tie cost? - $50 (Nominative is дђллар). + That’s too expensive.
42-7
Диалог: “I can’t take it anymore!”
Грамматика:
43.A Neuter SF Adjectives as Impersonal Predicates
43.Б Prepositional (Locative)1 Case of Singular Nouns
43.Б.1 Forms
43.Б.2 Masculine Nouns with Locative in -ѓ
43.Б.3 Uses of the Prepositional Case
×
43.В The verb be able; can: мог +
43.В.1 Forms
×
43-В.2 Uses of мог +
43.Г Expressing at home дђма vs. in a/the house в дђме
Диалог
Я бђльшe нe могѓ I can’t take this anymore
Вадик: 1 Ах, я бђльшe нe могѓ! Я нe могѓ жить в Ah, I can’t take this anymore! I can’t live in a
2 общeжЏтии. Здeсь слЏшком шѓмно. dorm. It’s too noisy here.
Лена: 3 Ты нe мђжeшь? А гдe ты хђчeшь жить? В You can’t? So where do you want to live? In
4 квартЏрe? an apartment?
Вадик: 5 Мђжeт быть, в квартЏрe. ЛЎтом я жил в Maybe in an apartment. In the summer I lived
6 квартЏре в ФиладЎльфии. А, мђжeт быть, в in an apartment in Philadelphia. Or maybe in a
7 дђмe. МЏша живёт в дђмe на ѓлицe Ілдeн. Там house. Misha lives in a house on Olden Street.
8 очeнь тЏхо и чЏсто. It’s really quiet and clean there.
Лена: 9 Ты шѓтишь, что ли? Там очень грјзно и Are you joking? It’s really dirty and noisy
10 шѓмно. Они сидјт на полѓ, пьют дорогђе, there. They sit on the floor, drink expensive
11 Џмпортное пЏво, кѓрят и слѓшают плохѓю imported beer, smoke, and listen to bad music.
12 мѓзыку. А мђжeт быть ты хђчeшь жить в лeсѓ в Maybe you want to live in the forest in Siberia.
13 СибЏри? Я дѓмаю, что там бѓдет очeнь тЏхо. I think that it will be very quiet there.
Словарь
1 я бђльше не могѓ I can’t (take this; do this) anymore
бђльше more (comparative of большђй)
×
мог+ be able; can (see 43.Г for conjugation)
2 шѓмный noisy
4 квартЏра apartment; flat
5 лЎтом in the summer; during the summer
7 ѓлица street
8 тЏхий quiet
8 чЏстый clean
9 грјзный dirty
×
10 пол (ѓ) floor (See 43.Б.2 about the -ѓ)
11 Џмпортный imported
×
13 лес (ѓ) forest (See 43.Б.2 about the -ѓ)
13 бѓдет it will be
43.А Neuter Short-Form Adjectives (Adverb) After the Verb ‘to be’
We’ve seen the following construction in several places:
Там бѕло скѓчно / *хорошђ / тЏхо. It was boring / nice / quiet there.
43-1
Грамматика 43-й урок
* Note that sometimes the stress in this form is sometimes different from the regular long-form adjective:
хорђший vs. хорошђ плохђй vs. плђхо тёплый vs. теплђ
These sentences are impersonal - there is no subject (no noun in the Nominative). When a sentence in Russian
has no subject, the predicate is in the Neuter 3rd person singular by ‘default’. (Recall that we said this form may
actually be an adverb; it makes no real difference what you call it.)
To form sentences like It’s noisy there, It was cold yesterday, etc., use:
1) an indicator of time (вчерЌ, в пјтницу, лЎтом) or place (здесь, там, в МосквЎ), or both, or neither.
×
2) the verb to be {бѓд+ / бы+} in the ‘default’ Neuter 3rd sg: бѕло in the Past, ∅ in the Present, бѓдет in the
Future.
3) a short-form Neuter adjective, which ends in -о (technically -{O}): шѓмно, чЏсто, хорошђ, скѓчно, etc.
*** Most Important: Do not use іто for English it in impersonal sentences!! ***
Thus, this very common construction consists of the following parts:
TIME OR PLACE VERB NEUTER SF ADJ

(or both or neither) be (which itself can be modified)
В срЎду бѕло скѓчно. It was boring on Wednesday.
Здесь ∅ хорошђ. It’s nice here.
ЛЎтом в ПрЏнстоне бѓдет ђчень красЏво. It will be very beautiful in the summer in Princeton.
∅ Бѓдет интерЎсно. It will be interesting. (Wherever they’re going.)
Describe the situation using the list of Neuter SF adjectives below:
скѓчно шѓмно хорошђ хђлодно чЏсто

теплђ тЏхо красЏво интерЎсно грјзно
Example: You were all alone in the library. ➯ В библиотЎке бѕло очень тЏхо.
1. Tomorrow’s high will be -30 . ЗЌвтра бѓдет...

2. You just stepped out of NYC subway station. Здесь ђчень...
3. Telling you friend about the beauty of Princeton. В ПрЏнстоне ђчень...
4. You can’t study in the dorm because of the noise. В общежЏтии слЏшком...
5. You don’t want to listen to yet another soporific Russian grammar lecture (totally imaginary situation). Там
всегдЌ ђчень...
6. You’re trying to convince your friend to move to Moscow. В МосквЎ ђчень...
7. It’s a summer day in Texas. Здесь ђчень....
8. You’re telling your friend about a fascinating Russian grammar lecture you went to (100% realistic). Бѕло
ђчень....
9. You prefer to study in the library. В библиотЎке ђчень...
10. You swear that yesterday your floor wasn’t covered with beer cans. ВчерЌ здесь бѕло...
43-2
43-й урок Грамматика
43.Б Prepositional (Locative) Case: Singular Nouns
We saw this case starting on the 3rd day of class (в клѓбe) and many times since (в Калифђрнии, на кровЌти,
etc.)
43.Б.1 Forms
Here are the endings once again:
NOMINATIVE SINGULAR PREPOSITIONAL/LOCATIVE SG

All Genders (exceptions below)
-E (automatic softening)
клуб в клѓбe
словЌрь в словарЎ
ПрЏнстон в ПрЏнстоне
мЎсто в мЎсте
мђре (sea) в мђре
МосквЌ в МосквЎ
ѓлица на ѓлице
спЌльня в спЌльне
Masculine nouns in -ий

Neuter nouns in -ие
Feminine nouns in -ия
-ИИ
планeтЌрий в планeтЌрии
гЎний о гЎнии
здЌние в здЌнии
общeжЏтиe в общeжЏтии
РоссЏя в РоссЏи
Калифђрния в Калифђрнии
Feminine nouns in -ь
-И
кровЌть на кровЌти
СибЏрь в СибЏри
мышь о мѕши
43-3
43.Б.2 Masculine Nouns with Locative in -ѓ

A few Masculine (but not Neuter or Feminine) nouns have the Locative singular ending -ѓ (always stressed).
× ×
We’ll indicate theses with (-ѓ) in the vocabulary entry: лес (ѓ), пол (ѓ):
Почeму ты сидЏшь на полѓ? Why are you sitting on the floor?

Я хочѓ жить в лесѓ. I want to live in the forest.
Two things to note about Masculine Nouns with Locative in ѓ:

1) It will help to remember that Masculine nouns with Locative in -ѓ are otherwise stem-stressed in the singular
×
but end-stressed in the plural (hence the ).
2) The -ѓ ending is used only when the case is truly the Locative - when it’s expressing location (with в/на).
With other prepositions taking the Prepositional, the regular -e ending is used, with the expected stem-stress
for the singular:
Мы говорЏли о лЎсе. We were talking about the forest.
There are only about 7-8 really important nouns that have Prepositional in -ѓ, but you do need to know them.
43.Б.3 Uses of the Prepositional Case

The Prepositional is the only case that MUST include a preposition, i.e., a verb will never simply take the
Prepositional Case without an accompanying preposition. So far we’ve seen 3 prepositions that “govern” (take)
the Prepositional Case: о/об about, в/o in, at and на on, at. Remember, there’s no sure way to predict which case
a preposition will govern. (Later on, we’ll see prepositions that indicate location, but govern a different case.)
МоЏ блЏзкие друзьј живѓт в МосквЎ. My close friends live in Moscow.

ГЎна рабђтаeт в библиотЎкe. Gena works in the library.
НатЌшина кнЏга лeжЏт на столЎ. Natasha’s book is (lying) on the table.
ВЌля сидЎла на полѓ. Valya was sitting on the floor.
ОнЏ говорјт о ГЌле. They’re talking about Galya.
*Егђ сын читЌет кнЏгу об Ђнглии. His son is reading a book about England.
) When the noun following the preposition о begins with a vowel sound (not just a vowel letter),
the ‘buffer’ consonant ‘б’ is added to the preposition. Before nouns that begin with the soft-
indicating vowels ‘я, e, ё, ю’ no buffer consonant is needed. Why not? (Answer in class.)
Мы говорЏм об университЎте/ об ИвЌне / об АмЎрике but о Япђнии / о едЎ / о Њре
A rapid fire drill. Put the noun in the Prepositional/Locative Case. Use the preposition provided.
Example: Света / о ➯ о Свете
1. МосквЌ / в 2. стол / на 3. ВЎра / о 4. ОлЎг / об

5. ФрЌнция / в 6. лес / в 7. кровЌть / на 8. Лђндон / в
9. общежЏтие / в 10. стул / на 11. КлЏнтон / о 12. пол / на
43-4
Answer the questions. Be sure to choose the correct preposition
Example: Гдe Митя? (библиотЎка) ➯ Он в библиотЎкe.
1. Гдe Катя? (клуб) 2. Гдe карандЌш? (стол)

3. Где он хђчет жить? (лес) 4. Где НЌдя былЌ лЎтом? (ГермЌния)
5. Где ГрЏша сидЏт? (кровать) 6. Где ты обѕчно спишь? (пол)
7. Где Лїда рабђтает? (бар) 8. Где онЏ бѕли? (ЧикЌго)
9. Где ты обѕчно занимЌешься? (общежЏтие) 10. Где живѓт РЏтины родЏтели? (Ђнглия)
×
43.В The Verb be able; can: мог +
Since this verb is not an и-stem, e-stem or Жа-Жа-stem, it must be 1st-conjugation (up-to-snuff). Also, notice
that it’s a ‘Greasy Zeke’ verb, which means the г remains in all forms of the Past Tense.
× ×
So what’s with the over the +? It’s our way of expressing that мог+ has shifting stress in the Present, but fixed,
end stress in the Past. This acutally violates the rule we gave earlier, when we said that 1st-conjugation verbs
have shifting stress in the Past but not the Present. Sorry about that.
ь
NOTE: There is the consonant mutation г > ж, but only in front of {O} endings. (Recall the phrase мђжет
быть maybe, which literally means is able to be.)
In front of {U} endings (which do not soften the previous consonant) the г remains intact. So this is a different
pattern of mutation than we saw with some 2nd-conjugation (Guitar) Verbs, where mutation occured only in the я-
form.
Present Tense
1sg я мог ѓ
2sg ты мђж ешь
3sg он/онЌ/(онђ) мђж ет
1pl мы мђж ем
2pl вы мђж ете
3pl онЏ мђг ут
Past Tense
Masc я, ты, он мог
Neut онђ мог лђ
Fem я, ты, онЌ мог лЌ
Pl мы, вы, онЏ мог лЏ
Infinitive
мочь
Note the unpredictable Infinitive form мочь (which is almost never used anyway).
43-5
×
43.В.1 Uses of мог +
In Russian this verb is always followed by an Infinitive. In English you only get the “full” Infinitive (to + Verb)
after the verb be able: I am able to lift my arm. After can you get a “reduced” infinitive: I can lift my arm.
Как ты мђжешь всё врЎмя занимЌться? How can you study all the time?
Я не могѓ работЌть в іту суббђту I can’t work this Saturday.
Он не мог открѕть дверь. He was not able to open the door.
×
Besides мог +, there are very few г-stem verbs. But just for the fun of it, let’s look at another one (to confirm that
our system works): the verb берёг+΄ guard:
Present Tense
1sg я берег ѓ
2sg ты береж ёшь
3sg он/онЌ/(онђ) береж ёт
1pl мы береж ём
2pl вы береж ёте
3pl онЏ берег ѓт
Past Tense
Masc я, ты, он берёг
Neut онђ берег лђ
Fem я, ты, онЌ берег лЌ
Pl мы, вы, онЏ берег лЏ
Infinitive
берЎчь
Everything is exactly as predicted. Here, because all the forms of the Present Tense are stressed on the end, the
letter ‘ё’ is used.1 Boy, was that ever fun!
Chameleon: Change either the subject, tense, infinitive, or (± affirmative) will change.
The starting point will be: Сђня мђжет открѕть дверь.
1. я 2. мы 3. онЏ 4. (negate) 5. ВЎра

6. вы 7. Past tense 8. ВЌня 9. Іля 10. спать на полѓ
1
Remember, the use of ‘ё’ after ‘ж’ does NOT affect the pronunciation of the consonant, which is always HARD. Exactly
why the letter ‘ё’ is used (instead of ‘о’) is a bit arbitrary here, but don’t worry about it.
43-6
43.Г Expressing at home дђма vs. in the house в дђме
With the Noun дом house, there are two ways to express location. To say someone is at home use the single
word дђма, no preposition needed. To be more emphatic about location inside a house (vs. outside, or vs. an
apartment) use в дђме. Russian doesn’t have an exact equivalent to ‘outside’, though sometimes you hear на
ѓлице.
Миша дђма? Нет, он в университЎте. Is Misha home? No, he’s at the university.
Где ты был вчерЌ? Я весь день был дђма. Where were you yesterday? I was home all day.
Раньше я жилЌ в квартЏре, а тепЎрь я живѓ I used to live in an apartment, but now I live in a
в дђме. house.
Где твој собака? По-моему, она в дђме. Where is your dog? I think she’s in the house.
Нет, она на ѓлице. No, she’s outside.
Note:
Егђ нет дђма. He’s not home. (Genitive of Negation!!)
Answer the questions using either the form дђма or в дђме in your answer.
Example: МЏтя в библиотЎке? ➯ Нет, он дђма.
1. МЌша в библиотЎке? 2. ОнЏ живѓт в квартЏре?

3. Ты бѓдешь в ресторЌне? 4. Њрина собЌка на ѓлице?
5. НЏна былЌ в университЎте вчерЌ? 6. Кђстя в бЌре?
43-7
43-й урок Имя _________________________________
" Exercise 1 Describe the situation using an appropriate Neuter SF adjective.
Example: You visited the Grand Canyon. ➯ Там бѕло очень красЏво.
1. You went to a heavy metal concert last night.
________________________________________________________________________________________
2. It’s -40° outside.
________________________________________________________________________________________
3. You’re sitting in the bowels of Firestone at 11:30 on a Tuesday night.
________________________________________________________________________________________
4. You were in an operating room.
________________________________________________________________________________________
5. You’re going to a lecture about Russian Impersonal Predicatives. (Brownie points time)
________________________________________________________________________________________
6. You’re sleeping through your Econ lecture.
________________________________________________________________________________________
7. You visited Yosemite in the summer.
________________________________________________________________________________________
" Exercise 2 Match up where the following people once lived and write out an entire sentence.
Билл КлЏнтон СибЏрь

МарЏя КюрЏ Грѓзия
Рђнальд РЎйган ???
я (yourself) АрканзЌс
СтЌлин Пђльша
Чайкђвский Калифђрния
1. ______________________________________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________________________________________________
5. ______________________________________________________________________________________
6. ______________________________________________________________________________________
43-8
43-й урок − Домашнее задание
" Exercise 3
×
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of мог+ plus any words required.
1. Ты _____________________________ открѕть дверь?
Нет, не _________________________________. А ВЎра ________________________________.
2. ВчерЌ никтђ не _______________________ спать. Бѕло слЏшком ______________________________
3. Вы _____________________________ бы мне помђчь? (Think about what tense the verb must be!)
4. Вы __________________________ рабђтать зЌвтра?
Мы ______________________________ рабђтать тђлько в __________________________ .
5. Почемѓ Ѕра не _____________________________глЌдить моЏ брїки вчерЌ?
" Exercise 4 Answer as truthfully as you want (or can) using the Prepositional Case.
1. Я бы хотЎл/а жить _______________________________________________________________________
2. ДЎти обѕчно игрЌют _____________________________________________________________________
3. Я обѕчно сплю _________________________________________________________________________
4. Я обѕчно занимЌюсь ____________________________________________________________________
43-9
th
Диалоги: “She’s in the 10 grade”
st th
44.A Ordinal numbers: 1 −39
44.A.1 Notes on ordinals
44.A.2 ТрЎтий − not your ordinary ordinal
44.Б Prepositional Singular of adjectives and
nounjectives
44.В Expressing grades and years in school
Диалоги
Она ѓчится в десјтом клЌссе She’s in the 10th grade
1 (В однђм очень престЏжном клѓбе в (At a very prestigious club in Princeton)

ПрЏнстоне)
Миша walks up to who he thinks is a undergraduate
2 (Он дѓмает, что она ѓчится в университЎте)
Миша: 3 Привет, мeня зовут Миша. А как тебя зовут? Hi, my name’s Misha. What’s yours?
Галя comes running up and interrupts
Галя: 4 Миша, что ты дЎлаешь!? Это мој млЌдшая Misha, what are you doing? That’s my younger
5 сeстра. Она ѓчится в десјтом клЌссe. А ты на sister. She’s in 10th grade. And you’re a senior.
6 чeтвёртом кѓрсe ѓчишься. Какђй ты подлЎц! You’re such a scoundrel!
Миша: 7 Ой, извинЏ, рЌди Бђга. Я не знал. Она eщё в Oh, I’m really sorry. I didn’t know. She’s still
8 шкђлe ѓчится? Нe мђжeт быть! А в какђй она in high school? Impossible! What school does
9 школe? В Љкзeтeрe? По-мђему ты учЏлась в go to? Exeter? You went to Exeter, didn’t you?
10 Экзетере. Мђжeт быть, она знаeт моeгђ Maybe she knows my younger brother Vitalik.
11 млЌдшeго брЌта ВитЌлика?
Галя: 12 Нeт, я учЏлась в чЌстной школe, а она ѓчится в No, I went to a private school, but she’s goes to
13 госудЌрствeнной шкђлe. a public school.
Миша: 14 Она в госудЌрственной школе ѓчится? Как She goes to a public school? How disgusting!
15 протЏвно!
Словарь (See 44.A for Ordinal Numbers)
1 престЏжный prestigious
5 класс here: grade level (in school) (See 44.В)
6 курс here: year of college (See 44.В)
7 ещё still; yet
11 чЌстный private (vs. public)
13 госудЌрственный public; governmental (This is the Г in КГБ. The whole thing is Коммитет
ГосудЌрственной БезопЌсноти The Committee of State Security)
44-1
44.A Ordinal Numbers: 1st-39th
Ordinal numbers are regular adjectives, which agree in CNG with the noun they modify. Note that for semantic
reasons you won’t normally find an ordinal number in the plural – I’m reading about the 20th novels just doesn’t
make sense.

1st пЎрвый, -ое, -ая
2nd вторђй, ђе, Ќя
3rd трЎтий, трЎтье, трЎтья (*See below)
4th четвёртый, etc.
5th пјтый
6th шестђй
7th седьмђй
8th восьмђй
9th девјтый
10th десјтый
11th одЏннадцатый
12th двенЌдцатый
13th тринЌдцатый
14th четѕрнадцатый
15th пятнЌдцатый
16th шестнЌдцатый
17th семнЌдцатый
18th восемнЌдцатый
19th девятнЌдцатый
20th двадцЌтый
21st двЌдцать пЎрвый
30th тридцЌтый
39th трЏдцать девјтый
44.А.1 Notes on ordinals

1) No soft sign in ordinals − with the exception of седьмђй, восьмђй, and all forms of трЎтий except
Masculine Singular Nominative (see below). The soft-sign at the end of 5-30 is replaced by the adjective
ending: пять × пјтый.
2) Note the occasional difference in stress from their corresponding cardinal number. This is basically the
numbers from 6th through 10th, as well as 20th and 30th: вђсемь × восьмђй; дЎвять × девјтый,
двЌдцать × двадцЌтый.
44-2
3) You’ve probably noticed that пЎрвый 1st and вторђй 2nd look nothing like their cardinal counterparts. Don’t
complain − it’s the same thing in English (first, second).
4) In complex numbers (42nd, 149th, 507th) ONLY THE LAST NUMBER BECOMES AN ORDINAL. (It’s the
same in English.): двадцЌтый 20th × двЌдцать пЎрвый 21st.
44.А.2 TрЎтий (и) – Not Your Ordinary Ordinal

For some strange reason (OK, the gods of Russian grammar intentionally did it to torture innocent students) the
ordinal number трЎтий is actually a Nounjective, with a cluster buster ‘и’. The stem is трЎть/й+ (the ‘/’ is where
the cluster buster goes). Every form except the dictionary form begins трЎть-. You might remember that this is
just like чей+, of which every non-dictionary form begins with чь-.
Here’s the declension of трЎтий (and чей for comparison):
MASC NEUT FEM

NOM SG трЎтий (чей) трЎтье (чьё) трЎтья (чья)
ACC SG Inanimate↑ Animate↓ Same as NOM↑ трЎтью (чью)
GEN SG трЎтьего (чьегђ) трЎтьей (чьей)

PREP SG о трЎтьем (о чьём) Same as GEN↑
(Details in 44.Б)
Some examples with Ordinal Numbers:
Джордж ВЌшингтон – пЎрвый президЎнт George Washington was the first president of America.
АмЎрики.
Я читЌю о трЎтьем президЎнте АмЎрики. I’m reading about the third present of America.
Я хочѓ купЏть вторѓю машЏну. I want to buy a second car.
Љто подЌрок для моЎй двЌдцать четвёртой This is a present for my twenty-fourth wife.
женѕ.
− Она слѓшает трЎтью симфђнию She’s listening to Beethoven’s Third Symphony.
Бетхђвена. No, you mixed everything up again. She’s listing to the Fifth
− Нет, ты опјть всё перепѓтал! Она Symphony.
слѓшает пјтую симфђнию.
Give the Russian equivalent
1. 1st man on the moon (лунЌ) 2. 6th house 3. 9th Street

4. 25th woman 5. 42nd president 6. 107th book
7. 20th century (вЎк) 8. 33rd building 9. 14th day
10. 94th dormitory 11. 58th photograph 12. her 10th husband
44-3
44.Б Prepositional Singular: Adjectives (and Nounjectives)
NOMINATIVE SINGULAR PREPOSITIONAL SINGULAR

Masculine and Neuter
-{O}м
какђй стол? на какђм столЎ?
красЏвый лес в красЏвом лесѓ
ітот стрЌнный гЎний об ітом стрЌнном гЎнии
наш хорђший словЌрь в нЌшем хорђшем словарЎ
твоё дорогђе пЏво о твоём дорогђм пЏве
МЏтино послЎднее здЌние в МЏтином послЎднем здЌнии
Feminine
-{O}й
какЌя кнЏга? о какђй кнЏге?
твој чЏстая спЌльня в твоЎй чЏстой спЌльне
іта хорђшая фотогрЌфия в ітой хорђшей фотогрЌфии
вЌша послЎдняя кровЌть на вЌшей послЎдней кровЌти
Ілина большЌя мышь об Ілиной большђй мѕши
Notes:
1) We’ve already seen the Masculine/Neuter ending in a number of places, including О чём ты говорЏшь; Он
знал всё обо всём, дЎло в том, что...
2) Good news for the Feminine: Except for Nominative and Accusative, the ending for ALL Feminine Singular
adjectives is -{O}й. You’re done learning Feminine Singular adjectival endings.
Form a question and answer. Use the verb говорЏ+:
Example: ты / кнЏга / нђвая ➯ − О какђй кнЏге ты говорЏшь? − Я говорї о нђвой кнЏге.
1. Ты / актёр / ітот плохђй, стЌрый 2. ВЎра / машЏна / іта сЏняя, немЎцкая

3. Все / университЎт / наш дорогђй, ђчень 4. Егђ собЌка / едЌ (food) / іта вкѓсная, Џмпортная
престЏжный (ПрЏнстон, конЎчно) (imported)
5. Никтђ / дивЌн / твой большђй, некрасЏвый 6. СтудЎнты / общежЏтие / іто протЏвное, грјзное
7. Вы (answer with мы) / кровЌть / их огрђмная, 8. Љтот подлЎц / шкђле / нЌша плохЌя
стЌрая госудЌртсвенная
9. Љта свиньј / дЌча / твој прекрЌсная, чЏстая 10. Лїди / вопрђс / ітот интерЎсный и трѓдный
44-4
44.В Expressing What Year Person Is In (High School vs. College)

×
The verb for both phrases is учи+...ся be a student, but there are two important differences depending on whether
you are talking about college or pre-college (i.e., high school, grade school, etc.):
Expressing a grade in school (pre-college): в + Ordinal Number in the Prepositional + клЌссе:

В ORD. # IN PREP КЛЂССЕ
Мој млЌдшая сестрЌ ѓчится в десјтом клЌссе. My younger sister’s in 10th grade.
КогдЌ я учЏлся (был) в восьмђм клЌссе, … When I was in 8th grade, ...
Expressing a year in college: на + Ordinal Number in the Prepositional + кѓрсе:

пЎрвый курс = freshman year вторђй курс = sophomore year
трЎтий курс = junior year четвёртый курс = senior year
НА ORD. # IN PREP КЇРСЕ

Я учѓсь на пЎрвом кѓрсе. I’m in my 1st year (i.e., I’m a freshman)
Кђгда онЌ учЏлась (былЌ) на трЎтьем кѓрсе, … When she was a junior, …
×
(It is also possible to use the Verb be, instead of учи+...ся.)
Form a question and answer using the verb учи+...ся:

×
Example: ВЎра / 6th grade ➯ − В какђм клЌссе ѓчится ВЎра? ВЎра ѓчится в шестђм клЌссе.
МЏша / senior ➯ − На какђм кѓрсе ѓчится МЏша? МЏша ѓчится на четвёртом кѓрсе.
1. Кђля / 9th grade 2. Ђня / 2nd grade 3. ты / freshman
4. егђ сёстры / 10th grade 5. Рђма / junior 6. ТЌня / 12th grade
7. вы / sophomore 8. их дЎти / 4th grade 9. Серёжа / senior
44-5
44-й урок − Домашнее задание Имя _________________________________
" Exercise 1 Answer as truthfully as you wish:
1. На какђм кѓрсе вы ѓчитесь?
______________________________________________________________________________________
2. В какђй шкђле вы учЏлись? (Don’t give the name, say what kind – private/public, large/small – it was.)
______________________________________________________________________________________
3. Кто Джордж ВЌшингтон?
______________________________________________________________________________________
4. Кто Джон Ђдамс?
______________________________________________________________________________________
5. О какђй машЏне вы мечтЌете (мечтЌй+ dream)?
______________________________________________________________________________________
6. В какђм вЎке (век century) мы живём?
______________________________________________________________________________________
7. Где живёт америкЌнский президЎнт? (it’s exactly what you would expect)
______________________________________________________________________________________
8. Кто пЏшет (writes) Senior Thesis (диплђмная рабђта)? (You must use a relative clause.)
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
44-6
Домашнее задание 44-й урок
" Exercise 2 Translate and finish the sentences:
1. When I was in 6th grade…
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
2. When I was a freshman at Princeton…
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
3. Yesterday I was thinking about…
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
44-7
Диалоги: “My relatives are such bores”
45.A Unisex nouns in -{A}
45.Б Location vs. Destination
45.В Go in Russian: riding vs. walking
Диалог
МоЏ рђдственники такЏе занѓды My relatives are such bores
Њра: 1 Гдe ты былЌ вчeрЌ? Что ты дЎлала? Where were you yesterday? What did you do?
НЌстя: 2 Я Ўздила в ФиладЎльфию. I went to Philadelphia.
Њра: 3 КудЌ? Where?
НЌстя: 4 В ФиладЎльфию. To Philadelphia.
Њра: 5 Почeмѓ в ФиладЎльфию? Why did you go to Philadelphia?
НЌстя: 6 Там живѓт моЏ рђдствeнники. My relatives live there.
Њра: 7 Ты Ўздила на машЏне Џли на пђезде? Did you drive or take the train?
НЌстя: 8 На пђезде конЎчно. У менј нет машЏны. Я её Of course I took the train. I don’t have a car. I
9 продалЌ. Ты не пђмнишь, что ли? А что ты sold it. Don’t you remember? And what did you
10 дЎлал вчерЌ? do yesterday?
Њра: 11 Я чуть-чуть занимЌлся, а потђм мы с МЏшей I studied a little, and then Misha and I went to
12 ходЏли в кинђ. the movies.
НЌстя: 13 Ты был в кинђ и дЌже не пригласЏл менј? You went to the movies and you didn’t even
invite me?
Њра: 14 О чём ты говоришь? Я звонЏл и звонЏл, но What are you talking about? I called and
15 тебј нЎ было дђма. Ты же былЌ в called, but you weren’t home. You were in
16 ФиладЎльфии. Philadelphia.
НЌстя: 17 Да, но там бѕло ђчень скѓчно. МоЏ Yeah, but it was really boring there. My
18 рђдственники такЏе занѓды. relatives are such bores.
Словарь
2 Ўзди+ на + LOC go (by vehicle - Loc) 2nd conjugation, so д > ж in 1st sg Present: Ўзжу, Ўздишь
3 кудЌ where (to) (as opposed to где where (at)? - See 45.Б)
6 рђдственник relative
8 пђезд (на) train
×
12 ходи+ go (by foot) 2nd conjugation, so д > ж in 1st sg Present: хожѓ, хђдишь, …
14 звонЏ+ call (Repeated Action)
15 когђ (GEN) нЎ было дђма person (in GEN) was not home (The GEN is used because of negation. The
Neuter verb is used because there is no Nominative subject with which to agree.)
18 занѓда bore (both M & F - See 45.A)
45-1
45.A Unisex Nouns in -{A}

Он такђй занѓда / Она такЌя занѓда
We’ve seen nouns that could refer to a male or female, even though they were grammaticality Masculine.
Modifying adjectives are also Masculine:
Он,
Она,
} навЎрно, гЎний. He / She is probably a genius.
Мой брат
Моя сестра
} хорђший врач / адвокЌт My brother / sister is an excellent doctor /lawyer.
On the other hand, there are a few Nouns ending in -{A} which can refer to either a male or female. With these
nouns, use masculine adjectives with males and feminine adjectives with females (and of course, plural adjectives
with plural nouns). In this lesson we have занѓда bore:
МЏтя такђй
СЌра такЌя
} занѓда! Boris / Rita is such a bore!
ОнЏ такЏе занѓды! They are such bores!
Actually, things can get pretty nasty with unisex nouns. For example, with the noun свиньј, you can only use a
Feminine adjective. The reason is that свиньј is a “real” noun which is feminine (the “regular” meaning is
swine).
МЏтя такЌя
СЌра такЌя
} свиньј! Boris / Rita is such a swine!
Quick translation drill:
1. You (Vera) are such a bore. 2. My husband is such a bore.

3. Misha’s wife is such a bore. 4. Y’all are such bores.
5. She is such a swine! 6. He is such a swine!
To be honest, this is a fairly complex topic. Some ‘unisex’ nouns that end in {A} take only Feminine adjectives.
And with some unisex nouns in {A} Russians themselves are not exactly sure what to do with the adjective. For
now, just remember this about the person who wrote this book:
Он такђй занѓда!
45-2
45.Б Location (Locative) vs. Direction/Destination (Accusative)

ВЎра былЌ в ФиладЎльфии vs. ВЎра Ўздила в ФиладЎльфию
Russian distinguishes between location, where the noun (place name) is in the Prepositional/Locative Case vs.
destination, where the noun (place name) is in the Accusative. There are also different versions of various
adverbs (где where at vs. кудЌ where to, etc.). English used to make this distinction, as seen in where vs.
whither; there vs. thither, but this distinction died out (at least among the people we hang around with).
LOCATION DESTINATION
Locative Accusative
где? where? кудЌ? to where?
там there тудЌ to there
здесь here сюдЌ to here
в АмЎрике in America в АмЎрику to America
в ПрЏнстоне in/at Princeton в ПрЏнстон to Princeton
в Петербѓрге in St. Petersberg в Петербѓрг to St. Petersberg
в РоссЏи in Russia в РоссЏю to Russia
в СибЏри in Siberia в СибЏрь to Siberia
на столЎ on the table *на стол on(to) the table
на стѓле on the chair *на стул on(to) the chair
на дЌче in/at the dacha на дЌчу to the dacha
на полѓ on the floor *нЌ пол (note stress!) on(to) the floor
в лесѓ in the forest в лес into the forest
в библиотЎке in/at the library в библиотЎку to the library
в здЌнии in(side) the building в здЌние to/into the building
в кинђ (nice at the movies в кинђ to the movies
indeclinable word)
*We’ll see the Accusative of Motion with these nouns when indicating placing something somewhere.
Answer the question with the correct preposition and case:
1. где (МосквЌ) 2. кудЌ (МосквЌ) 3. кудЌ (ПрЏнстон) 4. где (ПрЏнстон)

5. где (стол) 6. кудЌ (стол) 7. где (РоссЏя) 8. кудЌ (РоссЏя )
9. кудЌ (кинђ) 10. где (кинђ) 11. где (дЌча) 12. кудЌ (дЌча)
45-3
45.В Go in Russian: Riding (Ўзди+) vs. Walking (ходи+)

Мы Ўздили в ФиладЎльфию vs. Мы ходЏли в кинђ.
Notice that in the English version of the above two sentences the verb is the same: We went to Philadelphia / We
went to the movies. In Russian, a different verb must be used to distinguish long distance travel (Ўзди+ travel by
×
vehicle) from short distance travel (ходи+ either on foot or by vehicle).
×
45.B.1 Clues indicating when to use Ўзди+ vs. ходи+
LONG DISTANCE TRAVEL: SHORT DISTANCE TRAVEL:

MUST BE BY VEHICLE EITHER ON FOOT OR BY VEHICLE
×
Ўзди+ ходи+
Context clues: Context clues:
1. Geographical name (в Москвѓ, в ТрЎнтон, 1. Destination is an “event” (в кинђ, на балЎт)
на лунѓ moon)
2. A vehicle is mentioned: Use на + 2. Destination is a landmark (в библиотЎку, в
Prepositional Case (e.g., на машЏне, на магазЏн)
пђезде)
3. Desire to emphasize use of vehicle vs. 3. Use of the adverb пешкђм on foot. (Don’t
walking (Ты ходЏл тудЌ? Нет, я Ўздил.) worry about this for now)
In line 13 of the dialogue when Юра says Мы ходЏли в кинђ he is not implying that they walked there. Even if
they drove, and Настя knows that they drove, he can use ходЏли because (in his mind) there is no reason to
emphasize how they got there and back − by foot or by vehicle.
With the noun дЌча you must use the verb Ўзди+ because by definition a дЌча is something out in the
countryside, to which one must drive: Мы вчерЌ Ўздили на дЌчу.
Choose between riding and walking in your answer. (Sometimes the question itself gives it
away.)
Example: Где ты был вчера? (ТрЎнтон) ➯ Я Ўздил в ТрЎнтон.

Куда она Ўздила лЎтом? (РоссЏя) ➯ Она Ўздила в РоссЏю.
На чём Митя Ўздил? (машЏна) ➯ Митя Ўздил на машЏне.
1. Где Бђря был вчерЌ? (Калифђрния) 2. Где НатЌша былЌ вчерЌ? (кинђ)
3. Где онЏ бѕли сегђдня ѓтром? (ТрЎнтон) 4. Где онЏ бѕли сегђдня ѓтром? (библиотЎка)
5. Где онЏ бѕли вчерЌ? (дЌча) 6. КудЌ МЌша Ўздила лЎтом? (КанЌда)
7. На чём онЏ Ўздили? (пђезд) 8. Где ты (ЛЏза) былЌ? (магазЏн)
9. Где ты (ВЌдик) был? (Нью-Йђрк) 10. На чём вы Ўздили? (мој нђвая машЏна)
45-4
45.B.2 Go-verbs in various tenses

• Past Tense
×
In the Past Tense, these two verbs (Ўзди+ ~ ходи+) indicate one of two things:
1) A round trip, i.e., a trip that the subject is now back from (I went (and came back) …).
Very often when these verbs are used in the Past Tense they are an answer to the questions Где ты был/Ќ? or
Что ты дЎлал/а? Note that for the question Где ты был/Ќ? you use the Location word где, but the answer may
contains a Destination word (assuming you answer with the motion verb and not был/Ќ). It is not wrong to
respond with the verb был followed by the prepositional phrase in the Locative Case, however, it is very common
to find a motion verb and then a noun in the Accusative Case.
− Где ты была вчера? Where were you yesterday?

− Мы с Машей ходЏли в библиотеку. Masha and I went to the library (and are now back).
or: or:
− Мы с Машей бѕли в библиотеке. Masha and I were at the library (and are now back).
or: or:
− Мы с Машей Ўздили на дЌчу. Masha and I went to our dacha (and are now back).
or: or:
− Мы с Машей бѕли на дЌче. Masha and I were at our dacha (and are now back).
− Что ты делал вчера вЎчером? What did you do last night?

− Я ходЏл на баскетбђл. I went to a basketball game (and am back now).
or: or:
− Я был на баскетбђльном мЌтче. I was at a basketball game (and am now back).
− Я Ўздила в Нью-Йђрк. I went to New York (and am now back).

or: or:
− Я былЌ в Нью-Йђрке I was in New York (and am now back).
− Что твој подрѓга делала лЎтом? What did your friend do during the summer?
− Она Ўздила в РоссЏю. She went to Russia (and is back now).
2) Habitual action (e.g., I would go, I used to go …). Your biggest clue is to look for ‘habitual’ adverbs like чЌсто
often or anything modified by чЌсто or каждый:
РЌньше я чЌсто Ўздила в РоссЏю. I used to go to Russia often.

Мой сосед чЌсто Ўздил в Москвѓ. My roommate would often go to Moscow.
КогдЌ я учЏлся на пЎрвом кѓрсе, я каждый When I was a freshman, I would go to the library every day.
вЎчер ходЏл в библиотЎку.
Моя сосЎдка каждую суббђту ходЏла в My roommate would go to Cottage Club every Saturday.
Кђттадж.
45-5
×
• Present Tense use of Ўзди and ходи+
In the Present Tense these verbs are used (among other things) to describe habitual actions. Again, look for
‘habitual’ adverbs:
Я чЌсто Ўзжу в Нью-Йорк. I often go to New York.

ОнЌ всё врЎмя Ўздит в РоссЏю. She goes to Russia all the time.
МЌша кЌждый вЎчер хђдит в бар. Masha goes to a bar every night.
Я кЌждое ѓтро хожѓ в библиотЎку. I go to the library every morning.
If you run into a friend on the street heading somewhere, you CANNOT (repeat CANNOT) ask КудЌ ты
хђдишь? Where are you going? (Just to let you know, we actually already saw the correct form for this
situation back in Lesson 16; the verb for this go is ид+´. Wait until next semester for details.)
Quick translation exercise:
1. Vitya often travels to Moscow. 2. Where do you go every morning?

3. Nina often goes to the library. 4. My brother often used to go to New York.
5. When I was a sophomore, I went to the library 6. When I was a senior, I went to TI every day.
every evening.
45-6
" Exercise 1 Circle the correct verb
1. ЛЎтом мы [Ўздили / ходЏли] в Москвѓ.
2. В суббђту онЌ [Ўздила / ходЏла] на концЎрт.
3. Я никогдЌ не [Ўзжу / хожѓ] в библиотЎку.
4. ВчерЌ мы [Ўздили / бѕли] в ТрЎнтоне.
5. ВчерЌ мы [Ўздили / ходЏли] на балЎт.
6. Мы [Ўздили / ходЏли] на балЎт на пђезде.
7. КудЌ ты [Ўздила / былЌ] в пјтницу?
8. Где ты [Ўздил / бѕл] вчерЌ?
" Exercise 2 Supply the correct ending based on the context
1. ВчерЌ МЌша ход____________ в библиотЎк___________
2. __________ вы Ўзд_____________ вчерЌ?
3. __________ вы бѕ___________ вчерЌ?
4. Я чЌсто Ўз______________ в Москв__________ (present tense)
5. ДЎньги леж_________ на стол______________ (past tense)
6. ВчерЌ Бђря бы___________ в библиотЎк__________.
7. РЌньше я жил в Москв_________________
8. ОнЌ положЏла placed дЎньги на стол_________.
9. Я кЌждый день хо_____________ в библиотЎк____________ (present tense)
10. ВчерЌ мы хо________________ в кин_____________________.
11. Кто положЏл placed моЏ ключЏ на кровЌт________________?
12. Твђи ключЏ не леж_________ на кровЌт____________. Вот онЏ.
45-7
" Exercise 3 Translate
1. -- Where were y’all yesterday? --We went to the movies.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
2. -- What did you do yesterday? -- I went to New York. -- Did you go by car or train?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
3. -- What did you do this summer лЎтом? -- I went to Europe (Еврђпа)
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
4. (Said to your male Russian professor for whom you have no respect) You are such a bore! Leave me alone!
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
45-8
Диалоги: “He was born and grew up in Georgia”
46.A Asking/Expressing someone’s last name
46.Б The verbs родЏ+...ся be born and вѕрос, -ла, -
ли grow up
46.В Months of the year
Диалог
Он родЏлсј и вѕрос в Грѓзии He was born and grew up in Georgia
Гена: 1 КЌтя, пошлЏ в кинђ! Katya, let’s go to the movies!

Катя: 2 Не могѓ. Я занимЌюсь. ЗЌвтра у менј экзЌмен I can’t. I’m studying. I have a History exam
3 по истђрии. tomorrow.
Гена: 4 А чем я могѓ тебЎ помђчь? Is there anything I can help you with?
Катя: 5 Ты не пђмнишь, где родЏлсј СтЌлин? Do you happen to remember where Stalin was
born?
Гена: 6 КонЎчно, пђмню. Он родЏлсј и вѕрос в Of course, I remember. He was born and (he)
Грѓзии. grew up in Georgia.
Катя: 7 А в какђм мЎсяце он родЏлсј? What month was he born in?
Гена: 8 Ѓсли я не ошибЌюсь, у негђ день рождЎния в If I’m not mistaken, his birthday is in
9 декабрЎ. Егђ настојщая фамЏлия ДжугашвЏли. December. His real last name is Dzhugashvili.
Катя: 10 А ты пђмнишь, как настојщая фамЏлия And do you remember Lenin’s real last name?
11 ЛЎнина?
Гена: 12 Ты не знЌешь, что ли? Егђ настојщая фамЏлия You don’t know?! His real last name was
13 Ульјнов. Ѓсли я не ошибЌюсь, у ЛЎнина день Ulyanov. If I’m not mistaken Lenin’s birthday
14 рождЎния в апрЎле. is in April.
Словарь (Names of the Months in 46.В)

1 пошлЏ кудЌ let’s go (to a place) (This is actually a Past Tense form used as an Imperative.
You cannot do this with any verb you want, just with certain forms of go.)
3 экзЌмен по истђрии history exam (We’ve seen the phrase экзЌмен по + Subject, but we don’t yet
know the Case the Subject goes into. We also had экзЌмен по рѓсскому
языкѓ. For now just learn these as fixed expressions.)
5 роди+...ся be born (See 46.Б for details)
6 вѕрос / вѕросла / вѕросли grew up (Past Tense; see 46.Б)
Грѓзия Georgia (The birthplace of Stalin, not Jimmy Carter)
7 мЎсяц month
8 Ўсли я не ошибЌюсь... If I’m not mistaken (This is not as bookish in Russian as it sound in English)
ошибЌй+...ся be mistaken (Repeated-Action verb. We saw the One-Time Action verb
ошЏбся / ошЏблась / ошЏблись)
8 день рождЎния birthday (Literally: day of birth)
9 фамЏлия last name (WARNING: False cognate: this word does NOT mean family)
10 как (твој / егђ / вЌша) what is (you / his / your) last name (See 46.А)
фамЏлия?
46-1
Грамматика Lesson 46
46.А Asking / Stating Last Names (Family Names) and Patronymic
Back in Lesson 3 we learned how to ask/state a person’s first name: Как (вас / его / её / тебя) зовут? / Менј
(егђ / её) зовѓт СЌша To inquire specifically about a person’s last name use the phrase Как (вЌша / егђ / её /
твој) фамЏлия? Note that the noun phrase appears in the Nominative (there’s nothing in the Accusative, as
there was when asking for a first name). The answer is simply Мој / егђ / её / нЌша фамЏлия Ѓльцин /
Иванђв / Джђнсон, etc.
Remember, фамЏлия doesn’t mean family (which is семьј in Russian), but family name.
We now know the 3 parts of a full Russian name:
ЅМЯ ІТЧЕСТВО ФАМЅЛИЯ

first name patronymic last name
ВладЏмир ИльЏч Ульјнов
МихаЏл СергЎевич Горбачёв
ЕлЎна ВЏкторовна Иванђва
НатЌлия МихЌйловна МедвЎдева
Asking / stating a patronymic works the same as last name: Как (вЌше / егђ / её) ђтчество? Моё (егђ / её)
ђтчество ВадЏмович/ВадЏмовна, ЕвгЎньевич/ЕвгЎньевна.
Quick translation
1. What’s your name? And your last name? 2. What’s his last name?
3. What’s our professor’s last name? 4. What’s that (male) bore’s last name?
5. What is his patronymic? 6. My patronymic is (daughter of Roman).
46.Б Being Born (роди+...ся) and Growing Up (вѕрос / -ла / -ли)

СтЌлин родЏлсј и вѕрос в Грѓзии
Both be born and grow up are used almost exclusively in the Past Tense.
The verb родЏ+...сј be born is a 2nd-conjugation -и+ stem verb, with a somewhat strange stress pattern. Actually
patterns. This verb can be end-stressed in the Past, (which is probably the easiest thing to do). Or it can have
shifting stress in the Past (on the stem in all forms except the Feminine, where it is on the end). As such,
×
роди+...ся is the only 2nd-conjugation verb that has (or can have) shifting stress in the Past. All other verbs with
shifting stress in the Past are 1st-conjugation.
я / ты /он родЏлсј
я / ты /онЌ родилЌсь
мы / вы / онЏ родЏлЏсь
46-2
The verb grow up is somewhat irregular, though in the Past it behaves like a standard Greasy Zeke verb. Note
that the stress is fixed on the prefix вѕ-. (We’ll be seeing more instances of stressed вѕ- later on.)
я / ты /он вѕрос
я / ты /онЌ вѕросла
мы / вы / онЏ вѕросли
Some examples of these two verbs:
Я родЏлсј и вѕрос в МосквЎ. I was born and grew up in Moscow.

Где вѕросла твој мать? Where did your mother grow up?
ОнЌ родилЌсь в ПарЏже, а вѕросла в ЧикЌго. She was born in Paris, but she grew up in Chicago.
ОнЏ родЏлЏсь и вѕросли в СибЏри. They were born and grew up in Siberia.
Say where the person was born and grew up.
1. ЛЎнин / РоссЏя 2. Мадђнна / МЏчиган 3. ОнЏ / Ђнглия

4. БорЏс / МосквЌ 5. РЏта / Петербѓрг 6. РЎйган / Иллинђйс
7. Жак / ПарЏж 8. Его женЌ / Лђндон 9. КлЏнтон / АрканзЌс
10. Их дЎти / Принстон 11. Кто / ЧикЌго? 12. Мой отЎц / СибЏрь
46-3
Грамматика Lesson 46
46.В Months
You don’t know how lucky you are with the names of the months in Russian. As you can see, they’re all
cognates. In several Slavic languages the months are native Slavic words, derived either from the name of a
particular tree that blossoms that month or some other hard to remember term.
Listen and repeat. The Prepositional Case (в + month) will also be read.
январь΄ January в январЎ in January

февраль΄ February в февралЎ in February
март March в мЌрте in March
апрЎль April в апрЎле in April
май May в мЌе ({май+{E}) in May
иїнь June в иїне in June
иїль July в иїле in July
Ќвгуст August в Ќвгусте in August
сентябрь΄ September в сентябрЎ in September
октябрь΄ October в октябрЎ in October
ноябрь΄ November в ноябрЎ in November
декабрь΄ December в декабрЎ in December
Notes on the Months:
1) All the months are Masculine. Just keep март or Ќвгуст in mind and remember that all the months are the
same gender (so don’t get confused by the soft sign in сентјбрь, октјбрь, etc.).
2) Don’t capitalize the months in Russian. And don’t capitalize я! (Some of you are still making this mistake!)
3) Stress: Note that the Spring and Summer months (март – Ќвгуст) are stem-stressed, while the Fall and
Winter months (сентјбрь – феврЌль) are end-stressed.
Spring/Summer: Fall/Winter:
Stem Stressed End-Stressed
март - Ќвгуст сентябрь´ - февраль´
Say what month the person was born in. The question В какђм мЎсяце? will be read each time:
1. БорЏс / May 2. ТЌня / June 3. Марк / August 4. НЏна / January

5. Их дђчери / October 6. Ѕра /January 7. ВЌдик / February 8. ВЎра / November
9. ПЎтя / March 10. Они / July 11. Мы / September 12. ЛЎнин / April
46-4
46-й урок Домашнее задание
" Exercise 1 Answer as truthfully as you wish:
1. В какђм мЎсяце вы родЏлЏсь?
______________________________________________________________________________________
2. В какђм мЎсяце родЏлсј ваш отец?
______________________________________________________________________________________
3. В какђм мЎсяце родилЌсь вЌша мать?
______________________________________________________________________________________
4. В какђм мЎсяце родЏлсј брат / родилЌсь сестрЌ?
______________________________________________________________________________________
5. В какђм мЎсяце родЏлсј Джордж ВЌшингтон?
______________________________________________________________________________________
6. КогдЌ игрЌют в футбђл в АмЎрике? (You don’t need an overt subject in the answer. Use the онЏ-form.)
______________________________________________________________________________________
7. В какђм мЎсяце начинЌется (begin) пЎрвый семЎстр в ПрЏнстоне?
______________________________________________________________________________________
8. В какђм мЎсяце кончЌется (end) пЎрвый семЎстр в ПрЏнстоне?
______________________________________________________________________________________
9. Какђй ваш любЏмый мЎсяц?
______________________________________________________________________________________
10. Какђй мЎсяц вы не лїбите?
______________________________________________________________________________________
11. Где вы родЏлЏсь и вѕросли?
______________________________________________________________________________________
12. Где родЏлсј и вѕрос ваш отец?
______________________________________________________________________________________
13. Где родилЌсь и вѕросла вЌша мать?
______________________________________________________________________________________
46-5
Lesson 46 − Домашнее задание Имя _________________________________
" Exercise 2 Translate:
1. -- What is your last name? -- Now my last name is Трђцкий, but my real last name is БронштЎйн.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
2. -- What month was Masha born in? -- If I am not mistaken, she was born in May. She was born and grew
up in Trenton.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
3. Tomorrow is Dima’s birthday.
______________________________________________________________________________________
46-6
Диалђги: При чём тут Нью-Йђрк?
Chapter 5 − Review (Lessons 41-47 / Story 4-5)
Vocabulary from Lessons 41-47, Story 4-35
Диалђг
При чём тут Нью-Йђрк? What does New York have to do with anything?
Лёва 1 Где же ты былЌ вчерЌ? Я звонЏл и звонЏл, но Where were you yesterday? I called and called,
2 тебј весь день нЎ было дђма. Я ужЎ стал but you weren’t home. I was already starting to
3 беспокђиться. worry.
Ђня 4 Мы с ДЏмой ходЏли на ђперу. Dima and I went to the opera.
Лёва 5 Вы Ўздили в Нью-Йорк на машЏне Џли на Did you go to NY by car or by train?
6 пђезде?
Ђня 7 При чём тут Нью-Йорк? Мы летЌли в Бђстон What does NY have to do with anything? We
8 на ДЏмином самолёте. Ты забѕл, что у ДЏмы went to Paris on Dima’s airplane. Did you
9 два самолёта? РЌньше у негђ был тђлько одЏн, а forget that Dima has two airplanes? He used to
10 в октябрЎ он купЏл ещё одЏн. have just one airplane, but in October he
bought another one.
Лёва 11 А ты забѕла, что у негђ вђсемь подрѓг! Две And did you forget that he has eight girlfriends?
12 америкЌнских подрѓги, пять францѓзских и однЌ Two American girlfriends, five French
13 рѓсская. girlfriends, and one Russian girlfriend.
СловЌрь
3 беспокђи+...ся worry; get nervous
4 ђпера opera
7 при чём тут + NOM what does [Person/Thing] have to do with anything / it / this?
×
7 летЌй+ fly (Used the same way as Ўзди+ and ходи+)
8 самолёт airplane (Don’t ask why yet, but with самолёт you cannot use Ўзди+, only летай+
– and related fly verbs. Also, notice that the root ЛЕТ is the same as the verb fly.
Literally, самолёт means self-flyer.)
10 ещё один´ (и) (yet) another one
47-1
-{I}й / -ђй -∅ {O}е -{O} -{A}я -{A} / -ь -{I}е -{I}; Neut -{A}
N мой нђвый гЌлстук моё нђвое письмђ мој нђвая машЏна / дверь моЏ нђвые гЌлстуки / пЏсьма / машЏны
O ваш послЎдний карандЌш вЌше послЎднее полотЎнце вЌша послЎдняя пЎсня вЌши послЎдние карандашЏ / пЎсни
M какђй хорђший актёр какђе хорђшее здЌние какЌя хорђшая фотогрЌфия какЏе хорђшие актёры / здЌния
↑ -{U}ю -{U} / -ь ↑
47-2
A Inanimate ‘borrows’ NOM ↑ Inanimate ‘borrows’ NOM
C Same as NOM вЌшу послЎднюю пЎсню
C Animate ‘borrows’ GEN какѓю хорђшую фотогрЌфию Animate ‘borrows’ GEN
↓ іту большѓю дЎвушку / мышь ↓
-{О}го -{A} -{O}й -{I} -{I}х -{O}в; -∅; -ей
G моегђ нђвого гЌлстука моегђ нђвого письмЌ моЎй нђвой машЏны / двЎри моЏх нђвых гЌлстуков / пЏсем / машЏн
E вЌшего послЎднего карандашЌ вЌшего послЎднего полотЎнца вЌшей послЎдней пЎсни вЌших послЎдних карандашЎй / пЎсен
N какђго хорђшего актёра какђго хорђшего здЌния какђй хорђшей фотогрЌфии какЏх хорђших актёров / здЌний
-{O}м -е (-ий; -ие Æ -ии) (ѓ) -{O}й -е (-ияÆ-ии; -ьÆ-и) ???????
P о моём нђвом гЌлстуке
R о вЌшем послЎднем карандашЎ
о моём нђвом письмЎ о моЎй нђвой машЏне / двЎри
E о какђм хорђшем актёре
о вЌшем послЎднем полотЎнце в вЌшей послЎдней пЎсне
P об ітом большђм планетЌрии
в какђм хорђшем здЌнии о какђй хорђшей фотогрЌфии
об ітом большђм мЎсте об ітой большђй дЎвушки
на грјзном полѓ
Numbers and Case

(See Lessons 7, 41 and 42 for the Cardinal numbers. See Lesson 44 for the Ordinal Numbers.)
NUMBER ADJ NOUN

1; #’s ending in 1 NOM/ACC SG
На столЎ лежЏт двЌдцать одЏн нђвый журнЌл.

СЌша купЏла двЌдцать однђ нђвое полотЎнце.
На столЎ лежЏт двЌдцать однЌ нђвая кнЏга.

СЌша купЏла двЌдцать однѓ нђвую кнЏгу.
2, 3, 4; #’s ending in 2, 3, 4 GEN PL GEN SG

На столЎ лежЌт сђрок два/три/четѕре нђвых журнЌла/полотЎнца.
СЌша купЏла сђрок две/три/четѕре нђвых кнЏги.
5-20; #’s ending in ≥ 5 GEN PL
На столЎ лежЌт
СЌша купЏла
} девянђсто пјть/шесть, etc. нђвых кнЏг.
Remember:
a. Even though 11-14 end in the number symbol 1-4, the word одЏн, два, три, четѕре is not pronounced. Therefore
these numbers behave like 5, 6, 17, 47, etc., and take Genitive Plural on both Adjectives and Nouns.
b. It is possible to find a Nominative Plural adjective with some Feminine Nouns: две нђвые машЏны. Just be aware
of this; you’re never ‘wrong’ to use the Genitive Plural. It’s easier to remember just one ending for all adjectives
Money ДЎнь/ги (е)

This Noun is always plural in Russian: дЎнь/ги (е). The Genitive Plural (which is used very often) is дЎнег:
Где ты остЌвил дЎньги? Where did you leave the money?

У нас нет дЎнег. We don’t have any money.
У моегђ брЌта мнђго дЎнег. My brother has a lot of money.
Listen To (слѓшай+) vs. Hear (слѕша+)

Though the Infinitives of these verbs are quite similar (слѓшать / слѕшать) from their stems we can see that
they belong to two different conjugations.
Слѓшай+, which does not require a preposition, is 1st-conjugation, similar to читЌй+, дѓмай+, etc.
Слѕша+ is a 2nd-conjugation Жа-ЖЌ verb.
ОнЌ весь день слѓшала БЌха. She listened to Bach all day.
ОнЏ ничегђ не слѕшат. They don’t hear anything.
47-3
To Cost Стђи+
The Verb cost is стђи+, a regular 2nd-conjugation и-stem verb. The one thing of note is that this verb takes an
Accusative direct object in Russian. Normally this doesn’t matter, since most numbers do not look the same in
the Nominative and the Accusative. The one exception is тѕсяча, which clearly exhibits the difference in case:
Наш дђм стђил двЎсти тѕсяч дђлларов. Our house cost $200,000.
Егђ нђубук стђит тысячѓ дђлларов. His laptop costs $1000.
Foreign First Names

Female names ending in the sound “a” decline regularly. Females names ending in any other vowel sound or in a
consonant sound do not decline.
Male names ending in a consonant decline regularly. Male names ending in a vowel sound (except “a”) do not
decline.
Что ты знЌешь о МелЏссе и Тђни? What do you know about Melissa and Tony?
Я терпЎть не могѓ СтЏва и РЌнди. I can’t stand Steve and Randy.
(Not) Have the Right To: имЎй+ прЌво / не имЎй+ прЌва

The expression have the right (to do something) is имЎй+ прЌво + Infinitive. When the phrase is negated the
direct object goes into the Genitive: не имЎй+ прЌва:
Я имЎю прЌво дЎлать всё, что хочѓ. I have the right to do everything I want.
Ты не имЎешь прЌво стојть здесь. You don’t have the right to stand here.
Seeing / Hearing Someone Do Something

For reasons of Case, Russian requires the “buffer” element как after various “perception: verbs:
ЛЏнда вЏдела, как онЏ целовЌлись. Linda saw them kissing.

Я слѕшу, как кто-то говорЏт по-рѓсски. I hear someone speaking Russian.
“It” Was (Is / Will Be) Cold / Boring / Nice

When reporting on how “it” was (is / will be) use a Short-Form Neuter Adjective (which is exactly the same as an
Adverb). Be sure not (not! not!) to insert іто, а very common mistake of American students:
Здесь хорошђ! It’s nice (good) here.

Бѕло скѓчно на вечерЏнке. It was boring at the party.
ЗЌвтра бѓдет теплђ. It’s going to be warm tomorrow.
47-4
x
Be Able мог+
Note the mutation г > ж in the Present Tense occurs only before endings beginning in ь{O}. Note the shifting
stress in the Present Tense. (Recall that only 2nd- conjugation verbs are supposed to have shifting stress in the
Present.)
Present Tense: Shifting Stress

1sg я мог ѓ
2sg ты мђж ешь
3sg он/онЌ/(онђ) мђж ет
1pl мы мђж ем
2pl вы мђж ете
3pl онЏ мђг ут
Past Tense: End Stressed
Masc я, ты, он мог
Neut онђ мог лђ
Fem я, ты, онЌ мог лЌ
Pl мы, вы, онЏ мог лЏ
Infinitive (Rare)
мочь
Я не могѓ жить без тебј! I can’t live without you!

ОнЏ ничегђ не моглЏ сдЎлать. They couldn’t do anything.
At Home vs. In the House vs. Outside

At home is expressed in the single word дђма. (Even though дђма looks like the Genitive Singular – in fact the
form дђма is the same as the Genitive Singular – it’s really some kind of Adverb.)
In the house (or in a house – vs. an apartment) is expressed with the regular Locative phrase в дђме.
The closest phrase Russian has to outside is на ѓлице.
Я бѓду дђма весь день зЌвтра. I will be home all day.

Где собЌка – в дђме Џли на ѓлице? Where’s the dog – in the house or outside?
47-5
Grade in High School / Year in College

× ×
Use the Verb учи+...ся (or {бѓд+ / бы+}). Both the Preposition and Noun are different, depending on the level:
High School (Grade): в пЎрвом (вторђм, пјтом, одЏннадцатом, etc.) клЌссе
College (Year): на пЎрвом (вторђм, трЎтьем) кѓрсе

Я учѓсь на трЎтьем кѓрсе в ПрЏнстоне. I’m a junior at Princeton.
Мој млЌдшая сестрЌ в седьмђм клЌссе. My younger sister is in 7th grade.
Uses of the Prepositional Case

The Prepositional (Locative) is the only case that requires a Preposition. There are three common Prepositions
that “govern” the Prepositional:
в in / at на on / at о/б (обо) about / concerning
ОнЌ живёт (былЌ / рабђтает) в МосквЎ. She lives (was / works) in Moscow.
КлючЏ лежЌт (бѕли) на МЌшиной кровЌти. The keys are lying (were) on Masha’s bed.
ОнЏ говорјт (читЌют) о рѓсской They are talking (reading) about Russian grammar.
граммЌтике. (ДЌ уж!)
Unisex Nouns
With many professions (which are often masculine nouns), use a masculine adjective for both males and females.
With the noun занѓда, use a masculine adjective with a male, a feminine adjective with a female:
With the noun свиньј (which is felt to be a “real” feminine noun swine) use a feminine adjective for both males
and females
Мој сестрЌ хорђший врач (адвокЌт). My sister is a good doctor (lawyer).

Он такђй занѓда! ОнЌ такЌя занѓда! He’s such a bore! She’s such a bore!
ВЌдик такЌя свиньј! ВЎра такЌя свиньј! Vadik is such a swine! Vera is such a swine!
Location (Prepositional/Locative) vs. Direction (Accusative)

Use the Prepositional/Locative to indicate where a person is (worked / lives, etc. )
Use the Accusative to indicate where a person went (goes / flew, etc.)
Note that the Preposition will be the same in both sentences – the verb and case on the noun will differ:
ОнЌ былЌ (рабђатает / живёт) в МосквЎ. She was (works / lives) in Moscow.
Мы Ўздили (летЌли) в Москвѓ. We went (flew) to Moscow.
47-6
x
“Go”: Ўзди+ vs. ходи+
×
English go can be translated by either Ўзди+ or ходи+, depending on the destination, as well as the means of
travel.
Use Ўзди+ when the travel must be by vehicle. Tips include: 1) Geographical Place Name (в РоссЏю); 2)
Specific Vehicle is mentioned – appearing in the Prepositional after на (на пђезде); 3) Special emphasis that
person rode as opposed to walked.
×
Use ходи+ for travel either on foot or by vehicle. Tips include: 1) Destination is an “event” – even if it was far
away and person drove there (на ђперу, в кинђ); 2) Destination is a “landmark” (в библиотЎку, в магазЏн)
Он чЌсто Ўздит в Ђнглию. He often goes to England.

Я ђчень люблї Ўздить на пђезде. I like to travel by train.
Мы вчерЌ ходЏли на ђперу. We went to the opera yesterday.

ОнЌ кЌждый день хђдит в библиотЎку. She goes to the library every day.
The Future Tense: бѓд+ + Infinitive

One way to express a future action is with the helping verb бѓд+ followed by an Infinitive (of a Repeated-Action
Verb).
Что ты бѓдешь дЎлать лЎтом? What are you going to do this summer?
Мы бѓдем смотрЎть фильм сегђндя. We’re going to watch a movie today.
“Some-“ -то
Add the particle –то to various questions words to give the meaning “some-”. While the –то is fixed, the question
word can change (where appropriate) for CNG:
-ТО Phases
кто-то / когђ-то, etc. someone
что-то / чём-то, etc. something
где-то somewhere
кудЌ-то (to) somewhere
откѓда-то from somewhere
какђй-то / какѓю-то, etc. some (kind of)
как-то somehow
почемѓ-то for some reason
47-7
For reasons you don’t want to know, avoid когдЌ-то for now.
Кто-то остЌвил пЏво в холодЏльнике. Someone left a beer in the fridge.

ОнЌ читЌет какѓю-то рѓсскую кнЏгу. She’s reading some Russian book.
“Relative” Tense
In English, when the first verb in a sentence is in the Past Tense, very often all following verbs will also appear in
the Past, regardless of when the action took place relative to the initial Past Tense verb.
In Russian, verbs following an initial Past Tense verb appear in the exact tense they represent relative to the intial
verb.
НЏна сказЌла, что хђчет учЏться в БрЌуне. Nina said that she wanted to go to Brown.
Я подѓмал, что он её брат. I thought he was her brother.
Asking / Stating Last Names and Patronymics

Use the question phrase Как вЌша (егђ , её) фамЏлия / Как вЌше (егђ, её) ђтчество? In the answer just use
the Nominative Мој (егђ, её) фамЏлия Смит / Моё (егђ, её) ђтчество ВЏкторович / ВЏкторовна.
Being Born and Growing Up

Both of these verbs are used almost exclusively in the Past Tense. The forms are:
Was Born Grew Up

я / ты / он родЏлсј я / ты / он вѕрос
я / ты / онЌ родилЌсь я / ты / онЌ вѕросла
мы / вы / онЏ родЏлЏсь мы / вы / онЏ вѕросли
Note the odd stress pattern for роди+...ся: either end-stress or shifting-stress.
Months
(See Lesson 46 for a list of the Months)
Recall that all months are Masculine. The spring and summer months (мЌрт – Ќвгуст) are stem-stressed; the fall
and winter months (сентјбрь – феврЌль) are end-stressed (and all end in a soft-sign).
To say in a particular month, use в + Prepositional.
ВЌдик жЎнится в мЌрте. Vadik is getting married in March.

ОнЌ былЌ в РоссЏи в декабрЎ. She was in Russia in December.
47-8
" Exercise 1 Fill in the table (You can use arrows whenever the ACC = the NOM or GEN):
small Russian airplane strange last name large old dormitory
Singular
Nom
Acc
Gen
Prep
Plural
Nom
Acc
Gen
47-9
1. She was born in Moscow, but grew up in Boston.
2. Vera and I are going to play tennis on Sunday. It will be good.
3. They used to live in a dark (тёмный) forest in Siberia.
4. We went to the opera yesterday. It was boring.
5. He often drives (goes by car) to Миннесђта.
6. How much does that camera cost? I don’t know. I don’t have (any) money.
7. Did you hear what she said? No, I wasn’t listening to Masha.
8. He has 12 books: 6 red (books), 3 green, 2 white, and 1 yellow.
9. I can’t stand Linda and Celine.
47-10
Vocabulary Lessons 41-47 & Parts 4-5 of Story
Nouns & Pronouns S4 подѓмай+ think; come to conclusion (One-Time Action)

42 потрЌти (на что) spend (One-Time Action)
S5 вокзЌл (на) train station S5 пошёл´ (ё) went (Stick to Past Tense for now. One-Time
Action.)
46 Грѓзия Georgia
46 день рождЎния birthday
S5 пригласЏ+ invite (One-Time Action.)
S5 дЌча summer house

S5 пришёл´ (ё) arrived (Stick to Past Tense for now. One-Time
Action.)
42 дЎнь/ги (е) money
S4 прочитЌй+ read (One-Time Action.)
45 занѓда bore
S4 расстрђи+ upset (One-Time Action.)
S4 кафЎ cafe
46 роди+...ся be born
43 квартЏра apartment
42 слѕша+ hear
S5 кђмната room
42 стђи+ cost
44 клЌсс grade (level in school)
S5 устрђи+ throw (a party); arrange
44 курс year in college
45 Ўзди+ (на чём) go (by vehicle)
43 лес (ѓ) forest ×
45 ходи + go (either on foot or by vehicle)
46 мЎсяц month
S4 целовЌ+...ся kiss (one another)
47 ђпера (на) opera
ошЏб/ка (о) mistake
S4
Adjectives, Adverbs & Quantifiers
45 пђезд train
S5 плЌн plan
S4 блЏзкий close
S4 подлец´ scoundrel; cad
S4 вЎчером at night
43 пол (ѓ) floor
вчерЌ вЎчером last night
S5 прирђда nature; countryside сегђдня вЎчером tonight
45 рђдственник relative зЌвтра вЎчереом tomorrow night
42 рубль´ (M) ruble 44 госудЌрственный public; governmental
47 самолёт airplane 43 грјзный dirty
S4 свиньј swine 41 действЏтельный really; actual
S4 секрЎт secret 43 Џмпортный imported
S5 уикінд weekend 45 кудЌ to where; wither
43 ѓлица street 42 лЎтом in the summer
46 фамЏлия last name 42 мЌленький small
S4 цель (F) goal 41 недЌвно recently
46 экзЌмен по (history) exam S4 не/официЌльный un/official
истђрии
41 обыкновЎнный normal; typical
S5 один´ (и) alone
Verbs 44 престЏжный prestigous
(For now, use one-time action verbs only in the Past and Infinitive.)
S5 свобђден (е) free; unoccupied
42 слЏшком too; excessive(ly)
47 беспокђи+...ся worry; get nervous
× 41 спортЏвый sports (car)
S5 {бѓд+ / бы +} will (be); was
43 тЏхий quiet
46 вѕрос, -ла, ли grow up
S5 ѓтром in the morning
S4 вра×+ lie; tell untruth
44 чЌстный private (as opposed to public)
S4 встречЌй+...ся go out; see one another; meet
43 чЏстый clean
S5 заснѓ+ fall asleep
43 шѓмный loud; noisy
45 звонЏ+ call; telephone
47 летЌй+ fly
мог+× be able
43
Prepositions
S4 надЎя+...ся hope
S4 написа×+ write (One-Time Action)
S5 без + GEN without
S5 ночевЌ+ spend the night; sleep over
S5 в 1) + PREP 1) in; at
S4 обрЌдова+...ся rejoice; be glad
2) + ACC 2) to
S5 одЎн+...ся get dressed (One-Time Action)
S4 из-за + GEN because; due to
S5 отвЎти+ answer (One-Time Action)
S4 крђме + GEN except (for)
46 ошибЌй+...ся be mistaken
S5 на 1) + PREP 1) on; at
S4 ошЏбся, made a mistake (Stick to Past Tense for now.
2) + ACC 2) to
ошЏблась, One-Time Action.)
ошЏблись S4 о/б (обо) + PREP about; concerning
×
41 подари + give as a gift (One-Time Action)
47-11
Vocabulary Lessons 41-47 & Parts 4-5 of Story
Expressions & Misc.

S4 а вдруг... and what if...
43 бђльше не мог+× can’t take it any more; can’t [Verb] any longer
S4 вряд ли it's not likely; (casts doubt on statment)
S4 всё, что everything that
S4 дЎло в том, что the thing is, that...
46 Ўсли [кто] не if [Person] is not mistaken...
ошибЌй+...ся...
44 ещё still
47 ещё один´ (и) yet another
S4 имЎй+ прЌво have the right
не имЎй+ прЌва not have the right
46 как (твој / егђ / what's [Person's] last name?
вЌша) фамЏлия?
45 когђ нЎ было дђма [Person] was not home
41 мне to me (Indirect Object – Dative Case – of я)
S4 наш с тобђй our (yours and my)
S4 не стЌн+ + INFIN would not do something
46 пошлЏ! let's go!
47 при чём тут + what does [Noun] have to do with anything?
NOM
S4 привЎт от + GEN greetings from
S5 приня+ душ take a shower
S4 с какђй цЎлью to what end; with what goal
S4 так что so; therefore
S4 тебЎ to you (Indirect Object – Dative Case – of ты.)
S5 что за + NOM what kind of [Noun] is it?
Be sure to check the Numbers (Ordinal

and Cardinal) in Lessons 7, 41, 42, 44!
47-12
Диалоги: “I’m writing about all honest politicians”
st
48.A Another 1 conjugation verb type: a-stem verbs
48.Б Их! Ах! The Prepositional Plural of adjectives
and nouns
Диалог
Я пишѓ о чЎстных полЏтиках I’m writing about honest politicians
Аля: 1 Ты пЏшeшь сочинЎниe? О чём ты пЏшeшь? Are you writing a paper? What are you writing
about?
Олег: 2 Я пишѓ о полЏтиках. I’m writing about politicians.
Аля: 3 О какЏх полЏтиках? Об амeрикЌнских About which (what kind of) politicians? About
4 политиках? Об инострЌнных полЏтиках? О American politicians? About foreign
5 рѓсских полЏтиках? О полЏтиках, котђрые politicians? About Russian politicians? About
6 родЏлЏсь и вѕросли в ПрЏнстоне? politicians who were born and raised in
Princeton?
Олег: 7 Нет, я пишѓ о чЎстных полЏтиках. КЌжется, No, I’m writing about honest politicians. It
8 іто хорђшая тЎма. seems (to me) it’s a good topic.
Аля: 9 РЌзвe eсть такЏe полЏтики? Нeт такЏх Do there really exist such politicians? There
10 полЏтиков. Ты понимЌeшь, их нeт. aren’t any politicians like that. (There are no
such politicians.) Do you understand, they
don’t exist.
Олег: 11 Хорошђ, как скЌжeшь. Fine, whatever you say.
Словарь
2 полЏтик politician
4 инострЌнный foreign
7 не/чЎстный (The т is silent) dis/honest
7 кЌжется it seems...
8 тЎма topic; theme; subject
9 рЌзве (Expresses surprise) really?; do you really mean to say that …
9 такђй such; like that (See Grammar for explanation.)
11 как скЌжешь whatever you say (lit.: as you will say)
×
сказа+ (з mutates to ж) say; tell (See Grammar for details of conjugation.)
48-1
48.А Another 1st-Conjugation Verb Type: A-Stems
We haven’t learned any new verb types in quite a while. Here’s a new one: a-stem verbs:
48.A.1 A-Stems: Past and Infinitive - Simple Addition; Present Tense – Mutation City!
×
There are 10-15 quite common verbs whose stem ends in -а+, three of which are in this lesson: писа+ write,
× ×
сказа+ say, tell, and каза+...ся appear, seem (which appears only in the 3rd singular). We also had плЌка+ cry in
a previous lesson. Remember, since they’re not -и+, -e+, or Жа-Жа+ verbs (which are the only types of 2nd-
conjugation, guitar verbs), all а-stem verbs are 1st-conjugation (up-to-snuff).
The Past and Infinitive of а-stem verbs are formed via simple addition: V+C. We’ve seen this with сказЌл,
плЌкал, писЌл. The Present Tense is a bit more problematic.
A-Stem Verbs
Past and Infinitive
Simple V+C (harmony): No Problems
STEM PAST INFINITIVE

Masc Neut Fem Pl
-л -ло -ла -ли -ть
×
писа+ писЌл писЌло писЌла писЌли писЌть
×
сказа+ сказЌл сказЌло сказЌла сказЌли сказЌть
плЌка+ плЌкал плЌкало плЌкала плЌкали плЌкать
×
каза+…ся казЌлся казЌлось казЌлась казЌлись казЌться
Present Tense
V+V: Mutation Throughout; Possible Stress Shift
After the expected V+V truncation, there is CONSONANT MUTATION THROUGHOUT THE ENTIRE
×
PRESENT TENSE, not just in the я-form as we saw in Chapter 2 with -и+ stems (люби+: люблї but лїбишь)
and -e+ stems (вЏде+: вЏжу but вЏдишь)).
×
Also, remember the rule that the in 1st-conjugation verbs means shifting stress in the Past and not the Present
×
(жив+ жил, жилЌ, жЏли) Well, a-stem verbs are an exception to this guideline: THE STRESS SHIFT TAKES
PLACE IN THE PRESENT and not the Past. Fortunately, the pattern is the same as with 2nd-conjugation verb:
On the ending in the я-form, back to the stem everywhere else. As you can see from the above chart, stress in the
Past Tense is fixed on the a.
× ×
Stem писа+ сказа+ плЌка+
Mutation с>ш з>ж к>ч
1sg я пиш ѓ скаж ѓ плЌч у
2sg ты пЏш ешь скЌж ешь плЌч ешь
3sg он/онЌ/(онђ) пЏш ет скЌж ет плЌч ет
1pl мы пЏш ем скЌж ем плЌч ем
2pl вы пЏш ете скЌж ете плЌч ете
3pl онЏ пЏш ут скЌж ут плЌч ут
48-2
×
The verb каза+..ся seem; appear is generally only used in the (Neuter) 3sg:
×
Present: КЌжется, что … It seems that … (Same mutation з > ж as seen in сказа+);
Past: КазЌлось, что … It seemed that …
Here is an update of our mutation list. Notice that the mutations are the same for 1st and 2nd-conjugation.
MUTATION EXAMPLE: NON-MUTATING FORMS:

сидЎ/ +{U} Æ сижѓ сидЏшь … сидјт; сидЎл/а; сидЎть
дÆж
глЌди/ +{U} Æ глЌжу глЌдишь … глЌдят; глЌдил/а; глЌдить
×
тÆч шути/ +{U} Æ шучѓ шѓтишь … шѓтят; шутЏл/а; шутЏть
×
сÆш писа/ + all Pres. Tense Æ пишѓ, пЏшешь, … писЌл/а; писЌть
×
*г Æ ж мог+ non-{U} present tense Æ мђжешь, мђжет,... могѓ, мђгут; мог, моглЌ
×
сказа/+ all Pres. Tense Æ скажѓ, скЌжешь, … сказЌл/а; сказЌть
зÆж ×
каз/а+…ся all Pres. Tense Æ кЌжется казЌлось; казЌться
кÆч плЌка/+ all Pres. Tense Æ плЌчу, плЌчешь, … плЌкал/а; плЌкать
×
б Æ бл люби/ +{U} Æ люблї лїбишь … лїбят; любЏл/а; любЏть
в Æ вл готђви/ +{U} Æ готђвлю готђвишь … готђвят; готђвил/а; готђвить
*Note that the mutation of г > ж occurs only in 1st-conjugation verbs. That’s because there are no и-stem or e-
stem verbs whose final stem consonant is г.
Change either the subject or object (don’t forget to change the Case of nouns in #1):
1. ДЌша пЏшет сочинЎние (я, кнЏга, ты, мы, стихЏ, они, Њра, вы, я, ЛЌра)
2. Что он скЌжет?1 (ты, Ћна, мы, моЏ родЏтели, я, вы, ВЌня)
3. Я никогдЌ не плЌчу (Њля, мы, вы, онЏ, ты, я, ВлЌдик, нЌши дЎти)
4. РЌньше СлЌва мнђго писЌл (ВЎра, мы, вы, онЏ, я, ВЌдик)
5. Ѕгорь сказЌл «да» (МЌша, вы, мы, онЏ, я)
6. ПЎтя всю ночь плЌкал (дЎти, ЖЌнна, я, онЏ, мы, вы, кто, никтђ)
More present tense verb practice
1. вЏде+ / я 2. вЏде+ / ты 3. вЏде+ / онЏ

4. дѓмай+ / я 5. дѓмай+ / он 6. дѓмай+ / онЏ
× × ×
7. глода+ gnaw / я 8. глода+ / мы 9. глода+ / онЏ
× × ×
10. люби+ / я 11. люби+ / вы 12. люби+ / онЏ
× × ×
13. мог+ / я 14. мог+ / онЌ 15. мог+ / онЏ
16. {дай+´ / давЌй+} / я 17. {дай+´ / давЌй+} / ты 18. {дай+´ / давЌй+} / онЏ
19. {пьй+ / пи+} /я 20. {пьй+ / пи+} / вы 21. {пьй+ / пи+} /онЏ
1
This sentence is actually in the Future Tense. More about this in a later lesson.
48-3
48.Б The Prepositional Plural: Их! Ах!
We’re starting into the homestretch of the Cases. From now on, all the plural forms have just one ending for all
genders. Also, the adjectival ending is very similar to the noun ending. Enjoy.
Prepositonal (Locative) Plural

Adjectives / Nounjectives Nouns
-{I}х -{A}х
NOMINATIVE SINGULAR PREPOSITIONAL PLURAL

ітот инострЌнный полЏтик об ітих инострЌнных полЏтиках
твой дорогђй словарь в твоЏх дорогЏх словарјх
іто красЏвое мЎсто об ітих красЏвых местЌх
вЌше послЎднее сочинЎние о вЌших послЎдних сочинЎниях
ГЌлина большЌя кнЏга на ГЌлиных большЏх кнЏгах
такЌя хорђшая фотогрЌфия о такЏх хорђших фотогрЌфиях
твоЏ родЏтели о твоЏх родЏтелях
нЌши мЌленькие дЎти о нЌших мЌленьких дЎтях
Recall that the following Prepostions “govern” the Prepositional/Location Case: в/о in, at; на on, at; о/б about.
Form 3 sentences for each question as in the model:
Examples: МЏша дѓмает (собЌки – чёрные) ➯ 1) МЏша дѓмает о собЌках.

2) О какЏх собЌках он дѓмает?
3) Он дѓмает о чёрных собЌках
1. ВЎра читЌет (полЏтики – инострЌнные) 2. Я дѓмаю (писЌтели – іти рѓсские)

3. Мой профЎссор пЏшет (телевЏзоры – япђнские 4. Кђля лїбит читЌть (стрЌны – большЏе)
Japanese)
5. Мы говорЏли (музыкЌнты – іти талЌнтливые) 6. Зђя мечтЌет dream (часѕ – дорогЏе)
7. Толстђй писЌл (лїди – стрЌнные) 8. Никтђ не дѓмает (дЎвушки и пЌрни end-stressed
in Prepositional Plural – іти красЏвые)
9. Я читЌю (родЏтели – Шѓрины) 10. Я мнђго знЌю (тЏгры – бЎлые)
48-4
48-й урок − Домашнее задание
" Exercise 1 Complete the Verb Chart:
× ×
Stem писа+ плЌка+ показа+ point; show
Present я
он/Ќ
онЏ
Past он
онЌ
онЏ
Infinitive
×
Stem кричЌ+ yell пђмни+ глода+ gnaw
Present я
он/Ќ
онЏ
Past он
онЌ
онЏ
Infinitive
48-5
" Exercise 2 Put the noun phrases in the correct form. Pay close attention to CNG – not all
noun phrases are in plural.
1. Я люблї читЌть о (рѓсские Ќвторы)
2. Почемѓ он говорЏт об (іта ужЌсная пЎсня)
3. МоЏ ключЏ лежЌт на (іти крЌсные кнЏги)
4. Я купЏл подЌрок для (её стЌршая сестрЌ)
5. Что ты знЌешь о (егђ скѓчные рђдственники)
6. Мој подрѓга ѓчится на (пЎрвый курс)
7. МЏша пЏшет кнЏгу о (спортЏвные машЏны)
8. Мы Ўздили в (интерЎсные стрЌны)
9. У (ітот бездЌрный актёр) шесть (крЌсные итальјнские машЏны)
48-6
Диалоги: “We’re not writing about anyone”
49.A The Prepositional of personal and other
pronouns
49.Б Review of the Cases so far
Диалог
Мы ни о ком не пЏшем We’re not writing about anyone
Марк 1 Что вы дЎлаете? What are you doing?

РЌя и 2 Мы пЏшем статьї длј университЎтской We’re writing an article for the college newspaper.
ОлЎг газЎты.
Марк 3 О ком вы пЏшете? Вы пЏшете обо мнe? Who are you writing about? Are you writing about
4 Никто никогдЌ не пЏшет обо мнЎ. me? No one ever writes about me.
РЌя и 5 Нeт, мы нe пЏшем о тeбe. Ты такђй занѓда. No, we’re not writing about you. You’re such a
ОлЎг bore.
Марк 6 Значит вы пЏшете о Мишe? Почемѓ вы So, you’re writing about Misha? Why are you
7 пЏшете о нём? Никто не хђчет читЌть о нём. writing about him? No one wants to read about
8 Он такђй подлЎц! him. He’s such a scoundrel.
РЌя и 9 Нeт, мы нe пЏшем о нём. Ты прав, никтђ бы No, we’re not writing about him. You’re right, no
ОлЎг 10 не читЌл статьї о нём. one would read an article about him.
Марк 11 ЗнЌчит вы пЏшете вЌшу дурЌцкую статьї о So, you’re writing your idiotic article about
12 ЖЌннe. Почемѓ все всегдЌ пЏшут о ней? Zhanna. Why does everyone write about her? I
13 УмЌ не приложѓ, почемѓ все её лїбят. Я can’t for the life of me figure out why everyone likes
14 бђльше не хочѓ слѕшать о ней!! her. I don’t want to hear about her anymore.
РЌя и 15 Нeт, нЌша статьј нe о нeй и не о МЏше. Мы не No, our article is not about her and it’s not about
ОлЎг 16 пЏшем статью о них. ОнЏ такЏе занѓды. Мы Misha. We’re not writing an article about them.
17 ни о кђм не пЏшем. Мы пЏшем об однђм They are such bores. We’re not writing about
18 ђчень стрЌнном учЎбнике рѓсского языкЌ. anyone. We’re writing about a very strange
Russian textbook.
Марк 19 А я слѕшал, что ЖЌнна и Миша пЏшут ђчень Well I heard that Zhanna and Misha are writing a
20 критЏческую статьї о вас. НедЌвно онЏ very critical article about you. Recently they were
21 менј спрЌшивали о вас. asking me about you.
РЌя и 22 Почемѓ онЏ пЏшут статьї о нас? ОнЏ ничего Why are they writing an article about us? They
ОлЎг 23 не знЌют о нас. КакЏе онЏ нахЌлы! don’t know anything about us. They are such jerks!
Словарь (See 49.A for Prepositional/Locative Pronouns)
2 статьј article (newspaper, magazine)

2 университЎтский university (Adjective)
11 дурЌцкий idiotic (Related to дурЌк)
13 умЌ не приложѓ + question phrase I can’t for the life of me figure out...(why / who/ when, etc.)
18 учЎбник textbook
20 критЏческий critical
49-1
49.А Prepositional Pronouns
Prepositional Case:
Personal and interrogative pronouns
NOMINATIVE PREPOSITIONAL
я I обо мнЎ about me
ты you о тeбЎ about you
он; онђ he; it о нём about him; it
онЌ she о нeй about her
мы we о нас about us
вы you; y’all о вас about y’all
онЏ they о них about them
кто? who о ком? about who(m)?
никтђ no one ни о ком about no one
что? what о чём? about what?
ничегђ nothing ни о чём about nothing
всё everything обо всём about everything
V Question: So what is up with обо мне (всём)? Why the extra /-бо/? Why not о мне, о
всём, etc., after all, they do begin in a consonant?
Answer: You’re right again. Но что же дЎлать?
Also note that we did not put parentheses around the н in front of the 3rd-person pronouns нём, ней, них. That’s
because with the Prepositional Case a preposition must be used.
49-2
Form a question and provide an answer. (You have to distinguish between people and things.)
Example: ты (он) ➯ − О ком ты говоришь? − Я говорю о нём.

Аня (машины) ➯ − О чём Аня говорит? − Она говорит о машинах.
1. Миша (я) 2. Лёва (синие плЌтья) 3. ты (она)

4. вы (его первая женЌ) 5. Рита (они) 6. Они (вы)
7. Стёпа (ты) 8. ты (красивые собаки) 9. Света (он)
10. Вы (всё) 11. Яша (мы) 12. Зоя (дЎньги)
13. Кђстя с МЌшей (никто) think! 14. я (протЏвный профЎссор) 15. Лена (наша мать)
49.Б Case Review
49.Б.1 Personal and Other Pronouns
NOM ACC GEN PREP

я мeнј обо мне
ты тeбј о тебЎ
он; онђ (н)eгђ о нём
онЌ (н)eё о нЎй
мы нас о нас
вы вас о вас
онЏ (н)их о них
кто когђ о ком
никтђ ни/когђ ни о ком
что что чегђ о чём
(ничегђ*) ничегђ ни о чём
*Technically, the Nominative ничтђ exists, but its use is quite limited.
49-3
49-й урок

-{I}й / -ђй -∅ -{O}е -{O} -{A}я -{A} / -ь -{I}е -{I}; Neut -{A}
мой нђвый гЌлстук моё нђвое письмђ мој нђвая машЏна / дверь моЏ нђвые гЌлстуки / пЏсьма / машЏны
ваш послЎдний карандЌш вЌше послЎднее полотЎнце вЌша послЎдняя пЎсня вЌши послЎдние карандашЏ / пЎсни
какђй хорђший актёр какђе хорђшее здЌние какЌя хорђшая фотогрЌфия какЏе хорђшие актёры / здЌния
↑ -{U}ю -{U} / -ь ↑
Inanimate ‘borrows’ NOM Inanimate ‘borrows’ NOM
↑
Same as NOM вЌшу послЎднюю пЎсню
Грамматика
Animate ‘borrows’ GEN Animate ‘borrows’ GEN

Nouns, Adjectives, and Nounjectives
какѓю хорђшую фотогрЌфию
49-4
іту большѓю дЎвушку / мышь
↓ ↓
-{О}го -{A} -{O}й -{I} -{I}х -{O}в; -∅; -ей
моегђ нђвого гЌлстука моегђ нђвого письмЌ моЎй нђвой машЏны / двЎри моЏх нђвых гЌлстуков / пЏсем / машЏн
вЌшего послЎднего карандашЌ вЌшего послЎднего полотЎнца вЌшей послЎдней пЎсни вЌших послЎдних карандашЎй / пЎсен
(-ияÆ-ии;
-{O}м -е (-ий; -ие Æ -ии) (ѓ) -{O}й -е -{I}х -{A}х
-ьÆ-и)
о моём нђвом гЌлстуке
о вЌшем послЎднем карандашЎ о моём нђвом письмЎ о моЎй нђвой машЏне / двЎри о моЏх нђвых гЌлстуках / пЏсьмах
о какђм хорђшем актёре о вЌшем послЎднем полотЎнце в вЌшей послЎдней пЎсне о вЌших послЎдних пЎснях
об ітом большђм планетЌрии в какђм хорђшем здЌнии о какђй хорђшей фотогрЌфии о какЏх хорђших актёрах / здЌниях
49.В.2
на грјзном полѓ об ітом большђм мЎсте об ітой красЏвой дЎвушке об ітих большЏх дЎвушках / мышЌх
в большђм лесѓ
Each noun phrase will be read in the singular and the plural. Note that there are a few gaps in
the exercise – where a certain form would not make sense. Be sure you understand every form
that is recited.
The four model sentences (corresponding to the four cases we have learned) are:
1. Там... 2. Он лїбит... 3. Я не могѓ жить без... 4. Все говорјт о/б/o...
Example: ітот мЏлый врач Там ітот мЏлый врач

Там іти мЏлые врачЏ
Он лїбит ітого мЏлого врачЌ.

Он лїбит ітих мЏлых врачЎй.
Я не могѓ жить без ітого мЏлого врачЌ.

Я не могѓ жить без ітих мЏлых врачЎй.
Все говорјт об ітом мЏлом врачЎ.

Все говорјт об ітЏх мЏлых врачЌх.
А) Noun Phrases
1. іта чЎстная жЎнщина 2. іто большђе здЌние 3. егђ нђвая немЎцкая машЏна
4. ітот дорогђй словЌрь 5. ітот инострЌнный полЏтик 6. іта корЏчневая лђшадь
B) Some Personal Names (do the singular only)
1. БорЏс Ѓльцин 2. МЏтя 3. ВЎра Петрђва
C) Pronouns (each will have either the singular or plural answer)
1. ты 2. он 3. онЌ 4. мы 5. я 6. онЏ 7. кто?
49-5
" Exercise 1 ‘Add water’ to create grammatical sentences. For several sentences you will have
to add either an appropriate preposition, a negative particle, or a verb. Pay attention to Case as
well as Verb Agreement. All adjectives are in the dictionary form. Use the present tense unless
told otherwise.
×
Example: Я / люби+ / читЌй+ / большђй / машЏна (plural) Я люблї читЌть о большЏх машЏнах.
1. Я (subject) / чЌсто / дѓмай+ / онЌ
2. ОнЌ (subject) / чЌсто / дѓмай+ / я
3. На / стол / лежЌ+ / мой / ключ (plural)
4. О / кто / они / говорЏ+ ?
5. Я / Ўзди+ / МосквЌ (past tense)
×
6. ВЎра (subject) / никто / люби+
×
7. Никтђ (subject) / люби+ / ВЎра
8. Он / никтђ / дѓмай+ (think!)
×
9. Мы (subject) / купи+ / подЌрок / вы (past tense)
49-6
×
10. Какђй / машЏна / ты / хоте+?
×
11. МЏша / не / мог+ / жив+ / без / онЌ
×
12. Я (subject) / ты / терпЎть не мог+
13. Вы / вЏде+ / іти / жЎнщины?
×
14. Я / учи+..ся / put in a truthful answer / кѓрс
15. У / я / 34 / немЎцкий / машЏна
16. На / что / онЏ / Ўзди+ / в / ФиладЎльфия? (past tense)
×
17. Он / {пьй+´ / пи+} / дорогђй / хорђший / немЎцкий / пЏво
18. Мой / млЌдший / сестрЌ / рабђтай+ / грјзный / плохђй / ресторЌн
× ×
19. Никтђ / хоте+ / бы / учи+...ся / ГЌрвард
20. У / егђ родЏтели / нет / дЎньги
49-7
Диалоги: “What’s the weather like today?”
“How was your vacation?”
Грамматика: The weather
A. Какая сегодня погђда? What’s the weather like today?
ЛЌра: 1 КакЌя сегђдня (бѓдет) погђда? What’s the weather (going to be) like today?
Лёня: 2 Бѓдет теплђ, дЌже жЌрко, сЎмьдесят пять It’s going to be warm, even hot, 75°. Then it
3 грЌдусов. А потђм, мђжет быть, бѓдет дождь. might rain. Do you have an umbrella?
4 У тебя есть зђнтик?
ЛЌра: 5 К сожалЎнию, у меня нет зонтЌ. Я его остЌвила в Unfortunately I don’t have an umbrella. I left it
6 библиотЎке. А ты не знЌешь, какЌя зЌвтра бѓдет in the library. Do you know what the weather is
7 погђда? going to be like tomorrow?
Лёня: 8 Я слѕшал по рЌдио, что зЌвтра бѓдет хђлодно, I heard on the radio that it’s going to be cold
9 трЏдцать грЌдусов. Мђжет быть, бѓдет снег. tomorrow. 30°. It might snow.
ЛЌра: 10 ОтлЏчно! Я ђчень люблї, когда идёт снег. Great! I really like it when it snows.
Лёня 11 А я терпЎть не могѓ холђдную погђду. And I can’t stand cold weather.
Б. Как у тебя прошлЏ канЏкулы? How was your vacation?
ЛЏза: 12 Как у тебя прошлЏ канЏкулы? How was your vacation?

Марк: 13 Хорошђ. Я Ўздил в КолорЌдо. Good. I went to Colorado.
ЛЏза: 14 КакЌя там былЌ погђда? How was the weather there?
Марк: 15 Бѕло довђльно хђлодно. КЌждый день шёл снег. It was pretty cold. It snowed every day. But one
16 А одЏн день бѕло ђчень теплђ, и шёл дождь. А day it was really warm and it rained. So how
17 как у тебя прошлЏ канЏкулы? was your vacation?
ЛЏза: 18 Не спрЌшивай. Я всю недЎлю сидЎла дђма и Don’t ask. I stayed home all week and cried. My
19 плЌкала. Мой друг меня брђсил. boyfriend dumped me.
Марк 20 Беднјга! You poor thing!
Словарь
1 погђда weather
2 жЌркий hot (weather) (You cannot use this word to describe a substance
such as tea. In case you’re wondering, it’s горјчий чай.)
3 грЌдус degree (of temperature)
3 дождь΄ (Masculine) rain (noun)
3 зонт΄ or зђнтик umbrella
8 рЌдио (Neut.; *indeclinable) radio
слѕша+ по рЌдио hear on the radio
9 снЎг (Prepositional: -ѓ: в снегѓ) snow (noun)
10 {ид+´/ ш(ё)л+} снег, дождь snow, rain (verb) (See 50.A for discussion.)
12 прош(ё)л- (Past Tense) pass; go (time, event)
12 канЏкулы always plural (Gen канЏкул) vacation
Как у [когђ] прошлЏ канЏкулы? How was [Person’s] vacation? (Best to learn as a phrase.)
50-1
50.А Погђда The Weather
Some phrases to learn:
1) With the word погђда weather
КакЌя сегђдня погђда? What’s the weather like today?

Какая в Лђндоне погђда? What’s the weather like in London?
Какая вчерЌ былЌ погђда? What was the weather like yesterday?
Какая зЌвтра бѓдет погђда? What’s the weather going to be like tomorrow?
Какѓю погђду ты лїбишь? What kind of weather do you like?
Я люблї (ненавЏжу) холђдную / тёплую / I like (hate) cold / warm / hot weather
жЌркую погђду.
We strongly recommend that you learn these phrases with this word order, so practice them to yourself a lot. (You
may notice, by the way, that the КакЌя … погђда has the same word order pattern as other какой expressions
we’ve seen, e.g., Какђй сегђдня день? КакЌя ты стрЌнная!, etc.)
Translate into Russian (No peeking − do not do this exercise until you’ve mastered the above
phrases!):
1. What’s the weather like today? 2. What was the weather like yesterday?
3. What’s the weather going to be tomorrow? 4. What kind of weather do you like?
5. I like cold weather. 6. I can’t stand hot weather.
2) To say It’s cold / warm / hot, use the short-form adjective in the Neut Sg with the proper tense of the verb be.
You can add location phrases, including на ѓлице out(side). Do NOT use это to translate English it’s.
Сегђдня.... / ВчерЌ бѕло... / ЗЌвтра Today it’s... / Yesterday it was... / Tomorrow it will
бѓдет... be…
хђлодно* cold
теплђ* warm
жЌрко hot
В СибЏри всегдЌ хђлодно. It’s always cold in Siberia.
На ѓлице довђльно теплђ. It’s quite warm out(side).
ЗЌвтра бѓдет не очень жЌрко. It’s not going to be very hot tomorrow.
* Note difference in stress between long form adjective and the short form: холђдный × хђлодно, тёплый ×
теплђ.
50-2
Translate into Russian (Again, no peeking):
1. It’s very cold outside. 2. It’s going to be hot tomorrow.

3. It’s always warm in ТехЌс 4. It was cold yesterday, but today it’s warm.
5. It’s going to be cold tomorrow night. 6. Last night it was very warm, even hot.
3) Raining or snowing: There is no special verb to rain/snow. Instead, use the double-stem verb {ид+´/ шёл+´
(ё)} plus either the noun дождь rain or снег snow (literally: Goes rain/snow). As a general rule, THE VERB
SHOULD PRECEDE THE NOUN. Again, do NOT use это. In the Past Tense, the verb will be шёл, since
both дождь and снег are Masculine.
To say that it will rain/snow use the 3rd Singular of the verb will be бѓд+ plus дождь / снег.
Идёт дождь / снег. It’s raining / snowing.

Вчера шёл дождь. It rained yesterday.
Весь день шёл снег. It snowed all day.
В Сиітле очень чЌсто идёт дождь. It rains a lot in Seattle.
ЗЌвтра бѓдет дождь / снег. It’s going to rain / snow tomorrow.
Translate into Russian (Don’t worry if your answer varies slightly from the recording):
1. It’s raining. 2. It’s snowing.

3. It rained all day yesterday. 4. It’s going to snow tomorrow.
5. It’s going to snow tonight. 6. When I was in Moscow it snowed every day.
4) To express the temperature, use the noun грЌдус degree in the correct case. (Remember the stuff about the
case of nouns after numbers?) For the Past use the “default” 3rd-Neuter Singular verb be бѕло. Again, for
out(side) use на ѓлице. Like practically every country in the world (крђме АмЎрики), Russia uses the
Celsius scale.
To say minus use мЏнус and the number. The word грЌдус is often omitted, just as in English. (If you plan
on going to Russia anytime soon, you better get used to this − on the Celsius scale negative temperature are
very common.)
One tiny grammar point: If the temperature ends in the word один грЌдус (1°, 21°, 31°, etc.) the Past Tense
verb is Masculine был, not Neuter. Normally, people would round the temperature down.
Скђлько грЌдусов сегђдня? What’s the temperature today?

Скђлько грЌдусов бѕло вчерЌ? What was the temperature yesterday?
На ѓлице двЌдцать грЌдусов. It’s 20° out(side).
Вчера бѕло мЏнус трЏдцать три (грЌдуса). It was −33° yesterday.
Вчера был сђрок одЏн грЌдус. It was 41° yesterday.
Сегодня вЎчером бѓдет сорок грЌдусов. It’s going to be 40° tonight.
Завтра бѓдет девянђсто два грЌдуса. Tomorrow it’s going to be 92°.
Завтра бѓдет мЏнус дЎсять (грЌдусов). Tomorrow it’s going to be −10°
50-3
Translation
1. It’s 70° today. 2. It’s going to be 90° tomorrow

3. It was -30° yesterday. 4. Yesterday is was 50° in Moscow.
5. It usually 65° in our apartment. 6. It’s going to be -10° tomorrow.
50-4
50-й урок Homework
" УпражнЎние 1 Using full sentences, answer the questions as honestly as you wish:
1. What’s the weather like today?
________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What kind of weather do you like?
________________________________________________________________________________________
3. What’s the temperature today?
________________________________________________________________________________________
4. What was the weather like yesterday?
________________________________________________________________________________________
5. What’s the weather like in МайЌми?
________________________________________________________________________________________
6. What’s the weather like in Siberia?
________________________________________________________________________________________
" УпражнЎние 2 Translate into Russian:
1. − Where’s my umbrella? − You don’t have an umbrella.
________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What’s the weather going to be like tomorrow?
________________________________________________________________________________________
3. What’s the temperature outside today?
________________________________________________________________________________________
4. − How was your vacation? − So-so. I went to Paris and Rome (ПарЏж / Рим)
________________________________________________________________________________________
41-5
Диалоги: “Everybody was asking about you.”
“What time did you get up today? “
“What are you going to do tomorrow?”
Грамматика: Introduction to Verbal Aspect
Диалоги
A. Всe спрЌшивали о тeбЎ Everybody was asking about you
Макс: 1 Гдe ты былЌ вчeра? Всe спрЌшивали о тeбЎ. Where were you last night? Everybody was
2 ДЌже Серёжа спросЏл о тебЎ. asking about you. Even Serjozha asked about
you.
Лиля: 3 Я сидЎла (былЌ) в кабинЎтe, как всeгдЌ, и писЌла I was sitting (was) in my office, as always, and
4 учЎбник. writing my textbook.
Макс: 5 А скђлько странЏц ты вчeрЌ написЌла? How many pages did you write yesterday?
Лиля: 6 Вчeра был хороший дeнь. Я три странЏцы Yesterday was a good day. I wrote 3 pages.
7 написЌла. РЌньше я тђлько однѓ странЏцу в Before I would only write a page per day.
8 день писЌла.
Б. Во скђлько ты встал сегодня? What time did you get up today?
Варя: 9 Во скђлько ты обѕчно встаёшь? (At) what time do you usually get up (in the
morning)?
Лёва: 10 Обѕчно я встаї в сeмь. Usually I get up around 7.
Варя: 11 А сeгодня? Во скђлько ты встал сeгодня? And today? What time did you get up today?
Лёва: 12 Сeгодня я встал очeнь пђздно, в дЎвять. Today I got up really late, at 9.
Варя: 13 А когдЌ ты вставЌл, когдЌ ты учЏлся в шкђлe? And when did you get up when you were in high
school?
Лёва: 14 Раньшe я очeнь рЌно вставЌл. Я игрЌл в I used to get up really early. I played on the
15 футбђльной комЌндe, и у нас кЌждоe ѓтро в football team and every morning at 6 we had
16 шeсть былЌ трeнирђвка. practice.
Варя: 17 А когда ты встЌнешь завтра? When are you going to get up tomorrow?
Лёва: 18 Завтра суббђта, знЌчит я пђздно встЌну. Tomorrow’s Saturday, so (= which means) I’ll
get up late.
В. Что ты бѓдешь дЎлать зЌвтра? What are you going to do tomorrow?
Нина 19 Что ты бѓдешь дЎлать завтра? What are you going to do tomorrow?
Рома 20 Їтром я бѓду сидЎть дђма и занимЌться. Завтра In the morning I’m going to stay home and
21 у меня экзЌмен по рѓсскому языкѓ. А потом, study. I have an exam tomorrow in Russian.
22 может быть, я приготђвлю обед. Придѓт моЏ And then maybe I’ll make (=prepare) dinner.
23 родЏтели. My parents are coming (over).
(The grammar explanations in the lesson often refer back to these dialogues. We suggest you remove this page for easy
reference while reading the lesson.)
Словарь
×
1 спрЌшивай+ // спроси+ ask (for information) (See below for explanation of //)
5 странЏца page
8 в + ACC (of time period) per (which is often omitted in English: Two times a day.)
в день; в час per day; per hour
9 во скђлько at what time; when
15 футбђльный football – Adj.
15 комЌнда team
16 тренирђвка (athletic) practice
22 готђви+ // при- cook; prepare
×
22 приходи+ // arrive; come (on foot)
{прид+´/приш(ё)л+´} Infinitive: прийтЏ
50.А Introduction to Verbal Aspect (Вид)
(Today’s lesson contains more grammatical explanations and less practice than a normal lesson. Read through
the explanations very carefully. Don’t worry if the notion of Aspect seems very strange. We’ll be working on this
for the rest of the year and throughout second-year Russian as well.)
☺ The Good News
Russian, unlike English, has no complicated verb tenses like the Past Anterior, Present Perfect, Present Perfect
Continuous, Past Indicative, etc., etc. Instead, there are just 3 tenses in Russian: PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE.
The Not-As-Good News
For the Past and the Future, but not for the Present, most verbs come in what are known as “aspectual pairs”,
consisting of an IMPERFECTIVE (НесовершЎнный) and a PERFECTIVE (СовершЎнный) form. While the rules
for deciding between Imperfective and Perfective in the Past and Future can be complex (often depending on what
aspect of the action the speaker wishes to convey), the rule that only the Imperfective is used for the Present can
be confidently taken to the bank.1
First, let’s look at how Imperfective and Perfective verbs differ (or are similar) in form. After that, we’ll discuss
the difference in meaning between the two aspects.
1
In rare, very rare instances, the Perfective can be used to describe an action in the Present.
51-2
51.A.1 Imperfective and Perfective verbs in the different tenses

• Past
IMPERFECTIVE PERFECTIVE
писЌл написЌл
вставЌла встЌла
говорЏли сказЌли
мог смђг
Both Imperfective and Perfective add -л, -ло, -ла, -ли (except, of course, for Greasy Zeke verbs) to form the Past
Tense. So to some extent, you can’t immediately identify the aspect of a Past Tense verb. Tomorrow we’ll discuss
a few guidelines, but there’s no 100% rule.
Note: We have not yet explained how to derive a Perfective stem. For now just be aware that the Perfective uses
× ×
a different stem than the Imperfective. (One example: Imperfective писа+; Perfective: написа+. Much more on
this later.)
• Present
пишѓ, пЏшешь, etc.
встаї, встаёшь, etc. DOES NOT EXIST!
говорї, говорЏшь, etc.
Judging from this chart, you might conclude that you can always identify a Present Tense verb – it would have the
Present Tense endings (1st or 2nd conjugation) we’ve been practicing since Chapter 2. However, as we’ll see
directly below, verbs with “Present Tense” endings can have a Future meaning.
• Future
бѓду писЌть, бѓдешь писЌть, etc. напишѓ, напЏшешь, etc.
бѓду вставЌть, бѓдешь вставЌть, etc. встЌну, встЌнешь, etc.
бѓду говрЏть, бѓдешь говрЏть, etc. скажѓ, скЌзешь, etc.
Here we see that the Imperfective has a “compound Future”, the verb бѓд+ be/will followed by an Infinitive. The
Perfective Future simply conjugates the verb by adding “Present Tense” endings to the stem of the perfective
verb. Technically, we should have called the Present Tense endings we gave back in Chapter 2 “non-Past
endings”. So, if you see just the verbal ending -у, -ишь, -ет, -ят or -ют, etc., you can’t immediately tell what
tense the verb is. If the verb is Imperfective, it’s the Present Tense; if it’s Perfective, it’s the Future:
51-3
• Infinitive
писЌть написЌть
вставЌть встать
говорЏть сказЌть
Technically, the Infinitive is not a tense, but in any case, you can see that both the Imperfective and Perfective
attach -ть. (We’ll see some other ways to form the Infinitive later on):
***Very Important Note About Our Notation***

In the СловЌрь we will always list the Imperfective stem(s) on the left and the Perfective stem(s) on the right,
separated by 2 slashes. In cases where the Perfective simply attaches a prefix, we will list just the prefix. Here are
a few sample entries:
×
Impf // Perf спрЌшивай+ // спроси+ ask (for information)
{встай+´/вставЌй+} //
Impf // Perf get up; wake up
встЌн+
Impf // Perf w/ prefix читЌй+ // про- read
In the second example the Imperfective is double-stem verb {встай+´ / вставЌй+}. This is NOT an aspectual pair.
Both stems are Imperfective, with the stem on the left used for the Present, and the stem on the left for the Past
and Infinitive. The Perfective stem (to the right of the //) is встЌн+.
As we mentioned above, we still have not seen exactly how to form a Perfective verb from its Imperfective pair
(or vice versa). We’ll cover that in depth tomorrow.
Summary of the Forms of Imperfective and Perfective Verbs
PAST PRESENT FUTURE

бѓд+ (will) + Infinitive
As we have learned:
form with -л, -ло, -ла, -ли Я бѓду занимЌться.
IMPF. I am going to study
пишѓ, пЏшешь, пЏшет
писЌл, писЌла, etc. пЏшем, пЏшете, пЏшут Он бѓдет весь день смотрЎть телевЏзор.
He is going to watch TV all day.
НикогдЌ! No helping verb. Just conjugate like a

Same endings as for Present-Tense verb:
Imperfective verbs: NOT GONNA DO IT. Во сколько ты встЌнешь завтра?
PERF. What time are you going to get up tomorrow?
написЌл, написЌла, etc.
¡NO! Завтра придѓт моЏ родЏтели.
My parents are coming tomorrow.
51-4
51.A.2 Basic Meaning of Aspect:

• Perfective for Single Completed Actions
Use the Perfective in the Past and the Future to indicate a single action that definitely has been/will be
completed. If there is any other information being conveyed (see below) use the Imperfective.
• Imperfective – Repeated Actions / Describing Progress of the Action

Some of the most common uses of the Imperfective are:
1. Present Tense – (a “no-brainer”) Applies to all the uses of the Present: action in progress (He’s doing his
homework), general statement (He does his homework every day; I’ve been living in Moscow for 5 years.)
2. Repetition/Habit – Actions repeated either on one occasion or over a long period of time appear in the
Imperfective. In line 1 of the dialogue the imperfective спрЌшивали is used to indicate that over the course
of the evening the action of asking was repeated. Contrast this with the Perfective спросЏл in line 2, where
the action was successfully performed one time. In lines 13 and 14 the Imperfective вставЌл is used to
describe a habitual action. Again, contrast this with the Perfective встЌнешь and встЌну in lines 17-18,
which describe a single action that (it is assumed) will be successfully completed.
For the Repetition/Habit meaning, even though the action is completed, the repetitiveness “trumps” the
notion of completion and the Imperfective must be used.
3. State/Activity Verbs – These verbs describe either: 1) the physical position or state a person was (will be) in
or; 2) how a person spent (will be spending) their time. Note that there is no emphasis on accomplishment:
a. the state (i.e., physical position Он лежЌл на диване. He was lying (lay) on the couch.
or condition) a person was / ГоловЌ вчерЌ весь день болЎла (My) head hurt all day yesterday.
will be in
Я бѓду спать на полѓ. I’ll sleep on the floor.
b. how a person spent / will Я вчера смотрЎл телевЏзор. I watched TV yesterday
spend their time Я бѓду занимЌться завтра вЎчером. I’m going to study tomorrow night..
Маша бѓдет учЏться в ПрЏнстоне. Masha is going to study at Princeton.
Мы жЏли в МосквЎ. We lived / were living in Moscow.
V Question: In the first part of the Sara story I recall the phrase: Я решЏла один семЎстр
пожЏть в Москве. Is the verb пожЏть Perfective? If so, how can that be?
Isn’t living in Moscow how she planned on spending her time? This seems
like a prototypical State/Activity Verb. And how can you “accomplish” living
somewhere?
Answer: Like we said, Aspect can be tricky. Yes, пожить is Perfective. But here the
prefix по- adds a special meaning – “to do something for a short, limited
time”. It was not her intention to live in Moscow forever, but for a specific
amount of time. Anyway, we’ll get back to this later, but we just wanted to
point out just one example of aspect in the real world.
51-5
51.A.3 More on Choosing between Perfective and Imperfective

To some extent, there (almost always) is no choice. When a native speaker wishes to convey the way they view2 a
particular (Past or Future, but not, of course, Present) action, they automatically, instinctively pick the “correct”
aspect. For non-Russians, this process is, sadly, much less automatic and instinctive. Instead, we must rely on
certain keys that indicate something about the nature, the aspect of the action.
• Keys for deciding Aspect

You are not (yet) responsible for any new adverbs [marked with *] in this list. We’ve included them because they
provide very clear examples of the distinction between Imperfective and Perfective. We don’t expect you to
memorize this chart at this point. It’s given for general reference. We’ll cover each of these points in depth later
on.
• PRESENT TENSE (trumps everything) • A single, completed act (in the Past or Future)
• English uses -ing form (so-called “continuous”): • A sequence of completed actions:
Yesterday I was reading a book. Woke up, got out of bed, dragged a comb across my
head.
Tomorrow I will be fixing my car all afternoon.
* Note that this does not contradict the above key. Even
While I was eating breakfast, the phone rang.
though more than one action is described, each action
* Do not confuse the -ing of the continuous tense with itself is a single, completed action.
the -ing found on ‘going’, which is used for simple
Future tense. Thus, the sentence I am going to open the
door would be translated with a Perfective verb.
• With Adverbs indicating: • With Adverbs indicating:
1) repetition/habit: всегдЌ, чЌсто, иногдЌ, рЌньше, 1) completion: ужЎ, *наконЎц finally
кЌждый (день / мЎсяц, etc.)
2) “one-timedness”: *однЌжды – once (in the Past)
2) duration: дђлго, цЎлый (день), всю (недЎлю)
3) Suddenness: *вдруг suddenly3, срЌзу immediately
3) non-existence of action: никогдЌ (не)
×
• The Infinitive after the verb люби+: • Perfective Transitive verbs very often have a direct
object, whereas Imperfective verbs may not
Мы лїбим стојть на балкђне и курЏть.
Contrast Imperfective: Я весь день писЌл (no direct
Я люблї читЌть.
object) vs. Perfective: Я вчерЌ написЌл три письмЌ. It
ОнЌ не лїбит занимЌться is impossible to say Я написЌл without a direct object
(unless it is clear from context that a direct object is
implied).
2
It’s not a coincidence that the Russian word for Aspect is вид, which is obviously related to виде+ see.
3
Has no relation to а вдруг what if.
51-6
• Nice test for Perfective – got something X-ed

Use the Perfective form if you can form a sentence with the colloquial English verb got + participle as in I
(finally) got the stupid paper written or I eventually got the room cleaned up. As we see in line 4 of the dialogue,
the Perfective написЌл is used to focus on the completion of the action. The action itself, the writing of the three
pages, probably lasted the entire day, but because the speaker wishes to focus on what she got done the Perfective
is used. The example nicely illustrates that the same activity can be described with different verbs, depending on
what aspect of the action the speaker wishes to emphasize. However, we don’t want to give you the impression
that it’s entirely your choice as to which aspect to use. For almost all situations there is a correct way of
describing the action.
• Aspect ≠ Tense
In the above chart we indicated that English continuous tense (was eating, will be fixing) always corresponds to
the Imperfective. However, as a general rule you cannot associate specific tenses in English (except the Present)
with one or the other aspect. (Believe us, this has been tried by many a student and teacher and it just doesn’t
work.)
• How to “Learn” Aspect

Learning Aspect is different from learning conjugation or declension in that it’s not simply a matter of
memorization and practice. You need to look at a lot of examples, and eventually (with the proper guidance)
you’ll develop a ‘feel’ for aspect. Still, we can tell you from experience that there are a lot of instances where
even very experienced learners of Russian have a hard time with aspect – so don’t worry if this seems hard.
Let’s take a look at the each of the verbs in the dialogues and discuss the aspect. (Be sure you have the first page
of the lesson handy.)
ASPECT REASON
LINE VERB
(I or P) (S/A = “State/Activity”)
This verb is by nature Imperfective. You can’t complete “being”. It’s
1 былЌ I the ultimate state/activity verb.
Action was repeated (by everyone) over the course of the evening. Not
1 спрЌшивали I a one-time action.
2 спросЏл P A single, completed action (as opposed to the repeated action in line 1).
3 сидЎла I S/A verb (In what position the person was located.)
S/A verb (How the time was spent. No focus on accomplishing action.
4 писЌла I Even though there is the direct object учЎбник, there is no indication
that the textbook was completed.)
The question focuses on the completion of X number of pages. Also
5 написЌла P note that it’s a transitive verb with direct object .
6 был I As in line 1 – no perfective for this verb.
As in line 5. Almost always if someone asks a question in the perfective
7 написЌла P the answer should also be in the perfective.
8 писЌла I Habitual action. Same action repeated over a long period of time.
9 встаёшь I Present Tense
51-7
10 встаї I Present Tense

One time, completed action. (Since the verb is intransitive, the presence
11 встал P or absence of a direct object makes plays no role.)
Answer to a question containing a perfective verb. Again, a one time,
12 встал P completed action.
13 вставЌл I Habitual action, repeated over a stretch of time.
13 учЏлся I S/A verb. Provides “background” information.
Same as previous вставЌл in line 13. If the question asks about a
14 вставЌл I habitual action, your answer should (logically) describe a habitual
action.
S/A verb. Describes how time was often spent. Also, provides
14 игрЌл I “background” information.
16 былЌ I No perfective.
One time completed action in the future. Perfective indicates speaker
17 встЌнешь P expects action to be completed.
18 встЌну P Answer to question containing a perfective verb.
S/A verb. Even though certain actions may be accomplished, there is no
бѓдешь
19
дЎлать
I emphasis on this in the question. It’s simply How will you spend your
time tomorrow?
20 бѓду сидЎть I S/A verb.
S/A verb.
(бѓду) If you really wanted to emphasize that you intend learn a specific
20
занимЌться
I
amount or write a specific number of pages, the Perfective would be
used.
One-time completed action in the future. Again, the use of the
22 приготђвлю P Perfective stresses the intention to complete the action.
One time complete action in the future. The speaker expects his parents
22 придѓт P to arrive.
51-8
Exercise 1 Explain why the verb would be Imperfective or Perfective in Russian. (You don’t
have to translate anything, unless you happen to know the verb to rollerblade.)
1. I am reading a book.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
2. We danced all night.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
3. Who stole my car?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
4. I used to wear glasses.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
5. I like to travel (aspect of Infinitive).
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
6. Where were you?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
7. I will buy him a new car.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
8. My grandfather rollerblades in the park every Wednesday.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
51-9
51-й урок – Домашнее задание Имя ___________________________________
9. I am going to relax during vacation.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
10. Suddenly she opened the door.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
11. Everyone kept asking about you all night.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
12. I was reading an interesting article the other day.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
13. I will finish the paper by 5:00.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
14. Who will feed our elephant while we are away on vacation?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
15. I unlocked the cabinet, grabbed my bazooka, and headed toward the laundromat.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
51-10
Exercise 2 Fill in the blank with the correct aspect. Be sure to pay attention to Tense. Recall our
convention, imperfective on the left of the double slashes, perfective on the right.
×
1. ОнЌ вчерЌ ________________________________________ три странЏцы. писа+ // на-
×
2. Я слѕшал, что Толстђй ________________________ лЎвой рукђй (with his left писа+ // на-
hand – as far as we know, this is not historically accurate, but it’s good for Aspect.)
3. КогдЌ ты ___________________________________________ зЌвтра? {встай+´/вставЌй+} //

встЌн+
4. На бѓдущей недЎле (next week) я _______________________________ в 9:00. {встай+´/вставЌй+} //

встЌн+
×
5. Что онЌ _______________________________________________? (Past Tense) говорЏ+ // сказа+
×
6. О чём все _________________________________ на вечерЏнке? (Past Tense) говорЏ+ // сказа+
×
7. Ѓсли я егђ увЏжу (will see him) я _______________________________. говорЏ+ // сказа+
8. Я вчерЌ _________________________________ в два часЌ. ложЏ+...ся //

{лјг+/лёг+´}
9. РЌньше я ______________________________ в час. ложЏ+...ся //

{лјг+/лёг+´}
×
10. ОнЌ кЌждый день _____________________________________ газЎту. покупЌй+ // купи+
11. Я люблї ______________________________________________. читЌй+ // про-
12. Вчера я ______________________________ очень интерЎсныю статьї. читЌй+ // про-
×
13. Мы не ________________________________ are not going to drink на вечерЏнке {пьй+/пи+} // вѕ-
(*note stress on prefix)
×
14. Вера ___________________________________ цЎлую бутѕлку винЌ. {пьй+/пи+} // вѕ-
15. Что ты ___________________________ вчера? (How did you spend your time?) дЎлай+ // с-
16. НЌдо ____________________________________ кђмнату! убирЌй+ //

{убер+´/убрЌ+}
clean; clean up
17. Моя мать кЌждый день _____________________________ мою кђмнату. убирЌй+ //

{убер+´/убрЌ+}
51-11
Диалоги
А: “I dialed the wrong number”
Б: “He began to sing his very last song”
54.A More on Aspect
54.A.1 How to form aspectual pairs
54.A.2 Aspect of infinitives after verbs of starting
and finishing
Диалоги
A. Я не тот нђмер набрЌл I dialed the wrong number
Витя: 1 (Набирает номер) Аллђ, мђжно ВадЏма? (dials the phone) Hello, is Vadim there?
Леня: 2 Вы не тот нђмер набрЌли. You have (dialed) the wrong number.
3 (ВЏтя вЎшает трѓбку и начинЌет плЌкать) (Vitya hangs up the phones and starts to cry.)
ЖЌнна 4 Почемѓ ты повЎсил трубку? Почемѓ ты Why did you hang up (the receiver)? Why are
5 плЌчешь? you crying?
Витя: 6 Я не тот нђмер набрЌл. Я уже три рЌзa набирЌл I dialed the wrong number. I’ve already dialed
7 не тот нђмер. Что за чёрт! Я ещё один раз the wrong number three times. What the devil is
8 позвонї, а Ўсли опјть наберѓ не тот нђмер, я going on? I’ll going to call one more time, and
9 бђльше не бѓду звонЏть сегодня. if I dial the wrong I’m not going to call
anymore today.
Б. Он нЌчал петь сЌмую послЎднюю пЎсню He began to sing his very latest song
Марина: 10 Жаль, что тебј нЎ было на концЎрте вчерЌ It’s a shame that you weren’t at the concert last
вЎчером. Бѕло замечЌтельно! night. It was great.
Проша: 11 Да, но что же дЎлать? Какие пЎсни он пел? Yeah, but what can you do? What songs did he
sing?
Марина: 12 СначЌла он спел мою любЏмую пЎсню а потђм (At) first he sang my favorite song and then he
13 пел нЎсколько стЌрых пЎсен. sang a few old songs.
Проша: 14 А на бис? And for the encore?
Марина: 15 На бис он нЌчал петь сЌмую послЎднюю пЎсню, For the encore he started to sing his very latest
16 но все стЌли кричЌть «БумЌжный солдЌт» и он song, but everyone started to yell “Paper
17 согласЏлся её спеть. КогдЌ он кђнчил её петь, Soldier” and he agreed to sing it. When he
18 все встЌли и дђлго аплодЏровали. finished singing it everyone got up and
applauded for a long time.
Словарь
×
1 набирЌй+ // {набер+΄/ набра+} dial (a phone)
3 вЎшай+ // повЎси+ hang (up)
3 трѓбка telephone receiver
×
3 начинЌй+ // {начн+´ / нача+} start; begin (Either an Infinitive or a noun may follow this verb. ПрофЎссор
(Past: нЌчал, -лЌ, нЌчали) нЌчал писЌть. ПрофЎссор нЌчал урђк.)
7 что за чёрт What the devil (is going on)?
8 звонЏ+ // по- call; telephone (The person you’re calling is in the Dative, which we start learning
next week.)
10 жаль it’s a pity, it’s a shame
15 бис Encore! (This is what people yell out to encourage the performer to give an
encore.)
на бис for the encore
17 стЌн+ + Infinitive start; begin to (This verb appears only in the Perfective in this meaning.)
18 соглашЌй+...ся // согласЏ+...ся agree (to do something)
+ Infinitive
19 кончЌй+ // кђнчи+ finish (Either an Infinitive or a noun may follow this verb. ПрофЎссор кђнчил
пЎть писЌть. ПрофЎссор нЌчал урђк.)
20 дђлго for a long time
52.А More on Aspect: Forming Aspectual Pairs
There are three ways (two common / one rare) to form Aspectual pairs: 1) Add a prefix to the Imperfective stem;
2) Change the “insides” of the stem; 3) Use completely different stems.
1. Add a prefix (not of your choice) to a non-prefixed Imperfective verb to form the Perfective:
Unprefixed Prefixed
× ×
писа+ написа+
читЌй+ прочитЌй+
звонЏ+ позвонЏ+
вЏде+ увЏде+
дЎлай+ сдЎлай+
{пьй+´ / пи+} {вѕпьй+ / вѕпи+}
× ×
мог+ смог+
готђви+ приготђви+
трЌти потрЌти+
× ×
шути+ пошути+
There is just one exception to this. For the verb buy the Imperfective has a prefix, while the Perfective does not:
×
покупЌй+ // купи+.
V Question: How can you tell whether a verb is non-prefixed?

Answer: Fair question. In general, it seems pretty obvious, at least to us. As a rule,
many prepositions (на, у, в, с) also are prefixes. Other common prefixes
include: по- and при-.
V Question: How can you predict which prefix to add?

Answer: Basically, you can’t. You have to memorize which verb takes which prefix.
Sorry. Hint: by far the most common Perfective prefix is по-.
52-2
V Question: Does the prefix add a meaning? I seem to recall two verbs with similar stems
but totally different meaning – {открђй+ / открѕ+} open vs. {закрђй+ /
закрѕ+} close. It seems that the prefixes от- and за- have a meaning.
Answer: Excellent question. The answer is: It depends. You’re absolutely correct, in the
pairs {открђй+ / открѕ+} vs. {закрђй+ / закрѕ+} the prefixes do have a
distinct meaning. And later on we’re going to look at the meanings of various
prefixes. However, the prefixes added to a non-prefixed Imperfective stem to
form the Perfective do not add any other meaning.
Change the Aspect of the sentences. (You will need the list of verbs found on pages 52-5/6 for
the exercises in this lesson.)
From Imperfective > Perfective: ➯ Я кЌждый день VERB > Завтра я VERB
From Perfective > Imperfective: ➯ Вчера Маша VERB > Раньше Маша часто VERB
1. МЌша кЌждый день готђвит обЎд. 2. Он кЌждый день пьёт бутѕлку пЏвЌ.
3. Я кЌждый день дЎлаю домЌшнюю рабђту 4. ОнЏ кЌждый день пЏшут три странЏцы.
5. Мы кЌждый день ѓчим словЌ. 6. Мой отЎц кЌждый день читЌет статьї.
2. Change the “insides” of the verb.
As a rule, here the Imperfective form is longer than the Perfective. (Contrast this with the above, where the
Perfective form was longer – due to the presence of a prefix). Note that the pairs can have either different vowels
×
(закЌнчивай+ vs. закђнчи+) or consonants (спрЌшивай+ vs. спроси+) in their stems – the change in consonant
mirrors the mutation found in the Present Tense. (Technically, this operation is known as Imperfective Derivation.
The exact rules for this are a bit complex and not worth going into at this point. Wait until second-year.)
решЌй+ решЏ+
закЌнчивай+ закђнчи+
×
набирЌй+ {набер+΄/ набра+}
открывЌй+ {открђй+ /открѕ+}
бросЌй+ брђси+
×
спрЌшивай+ спроси+
Note that all the Imperfective forms are ай-stems and that nonе of the corresponding Perfective verbs are
ай-stems. Recall that we did see a few Perfective -ай+ verbs above, such as сдЎлай+ and прочитЌй+, but their
Imperfective did not have a prefix.
52-3
Change the Aspect of the sentences.
From Imperfective > Perfective: ➯ Я люблї VERB > Завтра я VERB

From Perfective > Imperfective: ➯ Вчера Маша VERB > Маша никогдЌ неVERB
1. Я люблї рЌно вставЌть. 2. МЏша лїбит открывЌть магазЏн.

3. Мы лїбим расскЌзывать о рѓсской граммЌтике. 4. Мој мать лїбит покупЌть хлеб.
5. Кђля лїбит приглашЌть друзЎй. 6. ІнЏ лїбят уговЌривать людЎй брђсить курЏть.
3. Use completely different stems for the Imperfective and Perfective. This is relatively rare.
×
говорЏ+ сказа+
× ×
{бер+΄// бра+} {возьм΄+ / взя+}
×
понимЌй+ {пойм+΄/ поня+} (Past: пђнял, -лЌ, -ли)
ложЏ+..ся {лјг+ / лёг+΄} (Inf.: лЎчь)
Change the Aspect of the sentences.
From Imperfective > Perfective: Я чЌсто VERB > ЗЌвтра я VERB

From Perfective > Imperfective ВчерЌ МЌша VERB > РЌньше МЌша чЌсто VERB
1. Я чЌсто ложѓсь в час. 2. ОнЌ чЌсто берёт кнЏги из библиотЎки.

3. Я чЌсто говорї емѓ (Dative – to him) об ітом 4. ОнЏ чЌсто не понимЌют нас. (Don’t use negative
in Perfective Future.)
V Question: Do you actually mean to tell me that we have to learn two, I repeat two,
versions of each verb?
Answer: Yes. ☺ We don’t expect you to memorize on the spot every corresponding
pair of every single verb we’ve had so far. Still, to some extent, you can’t
really say that you know a verb unless you know both the Imperfective and the
Perfective forms.
52-4
Forming Aspectual Pairs - Summary

There are three methods for going from an Imperfective to a Perfective verb:
× ×
1. Add а (specific) prefix to the un-prefixed писa+ написa+
Imperfective to form the Perfective читЌй+ прочитЌй+
2. Using the same root but a different verbal {встай+΄/ вставЌй+} встЌн+
suffix, often accompanied by change in
×
consonant and vowel alternations (All and only спрЌшивай+ спроси+
Imperfective verbs are ай-stems):
×
3. Using a totally different-looking verb говорЏ+ сказa+
altogether: ×
ложи+…ся {лёг΄+/лјг+}
What we expect of you …

We’re not so cruel as to expect you to instantly memorize the Aspectual pairs of every single verb we’ve had so
far. Here we’ve listed what we think are 30 of the most important verbs we’ve had, and which we do expect you
to learn (i.e., will appear on exams). Over the rest of the year we’ll provide the “missing” pair for verbs we’ve
had in previous lessons.
Note that this list contains one or two verb types that we have not yet discussed. Naturally we do not expect you
to learn these before we discuss them.
Group 1: Imperfective is prefixless, Perfective is prefixed:
вЏде+ у- see (Perf also has meaning catch sight of)

готђви+ при- prepare; make; cook
дЎлай+ с- do; make
звонЏ+ по- call; telephone (Perf has meaning reach or
intent to reach by phone)
×
мог+ с- can; be able
×
писа+ на- write
{пой+΄/пЎ+} с- sing
×
{пьй+/пи+} вѕ- (Note stress) drink (Perf also has meaning drink up)
слѕша+ у- hear (Don’t confuse with слѓшай+ listen)
×
смотре+ на ACC по- (take a) look at
трЌти+ на ACC по- spend (money, time) on something
×
учи + вѕ- (Note stress) study; learn (Perf has meaning finish
learning; successfully learn)
целовЌ+(...ся) по- to kiss (each other).
читЌй+ про- read (Perf has the meaning read through)
52-5
Group 2: Pairs in which the verbs share the same prefix and the same root, but differ in their suffixes. The
Imperfective is always an -ай+ verb. The Perfective never is. *Possible changes in stem vowel and
consonant mutation in the Imperfective:
{встай+΄/ вставЌй+} встЌн+ get up; wake up

забывЌй+ {забѓд+ / забы+} forget
закЌнчивай+ закђнчи+ finish
закрывЌй+ {закрђй+ / закрѕ+} close
открывЌй+ {открђй+ / открѕ+} open
ошибЌй+…ся ошибЏ+…ся (Present is 1st be mistaken
conj.: ошибѓсь, -бёшься;
Past: ошЏбся, -лась, -лись
×
покЌзывай+ рукђй на показа+ рукђй на ACC point
ACC
×
покупЌй+ купи + buy
приглашЌй+ пригласЏ+ invite
×
расскЌзывай+ DAT о рассказа+ tell, narrate
PREP
решЌй+ решЏ+ decide
×
спрЌшивай+ кого (о чём) спроси+ ask someone (about something)
уговЌривай+ когђ + Inf. уговорЏ+ convince someone to do something
улыбЌй+…ся улыбнѓ+…ся smile
Group 3: Pairs in which the verbs have totally different roots:
×
говорЏ+ сказа+ speak; talk
ложЏ+…ся {лјг+/лёг+´} got to bed; lie down
×
понимЌй+ {пойм+´ / поня+} (Past: understand
пђнял, -лЌ, пђняли)
52-6
52.Б Imperfective Infinitive After Verbs of Starting and Finishing
One absolute rule about the Aspect of Infinitives (NO exceptions):
After the verbs begin нЌчинай+ // {начн+´/нача+} (стЌн+ which is Perfective, also means start, begin) and finish
кончЌй+ // кђнчи+, only an Imperfective Infinitive is found. Note that the start and finish verbs themselves can
be either Imperfective or Perfective.
КогдЌ вы нЌчали курЏть? When did you start to smoke?

КогдЌ я учЏлся на пЎрвом кѓрсе, я стал пить. When I was a freshman I started to drink.
Мы кђнчили игрЌть в шЌхматы в 7:00 We finished playing chess at 7:00.
Я зЌвтра начнѓ писЌть диссертЌцию. I’m going to start writing my dissertation tomorrow.
КогдЌ он кђнчит петь, я начнѓ занимЌться. When he finishes singing, I’ll start to study.
СтудЎнты начинЌют учЏться в сентябрЎ The students are starting school in September.
1. He started to dance. 2. We finished playing chess at 6:00.

3. When did she start to drink? 4. When will you finish the article?
5. The musicians started the concert. 6. Masha is starting to speak.
52-7
УпражнЎние 1 You should spend time updating your index cards, lists, etc., filling in the
Aspectual pairs of the verbs we’ve covered so far.
УпражнЎние 2 What are the three ways in which an Imperfective verb can differ from a
Perfective. Provide an example of each (Try to do this exercise without simply
copying pairs from the examples):
1. _______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
УпражнЎние 3 Pick four verbs from today’s dialogues, identify and explain the Aspect,
provide the Aspectual pair and explain which of the three operations identified
in УпражнЎние 2 was used in deriving the pairs (Pick at least 1 Impf and Perf
Past, 1 Present, 1 Impf and Perf Future, and 1 Infinitive):
1. _______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
4. _______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
52-8
5. _______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
6. _______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
7. _______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
8. _______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
9. _______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
52-9
Диалог
А: “She said she would bring everything”
53.A More Greasy Zeke verbs: принёс+΄, пёк+΄ // ис-
55.Б Reported Speech in Russian: Cut– (Modify)–Paste
Диалог
ОнЌ сказЌла, что всё принесёт She said she would bring everything
РЏта 1 Как бѕло на вечерЏнке? How was the party?

НикЏта 2 Не спрЌшивай! Don’t ask.
РЏта 3 Что-нибѓдь случЏлось? Did anything (bad) happen?
НикЏта 4 Љто был ѓжас! Во-пЎрвых, нЎ было едѕ. It was a horror. First of all, there wasn’t any
food?
РЏта 5 Как іто «нЎ было»? What do you mean ‘wasn’t’ (any food)?
НикЏта 6 ГЌля обещЌла принестЏ едѓ, но забѕла. Galya promised to bring the food, but she
forgot.
ГЌля 7 Ничегђ подђбного! НЏна сказЌла, что всё Nothing of the sort. Nina said she was going to
8 принесёт. ОнЌ всегдЌ принђсит едѓ. bring everything. She always brings the food.
НикЏта 9 Я тђчно пђмню: вЎчером во втђрник, когдЌ мы I distinctly remember. Tuesday evening when
10 вмЎсте занимЌлись, ты сказЌла, что испечёшь we were studying in the library you said that
11 мой любЏмый торт и принесёшь на вечерЏнку в you would bake my favorite cake and (would)
12 пјтницу. bring it to the party on Friday.
ГЌля 13 О чём ты говорЏшь? Я вообщЎ не пекѓ! What are you talking about? I don’t even bake
14 НавЎрно, іто былЌ ТамЌра. ОнЌ всё времј печёт. (in general). It was probably Tamara. She
15 ОнЌ ђчень лїбит печь. КЌжется, ты менј bakes all the time. She really likes to bake. You
16 перепѓтал с ТамЌрой. Какђй ты подлЎц! apparently mixed me up with Tamara. What a
cad you are!
Словарь
2 что-нибѓдь anything (The particle -нибѓдь works like -то (as in что-то something, кто-то
someone, etc.): it attaches to question words, but instead gives the meaning “any”.
Кто-нибѓдь, когђ-нибѓдь, etc.anyone, где-нибѓдь anywhere. We’ll cover this
in detail later.
4 ѓжас horror
во-пЎрвых first of all (Notice the Prepositional Plural ending)
5 как іто (+ word or phrase you what do you mean + (word or phrase you want to question)
want to question)
Как іто «в Москвѓ»? – What do you mean’ to Moscow’?; «Как іто «нет»? –
What do you mean ‘no’?
6 обещЌй+ // (same) promise (Note that this stem is both Imperfective and Perfective. This is fairly
rare, though not unheard of.)
×
6 приноси+ // принёс+´ bring (Note that the prefix при- was also found on придут, приехали. Later on
we’ll see this prefix often has the meaning ‘arrive; reach destination’.
53-1
7 ничегђ подђбного nothing of the kind; absolutely not; you’re way off
10 пёк+´ // ис- bake (See below for conjugation.)
11 торт cake
13 вообщЎ (не) (not) at all; in general; altogether
53.А More Greasy Zeke Verbs: принёс+΄, пёк+΄ // ис-
As indicated by the ΄ after the stems, both принёс+΄ and пёк+´ // ис- are end-stressed in all forms.
×
First let’s look at Perfective принёс+΄ (the Impefective is приноси+).
The forms of the non-past (actually the Future) are exactly as predicted: C+V. Harmonious 1st conjugation.
In the Past Tense, good ol’ Greasy Zeke helps us predict that ‘с’ is a “Get the -л outta here” consonant:
The Infinitive is принестЏ. It turns out that stems that end in ‘с’ or ‘з’ (we haven’t seen any of these yet) that are
end-stressed in the Past Tense, take the ending -тЏ for the Infinitive. Thus, the Infinitive of the stem полз+´ crawl
is ползтЏ. (We’ll get to a few З-Stem Verbs later.)
принёс+΄(bring) (Perfective)
PERFECTIVE FUTURE PAST INFINITIVE
я принесѓ мы принесём я, ты, он принёс
ты принесёшь вы принесёте я, ты, она принеслЌ
он(Ќ) принесёт онЏ принесѓт оно принеслђ принестЏ
мы, вы, они принеслЏ
“steal” -Џ for the Infinitive
V Question: Why is there a ё in the stem of принёс+΄? The Masc Sg Past is the only one
time we see it, and the rest of the time it’s spelled e.
Answer: Tsk, tsk. I really thought we were past that.
As our notation indicates, this verb is always end-stressed. However, in the
Masc Sg Past the stress falls on the stem – there’s no other place for the stress
to go. (It’s irrelevant here that this is a Greasy Zeke verb; there are non-Greasy
Zeke verbs that work exactly the same way). And when that letter is stress, we
see that the e is really a basic {O}, spelled exactly as we predict, ё.
In the other forms of the Past, as well as in the Present and Infinitive, there is
another vowel following the ё that can receive stress, so the unstressed ё
becomes e.
Based on the Infinitive принестЏ, the supposedly “friendly” dictionary form,
you would have no idea that е is really {O}. (That’s why our notation is
superior!)
53-2
Another Greasy Zeke type – К-stem Verbs: пёк+´ // ис-

As expected, Verbs with a stem ending in ‘к’ are 1st-conjugation (because they’re not и+, е+, Жа-Жа+). In the
non-past endings that do not end in -у (i.e., in the ты, она, мы, вы forms) к mutates to ч. (We saw this same
pattern where another Velar, ‘г’ mutated to ‘ж’ in the same forms, but not before endings beginning with -у.
The Infinitive of К-Stem Verbs is also parallel to Г-Stems (recall помђчь): The ending is -чь (instead of -ть)..
пёк+΄ // ис- (bake)

PERFECTIVE FUTURE / PRESENT PAST INFINITIVE
я ис/пекѓ мы ис/печём я, ты, он ис/пёк
ты ис/печёшь вы ис/печёте я, ты, она ис/пеклЌ
он(а) ис/печёт они ис/пекѓт оно ис/пеклђ ис/пЎчь
мы, вы, они ис/пеклЏ
V Question: Why isn’t the Infinitive ис/пёчь? The vowel is stressed in the Infinitive, and in
the Masc Sg Past we see that it’s an ‘ё’. Why the change from ё > Ў?
Answer: Very good question. You’re right, you would predict ис/пёчь. But normally
‘ё’ doesn’t like to appear in front of soft consonants. We saw the same thing
with the Feminine Gen and Prep твоЎй, where we might expect твоёй.
Add water. Pay attention to tense and case.
1. Кто / зЌвтра / принёс+´ / икрЌ? 2. Мой брат / кЌждый / день / пёк+´ / вкѓсный торт.
(Present)
3. ВчерЌ мы / испёк+´ / хлеб. 4. ОнЌ / вчерЌ / обещЌй+ / принёс+´ / едЌ.
5. РЌньше / онЏ / кЌждый / пјтница / пёк+´ / 6. ВчерЌ / МЏша / принёс+ / бутѕлка / немЎцкий /
печЎнье. винђ.
×
7. Я / зЌвтра / принёс+´ / Џмпортный / колбасЌ. 8. Мој мать / люби+ / пёк+´. (Present)
53-3
53.Б Reported Speech in Russian: Cut – (Modify) – Paste
You may not have known it, but English has strange and complicated rules for reporting words or thoughts. For
some reason, you usually take what was said (thought, heard, promised) and put it into the Past.1
ACTUAL WORDS, THOUGHTS, ETC. REPORTED SPEECH, THOUGHT, ETC.

Mary (thinking) “Monica hates Linda” Mary thought that Monica hated Linda.
John: “I promise I will bring a cake.” John promised that he would bring a cake
(would is the Past Tense of will – More on this below)

Jane (hearing): “Amy swears all the time.” Jane heard that Amy swore (swears) all the time
(here either the Past or the Present is possible)

I : “I want TEA” I said that I wanted TEA.
Our discussion here (of both English and Russian) concerns reporting past utterances, thoughts, promises, etc. In
English with Present utterances, etc. you don’t need Past Tense anywhere: Mary thinks that Monica hates Linda.
1
As we said, the rules are strange and complicated. In some cases you can use the Present or Future. It’s irrelevant for us.
53-4
Reported Speech in Russian: Cut – (Modify) – Paste

In Russian, reported speech (thoughts, promises) is straightforward. Just take THE EXACT WORDS the person
said (thought, heard, promised) and Paste them after an introductory Past Tense phrase such as: Он сказЌл, что…,
Я дѓмала, что…, Мы слѕшали, что…, Петя обещЌл, что…, etc. You may need to change the Person of the
verb, but DO NOT CHANGE THE TENSE of the original utterance.
Step 1) Cut the exact words said

Я принесѓ торт
Step 2: (when required) Modify the Person of the verb to match the Person in the reported speech clause
(in this case we need to change the original 1st person to 3rd person: Пѓшкин сказЌл, что…
3rd sg
oн принесёт торт.
Notice that if you talking directly to Пѓшкин about what he said, you would change the verb to the 2nd person.
АлексЌндр СергЎевич, вы сказЌли, что Aleksandr Sergeevich, you said that you would bring a cake.
принесёте торт. Где он! Where is it?
Notice that Step 2 (Modify) is only needed when the verb on the original statement is in a different Person from
the reported speech verb. This is not always the case. When talking about yourself, there’s no need to modify:
[Я бѓду занимЌться в іту суббђту]. [

Я сказЌл, что (я) бѓду занимЌться в іту суббђту . ]
When reporting about a 3rd person (vs. what s/he said), there’s no need to modify:
[МЌша плђхо ѓчится]. [

Я слѕшала, что МЌша плђхо ѓчится . ]
53-5
Step 3: Paste the modified phrase after the reported speech clause. Note that in Russian you do not need to
repeat the pronoun, which is mandatory in English:
Пѓшкин сказЌл, что (он) принесёт торт Pushkin said that he would bring a cake.
More examples of reported speech:
ACTUAL WORDS, THOUGHTS, ETC. REPORTED SPEECH, THOUGHTS, ETC.

Маша дѓмает: «Мђника терпЎть не мђжет Линду.» Маша дѓмала, что Мђника терпЎть не мђжет Линду.
“Monica can’t stand Linda.” Masha thought the Monica couldn’t stand Linda.
Дима: «Я принесѓ торт.» Дима сказЌл, что (он) принесёт торт.
“I’ll bring a cake.” Dima said that he would bring a cake.
Даша слѕшит: «Яша без концЌ жЌлуется.» Даша слышала, что Яша без концЌ жЌлуется.
“Yasha complains all the time.” Dasha heard that Yasha complains/ed all the time.
Я: «Я хочѓ чай, а не кђфе!» Я сказЌл, что (я) хочѓ чай, а не кђфе!
“I want tea, and not coffee!” I said I wanted tea, and not coffee!
Note that an English sentence like Vera said she loved me is potentially ambiguous. It could mean either 1) Vera
said that she used to love me, but no longer loves me or 2) The words that came out Vera’s mouth were “I love
you”. In Russian, you always know where you stand (with Vera). Because the tense remains the same, no
ambiguity ever occurs. The ambiguity that occurs in English reported speech can be dangerous, and may even
lead to misunderstandings:
ENGLISH: AMBIGUITY REAL MEANING RUSSIAN: NO AMBIGUITY

1) She used to love me. Вера сказЌл, (она) меня любЏла.
Vera said she loved me.
2) She said “I love you.” ☺ Вера сказЌл, (она) меня лїбит.
Turn the following into reported speech constructions:
Example:
1st Person: Я: «Я куплї немЎцкую машЏну» ➯Я сказЌл, что куплї немЎцкую машЏну.
2nd Person: Глеб: «Я хочѓ жить в МосквЎ». (What you would say to Глеб, using ты.) ➯ Глеб,
ты сказЌл, что (ты) хђчешь жить в МосквЎ.
3rd Person: Лиза: «Я учѓсь в Принстоне». ➯ Лиза сказЌла, что (она) учЏтся в Принстоне.
1. Надя: «Я испекѓ торт». 2. Галя: «Я не пђмню вас (Plural)». (What you

would say to ГЌля, using вы.)
3. Я: «Я терпЎть не могѓ такЏх людЎй, как Лиля». 4. Мы слѕшим: «Никтђ хорошђ не ѓчится».
5. Ира: «Я ничегђ не пђмню». 6. Гриша: «Мой брат кѓпит нђвый компьїтер».
7. Жанна: «Я плђхо себј чѓвствую». 8. Юра дѓмает: «Вика хорошђ танцѓет».
9. Аня обещЌет: «Я принесѓ едѓ». 10. Макс дѓмает: «Она меня лїбит». (What you
would say to Макс, using ты.)
11. Они: «Мы ничегђ не понимЌем». 12. Я: «Я хочѓ ЧАЙ!».
53-6
53.Б.1 Be careful with would

One very common mistake American students make is to translate all clauses that contain would with the
conditional (бы + Past Tense). You need to look very closely at how would is being used.
• Would as Conditional: бы + Past Tense

When would refers to a situation that is “unreal,” i.e., something that either did not happen or is not likely to
happen, use the Conditional with бы + Past Tense:
Would = бы + Past Tense

“Unreal” Conditions
Кђля бы помђг мне. Kolya would have helped me

Ѓсли бы я жил в МосквЎ, я бы прекрЌсно говорЏл If I lived in Moscow, I would speak Russian
по-русски. fabulously.
The other place you find бы + Past Tense is with the Verb want, in which case, the бы “softens” the wish:
Would = бы + Past Tense

Softening Want
Все бы хотЎли учЏться в ПрЏнстоне. Everyone would like to study at Princeton.

Я бы хотЎла жить в ПарЏже. I would like to live in Paris.
• Would as Past Tense of Will: Future Tense in Reported Speech

However, as we mentioned above, would is also the Past Tense form of the Verb will. (Pretty strange that a
strictly Future Verb has a Past Tense, but it’s true.) Therefore, in reported speech constructions in English, where
the Past Tense is required, will becomes would. There is no sense of any “unreal” condition in these reported
speech constructions, and, of course, no бы is used:
Direct Speech (Thought, etc.) Reported Speech (Thought, etc.)

Will Would
Apu: I will help you this afternoon. Apu said he would help us this afternoon.
Moe (thinking): Selma will not like my tie. Moe thought Selma would not like his tie.
1. Masha said she would get up at 5:00. 2. Vera would like to hang up the receiver.
3. Kolya thought that I would say “No”. 4. If we had known, we would have helped.
5. Nina said everyone would be at the party. 6. Misha thought that Vera would kiss him on the lips.
53-7
УпражнЎние 1 Turn the following sentences into reported speech using either сказЌл/а/и,
дѓмал/а/и, обещЌл/а/и
1. Пѓшкин: «Я принесѓ торт».
2. НЌши дЎти: «Мы не лїбим занимЌться».
3. Мђника: «Я терпЎть не могѓ ЛЏнду».
4. Я: «РЌньше наш профЎссор танцевЌл в бЌре».
5. ВЎра: «Я бђльше не люблї егђ».
6. ДЏма: «Мой брат лїбит печь».
7. Ты: «Я бѓду цЎлую недЎлю в ПарЏже».
53-8
УпражнЎние 2 ПереведЏте на рѓсский
1. I promised that I would bring vodka.
2. Who said that I couldn’t stand Vera?
3. I heard that you said that you were going to bake a cake for me.
53-9
Диалог
“He said he wanted to take a nap”
54.А The Perfective prefix по-: to do something for a
while
54.Б Который in Cases other than Nominative
Диалог
Он сказЌл, что хђчет поспЌть He said he wanted to take a nap
Кђля: 1 Как прошлђ свидЌние с ВЏтей в суббђту? How did your date on Saturday with Vitya go?
Аня: 2 Ничегђ осђбенного. Мы Ўздили в Нью-Йђрк. It was nothing special. We went to NY.
Кђля: 3 А что вы там дЎлали? Вы ходЏли в музЎй? Там What did you do there? Did you go to the museum?
4 очень интерЎсная вѕставка, о котђрой я читЌл There’s an really interesting exhibit I read about in
5 в газЎте. the newspaper.
Аня: 6 СначЌла мы погулјли в пЌрке, но Витя сказЌл, First we strolled for a bit in the park, but Vitya
7 что (он) устЌл и хђчет посидЎть на скамЎйке. said that he was tired and that he wanted to sit for
8 Мы посидЎли десять минѓт а потђм мы пошлЏ в a bit on a bench. We sat for 10 minutes and then
9 музей «Метропђлитен», но Витя опјть сказЌл, we went to the Met. But Vitya once again said that
10 что очень устЌл и хђчет поспЌть. Он лёг прјмо he was really tired and that he wanted to take a
11 нЌ пол в музЎе. nap. He lay down on the floor right in the museum.
Кђля: 12 А где вы обЎдали? В ресторЌне, в котђром ты Where did you have dinner? At the restaurant you
13 былЌ в мЌрте и который ђчень хвалЏла? were at in March and which you really praised?
Аня: 14 Витя обещЌл, что мы бѓдем обЎдать в Vitya promised we would have dinner at the
15 ресторЌне, котђрый все, не тђлько я, очень restaurant that everyone, not just I, has been
16 хвЌлят, а когдЌ он увЏдел цЎны, он сказЌл, что praising, but when he saw the prices, he said that
17 ужЎ сыт, прђсто не мђжет есть. he was already full. He just couldn’t eat.
Кђля: 18 А вы ходЏли в клуб, в котђром рабђтает твой Did you go to the club your relative works in?
19 рђдственник?
Аня: 20 К сожалЎнию, да. Мы потанцевЌли, но потђм Unfortunately, yes. We danced for a bit, but then
21 ВЏтя сказЌл, что мѓзыка, котђрую игрЌли, Vitya said that the music they were playing was too
22 слЏшком грђмкая, и мы ушлЏ. ВЎчер был loud and we left. The evening was just marvelous.
23 прђсто замечЌтельный.
Словарь
1 свидЌние (romantic) date (We’ve seen it in its literal meaning meeting in До свидЌния)
4 вѕставка (на) exhibit (Мѓсоргский написЌл «КартЏнки с вѕставки»)
6 сначЌла at first (Adverb)
7 устЌл, -о, -а, -и be tired (Normally this verb is used in the Past Tense. The Present Tense would be
used to indicate that someone gets tired often.)
11 прјмо right; directly
×
13 хвали+ // по- praise
×
16 цена price
17 сыт, -о, -Ќ, -ы (Shifting stess) full (can’t eat any more) (This Adjective most often appears in the Short-Form,.)
17 есть to eat – Infinitive (More on this wildly irregular verb shortly.)
54-1
54.А The Perfective Verbal Prefix по-: to do something for a while
The verbal prefix по- can be added to many un-prefixed Imperfective verbs to create a Perfective verb with the
meaning do [Verb] for a little while, a bit. Here the prefix does add a distinct meaning, as well as making the
×
Verb Perfective (as opposed to such prefixes as на-, про-, с-, etc., which are used to perfectivize писа+, читЌй+,
дЎлай+, respectively, and add no other meaning).
Some по- verbs:
Perf verbs in English equivalents (aside Perf verbs in English equivalents (aside
по- for a while from [Verb] for a while) по- for a while from [Verb] for a while)
посидЎ+ поговорЏ+ have a talk
×
{поспЏ+ / поспЌ+} take a nap покури+ have a smoke
×
почитЌй+ поучи+…ся be a student for a while
× ×
пожив+ stay / live somewhere пописа+
полежЌ+ постој+
поигрЌй+ поулыбЌй+…ся
потанцевЌ+ поплЌка+ have a cry
позанимЌй+...ся понЎрвничай+
послѓшай+
×
Not every verb can attach по- and get this meaning. So, there’s no познЌй+, поготђви+, повра+
Quite often, several по- verbs appear consecutively. Also, don’t forget that as Perfective verbs, when non-Past
endings are added, a future meaning is given:
Examples of a series of по- for a while verbs:
Я вчера почитЌл, послѓшал мѓзыку, потђм Yesterday I read for a while, listened to a little
поспЌл. music, then I took a nap.
ЗЌвтра я позанимЌюсь, потанцѓю, поигрЌю в Tomorrow I’ll do a little studying, dance a bit, play a
гђльф. little golf.
Keep in mind that some verbs add the prefix по- to form a regular Perfective, i.e., such verbs also do not
(normally) allow this for a while, for a bit meaning:
Verbs with regular Perf in по-

(w/o the meaning for a while)
трЌти+ // по-
знакђми+..ся // по-
обЎдай+ // по-
54-2
Transform from an everyday action, to a по- verb. Include the Adverbial phrase in parenthases
in your answer and be sure not to include any obvious Imperfective adverbs.
1. Миша каждый день занимЌется (зЌвтра) 2. Кира чЌсто игрЌет в шЌхматы (вчерЌ)
3. Мы не бѓдем курЏть (сегђдня вЎчером – use 4. Маша нЎрвничает (вчерЌ)
positive verb)
5. Я хочѓ спЌть весь день. 6. Наши дЎти учЏлись в ПрЏнстоне .(потђм
брђсили)
7. Нина дђлго храпЎла. (вчерЌ чѓть-чуть) 8. Она без концЌ плЌчет. (вчерЌ)
9. Они стојли на балкђне. (вчерЌ) 10. Я хочѓ лежЌть на дивЌне.
54.Б Котђрый in Cases Other Than Nominative
In Lesson 21 we saw that котђрый is used to form relative clauses (the man who...; the book that...), and that the
Number and Gender of который is determined by the noun being described:
Мы говорим о чeловЎкe, который пЏшeт сочинЎниe We’re talking about the person who is writing a
о полЏтиках. Masc Sg paper on politicians.
Гдe пЏво, котороe стојло на столЎ? Where is the beer which was (standing) on the table?
Neut sg
Мы ходЏли на вѕставку, котђрая былЌ в ТрЎнтоне. We went to the exhibit which was in Trenton.
Fem Sg
Она купила часѕ, которыe стђили $12. She bought a watch which cost $12.
Plural
In all of the above examples котђрый, -ое, -ая, -ые is in the Nominative Case, since it is acting as the subject of
the relative clause. But in other contexts который can also be the direct object or object of a preposition in the
relative clause. So, while the gender and number of который is determined by the noun in the higher clause, the
Case of который is determined by its function in the relative clause itself. The Case of the main noun has no
effect on the Case of который.
MAIN CLAUSE RELATIVE CLAUSE

(Gender and Number) (Case)
Accusative
Гдe пЌрeнь, которого Маша лїбит? Where is the guy who(m)
Masc Sg ACC (direct object of лїбит) Masha likes?
If a preposition is involved, it must precede котђрый. (You can’t ‘strand’ prepositions like in English: ...the
man everyone is talking about; the table the book is on.)
Там стоЏт певЏца, в которую я влюбЏлся с пЎрвого взглјда Over there is standing the
Fem Sg ACC (after preposition в) singer with whom I fell in love
at first sight.
54-3

Genitive
На дивЌнe сидЏт мужчЏна, машЏна которого стђит сто дђлларов. On the couch is (sitting) the
Masc Sg GEN (possession of машЏна)
man whose car costs $100
Вот дЎвушка, для которой я купЏл зелёный шарф. There is the girl for whom I
Fem Sg GEN (after preposition для) bought a green scarf.
Все хвЌлят здЌние, ђколо которого я живѓ. Everyone praises the building
Neuter Sg GEN (after preposition ђколо) near which I live.
МЌша говорЏт о кнЏгах без котђрых я жить не могѓ/ Masha is talking about the
Plural GEN books without which I cannot
live.
Prepositional
Где же компьїтер, на котором я писЌл курсовѓю!? Where the heck is the computer
Masc Sg PREP (after preposition на) on which I was writing my term
paper!?
Я вЏдела полЏтиков, о котђрых мы разговЌривали. I saw the politicians about
Plural PREP (after preposition о) whom we were conversing (=
who we were conversing about).
Form a relative clause from the 2nd sentence. Remember, if the noun modified is not the last
word of the first sentence, you need to put the predicate (verb + objects) after the relative
clause.
Examples:
Где кнЏга? Я вчера её купЏл. ➯ Где кнЏга, которую я вчера купЏл?

ПЌрень игрЌет в шЌхматы. Все говорјт о нём. ➯ ПЌрень, о котором все говорјт, игрЌет в шЌхматы.
1. Где рѓчка? Я купЏл её в суббђту. 2. Ты видишь собЌку? Все говорјт о ней.

3. Мы читЌли о человЎке. Маша влюбЏлась в него 4. ПЏво лежЌло на столЎ. Я вѕпил его.
с пЎрвого взглјда.
5. ПрофЎссор без концЌ жЌлуется. Я его терпЎть не 6. Где подЌрок? Моя бЌбушка его купЏла для моЎй
могѓ. сестрѕ.
7. Что дЎлают лїди? Мы ничегђ не знЌем о них. 8. Там стоЏт медбрЌт. Все его хвЌлят.
9. Там сидЏт дЎвушка. Никтђ не понимЌет её. 10. Что ты дѓмаешь об адвокЌте. Все смђтрят на
него.
11. ПисЌтель пЏшет статьї. Он родЏлся и вѕрос в 12. Где кђшка? Кђшка спалЌ на дивЌне.
СибЏри.
54-4
" УпражнЎние 1 Create sentences with the given CNG of котђрый.
1. котђром
2. котђрых (Genitive Plural)
3. котђрых (Accusative Plural)
4. котђрых (Prepositional Plural)
5. котђрую
6. котђрой (Genitive Singular)
7. котђрой (Prepositional Singular)
54-5
8. котђрые (Accusative Plural)
9. котђрые (Nominative Plural)
" УпражнЎние 2 Translate
1. We went to the exhibition that everyone praised.
2. I’m tired. I want to take a nap.
3. I have a date with Tamara on Friday. We’re going to the ballet “Swan Lake”.
54-6
Диалог
“Who did you give it to? Viktor?”
55.A The Dative Singular of nouns
55.Б Use of the Dative: Indirect Object
55.В Verbs that unpredictably take the Dative
× ×
55.Г Irregular verbs помог+ help; (от)дать give
( )
Диалог
Комѓ ты ђтдЌл? ВЏктору? Who(m) did you give it to? To Viktor?
Инна: 1 Гдe шоколЌдный торт, котђрый здeсь стојл? Where’s the chocolate cake that was sitting
here?
Вадим: 2 Я ђтдЌл eго сосЎду. Он сказЌл, что очeнь I gave it to the neighbor. He said that he was
3 голђдный. hungry.
Инна: 4 Комѓ ты ђтдЌл? ВЏктору? Я специЌльно торт Who(m) did you give it to? To Viktor? I made a
5 испеклЌ вчерЌ. Ты дЌже не спросЏл меня. special point of baking that cake yesterday. You
didn’t even ask me.
Вадим: 6 Ничегђ. Пђсле обЎда я схожѓ в магазЏн, куплї Don’t worry about it. After dinner (lunch) I’ll
7 торт, и отдЌм. make a quick trip to the store, buy a cake, and
give it (to you).
Инна: 8 ДЎло в том, что я обeщЌла Анe, что принeсѓ торт The thing is, I promised Anya that I would bring
9 сегодня. У eё млЌдшей сестрѕ дeнь рождЎния. a cake today. It’s her younger sister’s birthday.
10 Аня устрЌивает вечерЏнку для неё. Anya’s throwing a party for her.
Вадим: 11 Аня вечерЏнку устрЌивает и мeня нe Anya’s throwing a party and she didn’t invite
12 пригласЏла! Я помђг eё мЌтери почЏстить me. I helped her mother clean (their) carpet.
13 ковёр. А eё брЌту МЌксу я чЌсто помогЌл писЌть And I often helped her brother Max write
14 сочинЎния. Какая нахЌлка! papers. What a jerk!
Инна: 15 Хорђшо, я позвонї и скажѓ Ане, что ты OK, I’ll call and tell Anya that you’re coming.
16 придёшь. Она, навЎрно, прђсто забѕла о тебЎ. She probably just forgot about you.
Словарь
1 шоколЌдный chocolate (adj)

шоколЌд (noun) (Note the violation of the spelling rule, where unstressed о is written after
ш. This is obviously a foreign word, where spelling rules can be violated.)
×
2 отдать give (away) (Irregular. See 55.Г)
3 специЌльно (adv) specially; with a specific goal (Note hard-indicating a as the second in a vowel
cluster. It’s allowed because the word is a foreign borrowing.)
6 ничегђ here: don’t worry about it
×
6 сходи + (Perf. only) run down to; make a quick trip to (indicates round trip)
×
12 помог+ + DAT help (Irregular. See 55.Г)
12 чЏсти+ // по- clean (ст mutates to щ, so1sg Non-Past is (по)чЏщу)
13 ков(ё)р΄ (Gen Sg: коврЌ) carpet (Note: в loses its softness when Cluster Buster is absent)
55-1
55.A Dative Case (ДЌтельный падЎж): Singular Nouns
MASCULINE & NEUTER

-{U} (-у / -ю)
We’ve already seen this in по русскому яызкѓ, к сожалЎнию; по блЌту
*Note that Masculines in -ий and Neuters in -ие > -ию i.e., have the same
ending as other nouns, unlike in the Prepositional, where -ий and –ие > -ии.
DICTIONARY FORM (NOM SG) DATIVE SINGULAR

сосЎд сосЎду
словарь΄ словарї
ключ΄ ключѓ
гЎний гЎнию
×
письмо письмѓ
печЎнье печЎнью
здЌние здЌнию
FEMININE
-е (Nouns in -ия > -ии)
The Feminine Dative Singular is exactly like the Prepositional Singular
×
сестра сестрЎ
кнЏга кнЏге
кѓхня кѓхне
статьј статьЎ
РоссЏя РоссЏи
истђрия истђрии
FEMININE IN -Ь
-и
Same ending as Genitive and Locative/Prepositional
двeрь двЎри
лђшадь лђшади
ночь нђчи
And don’t forget:
мать мЌтери
дочь дђчери
55-2
Form the Dative Singular of these nouns:
1. друг 2. сосЎдка 3. музЎй 4. подрѓга

5. брат 6. женЌ 7. отЎц Think! 8. мать
9. профЎссор 10. дверь 11. задЌние 12. Калифђрния
13. пЌрень Think! 14. мужчЏна 15. америкЌнец Think! 16. ковёр Think!
17. карандЌш 18. кѓхня 19. сочинЎние 20. кинђ Think!
55.Б Main Use of the Dative Case: Indirect Object
The Dative Case is most commonly used to mark indirect objects.1 Many of the same verbs that take an indirect
object in English govern the Dative Case in Russian. Quite often the indirect object in English follows the
preposition to.
In the examples below the Nominative subject appears in {}, the Accusative direct object in [], and the Dative
indirect object in «»
{Я} сказЌл [всю прЌвду] «МЌрку» I told the whole truth to Mark
Subj Dir Obj Ind Obj
NOM ACC DAT
«Комѓ» {она} отдалЌ [торт]? Who did she give the cake (away) to?
Ind Obj Subj Dir Obj
DAT NOM ACC
{Катя} принеслЌ «сестрЎ» [колбасѓ]. Vera brought (her) sister mystery meat.
Subj Ind Obj Dir Obj
NOM DAT ACC
{Мать} купЏла «сѕну» [гЌлстук]. The mother bought (her) son a tie.
Subj Ind Obj Dir Obj
NOM DAT ACC
Just as in English, the verbs that take a Dative indirect object, in addition to an Accusative direct object, are verbs
of giving, telling, bringing, and others, e.g.:
×
{дай+΄/ давЌй+} // дать give
×
{отдай+΄/ отдавЌй+} // отдать give away
×
говорЏ+ // сказа + tell (but not speak. To speak to someone in
Russian is говорЏ+ с + Instrumental, which
we currently know only smidgens of)
×
приноси + // принёс+´ bring
×
*покупЌй+ // купи + buy
1
High school snoozers: The indirect object indicates the recipient or benefactor of an action. Many verbs take both a
direct and indirect object: John gave the book (DO) to Mary (IO); I bought you (IO) a new car (DO); I never promised
you (IO) a rose garden (DO).
55-3
*With buy, in addition to the Dative you can also use the Preposition для + Genitive with no significant
difference in meaning: Мать купЏла гЌлстук для сѕна ≅ Мать купЏла гЌлстук сѕну.
Form questions and answers:

×
Example: ты / сказа + (Past) / секрЎт // брат ➯ Комѓ ты сказЌл(а) секрЎт? // Я сказЌл(а) секрЎт брЌту.
× ×
1. ты / сказа + (Future) / секрЎт // брат 2. вы (plural) / сказа+ об этом (Past) // Ира
3. он / принёс+´ торт (Future) // профЎссор 4. они / покупЌй+ хлеб (Present) // дЎдушка
× ×
5. Маша / купи+ шарф (Past) // мать 6. ты / купи+ гЌлстук (Future) // отЎц
55.В Verbs That Unpredictably Govern the Dative Case
Besides the verbs listed above, there are also quite a few verbs you might not predict that govern the Dative Case.
×
помогЌй+ // помог+ help Он помђг ВЎре.
(full conjugation
(It may ‘help’ to think of this verb Она чЌсто помогЌет ВЌдику.
below)
as give help to. Also, in German
the verb helfen takes Dative.)
обещЌй+ promise (both Impf & Perf; can take Зина обещЌла мѓжу брђсить курЏть.
an Infinitive or a что-clause) Think
СтудЎнты обещЌли профЎссору, что (они) бѓдут
of this verb as give a promise to.
занимЌться кЌждый день.
We'll be seeing several more “unexpected” Dative verbs in the next few lessons.
55.Г Some Irregular Dative Verbs: помог / отдЌть

×
помог+
×
While the Imperfective of help is a regular -ай+ verb (помогЌй+), the Perfective помог+ is irregular. The good
×
news, however, is that it conjugates exactly like мог+ be able, which we’ve already seen. *Remember, this is a
st × ×
1 conjugation verb, which means the should refer to the Past Tense, but just like with мог+ the stress shift is in
the Present (whoops, the Perfective Future).
×
помог+ help (Perf)
PERF FUTURE PAST INFINITIVE
я помогѓ мы помђжем я, ты, он помђг помђчь
ты помђжешь вы помђжете оно помоглђ (Note г > -чь instead
он(а) помђжет они помђгут я, ты, она помоглЌ of -ть, just like
мы, вы, они помоглЏ к > -чь in печь)
55-4
×
The verb that follows помог+ and the Dative noun is an Infinitive, even though the to is often left out in English:
БЌбушка мне помоглЌ испЎчь шоколЌдный торт. My grandmother helped me (to) bake a chocolate cake.
Form a question and answer:

× ×
1. он / помог+ (future) / брђсить курЏть // ВЎра 2. ты / помог+ (future) / испЎчь торт // отЎц
×
3. она / помог+ (past) / почЏстить ковёр // дочь 4. он / помогЌй (present) / писать сочинЎния //
брат
× ×
5. они / помог+ (future) / приготђвить борщ // Митя 6. он / помог+ (past) / съесть eat up щи cabbage
soup // адвокЌт
×
(от)дать: A Truly Irregular Verb Type
You may not believe it, but there are only 4 Verbs in Russian that are truly irregular in the Present (Perfective
Future) Tense. For these 4 Verbs the endings themselves are different, i,.e, no {U} in the я-form, no {I}шь or
{ьО}шь in the ты-form, etc.. We will use the Infinitive when discussing these 4 Verbs, since there is no single
stem that lets us predicts the various forms.
× ×
Both дать give and отдать give (away) are conjugated the same way. (Their
×
respective Imperfectives even look
the same: {(от)дай+΄/ (от)давЌй+}.) The only difference is that for отдать, in the Past Tense non-Fem forms you
have the option of putting the stress on the prefix: ђтдал or отдЌл, ђтдали or отдЌли.
×
(от)дать give (away) (Perf)
я (от)дЌм мы (от)дадЏм я, ты, он (ђт)дЌл
ты (от)дЌшь вы (от)дадЏте оно (ђт)дЌло
он(а) (от)дЌст они (от)дадѓт я, ты, она (от)далЌ (от)дЌть
мы, вы, они (ђт)дЌли
Chameleon – Change the subject. Leave the indirect object as is:
1. Я завтра отдЌм Диме ключЏ (он, мы, вы, кто, ты, я, все, никто)
2. Кто дал Ире этот шарф? (мы, Юля, ОлЎг, наши дЎти)
3. Лёва даёт РЌе дЎньги (я, все, никтђ, мы, Саша, они, вы, ты)
55-5
" УпражнЎние 1 Identify the subject (S), direct object (DO) and the indirect object (IO) and
translate into English. Not all sentences have all three:
1. Я Люде принёс торт.
2. Бђря Кђле сказЌл всю прЌвду.
3. ГЎна ђтдал машЏну брЌту.
4. МЏтя СЌре обещЌл, что он брђсит курЏть.
5. Что ты купЏл отцѓ?
6. ЗЏна купЏла гЌлстук для отцЌ.
55-6
" УпражнЎние 2 Fill in the blanks. Add stress on any noun or verb where needed:
1. Ком_________ он отд____________ машЏн___________? (Past)
2. Он кЌжд______ сред________ помог_________ Маш_______. (Present)
3. ВЌдик прин____________ (bring) профЎссор_______ шоколЌдный торт. (Past)
4. Женя прин___________ (bring) подрѓг_____ шоколЌд_____ кЌжд_______ воскресЎнь____. (Present)
5. Сара подошлЌ к Мит_______ . (The preposition к takes Dative)
6. Сара подошлЌ к двер________.
7. Мы Ўздили по Росс___________. (The preposition по meaning travel around takes Dative)
8. ЛЎтом он Ўздил по АмЎрик__________.
9. Она ходЏла по кђмнат___________.
10. Он ходЏл по здЌн____________.
" УпражнЎние 3 Translate:
1. Who will help Boris clean the dirty carpet?
2. I will give the money to Vera.
3. Masha ran down to the store and bought (her) mother milk.
4. My father will give (away) the car to the president.
55-7
Диалоги
“I sold my shoes to our neighbor”
56.A The Dative Singular of adjectives and nounjectives
56.Б More verbs that take the Dative
56.В Disappearing [ну] and Non-disappearing ну verbs
Диалог
Я прђдЌл тѓфли нЌшему сосЎду I sold my shoes to our neighbor
Вика: 1 Я вЏжу у тeбя нђвые тѓфли. КудЌ исчЎзли I see you have some new shoes. Where did the old
2 стЌрые? ones disappear (to)?
ОлЎг: 3 Я их прђдЌл нЌшeму сосЎду. Он дал мне сто I sold them to our neighbor. They didn’t smell
4 рублЎй. that bad, and he gave me 100 rubles rubles.
Вика: 5 Какому сосЎду? Ѕгорю? Я eго тeрпЎть нe могѓ! (To) which neighbor? To Igor? I can’t stand him!
6 КстЌти, кудЌ исчЎзла твоя рѕба? РЌньше здесь By the way, where did you fish disappear to? It
7 всегдЌ пЌхло рѕбой. always used to smell (stink) of fish in here.
Олег: 8 Я её ђтдЌл нашeй бѕвшeй сосЎдкe. Я давнђ I gave it to our ex-neighbor. I wanted to buy a
9 хотЎл купЏть нђвую. Рѕба уже былЌ совсЎм new one for a long time. The fish was already
10 стЌрая. ОнЌ стЌла плђхо пЌхнуть. really old. It was starting to smell.
Вика: 11 Какой сосЎдкe, Вeрe, что ли? (To) which neighbor, To Vera?
Олег: 12 Нeт, ГалЏнe. Она вчeра позвонЏла моЎй No, to Galina. She called my older sister
13 стЌршeй сeстрЎ, и сказЌла Лидe, что хђчeт yesterday, and she told Lida, that she wanted to
14 подарЏть мѓжу аквЌриум на день рождЎния. give (as a giftt) her husband an aquarium for his
15 ОднЏм вѕстрелом двух зЌйцeв убЏл. birthday. I killed two birds with one stone.
Вика: 16 И однѓ рѕбу. And one fish.
Словарь
1 тѓф/ля (Lots of people say туфлј) (e) shoe
1 исчезЌй+ // исчЎз[ну]+ disappear (See explanation of conjugation below)
Notice that this verb behaves like a motion verb, as in the
expression КудЌ он исчЎз?
3 {продай+´ / продавЌй+} // продЌть sell (Perfective Future is the same as да×ть and отдЌть)
6 рѕба fish
7 пЌх[ну]+ smell (of something); emit an odor (We’ll explain the ending on
рѕбой later in the course.)
14 аквЌриум aquarium (also the name of a popular Russian rock band)
Note that a hard indicating vowel у follows another vowel. This
is only found in foreign words.
15 ОднЏм вѕстрелом двух зЌйцeв убЏл(а). To kill two birds with one stone. (lit: With one shot two rabbits
killed.)
вѕстрел shot (from a gun)
двух two (Accusative animate – don’t worry about this for now)
зЌяц (я) (GEN: зЌйца) rabbit (this is the only noun whose Cluster Buster is a я)
убивЌй+ // {убьй+´ / убЏ+} kill (Perfective conjugates like {пьй+´ / пЏ+}
56-1
56.A ДЌтельный падЎж: Singular Adjectives / Nounjectives
DICTIONARY FORM (NOM SG) DATIVE SINGULAR

Masculine & Neuter
-{O}му (-ому / -ему)

We’ve already seen: экзЌмен по рѓсскому языкѓ; по-мђему; по НЎвскому
проспЎкту – the Neuter noun мнЎнию opinion is implied. *However, except in
this expression, the stress is really моемѓ.
мой стЌрший брат моемѓ стЌршему брЌту
этот дорогђй сЏний словЌрь этому дорогђму сЏнему словарї
ваш едЏнственный ключ вЌшему едЏнственному ключѓ
какђй гЎний? какђму гЎнию?
трЎтье красЏвое мЎсто трЎтьему красЏвому мЎсту
послЎднее печЎнье послЎднему печЎнью
большђе стЌрое здЌние большђму стЌрому здЌнию
Feminine
(Remember, there are just three forms for Singular Feminine Adjectives:
Nominative, Accusative, All other cases)
-{O}й (-ой / -ей)

*Remember: no -ёй
×
моя млЌдшая сестра моЎй млЌдшей сестрЎ
наша нђвая кѓхня нЌшей нђвой кѓхне
трЎтья плохЌя статьј трЎтьей плохђй статьЎ
какая немЎцкая певЏца? какђй немЎцкой певЏце?
мЌленькая крЌсная дверь мЌленькой крЌсной двЎри
эта ѓмная мышь ітой ѓмной мѕши
твоя мать твоЎй мЌтери
их млЌдшая дђчь их млЌдшей дђчери
Form questions and answers based on the cues:
Example: Марта отдалЌ торт (наш бѕвший сосЎд) ➯ Комѓ Марта отдалЌ торт?
Она ђтдала торт нЌшему бѕвшему сосЎду.
1. Пѓшкин принесёт торт (моя млЌдшая сестрЌ) 2. Костя чЌсто помогЌл (этот рѓсский человЎк)
3. Надя обещЌла, что она не бѓдет курЏть 4. Витя отдЌст тѓфли (какая-то рѓсская жЎнщина)
(америкЌнский президЎнт – put after обещЌла)
5. Рита принеслЌ вђдку (мой пЎрвый муж) 6. Ты сказЌл всю прЌвду (его бѕвшая подрѓга)
7. Ты помђг (наша стЌршая дочь) 8. Рома ђтдЌл дивЌн (стЌрый друг нЌшего сосЎда)
56-2
56.Б More Verbs That Take the Dative
Here are yet more verbs that either take a Dative indirect object or which unpredictably govern the Dative:
{продай+´ / продавЌй+} sell Кто продаёт АмЎрике машЏны?

// продЌть Who sells cars to America?
Женя продалЌ тѓфли Ваниной сестрЎ.

Zhenya sold her shoes to Vanya’s sister.
Я продЌм компьїтер Бориному брЌту.

I will sell my computer to Borya’s brother.
× Он кЌждое воскресенье дЌрит женЎ рђзы.

дари+ // по- to give as a present
He gives his wife roses every Sunday.
(There’s no single word for
this in English. Related to НЏна подарЏла моемѓ брЌту большую лђшадь на
the word подЌрок.) Нђвый Год.
Nina gave her brother a large horse for New Year’s.
Что ты нЌшему профЎссору подЌришь на день

рождЎния?
What are you going to give our professor for his birthday?
звонЏ+ // по- сall (on the phone) Она кЌждый день звонЏт мЌтери.
She calls her mother every day.
It may help to think of this
as make a call to Я позвонї твоемѓ отцѓ!
I’m going to call your father!
МЌша позвонЏла Глебу в пјть часђв.

Masha called Gleb at 5:00.
Same format as previous exercise:
1. Серёжа прђдЌл машЏну (наш наЏвный сосЎд) 2. Лёня подарЏл машЏну (однЌ китЌйская певЏца)
3. Денис даёт вђдку (один молодой пЌрень) 4. Она сказЌла это (мой любЏмый профЎссор)
5. Маша позвонЏла (моя любЏмая актрЏса) 6. Ты прђдЌл компьїтер (мой едЏнственный друг)
7. Ты дЌришь новую машину (однЌ интерЎсная 8. Ты звонЏшь (эта стрЌнная рѓсская дЎвушка)
дЎвушка)
56-3
56.В Disappearing [ну] and Non-disappearing ну verbs
There is a small group of verbs that have the suffix ну in the Present and Infinitive, but which drop the suffix in
all forms of the Past, (and act like Greasy Zeke verbs, i.e., with no л in the Masc Sg). We will refer to these as
“Disappearing ну verbs”. It just so happens that the verb исчЎз[ну]+ disappear (Impf исчезЌй+) is itself a
Disappearing ну verb. Here are the forms:
исчЎз[ну]+ disappear (Perf)

Perf Future Past Infinitive
я исчЎзну мы исчЎзнем я, ты, он исчЎз
ты исчЎзнешь вы исчЎзнете оно исчЎзло
он(а) исчЎзнет они исчЎзнут я, ты, она исчЎзла исчЎзнуть
мы, вы, они исчЎзли
In this lesson we also have the Verb пЌх[ну]+ smell; emit an odor, which is normally used only in the 3rd Person.
(You do use this Verb to say “You smell”, but the construction is slightly changed. Since such a sentence would
never be uttered by anyone in the class, we won’t cover it here.)
Also, in the dialogue we find the phrase пЌхло рѕбой it smelled of fish (Notice no іто!). The noun ending -ой
should look strange to you; we’ll get to it shortly.
Not all verbs with the suffix ну drop the suffix in the Past. For example, the verb return is вернѓ+...ся. is a Non-
disappearing ну verb. The ну never drops. It’s just a regular 1st-conjugation Vowel-stem verb, with not mutation.
вернѓ+...ся return; come/go back (Perf)

Perf Future Past Infinitive
я вернѓсь мы вернёмся я, ты, он вернѓлся
ты вернёшься вы вернётесь оно вернѓлось
он(а) вернётся они вернѓтся я, ты, она вернѓлась вернѓться
мы, вы, они вернѓлись
• How to predict when the ну drops and when it doesn’t

You can tell when the ну does NOT drop out, namely:
1) if the ну is stressed: повернѓ+, улыбнѓл+…ся

2) if the letter before the ну is a vowel: покЏну+, вѕну+
Otherwise, you can’t predict: прѕгну+ jump (Non-disappearing) vs. достЏг[ну]+ attain (Disappearing)
How you can predict with 100% accuracy – Use our symbols. We will mark Disappearing ну verbs with the ну in
square brackets: исчЎз[ну]+.
Non-disappearing ну verbs have no brackets: вернѓ+…ся. (But given our above rules, it is 100% predictable that
the ну does not drop in this verb.)
56-4
Form the Past Tense from the following verbs:
1. он / исчЎз[ну]+ 2. они / исчЎз[ну]+ 3. она / заснѓ+ 4. мы / достЏг[ну]+

5. кто / вѕну+ 6. вы / обманѓ+ 7. тѓфли / пЌх[ну]+ 8. он / прѕгну+
9. они / замёрз[ну]+ 10. Вера / крЏкну+ 11. Митя / погЏб[ну]+ 12. они / толкнѓ+
13. никтђ / шагнѓ+ 14. мы / привѕк[ну]+ 15. они / прилЏп[ну]+ 16. ВЌдик / тянѓ+
56-5
УпражнЎние 1 Fill in the blanks
1. Как_________ сосЎд_______________ ты прод_________ past твоЏ тѓфл____________?
2. Как_________ сосЎдк_______________ ты прод_________ future твоЏ тѓфл____________?
3. Что ты подЌри_________ past его млЌдш_________ сестр__________________?
4. Что ты подЌри_________ future его стЌрш_________ брЌт__________________?
5. Ты позвонЏла наш______________ дурЌцк_________________ профЎссор__________________?
6. Ты позвонЏла бѕвш__________ жен____________наш__________ дурЌцк_______ профЎссор______?
УпражнЎние 2 Verb review:
×
Stem: {возьм+΄/ взя+ } улыбнѓ+…ся ночевЌ+
Conjugation /
Type
Non-Past
он(а)
они
Past
он
она
они
Infinitive
56-6
×
привѕк[ну]+ купи+ {встай+΄ / вставЌй+}
Stem:
get used to (Perf)
Conjugation /
Type
Non-Past
он(а)
они
Past
он
она
они
Infinitive
УпражнЎние 3 Translate into Russian:
1. Where did Masha disappear to?
2. What did you give (think!) Vera’s mother for (her) birthday?
56-7
Диалог
“You look terrible”
Повторение
Review of Lessons 51-56
and Story parts 8-9
Диалог
Ты ужЌсно вѕглядишь You look terrible
МарЏна: 1 ЖЌль, что тебя нЎ было на вечерЏнке вчерЌ. Too bad you weren’t at the party yesterday.
Стёпа: 2 О-о-о! Oohhh!
МарЏна: 3 Что с тобђй? Ты ужЌсно вѕглядишь. What’s (wrong) with you? You look terrible.
Стёпа: 4 Очень болЏт живђт. НавЎрно, я что-то не то My stomach really hurts. I probably ate
5 съел something that didn’t agree with me.
МарЏна: 6 Что ты ел? Где ты обЎдал? What did you eat? Where did you have lunch?
Стёпа: 7 В столђвой, разумЎется. Но это послЎдний раз. In the dining hall, it goes without saying. But
8 Я бђльше не бѓду там обЎдать. that’s is the last time. I’m not going to eat there
anymore.
Словарь
3 вѕгляде+ + Adverb look (a certain way)

Ты прекрЌсно вѕглядишь You look mahhhhhvelous
4 что-то не то something not right
7 столђвая dining hall; cafeteria (Adjective used as a noun; the Feminine noun кђмната is
understood.)
7 разумЎется it goes without say
57-1
57-й урок
REVIEW OF LESSONS 51-56, STORY PARTS 8-9
↑ -{U}ю -{U} / -ь ↑
-{О}го -{A} -{O}й -{I} -{I}х -{O}в; -∅; -ей
57-2
-{O}м -е (-ий; -ие Æ -ии) (ѓ) -{O}й -е (-ияÆ-ии; -ьÆ-и) -{I}х -{A}х
о моём нђвом письмЎ о моЎй нђвой машЏне / двЎри о моЏх нђвых гЌлстуках / пЏсьмах
о вЌшем послЎднем полотЎнце в вЌшей послЎдней пЎсне о вЌших послЎдних пЎснях
в какђм хорђшем здЌнии о какђй хорђшей фотогрЌфии о какЏх хорђших актёрах / здЌниях
об ітом большђм мЎсте об ітой стрЌнной дЎвушке об ітих большЏх дЎвушках / мышЌх
-{O}му -{U} -{O}й -е (-ияÆ-ии; -ьÆ-и) ???
D моемѓ нђвому гЌлстуку
моемѓ нђвому письмѓ моЎй нђвой машЏне / двЎри
A вЌшему послЎднему карандашѓ
вЌшему послЎднему полотЎнцу вЌшей послЎдней пЎсне
T какђму хорђшему актёру
какђму хорђшему здЌнию какђй хорђшей фотогрЌфии
???
ітому большђму планетЌрию
ітому большђму мЎсту ітой стрЌнной дЎвушке
грјзному пђлу
New Verb Types: С / К / [НУ] / НУ
С-Stems: (Same applies to З-Stems):

• Another Greasy Zeke Verb
• If end-stressed throughout Past, Infinitive is in -стЏ / -зтЏ. (No mutation of с/з!)
• Present is simple C+V. No mutation.
принёс+΄(bring) (Perf)
я принесѓ мы принесём я, ты, он принёс
ты принесёшь вы принесёте оно принеслђ
он(а) принесёт они принесѓт я, ты, она принеслЌ принестЏ
мы, вы, они принеслЏ
“steal” -Џ for the Infinitive
К-Stems: (Share properties of Г-Stems):
• Another Greasy Zeke Verb

• Mutation (к>ч) in Present Tense before “middle forms” in е/ё, but not before endings in у.
• Infinitive is in -чь – к from stem is lost.
пёк+΄ // ис-(bake)
PERF FUTURE / PRESENT PAST INFINITIVE
я ис/пекѓ мы ис/печём я, ты, он ис/пёк
ты ис/печёшь вы ис/печёте я, ты, онЌ ис/пеклЌ
он(а) ис/печёт они ис/пекѓт онђ ис/пеклђ ис/пЎчь
мы, вы, они ис/пеклЏ
Disappearing [НУ] Verb:
• In all forms of the Past Tense the suffix ну drops out and then the Verb acts like a Greasy Zeke Verb.
• If the ну is stressed, or if it is preceded by a vowel, the ну will not drop.
• We’ll mark Disappearing [ну] in these brackets.
исчЎз[ну]+(disappear) (Perf)
я исчЎзну мы исчЎзнем я, ты, он исчЎз
ты исчЎзнешь вы исчЎзнете я, ты, онЌ исчЎзла
он(а) исчЎзнет они исчЎзнут онђ исчЎзло исчЎзнуть
мы, вы, они исчЎзли
57-3
Non-Disappearing НУ Verbs:
• Regular Vowel stem (First conjugation since it’s not И-, Е-, Жа-Жа.)
• No V+V mutation in the Present Tense (because н does not mutate).
вернѓ+(return [a thing]) (Perf)

я вернѓ мы вернём я, ты, он вернѓл
ты вернёшь вы вернёте я, ты, онЌ вернѓла
он(а) вернёт они вернѓт онђ вернѓло вернѓть
мы, вы, они вернѓли
A truly irregular Verb:

×
(от)дать give (away) (Perf)
я (от)дЌм мы (от)дадЏм я, ты, он (ђт)дЌл
ты (от)дЌшь вы (от)дадЏте оно (ђт)дЌло
он(а) (от)дЌст они (от)дадѓт я, ты, она (от)далЌ (от)дЌть
мы, вы, они (ђт)дЌли
Aspect
Summary of Imperfective and Perfective verbs in different tenses
PAST PRESENT FUTURE

As we have learned: бѓд+ (will) + Infinitive
form with -л, -ло, -ла, -ли
IMPF.
пишѓ, пЏшешь, пЏшет Он бѓдет весь день смотрЎть телевЏзор.
писЌл, писЌла, etc. He is going to watch TV all day.
пЏшем, пЏшете, пЏшут
Same endings as for No helping verb. Just conjugate like a Present-
Imperfective verbs: Tense verb:
PERF. Никгогда!
Во сколько ты встЌнешь завтра?
написЌл, написЌла, etc. What time are you going to get up tomorrow?
Basic meaning of Aspect
• Perfective for single completed actions
Use the Perfective in the Past and the Future to indicate a single action that definitely has been/will be completed. If there
is any other information being conveyed (see below) use the Imperfective. A common clue in English: get something done.
• Imperfective
Some of the most common uses of the Imperfective are:
57-4
1. Present Tense – (a “no-brainer”) Applies to all the uses of the Present: action in progress (He’s doing his homework),
general statement (He does his homework every day; I’ve been living in Moscow for 5 years.)
2. Repetition/habit – Actions repeated either on one occasion or over a long period of time appear in the Imperfective. For
the repetition/habit meaning, even though the action is completed, the repetitiveness trumps the notion of completion
and the Imperfective must be used. Clues in English: used to, would (always) …
3. State/activity verbs – These verbs describe either 1) the physical position or state a person was (will be) in or; 2) how a
person spent (will be spending) their time. Note that there is no emphasis accomplishment.
• Keys for deciding Aspect
(You are not [yet] responsible for any new adverbs [marked with *] in this list. We’ve included them because they provide
very clear examples of the distinction between Imperfective and Perfective. We don’t expect you to memorize this chart at
this point. It’s given for general reference. We’ll cover each of these points in depth later on.)
• PRESENT TENSE (trumps everything) • A single, completed act (in the Past or Future)
• English uses -ing form (so-called “continuous”): • A sequence of completed actions:
* Do not confuse continuous -ing with the -ing found on Woke up, got out of bed, dragged a comb across my head.
‘going’, which is used for simple Future Tense. Thus, the
sentence I am going to open the door would be translated
with a Perfective verb.
• With adverbials indicating: • Transitive verbs usually have a direct object
1) repetition/habit: всегдЌ, чЌсто, иногдЌ, рЌньше, Contrast Imperfective: Я весь день писЌл (no direct object)
кЌждый … vs. Perfective: Я вчерЌ написЌл три письмЌ. It is impossible
to say Я написЌл without a direct object (unless it is clear
2) duration: дђлго, цЎлый (день), всю (недЎлю) from context that a direct object is implied).
3) non-existence of action: никогдЌ (не)
• After люби×+ and verbs of beginning and finishing: • With adverbials indicating:
Мы лїбим стојть на балкђне и курЏть. 1) completion: ужЎ already, наконЎц finally
КогдЌ я учЏлся на пЎрвом кѓрсе, я стал пить. 2) “one-timedness”: однЌжды – once (in the Past)
КогдЌ он кђнчит петь, я начнѓ занимЌться. 3) suddenness: вдруг suddenly, срЌзу immediately
How to form Aspectual pairs
There are 3 ways (2 common / 1 rare) to form Aspectual pairs
× ×
1. Adding a prefix (which must be memorized on a писа+ написа+
verb-to-verb basis): читЌй+ прочитЌй+
2. Using the same root but change the “insides”, using {встай+΄/вставЌй+} встЌн+
a different verbal suffix. This is often accompanied встречЌй+ встрЎти+
×
by consonant mutation and vowel alternations. спрЌшивай+ спроси+
*One common Impf suffix here is the -΄{I}вай+. зарабЌтывай+ зарабђтай+
×
3. Using a totally different-looking verb altogether: говорЏ+ сказа+
×
ложи+…ся {лјг+/лёг+΄}
57-5
Reported Speech in Russian: Cut – (Modify) – Paste
Step 1) Cut the exact words said. Unlike in English, DO NOT CHANGE THE TENSE of the original utterance.:
АлексЌндр СергЎевич: “Я принесѓ торт.” I’ll bring a cake.
Step 2: Modify the Person of the verb (when required):
…, что вы принесёте торт. … that you’d bring a cake.

…, что он принесёт торт. … that he would bring a cake.
Step 3: Paste the modified phrase after the reported speech clause. Note that in Russian you do not need to repeat the
pronoun, which is mandatory in English:
АлексЌндр СергЎевич, вы сказЌли, что (вы) Aleksandr Sergeevich, you said that you’d bring a cake.
принесёте торт.
Пѓшкин сказЌл, что (он) принесёт торт Pushkin said that he would bring a cake.
The Perfective prefix по-: to do something for a while
The verbal prefix по- can be added to many unprefixed Imperfective verbs to create a Perfective verb with the meaning do X
for a little while, a bit. So here the prefix does add a meaning (as opposed to such prefixes as на-, or про-, etc., which are
used to perfectivize писа+, читЌй+, respectively):
Я вчера почитЌл, послѓшал мѓзыку, потђм поспЌл. Yesterday I read (for a while), listened to a little
music, and then I took a nap.
Завтра я позанимЌюсь, потанцѓю, поигрЌю в гольф. Tomorrow I’ll study a bit, do a little dancing, and
play a little golf.
*Not every verb can attach по- and get this meaning. So, there’s no познЌй+, поготђви+, повра+
Котђрый in Cases other than Nominative

Гдe пЌрeнь, которого Маша лїбит? Where is the guy who(m)
Masc Sg ACC (direct object of лїбит) Masha likes?
Вот дЎвушка, для которой я купЏл зелёный шарф. There is the girl for whom I
Fem Sg GEN (after preposition для) bought a green scarf.
Я вЏдела полЏтиков, о котђрых мы разговЌривали. I saw the politicians about

Plural PREP (after preposition о) whom we were conversing (=
who we were conversing about).
57-6
Use of the Dative: Indirect object
The Dative Case is most commonly used to mark indirect objects. Many of the same verbs that take an indirect object in
English govern the Dative Case in Russian, quite often corresponding to to.
{Я} сказЌл [всю прЌвду] <МЌрку> I told the whole truth to Mark
{Subj} [Dir Obj] <Ind Obj>
NOM ACC DAT
<Комѓ> {она} отдалЌ [торт]? Who did she give the cake (away) to?
<Ind Obj> {Subj} [Dir Obj]
DAT NOM ACC
Just as in English, the verbs that take a Dative indirect object, in addition to an Accusative direct object, are verbs of giving,
telling, bringing, and others, e.g.:
×
{дай+΄/ давЌй+} // дать give
×
{отдай+΄/ отдавЌй+} // отдать give away
×
говорЏ+ // сказа+ tell (but not speak. To speak to someone in
Russian is говорЏ+ с + Instrumental, which we
currently know only smidges of)
×
приноси+ // принёс+´ bring
×
покупЌй+ // купи+ buy (also для + GEN)
Verbs that unpredictably take the Dative

×
помогЌй+ // помог+ help Он помђг ВЎре.
Она чЌсто помогЌет ВЌдику.
обещЌй+ promise Зина обещЌла мѓжу брђсить курЏть.

СтудЎнты обещЌли профЎссору, что (они) бѓдут
занимЌться кЌждый день.
←
{продай+´/продавЌй+} // прода ть sell Кто продаёт АмЎрике машЏны?
Женя продалЌ тѓфли Ваниной сестрЎ.
×
дари+ // по- to give as a present Он кЌждое воскресенье дЌрит женЎ рђзы.
НЏна подарЏла моемѓ брЌту большую лђшадь на Нђвый
Год.
звонЏ+ // по- сall (on the phone) Она кЌждый день звонЏт мЌтери.
Я позвонї твоемѓ отцѓ!
57-7
Домђй
To indicate motion home(ward) use the Adverb домђй with no preposition:
Мы идём домђй. We going home.

ОнЌ чЌсто Ўздит домђй. She often travels home.
Recall that at home is expressed by дђма (also without any Preposition):
Егђ нет дђма. He’s not home.

Я бѓду дђма пђсле обЎда. I’ll be home after dinner.
Titles of books, movies
Either decline the name of the book, movie, play (in whatever Case is called for), or insert the Noun кнЏга,
фильм, ђпера, балЎт (in whatever Case is called for) followed by the name of the book, movie in the Nominative:
Я читЌю «Ђнну КарЎнину». I’m reading “Anna Karenina”.

Я читЌю кнЏгу «Ђнна КарЎнина». I’m reading the book “Anna Karenina”.
Infinitive так Infinitive
To express the idea if you’re going to [Verb], then go ahead and [Verb], use two Imperfective Infinitives
surrounding так:
Гулјть так гулјть! If you’re going to splurge, then splurge!

Пить так пить! If you’re going to drink, then go ahead and drink!
Friend
When expressing friend in Russian you need to distinguish between a close friend or boyfriend/girlfriend (друг /
подрѓга) and an acquaintence (знакђмый / знакђмая). (We’ll make this artificial distinction in English.)
СпасЏбо за + Accusative
To say thanks for, use спасЏбо за + Accusative:
СпасЏбо за торт! Thanks for the cake!

СпасЏбо за всё! Thanks for everything!
57-8
В / На
The English Prepositions to / at can appear as either в or на (as well as a few other things we haven’t seen yet).
As a general rule, use в for physical structure, на for the events that take place within those structures.
Мы ходЏли в теЌтр на балЎт «ЛебедЏное ђзера». We went to the theater to the ballet “Swan Lake”.
Мы бѕли в музЎе на вѕставке ПикЌссо. We were at the Picasso exhibition at the museum.
Ни рЌзу не
Use ни рЌзу не + Verb to indicate that you have never, not a single time, done something, been somewhere, etc:
Я ни рЌзу нЎ был в РоссЏи. I’ve never been to Russia.

ОнЌ ни рЌзу не былЌ в Лђндоне. She’s never been to London.
ПлЌны на + Accusative of Time
To talk about plans for day / month / tomorrow / summer, etc., use the phrase плЌны на + Accusative (where
possible) of the time phrase:
КакЏе у тебј плЌны на зЌвтра? What are your plans for tomorrow?
У менј нет осђбых плЌнов на лЎто. I don’t have any special plans for the summer.
57-9
(You should try to complete this homework without referring back to the lesson. If there is anything that causes
you any trouble, be sure to note it so you can review it later on.)
" УпражнЎние 1 Give an example of possible forms:
PAST PRESENT FUTURE
IMPF
PERF
" УпражнЎние 2 What are the ways Perfective verbs differ from Imperfective verbs IN FORM.
List an example of each.
57-10
" УпражнЎние 3 Translate into Russian. Pay special attention to the Aspect of all verbs.
1. Vika has a lot acquaintences, but only one real friend.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. We went to the ballet «Swan Lake».
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3. I used to get up at 6:00, but today I got up at 3:00.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
4. Yesterday I wrote 10 pages. I normally write 20 pages a day.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
5. Someone said that the people everyone is talking about praised the exhibit.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
6. – Are you tired? – Yeah, I want to take a nap.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
7. – Why did you hang up the phone? – I dialed the wrong number.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
8. When did he start to play tennis?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
9. – Vera said she would bring a jar of caviar to the party, but she forgot. – What do you mean ‘forgot’?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
57-11
10. Who will give Viktor the keys?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
11. –My professor baked a cake for you. – He’s always baking.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
12. Tomorrow I’m going to do a little studying, listen to a little music, dance for a while, and play a little chess.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
13. + Where are you going? - I’m going home. (Use the Verb ид+´)
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
57-12
Vocabulary: Lessons 51-57; Story Parts 8-9
аквЌриум acquarium озёра—Nom Pl.

балерЌна ballerina ПЏтер colloquial term for Петербург
балЎт (на) ballet пђрция portion
бис encore «ПреступлЎние и наказЌние» «Crime and Punishment»
блат connections; influence Пѓшкин, ПЌвловск, Петергђф, Suburbs of Saint Petersburg
букЎт bouquet ГЌтчина
вѕвставка (на) exhibit ресторЌн restaurant
вѕстрел shot (from a gun) рђза rose
Гоголь Nikolai Gogol рѕба fish
губЌ гѓбу—Acc lip свидЌние date
гѓбы—Nom Pl сЎссия exam period
ДостоЎвский Fyodor Dostoevsky скамЎйка (Gen Pl. скамЎек) bench
зЌяц (зЌйца) rabbit столђвая dining hall; cafeteria
знакђмый / знакђмая friend (more like acquaintance) странЏца page
идЎя idea танцђр male ballet dancer
ковёр´ (ё) carpet теЌтр theater
(Gen Sg. ковра) торт cake
комЌнда team тренирђвка practice
концЎрт concert трѓб/ка (о) telephone receiver
культѓра culture тѓф/ля (е) shoe
«ЛебедЏное озеро» «Swan Lake» ѓмница smart person
лЎбедь (F) swan цЎна price
«Мёртвые дѓши» «Dead Souls» шоколЌд choclate
музЎй museum ЭрмитЌж Hermitage Museum
НЎвский проспЎкт Nevksy Prospect
недЎля week
ђзеро lake
Verbs
вЎшай+ // повЎси+ hang up

готђви+ // при- cook; prepare
×
держа+ hold
{достай+´ / доставЌй}достЌн+ obtain; get
{ед+ / еха+}\\ по- go (by vehicle)
есть // съесть to eat
звонЏ+ // по- +Dative call
исчезЌй+ // исчЎз[ну] + disappear
кончЌй+ // кђнчи+ finish
×
набирЌй+ // {набер+´ / набра+} dial a phone
×
начинЌй+ // {начн+´ / начЌ+} start; begin
обещай+ + Dative promise
отдЌть + Dative give (away)
пёк+´ // ис- bake
повернѓ+ turn (a thing)
×
полюби+ come to love
×
помогЌй+ // помог+ Dative help
обедЌй+ // по- have dinner
×
походи+ walk around (for a while)
×
приноси+ // принёс+´+ bring
×
приходи+ // {прид+´ / пришёл+ ´ arrive; come (on foot)
(ё)} INF—прийтЏ
×
проводи+ кого (куда) see someone (to a
destination)
{продай+´ / продавЌй+} // sell

продЌть + Accusative + Dative
соглашЌй+…ся // согласЏ+…ся to agree to do something
57-13
+INF
×
спрЌшивай+ // спроси+ ask
стЌн+ INF (Perfective Only) start; begin to
стђит + Inf its worth (doing [Inf Verb])
×
сходи+ ( Perfective Only) run down to; make a quick
trip
съЎзди+ Perfective only make a round trip (by
vehicle); go
убивЌй+ // {убьй+ // убЏ+} kill
уговорЏ+ кого convince someone to do
(Perfective) something
устрЌивает+ Acc suit someone; be agreeable to
someone
×
хвали+ // по- praise
×
чисти+ // по- clean
Adjectives and Adverbs
грузЏнский Georgian
замечЌтельный marvelous; wonderful
знаменЏтый famous
нЎжный gentle; tender
осђбый special; in particular
почтЏ nearly; practically
сЏльный strong
сначЌла at first
специЌльно specially
сыт –Ќ, -и full (can’t eat anymore)
устЌл -а -и be tired
футбђльный football (adj)
шоколЌдный chocalate (adj)
Expressions and Misc.
×
{бѓд+ // бы+} в восторге от + Gen be in ecstasy over; be crazy about
ведь after all
во скђлько at what time; when
вообщЎ (не) (not) at all; in general
во-пЎрвых first of all
вѕгляде+ Adverb look (a certain way)
ты прекрЌсно вѕглядишь you look marvelous
гулјть, так гулјть if you're going to splurge, then
splurge
до зЌвтра see you tomorrow
дђлго for a long time
домђй homeward
жаль it’s a pity; it’s a shame
жду—не дождѓсь! I can't wait
как это + Nominative what do you mean ...
на бис for the encore
на for a period of time
ни рЌзу (не) never; not a single time
ничегђ подђбного nothing of the kind; absolutely not
57-14
ничегђ don't worry about it

однЏм вѕстрелом двух зЌйцев to kill two birds with one stone
убЏл/а/и
ђколо + Genitive near
по блЌту through connections
по НЎвскому проспЎкту along Nevsky Prospect
пђсле + Genititve after
разумЎется it goes without saying
спасЏбо за + Acc thanks for
спокђйной нђчи good night
ѓжас horror
чЎрез + Accusitive through; via
что за чёрт what the devil
что-то не то something not right
57-15
Диалог
“They didn’t like that movie”
58.A The Dative of personal and other pronouns
58.Б DAT нрЌви+...ся + // по- NOM like
Диалог
Этот фильм им нe понрЌвился They didn’t like that movie
ГрЏша 1 Как тeбe понрЌвился послЎдний фильм Бріда How did you like Brad Pitt’s last movie?
2 ПЏтта?
Ѕнна 3 Он мнe нe очeнь понрЌвился, а мой муж был I didn’t like it very much, but my husband was
4 прђсто в востђргe от негђ. Емѓ очeнь in ecstasy over it. He really liked it. He likes all
5 понрЌвился. Он очeнь лїбит всe фЏльмы Бріда of Brad Pitt’s movies. How about your wife?
6 ПЏтта. А твоЎй жeнЎ? Ей понрЌвился этот Did she like the movie?
фильм?
ГрЏша 7 Нeт, мы вообщЎ не лїбим фЏльмы ѓжасов. No, in general we don’t like horror movies.
Ѕнна 8 А какиe фильмы вы лїбите? «Глѓпый и What kind of movies do you like? “Dumb and
9 глупЎе», напримeр. Он вам понрЌвился? Dumber,” for example. Did you like that movie?
ГрЏша 10 Мы его не смотрЎли, но наши дeти смотрЎли. We didn’t see it, but our kids saw it. They
11 Этот фильм им нe понрЌвился. Он слЏшком didn’t like that movie. It was too serious. They
12 сeрьёзный. Они лїбят тђлько комЎдии. only like comedies.
Словарь
See below for Dative Pronouns
1 нрЌви+...ся // по- like something / someone (See long explanation below.)

×
3 {бѓд+ / бы+}в востђрге от чегђ (to be) in ecstasy over something; really like something a lot
7 фЏльм ѓжасов horror film (lit.: film of horrors)
8 глѓпый dumb; stupid
глупЎе (Comparative form, which we won’t discuss right now.)
9 напримЎр for example
12 комЎдия comedy
58-1
58.А Dative Pronouns
We’ve seen almost all of these either in previous dialogues or in the story. A few examples:
Мне нЎкогда. I’m in a hurry (lit.: to me there is no time)

Вот вам чай. Here’s your tea (lit.: here’s the tea for you)
×
Чем я могѓ тебЎ помђчь? How can I help you? (помог+ takes DAT)
NOMINATIVE DATIVE
я мне
ты тебЎ
он, оно (н)емѓ
она (н)ей
мы нам
вы вам
они (н)им
кто комѓ
что чемѓ
никтђ никомѓ
ничегђ ничемѓ
Tips for remembering:
1) Every form in the singular has the letter e

2) The 3rd person pronouns are the same as the soft adjective endings (-емѓ, -ей, -им)
3) The plural forms all end in м.
4) To remember комѓ just think that you gave something to Camus: – Комѓ ты ђтдЌл кнЏгу? – Да, да,
Комѓ. (actually in Russian his name is spelled Камї, but who cares.)
5) Почемѓ why is actually a combination of the Dative preposition по + чемѓ.
Form questions and answers. Put the Dative pronoun in front of the verb:
Example: Рита отдалЌ кнЏгу (я) ➯ – Комѓ Рита отдалЌ кнЏгу? – Она мне отдалЌ кнЏгу.
1. Серёжа помђг (онЌ) 2. Мы помоглЏ (ты) 3. Я подарЏла машЏну (никто)

4. Лёня сказЌл всю прЌвду (мы) 5. Он говорЏт все секрЎты (я) 6. Рђберт весь день звонЏл (вы)
7. Ты принеслЌ торт (они) 8. Катя продалЌ тѓфли (он) 9. Света обещЌла,что не бѓдет
пить (мы)
58-2
58.Б Liking a thing: Dative + нрЌви+...ся + // по- Nominative
Russian has a strange way of saying I like that dress, I really liked the movie, You’ll like Vera. First, let us beat
you over the head with the statement that YOU CANNOT USE ЛЮБИ+ IN THESE SENTENCES. Stop. No
×
люби+. Don’t even think about it.
Instead, you use a form of the verb нрЌви+...ся // по-. The liker is in the Dative, the thing liked (or, sometimes,
person) is in the Nominative. As expected, the verb agrees in Person, Number, and Gender with the Nominative
subject. Look at these examples, paying very close attention to the word order:
LIKER НРЂВИ+...СЯ // ПО- THING LIKED

DAT Agrees with thing liked NOM
Present
Моемѓ брЌту нрЌвится рок-мѓзыка. My brother likes rock music.
МоЎй сестрЎ не нрЌвятся мои нђвые тѓфли. My sister doesn’t like my new shoes
Perfective Past
ТебЎ понрЌвился фильм? Did you like the movie?
Емѓ не понрЌвилась моя сестрЌ. He didn’t like my sister.
МЌксу понрЌвилось пЏво. Max liked the beer.
Комѓ понрЌвились их дЎти? Who liked their children?
Никомѓ не понрЌвился послЎдний диск No one liked Nivarna’s last CD.
НирвЌны.
Perfective Future
Тебе понрЌвится моя нђвая машЏна You’ll like my new car.
Ей не понрЌвятся твои собЌки. She won’t like your dogs.
• Verbal Aspect with нрЌви+...ся // по-

Literally, the above constructions translate as Thing is (was/will be) pleasing to me/her/us/Nina. In the Past and
the Future the emphasis is on the impression the thing made (will make) and therefore the Perfective
понрЌви+..ся is most commonly found (because the making of the impression is a one-time, completed action).
The Imperfective is (theoretically) possible in the Past, but you can also use the Past of люби+. (See more below
×
on the difference between люби+ and нрЌви+...ся.) In the Future бѓд+ нрЌвиться is possible, but quite rare.
• Verb agreement: When the thing liked isn’t a thing

Generally the thing liked is, well, a thing, which means that in the Present Tense the only verb forms possible
would be 3rd singular нрЌвится or 3rd plural нрЌвятся.
But there’s no reason you couldn’t say I like you using нрЌви+...ся, where you is the subject in the Nominative.
The verb must agree with the noun in Nominative, and we get (exactly as we expect), the 2nd person singular of
the verb: Ты мне нрЌвишься.
58-3
In fact, if you want to (gently, of course) tell someone that you like them, but you don’t love them, you would say:
Ты мне (очень) нрЌвишься, но я тебя не люблї (said very gently).
And, if you’re the less-than-humble type, you can say about yourself that people like you (find you attractive): Я
очень нрЌвлюсь дЎвушкам / пЌрням. Women/Guys find me attractive. (lit.: I am pleasing to women/guys.)
*Note в > вл mutation in the 1sg, just as we expect.
Say that the person liked (likes / will like) the thing:
1. Маша / послЎдняя кнЏга Толстђго (Past) 2. Я / твои нђвые тѓфли (Present)

3. Ты / Вера (Future) 4. Мы / твой нђвый крЌсный гЌлстук (Present)
5. Кђля / нђвый диск Смішинг Пампкинс (Past) 6. Кто / этот стрЌнный учЎбник рѓсского языкЌ
(Present)
7. Она / Митя (Past) 8. Никтђ / её протЏвный гђлос (Present)
×
• Like? Love? нрЌви+…ся? люби+? – Let’s clear this up
×
When we presented люби+ we gave the definition as either like or love. We’re we misleading you? Absolutely
not! (How dare you accuse us of such underhandedness.) For romantic (or familial) feelings, i.e. love, you must
×
use люби+.
Я люблї тебя! I love you! ☺

Я тебя бђльше не люблї. I don’t love you anymore.
Он меня лїбит! He loves me. ☺
When English like is used to express an established relation or attitude toward a thing, either нрЌви+…ся or
× ×
люби+ are possible (though люби+ is preferred):
Коля лїбит францѓзское винђ, а я люблї Kolya likes French wine, but I like Italian wine.
итальјнское.
(Коле нрЌвится францѓзское винђ, а мне нрЌвится
итальјнское.)
Мы не лїбим фЏльмы ѓжасов. We don’t like horror films.
(Нам не нрЌвятся фЏльмы ѓжасов)
Какой хлеб вы лїбите, бЎлый или чёрный? What kind of bread do you like, white or black?
(Какой хлеб вам нрЌвится, бЎлый или чёрный?) (For many Russians this last example with нрЌвится
seems to imply that both white and black bread are in
front of the person and the speaker wants to find out
which specific bread the person finds more
delicious.)
×
In the above sentences, люби+ implies a more general statement, while нрЌви+…ся suggests a more specific
×
instance. It’s a bit complicated, but the most important thing to remember is that люби+ cannot be used to express
a one-time impression made by something/someone.
58-4
• Impressions of things/people
As we said above, нрЌви+..ся // по- is used to express an impression of something. So if you’re friend walks in
(before heading to the big I-Bank interview) wearing some fine neckwear and you want to say I just love that tie,
×
you cannot use the verb люби+. You must say: Мне очень нрЌвится твой гЌлстук!
×
Using люби+ in this setting gives you чепухЌ. Russians will think you’re into some pretty weird stuff.
• With Infinitives
× ×
Both нрЌви+..ся and люби+ can be used with Infinitives, though in general люби+ is much more common. (Note
for super-advanced students: sometimes only нрЌви+..ся is possible, but that’s for 23rd-year Russian.)
Summary of when to use which like/love verb

×
НРЂВИ+...СЯ // ПО- ЛЮБИ+
Мне нрЌвится твой гЌлстук.
Impression / reaction
(like / love)
МоЎй млЌдшей сестрЌ очень понрЌвился
«ТитЌник».
НЕТ!
Вера тебе понрЌвится.
Established relation to Моемѓ брЌту очень нрЌвится ДостоЎвский. Мой брат лїбит ДостоЎвского.
thing / person / activity
Какая вђдка тебЎ нрЌвится? Какую вђдку ты лїбишь?
(like / love – but not
romantic) Я люблї рЌно вставЌть.
Romantic feelings Ты мне очень нрЌвишься, но..................... я тебя не люблї.
Translate into Russian (Note that sometimes more than one translation is possible):
1. I like you but I don’t love you. 2. Did you like the movie?
3. I love your new dress плЌтье 4. I don’t like horror films.
5. Monica doesn’t love Bill anymore. 6. No one likes to clean the carpet.
7. I like Russian literature. 8. Do you like my shoes?
9. I like to bake. 10. I think you will really like Nina.
58-5
УпражнЎние 1 Fill in the blanks and translate into English:
1. Как _______________ (ты) понрЌвился фильм?
2. ____________ (он) не нрЌвятся твои нђвые тѓфли.
3. Я ____________ (она) подЌрил нђвую машЏну.
4. Бђря ____________ (я) купЏл шоколЌд.
5. Он ______________ (они) всегдЌ помогЌл.
6. Зина ________________ (мы) принеслЌ очнеь вкѓсный торт.
7. Этот фильм _____________________ (никтђ) _________ понрЌвился.
8. Кто ______________________ (вы) сказЌл, что я здесь?
УпражнЎние 2 Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb. You need to pay attention
to the case on the various nouns.
1. БорЏс очень _________________________________________ фЏльмы ѓжасов.
2. БорЏсу не ђчень ________________________________________ комЎдии.
3. Я _____________________________ тебј!
58-6
4. Я дѓмаю, что твоемѓ брЌту ___________________________________ future моЏ дЎти.
5. Как вам __________________________________ past ђпера?
6. Я __________________________________________ танцевЌть тЌнго.
7. Мне ________________________________________ гулјть в лесѓ.
8. Почемѓ Ѕре не _______________________________________ past фильм?
9. Ты мне ___________________________________, но я тебј не ____________________________.
1. I just love your new tie!
2. Boris likes Masha, but he doesn’t love her.
3. --Did you like the movie Dumb and Dumber? --I was in ecstasy.
58-7
Диалог
“He turned 50 in October”
59.A A few time expressions – old and new
59.Б More on the word year in Russian
59.B Age expressions
59.B.1 Asking/expressing age
59.B,2 Expressing age in the Past and Future
59.B.2 Turning an age
59.B.3 Guesstimating age
Диалог
В октябрЎ емѓ испђлнилось пятьдесјт (лет) He turned 50 in October
Алёша: 1 Скђлько лeт твоeмѓ отцѓ? How old is your father?

Надя: 2 На прђшлой недЎле eмѓ испђлнилось He turned 50 (years old) last week.
3 пятьдесјт (лeт).
Алёша: 4 А сколько лет твоемѓ дјде? How old is your uncle?
Надя: 5 МЌминому брЌту Џли пЌпиному? My mom’s brother or my dad’s?
Алёша: 6 МЌминому. Your mother’s.
Надя: 7 На слЎдующей недЎле емѓ испђлнится Next week he’ll be 59 (years old).
8 шестьдесјт одЏн (год).
Алёша: 9 А твоЎй тёте, пЌпиной сестрЎ? And your aunt, your dad’s sister?
Надя: 10 В прђшлом годѓ ей испђлнилось сђрок два She turned 42 (years) last year.
11 (гђда).
Алёша: 12 А твоЎй млЌдшей сестрЎ МЌше, скђлько ей лет? And your younger sister Masha, how old is she?
Надя: 13 Ей пятнЌдцать (лет). She’s 15 (years old).
Алёша: 14 Ей тђлько пятнЌдцать лет? Я бы дал ей лет She’s only fifteen? She looks to me to be around
15 восемнЌдцать. 18.
Надя: 15 Все так говорјт. Нет, в декабрЎ ей испђлнилось Everybody says that. No, she turned just 15
97 тђлько пятнЌдцать (лет). (years old) in December.
Алёша: 18 А скђлько тeбЎ лeт? And how old are you?
Надя: 19 ЖЎнщин об этом не спрЌшивают. (One) does not ask women about that.
Словарь
1 скђлько лет + Dat how old is PERSON (See 59.B.2)
1 год year (See 59.Б)
Loc Sg: в годѓ
Irreg. Gen Pl: лет
2 прђшлый previous; last
на прђшлой недЎле last week (See 59.A)
2 испђлни+...ся кому ## turn (a certain age) (See 59.B.2below.)
4 дјдя uncle
7 слЎдующий next
на слЎдующей недЎле next week
9 тётя aunt
11 Я бы дал(Ќ) комѓ ## PERSON seems to me to be ## years old. (lit.: I would give person about ## years)
59-1
19 спрЌшивают one asks; are asked (Here the они-form is used without a pronoun to indicate an
unspecified subject. English uses they or one the same way, e.g.: They’re coming
to take me away …Often such sentences may be rendered by a Passive phrase in
English: Women are not asked such questions.)
59.А Time Expression: Review and New
• Review:
1) To say what time, or what day something takes place, use в + ACC. Note that while the form of час, -Ќ, -ђв
vary, the number itself (два, шесть, etc.) is ACC.
Я встал в два часЌ. I got up at 2:00.

Они приЎдут часђв в шесть. They’ll arrive at around 6:00.
В эту пјтницу у меня свидЌние с МЏтей. I have a date with Mitya this Friday.
В суббђту мы Ўздили в Нью-Йђрк. We went to NY on Saturday.
But note the preposition на + ACC in the following expression:
На слЎдующий день они пригласЏли нас в ресторЌн. The next day they invited us to a restaurant.
2) To say what month something takes place, use в + PREP

В мЌрте она стЌла курЏть. She started to smoke in March.
В этом мЎсяце у меня мнђго рабђты. I have a lot of work this month.
В слЎдующем мЎсяце я вернѓсь в РоссЏю. I will return to Russian next month.
• New:
3) To say what week something takes place, use на + PREP. Notice that in English NO PREPOSITION (or
any word for that matter) is used:
На прђшлой недЎле у меня бѕло пять экзЌменов. I had five exams last week.
На этой недЎле я кЌждый день бѓду вставЌть в семь. I’m going to get up at 7:00 every day this week.
На слЎдующей недЎле я испекѓ тебЎ торт. I’ll bake you a cake next week.
4) To say what year something takes place in, use в + PREP. Note that the word год has -ѓ in the
Prepositional.
В этом годѓ она ест мнђго шоколЌда. She’s been (= She is) eating a lot of chocolate this
year.
В прђшлом годѓ я учЏлся в МосквЎ. I studied/went to school in Moscow last year.
В слЎдующем годѓ он кѓпит нђвую машЏну. I’m going to buy a new car next year.
59-2
Summary of time expressions with prepositions
MEASUREMENT FORM
OF TIME
Less than a week: в + ACC в час; в какђй день?; в срЎду
A week: на + PREP на прђшлой / ітой / слЎдующей недЎле
More than a week: в + PREP в мЌе; в какђм годѓ
Say when the event took (takes/will take) place. Put the time expression at the beginning.
1. Они почЏстят ковёр. (next week) 2. Мы ходЏли на вѕставку. (on Tuesday)

3. У меня бѕло свидЌние с Верой. (last week) 4. Я никогдЌ не занимЌюсь. (this year)
5. Я схожѓ в магазЏн и куплї шоколЌдное молокђ. 6. Мои родЏтели мне подЌрят нђвую машЏну.
(at around 6:00) (next year)
7. Лена вернѓлась в РоссЏю. (last year) 8. Мы Ўздили в Москвѓ (in March)
9. Я кЌждый день обЎдал в столђвой. (this week) 10. Вера его брђсила. (the next day)
59.Б More on the word year in Russian
Above we learned that the Prep Sg of год year is годѓ. The Gen Sg гђда is used as expected after 2, 3, 4.
The Gen Pl, however, is лет (It’s comes from the Gen Pl of лЎто summer). This will be used for ≥5:
NUMBER EXAMPLES YEAR (CASE/#)

(ending in) 1 один, двЌдцать один, трЏдцать один, сто сђрок один … год (Nom Sg)
(ending in) 2, 3, 4 пятьдесјт два, шестьдесјт три, сЎмьдесят четѕре … гђда (Gen Sg)
(ending in) ≥5 пять, десять, одЏннадцать, девянђсто, сто, тѕсяча … лет (Gen Pl)
59-3
59.В Age in Russian
59.В.1 Asking/expressing age

Here is the basic formula:
Person in the Dative + Number + Year (год/гђда/лет)
Some examples:
PERSON (IN DAT) + NUMBER + YEAR

МоЎй мЌтери сђрок вђсемь лет My mother is 48 (years old).
Моемѓ стЌршему брЌту двЌдцать один год My older brother is 21 (years old).
Мне девятнЌдцать лет I’m 19 (years old).
Емѓ двЌдцать три гђда He’s 23 (years old).
МЌше трЏдцать четыре гђда Masha’s 34 (years old).
To ask the question How old is Person ? use Скђлько лет + {person in the Dative}?
In the answer you can often leave out the word год/гђда/лет (since it’s pretty clear what you’re talking about.)
one or the other

СКОЛЬКО + {PRONOUN +} YEAR {+ NOUN}
Скђлько лет твоЎй тёте? How old is your aunt?
Скђлько лет вЌшему дјде? How old is your uncle?
Скђлько тебЎ лет? How old are you?
Скђлько ей лет? How old is she?
Say how old the person is. The question Скђлько лет... will be repeated each time.
1. ты / 19 2. он / 23 3. она / 16 4. ВЌдик / 40
5. Вера / 33 6. мой младший брат / 7 7. моя старшая сестра / 28 8. его отец / 50
9. её мать / 43 10. эта стрЌнная жЎнщина / 11. Ѓльцин / 68 12. моя собака / 5
100
59-4
59.В.2 Expressing age in the Past and Future

Use бѕло (был if одЏн is involved) or бѓдет:
КогдЌ Боре бѕло десять лет, он эмигрЏровал из Borya emigrated from Russia to America when he
РоссЏи в АмЎрику. was 10
Сколько тебЎ бѕло лет, когдЌ ты написЌл эту кнЏгу? How old were you when you wrote this book?
Я нЌчал игрЌть в шЌхматы, когдЌ мне бѕло лет семь. I started playing (= to play) chess when I was 7.
КогдЌ мне бѓдет сорок лет, я бѓду рабђтать в When I am (= will be) 40, I will be working in a
престЏжном клѓбе в ПрЏнстоне. prestigious eating club at Princeton.
V Question: What is up with this lack of agreement between the verb and numbers >1?
Why is the verb Neut Sg? The last time I checked 2, 5, 10, 90 were more than
1, hence, plural.
Answer: Verb agreement with numbers in Russian (and all of Slavic) is a кошмЌр. We
admit it. Even Russians don’t know which form is really ‘correct’. (Just like
with impersonal short-form adjectives like хђлодно, скѓчно, etc., the Neut Sg
is used by ‘default’.)
59.В.3 Turning an age

To express turning an age, use the verb испђлни+…ся in place of a form of be:
With years ending in 1 + год, the verb will agree with it in the 3rd person MASC Sg.
With ALL OTHER NUMBERS, it will be in the 3rd person NEUT Sg.
• Past Tense
Person in DAT + испђлнилось (испђлнился with один год) + Number + Year
В мЌе ей испђлнилось два гђда. She turned two in May.

В январЎ мне испђлнилось сђрок лет. I turned 40 in January.
В иїле емѓ испђлнился девянђсто одЏн год. He turned 91 in July.
В апрЎле Юле испђлнился двадцать одЏн год. Julia turned 21 in April.
• Future Tense
For ALL ages use the 3rd Sg: испђлнится. This verb is Perfective, which means it has FUTURE MEANING,
even though it uses PRESENT ENDINGS. You can also use бѓдет to express turning an age, which is more
colloquial (same in English: In a week she’ll be (= turn) 21.)
КогдЌ тебЎ испђлнится / бѓдет двадцать лет? When will you be (turn/ be) 20?
В январЎ ей испђлнится / бѓдет тридцать один год. She turns (= will turn / will be) 31 in January.
59-5
Say how old person turned / will turn (Pay attention to tense and watch for the variations in the
Future):
1. April / я / 20 (Fut – turn) 2. August / Аня / 23 (Past) 3. October / ОлЎг / 30 (Past)

4. December / Настя / 18 (Fut – 5. May / Таня / 48 (Past) 6. January / Ира / 51 (Fut – be)
turn)
7. June / Стасик / 41 (Past) 8. March / Соня / 10 (Fut – turn) 9. September / она / 60 (Fut – be)
10. February / Витя / 27 (Past) 11. November / я / 100 (Fut – be) 12. July / его мать / 62 (Past)
59.В.4 Guesstimating age

When guesstimating (i.e., approximating) years, hours, etc., THE NOUN AND THE NUMBER SWITCH
PLACES. That is why in this particular expression the noun precedes the number.
The formula is: Я бы дал(Ќ) + Person in Dat + Year (год/гђда/лет) + Number
Again, when it's clear that you're talking about age, you can leave out the noun год/гђда/лет.
Я БЫ ДАЛ(Ђ) PERSON (YEAR) NUMBER

(DAT)
Я бы далЌ ей (гђда) двадцать три. She looks like she’s about 23 (years old).
Я бы дал емѓ (лет) двадцать. He looks like he’s about 20 (years old).
Я бы далЌ ТамЌре (лет) сорок. I would say Tamara’s about 40 (years old).
Я бы дал твоемѓ дрѓгу (год) двадцать один. Your friend looks about 21 (years old).
So, before you say год (-1) or гђда (-2/-3/-4) or лет (-5/-6/-7, etc.), you have to know what number you’re about
to say. However, since you’re most likely to estimate ± 5, лет is by far the most commonly found form of years.
Guesstimate the person’s age:
1. Он / ~20 2. Она / ~30 3. Вера / ~45

4. ВЌдик / ~10 5. Галя / ~50 6. Твой брат / ~15
7. Твоя сестрЌ / ~23 8. Љтот мужчЏна / ~40 9. Љта жЎнщина / ~60
59-6
" УпражнЎние 1 Give the ages of 3 people including: you (required), your parents, siblings
1.
______________________________________________________________________________________
2.
______________________________________________________________________________________
3.
______________________________________________________________________________________
" УпражнЎние 2 Indicate when 2 of the people mentioned above turned / will turn a certain age.
(Do one in the Past, one in the Future):
1.
______________________________________________________________________________________
2.
______________________________________________________________________________________
" УпражнЎние 3 Guesstimate the age of the following people (using full sentences):
1. Наш протЏвный профЎссор рѓсского языкЌ
______________________________________________________________________________________
2. ПрезидЎнт ТЏлман (last name doesn’t decline because it’s female)
______________________________________________________________________________________
3. Мадђнна (the singer/”actress” – does decline)
______________________________________________________________________________________
59-7
1. Last week Vera threw a party, and next week we’re going to throw a party.
2. Last year my relatives went to (Ўзди+) Russia.
59-8
Диалоги
“Do you envy rich people?”
60.A The Dative Plural
60.Б More verbs that unexpectly take the Dative
60.В Prepositions that take the Dative
Диалог
Ты завЏдуешь богЌтым лїдям? Do you envy rich people?
СлЌва 1 Комѓ ты завЏдуешь? Ты завЏдуешь богЌтым Who(m) do you envy? Do you envy rich people?
2 лїдям? Я дѓмаю, все богЌтые лїди очень I think that all rich people are very happy.
3 счЌстливы.
Ђня 4 БогЌтым я не осђбенно завЏдую. Я завЏдую I don’t particularly envy the rich. I only envy my
5 тђлько моЏм сосЎдкам по кђмнате. Они никогдЌ roommates. They never study, on Thursdays
6 не занимЌются, по четвергЌм и суббђтам хђдят во and Saturdays they go to all the clubs, but they
7 все клѓбы, но всё равнђ они получЌют хорђшие still (= nevertheless) get good grades. And you,
8 отмЎтки. А ты комѓ завЏдуешь? who(m) do you envy?
СлЌва 9 Я очень завЏдую везѓчим студЎнтам, котђрые I really envy the lucky students who are taking
10 слѓшают курс рѓсского языкЌ. Говорјт, что это Russian. They say (it is said) that it’s a fantastic
11 потрясЌющий курс! Все студЎнты прђсто в course! All the students are simply in ecstasy
12 востђрге от этого кѓрса! over that course.
Ђня 13 Ты шѓтишь, что ли? Я очень сочѓвствую ітим Are you joking, or something? I really
14 бЎдным студЎнтам.. sympathize with those poor students.
Словарь
1 завЏдова+ // по- + Dat envy
1 богЌтый rich; wealthy
3 счЌстлив /-а, -ы happy
6 по + day in Dat Pl on (See explanation below.)
7 всё равнђ still; nevertheless; despite all that; anyway
×
7 получЌй+ // получи+ receive; get
8 отмЎтка grade (in school)
отмЎтка по + Dat grade in a course
9 везѓчий lucky
11 потрясЌющий fantastic
13 сочѓвствова+ (No Perf) + Dat sympathize with (Note Case!)
14 бЎдный poor (in several sense: 1) without money; 2) worthy of pity)
60-1
60.А Dative Plural
Like the Prepositonal Plural, the Dative Plural is completely regular (and in fact differs from the Prepositional
Plural only in the final consonant – м vs. х.)
Adjectives / Nounjectives Nouns

-{I}м -{A}м
NOM SG (DICTIONARY FORM) DATIVE PLURAL

этот инострЌнный полЏтик ітим инострЌнным полЏтикам
твой дорогђй словарь΄ ко твоЏм дорогЏм словарјм
мой послЎдний ключ΄ моЏм послЎдним ключЌм
это красЏвое мЎсто по ітим красЏвым местЌм
ваше лѓчшее сочинЎние вЌшим лѓчшим сочинЎниям
мђкрое полотЎнце мђкрым полотЎнцам
Галина большЌя кнЏга ГЌлиным большЏм кнЏгам
такая хорђшая фотогрЌфия такЏм хорђшим фотогрЌфиям
какая длЏнная ђчередь какЏм длЏнным ђчередям
Ритина дочь РЏтиным дочерјм
нЌши родЏтели к нЌшим родЏтелям
ваши мЌленькие дЎти вЌшим мЌленьким дЎтям
Form the Dative Plural of these nouns:
1. клуб 2. кнЏга 3. письмђ 4. дверь

5. человЎк (think!) 6. здЌние 7. фотогрЌфия 8. студЎнт
9. от(Ў)ц 10. газЎта 11. общежЏтие 12. рубль΄
13. задЌние 14. америкЌнец 15. мать 16. карандаш΄
60-2
60.Б More Verbs That Unexpectedly Govern the Dative
Here are two more verbs that unpredictably govern the Dative:
завЏдова+ // по- envy

сочѓвствова+ sympathize with (No preposition needed!)
Я тебЎ очень завЏдую! I really envy you!

Он не завЏдует бЎдным студЎнтам в ПрЏнстоне. He doesn’t envy the poor students at Princeton.
Я ей очень сочѓвствую. I really sympathize with her.
Все сочѓвствуют егђ бЎдной женЎ. Everyone sympathizes with his poor wife.
Add water. Use Present Tense unless prompted otherwise:
1. Я / завЏдова+ / его сёстры 2. Он / сочѓвствова+ / нЌши дЎти 3. Никто / завЏдова+ / эти

студЎнты
4. Они / завЏдова+ / его дђчери 5. Мы / сочѓвствова+ / бЎдные 6. Кто / завЏдова+ / его бѕвшие
актрЏсы. (Past) жёны
7. Маша / завЏдова+ / СЌшины 8. Я / сочѓвствова+ / вы 9. Вы / завЏдова+ / я?
друзьј (Past)
60-3
60.В Prepositions That Govern the Dative
• по
The preposition по, which is most often followed by the Dative, has several usages:
1) with days of the week (in the Dative Plural) it means on Mondays / Saturdays / Fridays, etc.
Я рабђтаю в столђвой по понедЎльникам, срЎдЌм, и I work at the cafeteria on Mondays, Wednesdays, and
пјтницам. Fridays.
Серёжа игрЌет в тЎннис по четвергЌм и в сквош по Seryozha plays tennis on Thursdays and squash on
воскресЎньям. Sundays.
2) together with the course name following the nouns экзЌмен and отмЎтка.
ЗЌвтра у менј экзЌмен по рѓсскому языкѓ. Tomorrow I have a Russian exam.
Я получЏл плохѓю отмЎтку по истђрии / I got a bad grade in history / math / physics.
матемЌтике / фЏзике.
But remember, after the nouns профЎссор and курс use Gen: мой профЎссор рѓсского языкЌ / фЏзики / etc.
отлЏчный курс матемЌтки / немЎцкого языкЌ). We realize that this makes no sense from the point of view of
English, но что же дЎлать?
3) in the fixed phrases по-мђему, по-твђему, по-вЌшему in PERSON’s opinion, PERSON thinks
(*Remember, in all other uses, the Dat forms моемѓ, твоемѓ are end-stressed):
По-мђему, она бездЌрная актрЏса. I think she’s a talentless actress.

Кто, по-твђему, сЌмый лѓчший актёр сегђдня? Who in your opinion is the best actor today?
По has several other meanings, but this should hold you for now. Besides these two, there are only a few other
(rather obscure) Prepositions that govern the Dative.
60-4
• к(о) (this is not exhibited in dialogue)

Previously we saw the fixed phrase к сожалЎнию unfortunately. It turns out that сожалЎнию is actually in the
Dative, because of the Preposition к, which always governs othe Dative. (Recall that some Prepositions can
govern more than once case, e.g на governs both Accusative and Prepositional.) The only problem with к
сожалЎнию is that this is not the normal use of к, (or ко when the following noun begins with two consonants, as
in ко мне).
Normally к(о) is used to indicate motion toward a thing or person. This preposition is often found after the verb
{подойд+´ / подош(ё)+} to walk up (to someone). We can now make a complete sentence out of a line that
appeared in the first part of the story:
Она подошлЌ к Мите и сказЌла: «ЗдрЌвствуйте, She approached (= walked up to) Mitya and said,
меня зовѓт Сара» “Hello, my name is Sara.”
Он подошёл к окнѓ. He walked up to the window.
ОнЏ подошлЏ ко мне и сказЌли: «Ты молдЎц!» They walked up to me and said, “You the man!”
К is also used with people (analogous to в and на) to indicate destination (i.e., the place someone where you will
spend time). This к normally shows up as either to or over in English:
В субђтту мы Ўдем к бЌбушке. We’re going to our grandmother’s on Saturday.

ОнЌ чЌсто хђдит к врачѓ. She goes to the doctor’s a lot.
Сегђдня вЎчером все идѓт к ЛЎне. Everyone’s going over Lena’s tonight.
1. Galya walked up to some professor and said 2. Last year I got a bad grade in Russian. (strictly
“Hello”. hypothetical)
3. I think he is a fool. 4. I work on Tuesdays and Sundays.
5. Sara walked up to Mitya and kissed him on the 6. Lara is usually free on Thursdays.
cheek.
7. Who in your opinion is the richest professor in 8. Do you get good grades?
Princeton?
60-5
" УпражнЎние 1 Pick 5 of your favorite Dative verbs put them in sentences or constructions
we’ve had so far:
1. _______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
4. _______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
5. _______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
1. He walked up to her and said “Do you want to dance (a little)?”
2. I don’t envy anyone.
3. In my opinion, rich people are not happy.
4. Poor Lena! No one sympathizes with her.
60-6
Диалог
“Are you bored?”
61.A The Dative of ’Experience’
61.Б Yet another unexpected Dative verb
61.B Комѓ хђчется + Infinitive feel like doing
something
61.Г Всё равнђ not care
61.Д Тђже and also; too
Диалог
ТебЎ скѓчно? Are you bored?
Валя: 1 Почeмѓ ты зeвЌeшь? ТeбЎ скѓчно? Why are you yawing? Are you bored?
Петя: 2 Нeт, мнe спать хђчeтся. Я нe мог спать всю No, I’m sleepy. (I feel like sleeping.) I couldn’t
3 ночь. Мнe бѕло очeнь жЌрко. Наш sleep all night. I was really hot. Our air
4 кондиционЎр сломЌлся. conditioner broke.
Валя: 5 Я тeбЎ сочѓвствую. Я тђжe нe могѓ спать, когдЌ I sympathize with you. I can’t sleep either when
6 жЌрко. К счЌстью, по телевЏзору сказЌли, что it’s hot. Fortunately, (they) said on TV that it’s
7 сeгђдня вЎчером бѓдeт прохлЌдно, дажe going to be chilly tonight, even cold. I hope that
8 хђлодно. НадЎюсь, что тeбЎ бѓдeт хорђшо. you’ll be OK.
Петя: 9 СпасЏбо. Мой сосЎд по кђмнате иногдЌ очень Thanks. My roommate sometimes snores really
10 грђмко храпЏт и мешЌет мне спать. Емѓ всё loudly, and keeps me from sleeping. He doesn’t
11 равнђ, что я не сплю. care that I can’t sleep.
Валя: 12 Моя сосЎдка тђже иногдЌ храпЏт и мешЌет всем My roommate also snores sometimes and keeps
13 спать. КакЏе нахЌлы! everyone from sleeping. What jerks!
Словарь
1 зевЌй+ // зевнѓ+ yawn

2 комѓ хђчется + Infinitive [Person] feels like doing something (See grammar)
3 жЌркий hot (This Adjective is used to describe the weather. You cannot use it with чай,
кђфе, etc.)
4 кондиционЎр air conditioner
5 тђже also, too; either (See 61.Д)
6 к счЌстью fortunately (The Noun счЌстье happiness is in Dative following the Preposition
к.)
7 прохлЌдный cool; chilly
10 мешЌй+ // по- + Dative bother; prevent someone from doing something (See grammar)
(+Infinitive)
10 комѓ всё равнђ [Person] doesn’t care; it doesn’t make a difference to [Person]; [Person couldn’t
care less] (See grammar)
12 всем Dative of все
61-1
61.А The Dative of Experience: Мне скѓчно / хђлодно / жЌрко
One of the most common uses of the Dative is with Short-Form Neuter Adjectives (which are identical to
Adverbs) to indicate how a person feels (either physically or emotionally). Some examples:
Мне скѓчно. I’m bored.

ТебЎ хђлодно? Are you cold?
Моемѓ дЎдушке всегдЌ жЌрко. My grandfather is always hot.
Мне здесь хорошђ. I’m having a good time here.
Note:
Мне плђхо. I don’t feel well.
An infinitive can often follow the Adjective/Adverb:
Всем бѕло интерЎсно читЌть о Пѓшкине. It was interesting for everyone to read about
Pushkin.
ТебЎ не трѓдно открѕть окнђ? Would it be difficult for you to open the window?
(This functions as a polite request.)
In the Past and Future, as you would predict, a Neuter 3rd singular Verb is used (бѕло or бѓдет), since there is no
Nominative subject with which to agree:
Я боїсь, что тебЎ бѓдет скѓчно на вечерЏнке. I’m afraid that you will be bored at the party.
Мђим родЏтелям бѕло очень интерЎсно слѓшать о It was very interesting for my parents to hear about
РоссЏи. Russia.
1. Are you bored? 2. Everyone was hot at the concert.

3. Is it interesting for him to read about Russian 4. I’m cold.
history?
5. Is it difficult for you to speak Chinese? 6. I’m afraid Nadya will be bored at the party.
7. Did you have a good time yesterday? 8. Do you feel OK? (Do you feel not well?)
61-2
61.Б Another “Unexpected” Dative Verb: мешЌй+ // по- bother
Another Verb that unpredictably governs the Dative is мешЌй+ // по- bother; disturb. It can be used in two
constructions:
1) bother someone (this meaning was not seen in the dialogue)
Ты мне мешЌешь! РЌзве ты не вЏдишь, что я You’re bothering me! Can’t you see that I’m
занимЌюсь. studying?
ОнЌ без концЌ нам мешЌет. She bothers us constantly
Не мешЌй НатЌше! (This is the Imperative, which we Don’t bother Natasha!
haven’t seen yet. Hint of things to come – soon.)
2) prevent/hinder someone from doing something (followed by Dative and Infinitive)
Коля мешЌет сестрЎ смотрЎть телевЏзор. Kolya is preventing his sister from watching TV
(because he’s bothering her)
Не мешЌй ей спать. Don’t keep her from sleeping. (Let her sleep.)
61.В Комѓ хђчется + Infinitive [Person] feels like doing [Verb]
Instead of я хочѓ + [Infinitive], ты хђчешь + [Infinitive]? Russians often use the construction мне хђчется +
[Infinitive], тебе не хђчется + [Infinitive]?, etc., which correlate to I feel like [Verb-ing]; do you feel like
[Verb-ing]? Note that the verb хђчется remains in the 3rd Singular – there’s no Nominative to agree with.
Мне спать хђчется. I’m sleepy. (I feel like sleeping.)

Мне есть хђчется. I feel like eating. (I could sure go for some food.)
СЌше не хђчется занимЌться. Sasha doesn’t feel like studying.
Нам не хђчется рабђтать. We don’t feel like working.
Мне не хђчется ждать. I don’t feel like waiting.
This verb does have a Perfective захоте+ (Мне захотЎлось, Если тебЎ захђчется...) and it’s actually used quite
a bit, but for now stick to the Present Tense, хђчется.
61-3
61.Г Комѓ всё равнђ [Person] doesn’t care
Yet another common expression with the Dative is комѓ всё равнђ [Person] doesn’t care. Literally the
expression means to [Person] (it’s) all even / the same.
The phrase is similar to English in that it can express either: (1) equal satisfaction with two alternatives or; (2)
indifference, apathy, lack of concern:
• Equal satisfaction (Not presented in the dialogue). Often a question word or phrase follows:
– КЌкое винђ ты хђчешь, бЎлое Џли крЌсное? What kind of wine do you want, white or red?
– Мне всё равнђ (какђе). I don’t care (either one is fine with me).
– На какѓю вѕставку онЌ хђчешь пойтЏ? Which exhibit does she want to go to?
– Ей всё равнђ на какѓю. (Must include Preposition!) It makes no difference to her (to) which one.
• Lack of concern; Indifference. Often a clause follows:
Емѓ всё равнђ, что идёт дождь и у менј нет зонтЌ. He doesn’t care that it’s raining and I don’t have an
umbrella.
ГЌле всё равнђ, что она мешЌет мне спать. Galya doesn’t care (couldn’t care less) that she is
keeping me from sleeping.
– Катя, мне хђлодно! – Мне всё равнђ. – Katya, I’m cold! – I don’t care. (The heck with
you.)
1. You are bothering me. 2. I don’t feel like studying.

3. – I don’t feel well. – I don’t care. 4. – Which book do you want? – I don’t care which.
5. Do you feel like eating? 6. Dima is preventing me from sleeping.
61.Г.1 More Than One Всё равнђ

You may recall seeing всё равнђ in the last lesson: но всё равнђ они получЌют хорђшие отмЎтки but they
still get good grades. As you can see, this is a different use of всё равнђ. Here всё равнђ means still; in any
case; nevertheless. You cannot use a Dative “subject” here.
61-4
61.Д Тђже also; too
• When also = тђже: New subject attached to old “sentence”

One of the most misused words in Russian is тђже, which is normally translated as also, too. You can only use
тђже in a few specific contexts, the most common of which is to indicate that a second person/thing has the same
characteristics/does the same action as the person/thing previously described. In other words, the only difference
between a sentence with тђже and the orignal sentence (besides the word тђже) is the subject. (It doesn’t matter
whether it’s a “real” subject in Nominative, or a Dative “subject” – just as long as everything else is the same in
the new sentence.) The predicate (which is everything in the sentence except the subject) must not change.
Simply paste on a new subject and add тђже following the subject.
It is much better to translate тђже with too because like тђже, too must follow the word or phrase it modifies:
Саша игрЌет в тЎннис. Я тђже игрЌю в тЎннис Sasha plays tennis. I play tennis too.
Эта кнЏга стђит дЎсять рублЎй. И эта кнЏга тђже This book costs 10 rubles. And this book costs 10
стђит дЎсять рублЎй. rubles too.
Some examples with a Dative “subject”:
СЌше жЌрко. Мне тђже жЌрко. Sasha is hot. I’m hot too.
ДЏме сђрок лет. Мне тђже сђрок лет. Dima is 40 years old. I’m forty too.
When the predicate is negated, тђже shows up as not … either in English:
МЌша не бѓдет пить сегђдня. Я тђже не бѓду пить. Masha is not going to drink tonight. I’m not going to
drink either.
НатЌше не нрЌвится егђ гЌлстук. Мне тђже не Natasha doesn’t like his tie. I don’t like his tie either.
нрЌвится егђ гЌлстук.
Repeating ourselves (for the fourth time), in order to use тђже, the same action (condition) must be carried out by
two different subjects.
61-5
61.Д.1 Don’t Start a Sentence With Тђже

Тђже CANNOT (repeat CANNOT!!!) begin a sentence in Russian. (If every Russian teacher had a ruble for
every time a student started saying: «Тоже, я купЏл...», we could all buy...one or two shares of some hot Internet
stock.)
For sentences such as Also, I was thinking...; Also, we bought... Russians often don’t bother with any special
word. If any word is used, it’s most often и.
И я купЏла три большЏх бЌнки чёрной икрѕ. Also, I bought three large jars of black caviar.
(Next year we’ll also see к томѓ же furthermore; in addition.)
The correct use of тђже and the translation of also is another farily tricky topic, which we have only touched on
here. However, if you avoid beginning sentences with тђже, and if you use it only to re-state the same predicate
with a new subject, you’ll have mastered by far the most important usage.
Translate what is not in parentheses into Russian:
1. (Dima likes ice cream.) I like ice cream too. 2. Also, I bought a new air conditioner.
3. (Masha is 20 years old.). Misha is 20 years old too. 4. (Masha liked the film.) Grisha liked the film too.
5. (I was yawning.) My dog was yawing too. 6. (I’m sleepy.) My husband is sleepy too.
61-6
" УпражнЎние 1 Use the Dative of Experience in 4 sentences:
1. _______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
4. _______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
" УпражнЎние 2 Fill in the blanks:
1. В_________ (you) был__________ скѓчн_________ на вечерЏнк_________ ?
2. Мо______ брЌт______ трѓдн____ вѕпить цЎл________ бутѕлк____ рѓсск_________ вђдк_____ .
3. Я дѓмаю, что теб_____________ бѓд______________ жЌрк_____________ на дЌч___________.
1. Masha is bothering me. Sasha is bothering me too.
2. I like hot weather.
61-7
3. Why are you yawning? Are you sleepy too (I'm sleepy – don't translate)?
4. No one cares (=Everyone doesn’t care) that he’s bored.
5. What book do you want? I don’t care which.
61-8
Диалоги
I needed the space on my desk.
62.A Needing a thing
62.Б Needing to do something
62.В More on modals
Мне нѓжно бѕло мЎсто на столЎ I needed the space on my desk
Ђля 1 Куда исчЎз твой компьїтер? Where did your computer disappear to?
Серёжа 2 Ты забѕла, что ли? Я жe тeбЎ сказЌл, что я eго Did you forget or something? I told you that I
3 прђдЌл моeмѓ профЎссору рѓсского языкЌ. Емѓ sold it to my Russian professor. He badly
4 был очeнь нѓжeн нђвый компьїтер. Его стЌрый needed a new computer. His old computer broke
5 компьїтер нeдЌвно сломЌлся. recently.
Ђля 6 Но мнe тђжe нужeн компьїтер. ТeбЎ бѕли But I need a new computer too. Did you need
7 нужнѕ дЎньги? Ѓсли тeбЎ нужнѕ дЎньги, я тeбЎ (the) money? If you need money, I’ll give it to
8 дам. Ѕли твой отЎц тебЎ даст. Он ђчень you. Or your father will give you (some money).
9 богЌтый, наскђлько я понимЌю. He’s very rich, as far as I understand.
Серёжа 10 Нeт, мнe нѓжно бѕло мЎсто на столЎ. Здeсь No, I needed the space (room) on my desk. It’s
11 слЏшком тЎсно. Я куплї нђутбук. КстЌти, мнe too cramped (crowded). I’m going to buy a
12 нужнЌ твој пђмощь. notebook. By the way, I need your help.
Ђля 13 А в чём дЎло? What’s up?
Серёжа 14 ЗЌвтра у менј контрђльная (рабђта) по I have a Russian quiz tomorrow, and I think I
15 рѓсскому языку, и я дѓмаю, что у менј бѓдут will have some questions. Can you help me?
16 вопрђсы. Ты смђжешь мне помочь?
Ђля 17 КЌжется, я бѓду зЌнята. Я должнЌ рабђтать в I think (it seems) I’m going to be busy. I’m
18 библиотЎке. ТЎбе нЌдо было сказЌть мне об supposed to work in the library. You should
19 этом рЌньше. have told me about it before.
Серёжа 20 КогдЌ ты дашь мне знать? When will you let me know?
Ђля 21 Сегђдня в четѕре. Today at 4:00.
Словарь
4 нѓжен (е), нужнЌ, нѓжно, нужнѕ need a thing (See 62.A)

9 наскђлько as far as (I know/remember)
×
10 место room; space; place
11 тЎсный crowded; cramped
12 пђмощь help (You can predict the gender.)
14 контрђльная (рабђта) quiz; exam (but not final exam)
20 дать комѓ знать let someone know
Я тебЎ зЌвтра дам знать об этом. I’ll let you know about it tomorrow.
62-1
62.А Expressing Need: Комѓ нѓжны дЎньги?
To say that someone needs a thing, once again a Dative construction is used. The thing needed appears in
Nominative, a form of the short-form Adjective нѓж(е)н together with the verb to be (in the Past and Future)
agrees with the “thing needed,” and the ‘needer’ appears in Dative.
The most typical word order is: Needer > нѓж(е)н > Thing Needed (controls agreement)
or
The verb can appear either before or after нѓж(е)н: to be
The form нѓж(е)н has a strange stress pattern: Stem-stressed for Masculine and Neuter (нѓжен, нѓжно), end-
stressed for Feminine and Plural (нужнЌ, нужнѕ).
Present
NEEDER (DAT) НЇЖ(Е)Н THING NEEDED (NOM)

Мне нѓжен нђвый карандЌш I need a new pencil.
Всем нѓжно мѕло Everyone needs soap.
НЌшим дЎтям нужнЌ твој пђмощь Our kids need your help.
НЏне нужнѕ твоЏ ключЏ Nina needs your keys.
Никомѓ не нужнЌ плохЌя вђдка No one needs bad vodka.
In the Past and Future a form of the verb to be agrees with the Nominative “thing needed,” as does the form of
нѓж(е)н. Note that this is different from all the Dative of Experience constructions we saw earlier, where the
Verb was in the default Neuter 3rd Singular (бѕло / бѓдет).
The word order of be and нѓж(е)н is quite flexible. (Otherwise keep the word order as presented.)
Past and Future
NEEDER BE НЇЖ(Е)Н BE THING NEEDED

МЌше был нѓжен мой словЌрь Masha needed my dictionary.
БорЏсу нужнЌ былЌ крЌсная рѓчка Boris needed a red pen.
МоЎй сестрЎ бѕло нѓжно мЎсто на столЎ My sister needed room on (her) table.
Комѓ нужнѕ бѕли дЎньги? Who needed money?
ТебЎ нужнЌ бѓдет эта кнЏга? Will you need this book?
Мне бѓдет нѓжен большђй нож I am going to need a big knife.
ВЎриной сестрЎ нѓжно бѓдет нђвое пальтђ Vera’s sister is going to need a new
coat
Вам бѓдут нужнѕ дЎньги You will need money.
62-2
Note that the “thing” needed could be a person, in which case нѓж(е)н simply reflects the gender of the person
needed. In such sentences it’s better to start with the Nominative > Dative > (Verb) > нѓж(е)н:
Ты мне (былЌ / бѓдешь) нужнЌ (said to a woman) I need (needed / will need) you.
Ты мне не (был / бѓдешь) нѓжен (said, sadly, to a man) I don’t (didn’t / won’t) need you.
Recall that что(-нибѓдь), ничЎго, and всё take Neuter Singular agreement:
Что тебЎ (бѕло / бѓдет) нѓжно? What do (did / will) you need?
Емѓ что-нибѓдь (бѕло / бѓдет) нѓжно? Does (did / will) he need anything?
Нам ничЎго не (бѕло / бѓдет) нѓжно. We don’t (didn’t / won’t) need anything?
Ей всё (бѕло / бѓдет) нѓжно. She needs (needed / will need) everything.
Say what the person needed / needs / will need:
1. Я / карандЌш / present 2. Ты / ключЏ / future 3. ОлЎг / мЎсто на столЎ / past

4. ВЎра / слон / present 5. НЌши дЎти / компьїтер / 6. Его сестрЌ / бѕстрая машЏна /
future past
7. Все / пђмощь / past 8. Никтђ / вђдка / present 9. Он / мѕло / past
10. Эти адвокЌты / картђшка / 11. НЏна / дЎньги / past 12. МоЏ родЏтели / нђвый дом /
future present
13. Эта стрЌнная дЎвушка / нђвый 14. Кто / этот учЎбник / present? 15. СлЌва / что / past?
кондиционЎр / future
16. Я / ничегђ / present 17. Ты / что-нибѓдь / present? 18. ОнЏ / ты (ВЎра) / present
62.Б Needing to Do Something: Комѓ нЌдо (бѕло/бѓдет) + Infinitive
Here’s yet another Dative construction. To express what a person must do, use Dative (Person) + нЌдо (+ to be
Neuter Singular) + Infinitive:
to be Translation
Person in Unchanging
(3rd Neuter Infinitive (just one tense – of the three possible
Dative нЌдо
Sg) – will be given for each example)
Мне занимЌться I have to study.
ТЎбе
нЌдо (бѕло/ дЎлать домЌшнее задЌние. You will have to do your homework.
ВЌдику бѓдет) вѕнести мѓсор. Vadik had to take out the garbage.
МарЏне купЏть хлеб. Marina has to buy bread.
You may recall that we had нЌдо + Infinitive without a specific person in Dative when Sara told Mitya «НЌдо
брђсить курЏть». She could have included the Dative pronoun тебЎ, (except we didn’t know the Dative at the
time). But given the situation, it was clear that Sara thought Mitya should quit smoking, so it was possible to omit
the pronoun.
62-3
Say what the person needed / needs / will need to do:
1. Я / clean the carpet / present 2. МЌша / study / future

3. ДЏма / buy caviar / past 4. Ты / speak German / present
5. ОнЏ / sing Russian songs / past 6. Все / help the poor / present
7. Глеб / take out the garbage вѕнести мѓсор / 8. Никтђ / write a composition / future
present
62.В More on Modals: Unchanging НЌдо vs. Agreeing Дђлж(е)н
Like English, (with must, have to, should, ought, need to, etc.) Russian has several ways of expressing necessity
or obligation – these are known as Modal Verbs. Here we’ll look at two of the most common constructions in
Russian, and make a few observations about the differences in structure and meaning. However, as in English,
the exact differences between modals is often very subtle, and cannot be covered in full in a first-year course.
As we saw just above, нЌдо is an unchanging form that is used with a Dative and a 3rd Singular Neuter Noun.
Дђлжен (должнЌ, должнђ, должнѕ), on the other hand, is an Adjective (Short-Form) that agrees with the
Nominative subject in Person, Number, and Gender. Like нЌдо, it is followed by an Infinitive. For the Past and
Future the verb to be must also agree with the Nominative subject in Person, Number, and Gender. (Also like
нЌдо, дђлж(е)н does not require a verb in the Present tense). The one (seemingly arbitrary) restriction with
дђлжен is that the verb to be must follow дђлж(е)н:
Nominative Subject + дђлж(е)н (agrees) + (be) + Infinitive

дђлж(е)н + (be – in Past and Translation
Subject in
Future) Infinitive (just one tense – of the three –
Nominative
(agree with Subject) will be given for each example)
♦ First-Person Singular
Я (ВЌдик) дђлжен (был / бѓду) ей помђчь I should have helped her.
Я (ВЎра) должнЌ (былЌ / бѓду) написЌть сочинЎние I am going to have to write a
composition.
♦ Second-Person Singular
Ты (Ѕгорь) дђлжен (был / бѓдешь) попросЏть ВЎру You were supposed to ask Vera to
принестЏ икрѓ bring the caviar.
Ты (ГЌля) должнЌ (былЌ / бѓдешь) почЏстить ковёр You must clean the carpet.
♦ Third-Person Singular
Он дђлжен (был / бѓдет) испЎчь торт He is supposed to bake a cake.
ОнЌ должнЌ (былЌ / бѓдет) сходЏть в магазЏн She was supposed to run to the store.
62-4
♦ Plural
Мы должнѕ (бѕли / бѓдем) купЏть всем подЌрки We have to buy everyone a gift.
Вы должнѕ (бѕли / бѓдете) убрЌть квартЏру You are going to have to clean your
apartment.
ОнЏ должнѕ (бѕли / бѓдут) помѕть посѓду They are supposed to do the dishes.
62.В.1 Semantic Differences between дђлж(е)н and нЌдо: Obligation vs. Necessity
In many instances, especially in the Present Tense, нЌдо and дђлж(е)н have very similar meanings. As a general
rule, though, дђлж(е)н implies obligation or responsibility, i.e., something from within, while нЌдо stresses
having to do something due to outside circumstances that arise (like having to buy milk because you’ve run out).
Compare these two sentences:
Мне нЌдо купЏть хлеб. I have to buy bread (because we just ran out).
Я должнЌ купЏть хлеб. I have to buy bread (it is my obligation to do it because I
promised someone that I would.)
Russians often say that дђлж(е)н is “stronger” than нЌдо, that the necessity is greater.
Let’s take a look at two relatively straightforward differences between нЌдо and дђлж(е)н:
62.В.2 The “Tickle-me-Elmo/Furby” НЌдо: Missed opportunity

In the Past Tense only нЌдо can convey the meaning “should have but didn’t / missed opportunity”. For example,
if you visited a toy store around Christmas and saw the latest hot-selling toy but decided not to buy it right then,
and then a week later the toy was sold out everywhere, you would say:
Мне нЌдо бѕло её (toy is Feminine) купЏть, когдЌ я был в магазЏне на прђшлой недЎле.
I should have bought it when I was in the store last week.
You cannot use дђлж(е)н in this context.
62.В.3 A Scheduled Event: Дђлж(е)н

To express an event that was (is) scheduled to take place you must use дђлж(е)н. Note that even though such
sentences do not express necessity, дђлж(е)н is used nevertheless.
ОнЏ должнѕ бѕли уЎхать в пјтницу. They were supposed to (scheduled to) leave on Friday.
МЌша должнЌ рабђтать сегђдня вЎчером. Masha is supposed to (scheduled to) work tonight.
You cannot use нЌдо in this meaning.
Over the rest of the course (and next year) we’ll come across quite a few differences in the usage of modals.
Quite often the best way to learn these is to memorize one very clear example of a specific use.
62-5
" УпражнЎние 1 Write 3 sentences along the pattern “If you want to do X (Infinitive), you need
Y (Noun)”, e.g. Ѓсли хђчешь купЏть машЏну, тебЎ нужнѕ дЎньги.
Some possible activities: read a difficult article; write a paper; open a door; buy (thing); go to NY; make dinner;
kill two rabbits; get tickets to the ballet; dance; eat; sleep
1. _______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
" УпражнЎние 2 Fill in the blanks with the correct form of нЌдо or дђлж(е)н and the verb be
1. Я ____________________________ ___________________________ почЏстить ковёр. present
2. Нам ____________________________ ___________________________ емѓ помђчь. past
3. Им ____________________________ ___________________________ купЏть пЏво. future
4. ОнЏ ____________________________ ___________________________ дѓмать об ітом. present
5. Кто ____________________________ ___________________________ убрЌть (clean) квартЏру? past
62-6
1. I’ll let you know tomorrow.
2. We need a new air conditioner.
Verb of the Day:
Stem погЏб[ну]+ perish

Verb Type //
Conjugation Type
“Present”
я
ты
онЏ
Past
он
онЌ
онЏ
Infinitive
62-7
Диалог
For the life of me, I don't remember
63.A Telling people what to do: The Imperative
Хоть убЎй, я не пђмню For the life of me, I don’t remember
НатЌша 1 ЗдрЌвствуй, Лёня, как делЌ? Hi, Lyonya, how’s it going?

Лёня 2 Не спрЌшивай. Don’t ask.
НатЌша 3 Что с тобђй? Что случЏлось? What’s wrong (with you)? What happened?
Лёня 4 ПожЌлуйста, не говорЏ так грђмко. ГоловЌ Please don’t talk so loud. My head really hurts.
5 ужЌсно болЏт.
НатЌша 6 ИзвинЏ. А где ты был вчерЌ? Ты опјть был в Sorry (forgive me). Where were you yesterday?
7 TI? We’re you at TI again?
Лёня 8 Нет, хђчешь верь, хђчешь не верь, я не был в No, believe it or not I wasn’t at TI. I was at a
9 TI. Я был на свЌдьбе. Мој двоїродная сестрЌ wedding. My (female) cousin got married.
10 выходЏла зЌмуж.
НатЌша 11 И ты, конЎчно, напЏлся. And of course you got drunk.
Лёня 12 Я не виновЌт. Все кричЌли «пей до дна» «пей It’s not my fault. (I am not guilty.) Everyone
13 до дна». Как же я мог не пить? was yelling ‘Chug! Chug!’ How could I not
drink?
НатЌша 14 А скђлько ты вѕпил? How much did you drink?
Лёня 15 Хоть убЎй, я не пђмню. СдЎлай мне, For the life of me, I don’t remember. Do me a
16 пожЌлуйста, одолжЎние, закрђй окнђ. Мне favor please, (and) close the window. I’m
17 ђчень хђлодно. really cold.
НатЌша 18 А мне хорошђ. I feel just fine.
Лёня 19 Ой, головЌ болЏт. ДЌй мне, пожЌлуйста, Oh, my head hurts. Please give me the aspirin.
20 аспирЏн.
Словарь
8 хђчешь верь, хђчешь не верь believe it or not (Lit.: if you want, believe; if you want, don’t believe)
9 свЌдьба (на свЌдьбе) wedding
9 двоїродная сестрЌ (female) cousin
двоїродный брат (male) cousin
11 напивЌй+…ся // get drunk
×
{напьй+΄…ся / напи+…ся}
12 виновЌт, -а, -ы guilty
×
12 пЎй(те) до дна! chug! (lit.: drink to the bottom! – Imperative of {пьй+ / пи+}
15 хоть убЎй(те) for the life of me (Lit.: even [if you] kill me)
15 дЎлай+ // с- комѓ одолжЎние do someone a favor
63-1
16 закрой(те)! close (Imperative)

закрывЌй+ // {закрђй+ / закрѕ+}
19 дай(те) ! give (Imperative of дать)
20 аспирЏн Guess
63.A Telling People What To Do: The Imperative
We’ve seen many examples of the Imperative, right from the the very first day of the course. Some old favorites:
ИзвинЏ(те) Не спрЌшивай! СкажЏ(те)... ЗдрЌвствуй(те)! Не уезжЌй!
Let’s see how to form the Imperative. Basically, there are 2(½) endings, the choice of which depends on the final
consonant of the stem. The crucial question: Is the final stem consonant (sound) й?
• Verbs whose stem ends in й (or й + vowel) – Лей, лЎди, лей!

If the final consonant of the Non-Past (Present) stem is й, that’s the Imperative. Add -те (never stressed) for
Plural/Formal commands):
NON-PAST STEM IMPERATIVE

читЌй+ // про- (про)читЌй(те)
-{A}й+ verbs дѓмай+ // по- (по)дѓмай(те)
доверјй+ доверјй(те)
-ей+ verbs имЎй+ имЎй(те)
болЎй+ не болЎй(те)
61.A.1 Use the Left-Hand Stem for Double-Stem Verbs

For double-stem verbs we use the stem on the left, the same stem that is used for the Non-Past (Present).
This also applies for -{O}ва+ verbs, which technically are double-stem verbs. The Non-Past stem ends in -{U}й:

{-ой+/-ы+} {мђй+...ся / мы+...ся} // по- (по)мђйся; (по)мђйтесь
verbs {пой+´/ пЎ+} // с- (с)пђй(те)
-{O}ва+ verbs танцѓй+ (танцевЌ+) // по- (по)танцѓй(те)
(-{U}й+) плюй+ (плевЌ+) spit плюй(те)
It turns out that здрЌвствуй(те) is actually a command from the verb здрЌвствова+, be well; thrive. So Russians
aren’t just saying Hello but rather Thrive!
63-2
×
What about double-stem verbs like {пьй+ / пи+}? There’s no vowel in the Non-Past stem!!
It’s cluster-buster time, which gives you пЎй(те). So, whenever you walk into a bar, the бЌрмен will say ПЕЙ!
And at parties we recommend you yell out (to others):
Пей до дна! Пей до дна! Chug! Chug!

×
Also, the verb pour is {льй+ / ли+}. Just remember Лей, лЎди, лей! The verb kill is {убьй+´ / убЏ+}, from which
we get the expression хоть убЎй for the life of me, literally, even (if you) kill [me].

×
{пьй+ / пи+} пЎй(те)
{-ьй+ / -и+} ×
{льй+ / ли+} лЎй(те)
verbs
{убьй+ / убЏ+} убЎй(те)
Form the Imperatives. Use the familiar form unless noted.
1. читЌй+ (вы) 2. дѓмай+ 3. признавЌй+...ся (вы) 4. не жЌлова+..ся

×
5. спой+´ (вы) 6. {закрђй+ / закрѕ+} 7. {пьй+ / пи+} 8. танцевЌ+ (вы)
9. не краснЎй+ blush 10. покупЌй+ (вы) 11. {мђй+...ся/ мы+...ся} 12. {убьй´+ / убЏ+}
• Stems in й{A} (spelled Vowel + Я)

The above rule about Verbs in й also applies to stems that end in й{A}, spelled Vowel + я (стој+ бој+...ся, etc.).
In this case, you simply remove the basic vowel {A} and reveal the hidden й. In other words, if the final
consonant sound of the stem is й, that’s the Imperative form. (Now do you see why we taught you this basic
vowel stuff?)

стој+ (стой{A}) стђй(те) (also means ‘Stop!’)
бој+...ся бђйся (бђйтесь)
й{A} verbs
смеј+...ся laugh смЎйся (смЎйтесь)
лЌя+ bark (dog) не лЌй(те)
Form the Imperatives:
1. стој+ 2. не лЌя+ 3. не смеј+...ся 4. не бој+...ся
63-3
• Other Rules: Non Й-Verbs: Ѕ(ТЕ)

Leaving aside stems whose final consonant is й, the Imperative is a Vowel ending: -Џ(те) – sort of. It depends on
stress. If the stress is on the ending (or the final vowel of the stem), add stressed –Џ(те) (always the soft
indicating vowel, never ы).

End-stressed – Imperative in -Џ(те)
говорЏ+ говорЏ(те)
×
*смотре+ // по- (по)смотрЏ(те)
кричЌ+ // за- (за)кричЏ(те)
принёс+´ принесЏ(те)
жив+´ живЏ(те)
×
**помог+ помогЏ(те)
**пёк+´ // ис- (ис)пекЏ(те)
вра+ // на- (на)врЏ(те)
вернѓ+ вернЏ(те)
* Verbs with shifting stress keep the stress on the ending.
**Note that г (and к) do not mutate. See more below on consonant mutation.
Since this Imperative ending is a vowel ending, for Double-Stem verbs we use the stem to which vowel endings
are attached, i.e. the stem ending in a consonant (on the left):

End-stressed – Imperative in -Џ(те)
×
{бер+´/ бра+ } берЏ(те)
×
{возьм+´/ взя+ } возьмЏ(те)
{начн+´/ нача+} начнЏ(те)
Form the Imperative from the following verbs:

×
1. лежЌ+ 2. вернѓ+…ся (вы) 3. разбуди+
×
4. спроси+ 5. позвонЏ+ 6. провёд+΄ (вы)
← ×
7. улыбнѓ+…ся 8. {начн+´/ нача +} (вы) 9. смотре+
× ←
10. помог+ 11. повернѓ+ (вы) 12. {прим+´/ приня +}
63-4
• If the stress is ALWAYS on the stem add -Ь(ТЕ)

Stem-stressed – Imperative in -ь(те)
вЎри+ вЎрь(те)
встЌн+ встЌнь(те)
лЎз+ climb лЎзь(те)
постЌви+ place стЌвь(те)
глЌди+ глЌдь(те)
{сјд+ / сЎд+} sit down сјдь(те)
×
{бѓд+ / бы+} бѓдь(те)
покЏну+ desert покЏнь(те)
Form the Imperative from the following verbs:
1. готђви+ 2. встЌн+ 3. брђси+ (вы)

4. встрЎти+ 5. {лјг+ / лёг+} (вы) 6. постЌви+ place
×
7. познакђми+…ся 8. отвЎти+ answer 9. {бѓд+ / бы+} (вы)
• Stem-stressed verbs that have > 1 consonant preceding the final vowel: Add -и(те)
If, after chopping off the vowel from a stem-stresed verb, you are faced with two consonants, add unstressed
и(те) instead of –ь(те). It seems that a double consonant + ь(те) is just too much of a cluster.

Stem-stressed but with >1 consonant before final stem
– Imperative in -и(те)
пђмни+ пђмни(те)
кђнчи+ кђнчи(те)
чЏсти+ чЏсти(те)
привѕк[ну]+ привѕкни(те)
Form the Imperative from the following verbs. Not all the verbs here behave the same. Any of
the types described above may appear here.
×
1. вспђмни+ remember; recall 2. дѓмай+ 3. {пьй+ / пи+} (вы)
4. не бој+...ся 5. чЏсти+ (вы) 6. не болЎй+
×
7. привѕк[ну]+ 8. держа+ 9. танцевЌ+ (вы)
63-5
• Consonant mutation in the Imperative

× ×
/ +V truncation, only 1st-conjugation -a+ verbs like писа+, сказа+ have
Even though the Imperative creates V
mutation. In other words, only verbs that have consonant mutation throughout the Non-Past also have mutation
in the Imperative. Second-conjugation -и+ and -e+ verbs only mutate in the 1sg (я-form), so they DON’T mutate
in the Imperative.

-a+ verbs: Consonant mutation in Imperative
×
писа+ // на- (на)пишЏ(те)
×
сказа+ скажЏ(те)
×
иска+ // по- look for (по)ищЏ(те)
×
чеса+ brush чешЏ(те)
-и+ and -е+ verbs: NO consonant mutation in
Imperative
×
купи+ купЏ(те) (although куплї)
×
спроси+ спросЏ(те) (although спрошѓ)
×
люби+ любЏ(те) (although люблї)
глядЎ+ glance глядЏ(те) (although гляжѓ)
×
терпе+ терпЏ(те) (although терплї)
Here’s a really nice example: the stem of cry is плЌка+. Not only do we get mutation (because it’s an -a+ verb),
but since it’s a stem-stressed verb, the Imperative ending is -ь(те): плЌчь(те).
Form the Imperative from the following verbs. Again, this is a mixed group.
× × ×
1. связа+ connect 2. купи+ 3. написа+ (вы)
× ×
4. не серди+ 5. шути+ (вы) 6. плЌка+
× ×
7. попроси+ 8. сказа+ (вы) 9. мЌза+ spread
• Exceptions in the Imperative

The three double-stem verbs that have -авай+ in the Past/Infinitive stem use that stem (on the right), and not the
Non-Past stem like every other double-stem verb) to form the Imperative:
PAST/INFINITIVE STEM IMPERATIVE

-авЌй+ verbs
{встай+´ / вставЌй+} вставЌй(те)
{дай+´ / давЌй+} давЌй(те)
{узнай+´ / узнавЌй+} узнавЌй(те)
63-6
Also: дать > дЌй(те)
IRREGULAR VERBS IMPERATIVE

дать / отдЌть / продЌть дЌй(те) / отдЌй(те) / продЌй(те)
×
The irregular verbs хотЎ+ and мог+ don’t normally have an Imperative form, and neither does вЏде+.
• Aspect in the Imperative

As the general rule, use Perfective for positive commands, Imperfective for negative commands.
+ PERFECTIVE – IMPERFECTIVE
Открђй(те) окнђ. Не открывЌй окнђ.
ДЌй(те) мне дЎньги. Не давЌй(те) емѓ дЎньги.
КупЏ эту кнЏгу. Не покупЌй эту кнЏгу.
ПримЏ аспирЏн. Не принимЌй аспирин.
ВозьмЏ дЎньги. Не берЏ дЎньги.
Of course if the verb does not have a Perfective (many State/Activity verbs) the Imperfective is used for positive
commands: ЗанимЌйся! Study!
There are a number (a rather large number) of exceptions to the +Perfective / –Imperfective rule. We’ll discuss
them as they come up throughout the rest of the course.
Translate:
1. Bring a cake. 2. Don’t bring anything.

3. Give her the money. 4. Don’t give Sasha the money.
5. Close the window. 6. Don’t close the door.
7. Don’t be afaid. 8. Sara, be careful!
63-7
Summary of the Imperative
STEM IMPERATIVE
1) Stems ending in -й (or й+Vowel): читЌй+ читЌй(те)
keep -й(те) танцѓй+ танцѓй(те)
смеј+...ся смЎйся
стој+ стђй(те)
2) End-stressed stems: add -Џ(те) говорЏ+ говорЏ(те)
×
помог+ помогЏ(те)
×
* Mutation only in -a+ verbs писа+ пишЏ(те)
×
купи+ купЏ(те)
3) Stem-stressed stems: add -ь(те); вЎри+ вЎрь(те)
Consonant cluster: add -и(те) пђмни+ пђмни(те)
ДЌй емѓ ключЏ. Не давЌй ей дЎньги.
(Another) Summary of the Imperative – Endings and Examples (V=Vowel, C=Consonant)
Vй/те Џ/те ´ ь/те ´CCи/те

дѓмай/те пекЏ/те бѓдь/те пђмни/те
стђй/те говорЏ/те встЌнь/те исчЎзни/те
63-8
" УпражнЎние 1 Tell the people to do the opposite of what they want:
1. МЌша не хђчет мыть посѓду dishes.
2. ВЎра не хђчет занимЌться.
3. Мы хотЏм открѕть окнђ.
4. ВЏтя хђчет слѓшать грђмкую мѓзыку.
5. МЏша не хђчет пить вђдку.
6. РЏта не хђчет вставЌть.
7. ЛЎна не хђчет покупЌть нож.
8. СЌша не хђчет писЌть сочЏнение.
9. Бђря не хђчет помогЌть ДЌше.
63-9
10. ЖЌнна не хђчет давЌть емѓ аспирЏн.
" УпражнЎние 2 Make up 2 situations similar to the preceding exercise. After не хоте+ only an
Imperfective Infinitive is found.
1.
2.
" УпражнЎние 3 Translate the first part and finish the sentence as you wish:
1. Believe it or not...
2. I got drunk at the party and...
63-10
Vocabulary for Lessons 58-64 and Sara Story Parts 10-11
Nouns and Pronouns Verbs
акцЎнт foreign accent Person (Acc) интересова+ Thing Subject (Nom) interests Person
аспирЏн aspirin (Nom) (Acc)
аэропђрт (ѓ) airport беспокђи+…ся worry
×
бЌбушка grandmother {бѓд+ / бы +} в гостјх be out at friends
безрабђтица unemployment встречЌй+ // встрЎти+ to ring in the New Year
год (в годѓ, Gen Pl—лет) year Нђвый Год
гостЏница hotel встречЌй+ // встрЎти+ meet (at a place)
двоїродная сестра female cousin дай(те)! give!
двоїродный брат male cousin забывЌй+ // {забѓд+ / забы+} forget
дЎдушка grandfather завЏдова+ // по- +Dative envy
детЌль (F) detail закрђй(те)! close!
дјдя uncle закрывЌй+ // {закрђй+ / закрѕ+} close
жизнь (F) life зевЌй+ // зевнѓ+ yawn
зимЌ winter знакђми+…ся // по- become acquainted; meet
истђрия history идеализЏрова+ idealize
комЎдия comedy испђлни+…ся кому ## turn a certain age
кондиционЎр air conditioner мешЌй+ // по- + Dative or Inf bother; prevent someone from
doing something
конец´ (е) end
мѓчай+ / мучи+ // за- torture; torment
контрђльная (рабђта) quiz
комѓ не удалђсь + Perfective Inf Person didn’t manage to [Verb]
коррѓпция corruption
напивЌй+…ся // get drunk
КрЌсная плђшадь Red Square {напьй+´…ся / напи+…ся}
купЎ (indeclinable!) compartment in a train не беспокђйся don't worry!
курс course не уезжЌй! don't leave
мЎсто space нрЌви+…ся // по- like something / someone
ок/нђ (о) window {остай+´…ся / оставЌй+…ся} // stay; remain; not leave
остЌн+…ся
отмЎт/ка (о) letter grade ×
получЌй+ // получи+ receive; get
отмЎтка по + Dative grade (in a course)
{приЎд+ / приЎха+ } arrive
падЎж case (Perfective)
×
полгђда half a year проводи+ // провёд+´ время (где у spend time (somewhere, at
кого) someone's place)
пђмощь (F) help разговЌривай+ talk; converse
×
прабЌбушка great-grandmother расскЌзывай+ // рассказа+ tell; relate; narrate
сочѓвствова+ Dative (Imperfective sympathize with
прадЎдкшка great-grandfather
Only)
престѓпность (F) crime (social problem) уезжЌй+ // {уЎд+ / уЎха+} leave
проблЎма problem эмигрЏрова+ emigrate
прогрЎсс progress
револїция revolution
свЌдьба (на) wedding
семьј family
сестЎма system
СовЎтский Соїз Soviet Union
счастье happiness
тётя aunt
тиран tyrant
Украина Ukraine
на Украине in the Ukraine
фильм ужасов horror film
шампанское champagne
Vocabulary for Lessons 58-64 and Sara Story Parts 10-11
Adjectives and Adverbs Expressions and Misc.
бЎдный poor (не)далекђ от + Gen (not) far from

богЌтый rich Noun есть Noun Noun are Noun
везѓчий lucky бђльше всегђ most of all
весЎнний (Soft!) spring (adjective) в подмётки не годЏ+…ся + not to hold a candle to; not to
виновЌт –а, -ы guilty Dative be worthy of
глѓпый dumb; stupid ОнЏ тебЎ в подмётки не They're not worthy of you
годјтся
глупЎе comparitive form
вездЎ everywhere
дѓшный stuffy (from lack of air)
всё равнђ still; nevertheless
жЌркий hot (weather only)
дать кому знать let someone know
зЏмний (Soft!) winter
делЌй+ // с- кому одолжЎние do someone a favor
коррумпЏрован -о, -а, -ы corrupt(ed)
из всех + Gen Pl. out of all
один´ (и) alone
к счЌстью fortunately
политЏческий political
как-то somehow; to some extent
потрясЌющий fantastic
кому всё равнђ [Person] does not care
прохлЌдный cool; chilly
кому хђчет…ся + INF [Person] feels like doing +INF
прђшлый previous; last
на прђшлой недЎле last week
рад –а, -ы happy; glad
нам не удалђсь + [Perfective we didn't manage to [verb]
(Short-Form only)
Infinitive]
серьёзный serious
напримЎр for example
совсЎм completely; totally
наскђлько (я знЌю) as far as I (know/remember)
тЎсный crowded; cramped
ни едЏного слђва not a single word
увЎреный certain
нѓжен нѓжно нужнЌ нужнѕ need a thing
экономЏческий economic
пей до дна! chug!
по + Day in Dative Pl. on [day of the week]
С Нђвым Гђдом! Happy New Year!
скЌжем так let's put it this way
скђлько лет +Dative how old is
со стороны (отца / матери) on (father/mother's) side
тђже also; too; either
хоть убЎй(те)! for the life of me!
хђчешь верь, хђчешь не верь believe it or not
я бы дал кому ## [Person] seems ## years old
Диалог
The Dative doesn't hold a candle to the Instrumental
Повторение
Review of Lessons 58-63
and Story parts 10-11
Диалог
ДЌтельный творЏтельному падежѓ в подмётки не годЏтся
The Dative doesn’t hold a candle to the Instrumental Case
ДЌша: 1 Какђй падЎж тебЎ бђльше всегђ понрЌвился? Which (grammatical)case did you most of all?
Вђва: 2 Ты всегдЌ задаёшь очень трѓдные вопрђсы. You always ask very difficult questions. At first I
3 СначЌла мне не понрЌвился именЏтельный didn’t like Nominative Case.
4 падЎж.
ДЌша: 5 А в чём бѕло дЎло? What was the problem?
Вђва: 6 Не знЌю. А винЏтельный падЎж мне очень I don’t know. But I really liked Accusative.
7 понрЌвился. РодЏтельный, конЎчно, все лїбят. Everyone, of course, likes Genitive. And I liked
8 И он мне тђже очень понрЌвился. it too.
ДЌша: 9 А предлђжный? ТебЎ понрЌвился предлђжный How about Prepositional (Locative)? Did you
10 падЎж? like Prepositional (Locative) Case?
Вђва: 11 ЧЎстно говорј, он мне не очень понрЌвился. А To be honest, I didn’t like it very much. But I am
12 я прђсто в востђрге от дЌтельного падежЌ. simply in ecstasy over Dative Case.
ДЌша: 13 Да, я тебј хорошђ понимЌю. ДЌтельный I know what you mean. The Dative is a fantastic
14 потрясЌющий падЎж. Но дЌтельный Case. But Dative doesn’t hold a candle to
15 творЏтельному падежѓ в подмётки не Instrumental Case. You’re going to love
16 годЏтся. ТворЏнтельный тебЎ очень понрЌвится. Instrumental Case.
The names of the Cases will not appear on any exam, but you should be able to recite them in class when asked «Какђй это
падЎж?»
1 падеж΄ grammatical case

1 бђльше всегђ most of all (Used very often with нрЌви+...ся // по-)
3 именЏтельный Nominative (Related to the noun Џмя)
6 винЏтельный Accusative (Related to the verb обвини+ accuse)
7 родЏтельный Genitive (Related to the noun родЏтели )
9 предлђжный Prepositional (Related to the noun предлђг preposition)
11 чЎстно говорј to be honest; honestly speaking (In case you’re wondering говорј is a
Gerund, a form we won’t really examine this year.)
12 дЌтельный Dative (Related to the noun дать give)
15 творЏтельный Instrumental (Related to the verb твори+ create)
15 в подмётки не годЏ+...ся + Dative not to hold a candle to; not to be worthy of (Lit.: not to be worthy of being
the sole of a shoe to someone/something)
ОнЏ тебЎв подмётки не годјтся. They’re not worthy of you..
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64-й урок
REVIEW OF LESSONS 58-63, STORY PARTS 10-11
↑ -{U}ю -{U} / -ь ↑
-{О}го -{A} -{O}й -{I} -{I}х -{O}в; -∅; -ей
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об ітом большђм мЎсте об ітой большђй дЎвушке об ітих большЏх дЎвушках / мышЌх
-{O}му -{U} -{O}й -е (-ияÆ-ии; -ьÆ-и) -{I}м -{A}м
моемѓ нђвому письмѓ моЎй нђвой машЏне / двЎри моЏм нђвым гЌлстукам / пЏсьмам
вЌшему послЎднему полотЎнцу вЌшей послЎдней пЎсне вЌшим послЎдним пЎсням
какђму хорђшему здЌнию какђй хорђшей фотогрЌфии какЏм хорђшим актёрам / здЌниям
ітому большђму мЎсту ітой большђй дЎвушке ітим большЏм дЎвушкам / мышЌм
Dative Pronouns
NOMINATIVE DATIVE
я мне
ты тебЎ
он, оно (н)емѓ
она (н)ей
мы нам
вы вам
они (н)им
кто комѓ
что чемѓ
никтђ никомѓ
ничегђ ничемѓ
Like and Love: нрЌви+...ся versus люби+

×
НРЂВИ+...СЯ // ПО- ЛЮБИ+
МоЎй млЌдшей сестрЌ очень понрЌвился
Impression / reaction (like / «ТитЌник»
love)
НЕТ!
Вера тебе понрЌвится.
Моемѓ брЌту очень нрЌвится ДостоЎвский. Мой брат лїбит ДостоЎвского.
Established relation to thing /
person / activity (like / love – Какая вђдка тебЎ нрЌвится? Какую вђдку ты лїбишь?
but not romantic)
Мне нрЌвиться пђздно вставЌть Я не люблї рЌно вставЌть.
Я тебя люблї!
Romantic feelings (love) НЕТ! Мђника любЏла БЏлла, а тепЎрь
она бђльше не лїбит его.
Syntax of Sentences With нрЌви+...ся:: The “liker” appears in the Dative, the “thing liked” is in Nominative,
which controls agreement on the Verb нрЌви+...ся.
Summary of time expressions with prepositions
MEASUREMENT OF TIME I.E. FORM EXAMPLES

Less than a week: hours, days в + ACC в два часЌ; в дЎсть часђв; в эту суббђту;
в прђшлый втђрник
A week: на + PREP на этой недЎле; на слЎдующей недЎле
More than a week: months, years в + PREP в прошлђм мЎсяце; в слЎдующем годѓ
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Age expressions
PERSON (IN DAT) + NUMBER + YEAR

МоЎй мЌтери сђрок вђсемь лет My mother is 48 (years old).
Моемѓ стЌршему брЌту двЌдцать один год My older brother is 21 (years old).
Маше трЏдцать четыре гђда Masha’s 34 (years old).
To ask the question How old … ? use Скђлько лет + {person in the Dative}?
In the answer you can often leave out the word год/гђда/лет (since it’s pretty clear what you’re talking about.)
one or the other

СКОЛЬКО + {PRONOUN +} YEAR {+ NOUN}
Сколько лет твоЎй мЌтери? How old is your mother?
Сколько тебЎ лет? How old are you?
• Past and Future
Use бѕло (был if одЏн is involved) or бѓдет:
КогдЌ Боре бѕло десять лет, он эмигрЏровал из РоссЏи в Borya emigrated from Russia to America when he was 10
АмЎрику.
КогдЌ мне бѓдет сорок лет, я бѓду рабђтать в престЏжном When I am (= will be) 40, I will be working in a prestigious
клѓбе в ПрЏнстоне. eating club at Princeton.
• Turning and age
To express turning an age, use the verb испђлни+…ся in place of a form of be:
With years ending in 1 + год, the verb will agree with it in the 3rd person MASC Sg.
With ALL OTHER NUMBERS, it will be in the 3rd person NEUT Sg.
В мЌе ей испђлнилось два гђда. She turned two in May.

В январЎ мне испђлнилось сђрок лет. I turned 40 in January.
В апрЎле Юле испђлнился двадцать одЏн год. Julia turned 21 in April.
КогдЌ тебЎ испђлнится / бѓдет двадцать лет? When will you be (turn/ be) 20?
В январЎ ей испђлнится / бѓдет тридцать один год. She turns (= will turn / will be) 31 in January.
• Guesstimating age
When guesstimating (i.e., approximating) years, hours, etc., THE NOUN AND THE NUMBER SWITCH PLACES. That is
why in this particular expression the noun precedes the number.
The formula is: Я бы дал(Ќ) + Person in Dat + Year (год/гђда/лет) + Number
Я БЫ ДАЛ(Ђ) PERSON (YEAR) NUMBER

(DAT)
Я бы далЌ ей (гђда) двадцать три. She looks like she’s about 23 (years old).
Я бы дал емѓ (лет) двадцать. He looks like he’s about 20 (years old).
Я бы далЌ ТамЌре (лет) сорок. I would say Tamara’s about 40 (years old).
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The Plural Nounjective все all
NOM все
⇑
Inanimate
ACC
Animate
⇓
GEN всех
PREP всех
DAT всем
Все моЏ друзьј учЏлись в чЌстной шкђле. All my friends went to private school.
Я вЏдел всех слонђв. I saw all the elephants.
Љто подЌрок для всех моЏх профессорђв. This is a present for all my professors.
Он был во всех клѓбах. He was in all the clubs.
Я завЏдую всем студЎнтам в БрЌуне. I envy all the students at Brown.
-то vs. -нибѓдь

SOME- ANY- (EVER)
-то, -нибѓдь -нибѓдь
Basically, the particle -то refers to an un-named but specific, concrete item (person, place, etc.), while -нибудь refers to an
un-named but not specific item (person, place, etc.).
Generally, -нибудь is found in: 1) Questions; 2) statements about the Future; 3) Conditional statements (remember бы?); 4)
Commands, while -то occurs in statements about the Present or the Past
Examples with -нибудь

Кто-нибѓдь звонЏл? Did anyone call?
Вы когдЌ-нибѓдь ссђритесь с родЏтелями? Do you ever fight with your parents?
Ѓсли бы онЌ что-нибѓдь купЏла, я бы её убЏл. If she had bought anything (something), I would
have killed her.
Nice rule about Aspect: After когдЌ-нибѓдь Past-Tense verbs must appear in the Imperfective:
Ты когдЌ-нибѓдь покупЌл икрѓ? How you ever bought caviar?

Он когдЌ-нибѓдь помогЌл дјде? Did he ever help (his) uncle?
Examples with -то
ОнЌ что-то купЏла для тебј. She bought something for you.
Бђря комѓ-то сказЌл об ітом. Borya told someone about it.
Кто-то что-то готђвит на кѓхне. Someone is making something in the kitchen.
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More Verbs That Unexpectedly Govern the Dative
завЏдова+ envy
сочѓвствова+ sympathize with
мешЌй+ bother someone; prevent someone from doing something
Я никомѓ не завЏдую. I don’t envy anyone.

Я ђчень сочѓвствую ітим бЎдным студЎтнам. I really sympathize with those poor students.
ОтстЌнь от менј. Ты мне мешЌешь. Get away from me. You’re bothering me.
ОнЌ мешЌет емѓ спать. She’s keeping him from sleeping.
Prepositions That Govern the Dative

к (motion) towards
по 1) on days of the week; 2) exam/grade in (course); 3) opinion
СЌра подошлЌ к МЏте и сказЌла «ПривЎт». Sara walked up to Mitya and said “Hi”.
ОнЌ рабђтает по понедЎльникам и средЌм. She works on Mondays and Wednesdays.
ЗЌвтра у менј экзЌмен по рѓсскому языкѓ. I have a Russian exam tomorrow.
По-мђему, он дурЌк! In my opinion, he’s a fool.
Комѓ хђчется – Feel like doing something

Often instead of having Nominative subject with the verb хотЎть, you find a Dative “subject” with non-agreeing
хђчется (fixed in the Neuter Third Singular). This use adds the meaning Person feels like doing something:
Мне не хђчется занимЌться. I don’t feel like studying.

Емѓ спать хђчется He feels like sleeping.
The Dative of Experience

The “experiencer” appears in the Dative, and a Adverb (or Neuter Short-Form Adjective, if you so desire) is used
to express feeling. The Neuter Third Singular of be is used in the Past and Future:
Мне скѓчно. I’m bored.

Ей бѕло хђлодно? Was she cold?
ТебЎ бѓдет жЌрко. You’ll be (too) hot.
A related construction is комѓ всё равнђ Person doesn’t care, which can mean either that the Person is uncaring
(doesn’t care if someone is suffering) or that either of several choices is acceptable to the Person:
Емѓ всё равнђ, что онЌ плЌчет. He doesn’t care that she’s crying.
Мне всё равнђ в какђй ресторЌн мы идём. I don’t care which restaurant we go to.
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Нѓж(е)н: Needing a thing

The most typical word order is: Needer (DAT) > нѓж(е)н > Thing needed (NOM).
The verb can appear either before or after нѓж(е)н: be
The form нѓж(е)н has a strange stress pattern – stem-stressed in the Masc and Neut: нѓжен, нѓжно, but end-stressed for
Fem and Pl: нужнЌ, нужнѕ.
Мне нужнЌ рѓчка. I need a pen.

Комѓ нѓжно мѕло? Who needs soap?
Кђле бѕл нѓжен карандЌш. Kolya needed a penci.l
НЌм бѓдут нужнѕ дЎньги. We’re going to need money.
НЌдо, дђлж(е)н needing/having to do something

• НЌдо
Another Dative construction: (Person-DAT) + нЌдо (+ be Neut 3sg: unstressed) + Infinitive. Since there is nothing in the
NOM, this is another one of our impersonal constructions.
The person who has to do the thing expressed by the infinitive is optional when it’s understood or a general statement.
Note that in the Past and Future нЌдо + the form of be (было/будет) forms a unit which is pronounced with the stress on
нЌдо; было/будет is unstressed.
PERSON (DAT) НЂДО (+ UNSTRESSED BE) INFINITIVE

Нам нЌдо подарЏть мЌтери цветѕ. We have to give Mom flowers.
Ей нЌдо было занимЌться всю ночь. She had to study all night.
ИвЌну нЌдо будет убрЌть все эти кђмнаты. Ivan will have to clean all these rooms.
• Дђлж(е)н
In the story we saw the Adjective дђлж(е)н, должнЌ, должнђ, должнѕ, which translates as should. As in English, there is
often an overlap between have to, must, and should. Before we look at the differences in meaning between дђлжен and
нЌдо, let’s look at the difference in syntax:
NOM subject > дђлж(е)н > be > Infinitive
As we saw just above, нЌдо is impersonal: it is an unchanging form used with a DAT person and a Neut 3sg form of be.
Дђлж(е)н, on the other hand, is an adjective which agrees with the NOM subject in Number and Gender. Like нЌдо, it is
also used with an Infinitive:
For the Past and Future the verb be must also agree with the NOM subject in Number and Gender. The one (seemingly
arbitrary) restriction with дђлж(е)н is that the verb be must follow дђлж(е)н:
SUBJ. (NOM) ДІЛЖ(Е)Н BE INFINITIVE

Я (ВЌдик) дђлжен (был/бѓду) ей помђчь. I have/had/will have to help her.
Ты (ГЌля) должнЌ (былЌ/бѓдешь) почЏстить ковёр. You have/had/will have to clean the carpet.
Он дђлжен (был/бѓдет) испЎчь торт. He has/had/will have to bake a cake.
Вы должнѕ (бѕли/бѓдете) убрЌть квартЏру. Y’all have/had/will have to clean the apartment.
ОнЏ должнѕ (бѕли/бѓдут) помѕть посѓду. They have/had/will have to wash the dishes.
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Тђже and also; too

The only difference between a sentence with тђже and the orignal sentence (besides the word тђже) is the “logical” subject.
The predicate (which is everything in the sentence except the subject) must not change. Simply paste on a new subject and
add тђже following the subject.
It is much better to translate тђже too because like тђже, too must follow the word or phrase it modifies.
Саша игрЌет в тЎннис. Я тђже игрЌю в тЎннис Sasha plays tennis. I play tennis too.
Эта кнЏга стђит дЎсять рублЎй. И эта кнЏга тђже стђит This book costs 10 rubles. And this book costs 10 rubles
дЎсять рублЎй. too.
Саше жЌрко. Мне тђже жЌрко. Sasha is hot. I’m hot too.
When the predicate is negated, тђже shows up as not … either in English:
Маша не бѓдет пить сегђдня. Я тђже не бѓду пить. Masha is not going to drink tonight. I’m not going to drink
either.
Manage to do something: Комѓ удалђсь + Infinitive

To express the idea that Person managed to do something, use a Dative “subject” together with удалђсь followed
by an Infinitive, normally the Perfective:
Мне удалђсь егђ уговорЏть. I managed to convince him.
Нам не удалђсь закрѕть дверь. We didn’t manage to close the door.
АкцЎнт
You can’t have a хорђший акцЎнт in Russian; акцЎнт means a foreign accent.
У негђ лёгкий рѓсский акцЎнт. He has a slight Russian accent.

У неё сЏльный англЏйский акцЎнт. She has a heavy English accent.
Perfective Future use of забѓд+

Normally when the Verb forget is used in the Future the Perfective is used. The stem is {забѓд+ / забѕ+}
Я никогдЌ не забѓду ітот день. I’ll never forget this day.

Он менј забѓдет. He’ll forget me.
Arrive / Leave (By Vehicle) приезжЌй+ // {приЎд+ / приЎха+} уезжЌй+ // {уЎд+ / уЎха+}
Both Verbs have similar stems in both the Imperfective and Perfective, the only difference is in the prefixes –
при- (arrive) versus у- (leave). Both Verbs can combine with both в + Accusative and из + Genitive:
Он зЌвтра приЎдет в Москвѓ. He’s arriving in Moscow tomorrow.

Мы уезжЌем в ЧикЌго в срЎду. We’re leaving for Chicago on Wednesday.
КогдЌ вы приезжЌете из ПарЏжа? When are you arriving from Paris?
ОнЌ уЎхала из СовЎтского Соїза. She left the Soviet Union.
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X Interests Y
The subject (music, cars, Russian grammar) is in the Nominative and the person is the Direct Object of the Verb
интересовЌ+ (which agrees with the Nominative)
Моегђ брЌта интерсѓет мѓзыка. My brother is interested in music.

РЌньше менј интересовЌли машЏны. I used to be interested in cars.
Summary of the Imperative
STEM IMPERATIVE
1) Stems ending in -й (or й+Vowel): читЌй+ читЌй(те)
keep -й(те) танцѓй+ танцѓй(те)
смеј+...ся смЎйся
стој+ стђй(те)
2) End-stressed stems: add -Џ(те) говорЏ+ говорЏ(те)
×
помог+ помогЏ(те)
×
* Mutation only in -a+ verbs писа+ пишЏ(те)
×
купи+ купЏ(те)
3) Stem-stressed stems: add –ь(те); вЎри+ вЎрь(те)
Consonant cluster: add -и(те) пђмни+ пђмни(те)
ДЌй емѓ ключЏ. Не давЌй ей дЎньги.
There are many, many exceptions to the rule that Positive Command = Perfective, Negative Command +
Imperfective.
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" УпражнЎние 1 Fill in the blanks. Use " to save time
my favorite film his stuffy room this beautiful place
Nom
Acc
Gen
Prep
Dat
Nom
Acc
Gen
Prep
Dat
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" УпражнЎние 2 Verb-a-thon
стучЌ+ knock хранЏ+ keep вернѓ+...ся return
Present Present Present
я ___________________________ я ___________________________ я ___________________________
мы __________________________ мы __________________________ мы __________________________
онЏ _________________________ онЏ _________________________ онЏ _________________________
Past Past Past
он _________________________ он _________________________ он _________________________
онЌ _________________________ онЌ _________________________ онЌ _________________________
онЏ _________________________ онЏ _________________________ онЏ _________________________
Infinitive Infinitive Infinitive
_____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________
Imperative Imperative Imperative
_____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________
" УпражнЎние 3 Translate into Russian.
1. My older brother needs space on (his) desk.
2. They arrived from Moscow on Saturday.
3. Vera works in a restaurant on Tuesdays and Fridays.
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4. For the life of me, I don’t remember.
5. I would guestimate that Viktor is 20 years.
6. Don’t bother me! I’m studying.
7. I envy those French actresses.
8. I’m certain everyone will like the concert.
9. + Did anyone call? - Yes, some woman called. (Use Imperfective for both Verbs.)
10. + We’re hot. - I don’t care.
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Диалоги
“She wants him to tell her the whole truth”
65.A Wanting someone to do something: чтобы + Past
Tense
65.Б More on marriage verbs
ОнЌ хђчет, чтобы он сказЌл ей всю прЌвду She wants him to tell her the whole truth
Ѕра 1 Как тебЎ нрЌвится курс францѓзского языкЌ? How do you like your French course?
ДенЏс 2 Я прђсто в востђрге от нЎго. Мы читЌем I love it. (I’m in ecstasy over it.) We’re reading
3 потрясЌющий расскЌз. a fantastic short story.
Ѕра 4 О чём идёт речь? What’s it about?
ДенЏс 5 Речь идёт об однђй америкЌнке, СЌре, котђрая It’s about an American (female), Sara who
6 решЏла одЏн семЎстр учЏться в ПарЏже. ОнЌ decided to study for a semester in Paris. She
7 узнаёт, что её друг в АмЎрике ей изменјет. finds out that her boyfriend in America is
cheating on her.
Ѕра 8 Какђй подлЎц! What a scoundrel!
ДенЏс 9 ОнЌ хђчет, чтобы он сказЌл ей всю прЌвду, She wants him to tell her the whole truth. She
10 чтђбы он признЌлся. wants him to confess.
Ѕра 11 Я бы тђже хотЎла, чтобы мой друг ничегђ не I wouldn’t want my boyfriend to hide anything
12 скрывЌл от менј. from me either.
ДенЏс 13 А у неё в ПарЏже нђвый друг, францѓз. She has a new boyfriend in Paris, a French guy.
Ѕра 14 ЗнЌчит, онЌ тђже изменјет дрѓгу. So, she’s also cheating on her boyfriend.
ДенЏс 15 А её нђвый друг хђчет, чтобы онЌ брђсила And her new boyfriend wants her to dump her
16 дрѓга-америкЌнца. American boyfriend
Ѕра 17 Он ей прјмо сказЌл, чтђбы онЌ егђ брђсила? Did he tell her directly to dump him?
ДенЏс 18 Не совсЎм. Но он ей сказЌл, что он хђчет, Not exactly. But he told her that he wanted her
19 чтобы онЌ остЌлась во ФрЌнции ещё на одЏн to stay in France for another semester. Her
20 семЎстр. А её родЏтели вообщЎ не хотјт, чтђбы parents didn’t want her to study in Paris in the
21 онЌ учЏлась в ПарЏже. ОнЏ бѕли прђтив ітого. first place. They were against it.
Ѕра 22 А что онЏ хотјт, чтобы онЌ дЎлала? What do they want her to do?
ДенЏс 23 ОнЏ, навЎрно, хотЎли, чтђбы онЌ остЌлась в They probably wanted her to stay in America, in
24 АмЎрике, в ПрЏнстоне. Мђжет быть, онЏ Princeton. Maybe they wanted he to get
25 хотЎли, чтђбы онЌ вѕшла зЌмуж за Рђберта, её married to Robert, her American boyfriend.
26 дрѓга-америкЌнца.
Ѕра 27 А Рђберт хђчет женЏться на ней? Does Robert want to marry her?
ДенЏс 28 Мы не знЌем. Но мы знЌем, что он тђже не We don’t know. But we do know that he didn’t
29 хотЎл, чтђбы онЌ учЏлась в ПарЏже. want her to study in Paris either.
Ѕра 30 А как ты дѓмаешь, СЌра и её францѓз What do you think, are Sara and her French
31 пожЎнятся? (boyfriend) going to get married?
ДенЏс 32 ВрЎмя покЌжет. Time will tell.
65-1
Словарь (Today’s СловЌрь contains a number of words found in previous dialogues and sections of the story.)
4 речь идёт о + PREP the thing/story/conversation is about ... (lit.: the talk/speech is about ...)
6 {узнай+΄/ узнавЌй+} // узнЌй+ find out; recognize
×
7 изменјй+ // измени+ + Dative cheat on somebody (lit.: this verb + Accusative means change)
(person cheated on)
9 чтобы ... (note unstressed) in order that ...; such that ... (See Section 65.A)
10 {признай+΄...ся / признавЌй+...ся} // confess
признЌй+...ся
12 скрывЌй+ // {скрђй+ / скрѕ+} conceal; hide (transitive)
13 францѓз / францѓжен/ка (о) French male / female
17 прјмо directly; straight (with regard to direction)
прямђй direct; straight (*Note difference in stress between adj and adv)
18 не совсЎм not exactly (lit.: not completely)
19 {остай+´...ся / оставЌй+...ся}// stay; remain
остЌн+...ся
×
25 выходи + // вѕйд+ зЌмуж за когђ marry (said of a woman) (See Section 65.Б for all marriage verbs)
(Perf Past: вѕшел, вѕшла; Inf:
вѕйти)
×
27 жени +...ся на ком marry (said of a man)
×
31 жени +...ся // по- marry (said of a couple)
32 врЎмя покЌжет time will tell (Lit.: time will show)
65.А Wanting Someone To Do Something: Чтобы + Past Tense
• Sara wants Robert to leave her alone: English vs. Russian

In the sentence Sara wants Robert to leave her alone “Robert” appears to be the Direct Object of want. (You can
confirm this by using pronouns, which would give the sentence She (Nom) wants him (Acc) to leave her alone.
But if you think about it, “Robert” is also the Subject of leave alone in the lower clause (he’s the one who’s going
to be performing that action). So, in this very common English construction “Robert” has two distinct
grammatical functions; 1) Object (of the upper clause) and; 2) Subject (of the lower clause). Such a situation is
not normally tolerated in Russian, mostly likely because grammatical functions are marked overtly with case. A
noun cannot be simultaneously marked with more than one case in Russian.
OK in English / Impossible In Russian (usually)
Object (Acc) Subject (Nom)

Sarah wants → Robert ← to leave her alone
If you really think about it, it isn’t Robert that Sarah wants (in fact, he’s the last thing she wants). What she wants
is the situation where Robert (he - Nom) leaves her alone, which would lead us to predict that in Russian “Robert”
is going to show up in the Nominative. And indeed that’s what we get. Read on.
65-2
• The Construction: ХотЎть чтобы + Subject in Nominative + Past Tense

To render sentences such as I want you to open the window, He wanted me to buy him a new car, She wants use to
leave, etc., Russian uses the normal verb for want (irregular хотЎть) followed by the conjunction чтобы (lit: in
order; such that) followed by the verb in the past tense. This doesn’t have a past meaning at all – it’s “tense-
neutral” just like in the previous бы constructions we’ve had. The subject of the lower clause is in nominative (as
expected). Being a word that simply links both clauses, чтобы has weak or no stress.
Some examples of хотЎть + чтобы + Past:
MAIN CLAUSE, WITH ЧТОБЫ

SECOND CLAUSE, WITH
SUBJECT IN NOM &
ХОТЃТЬ (unstressed) VERB IN THE PAST
СЌра хђчет, чтобы Рђберт сказЌл ей всю Sarah wants Robert to tell her the whole
прЌвду. truth.
Я хочѓ, чтобы ты ушлЌ. I want you to leave.
Все хотЎли, чтобы МЏтя женЏлся на СЌре. Everyone wanted Mitya to marry Sarah.
МоЏ родЏтели не хотјт, чтобы я игрЌл в америкЌнский My parents don’t want me to play
футбђл. football.
НатЌша хотЎла, чтобы её родЏтели купЏли ей Natasha wanted her patents to buy her a
нђвую машЏну. new car.
Что ты хђчешь, чтобы я сдЎлал? What do you want me to do?
• One Case (Function) Limit Per Noun

As mentioned above, in general Russian does not tolerate Nouns being assigned more than one grammatical
function (i.e. Case). We saw an example of this when Linda reported about what she saw at Cloister:
Я вЏдела, как онЏ целовЌлись I saw them kissing.
Once again, in English we see a word (here: them) acting as both Direct Object (of see) and Subject (of “kissing”).
In this particular grammatical construction, Russian uses как to “absorb” the Accusative Case of вЏдела. As
expected, the true subject of the lower clause (the “kissers”) appears in the Nominative in Russian. We’ve now
seen another way (чтобы) that Russian deals with the problem of “one Noun – two grammatical functions”. And
later in the course we’ll discuss two other strategies. The point here is that such a situation would create “Case
overload,” an entirely unacceptable situation in Russian.
65-3
• ХотЎть is not always followed by чтобы
Remember, the verb хотЎть may be followed by a bare infinitive when the subject of both clauses is the same
person. If the subject in both clauses is the same person, you cannot use чтобы. So sentences like Я хочѓ,
чтобы я / СЌша хђчет, чтобы он (СЌша)… are impossible. Examples of “plain” хотЎть + infinitives:
Он не хђчет говорЏть по-рѓсски. He doesn’t want to speak Russian.

Я хочѓ жЏть в Петербѓрге. I want to live in Petersburg.
Кто хђчет танцевЌть? Who wants to dance?
Мы хотЎли занимЌться в библиотЎке. We wanted to study in the library.
Say that PERSON wants PERSON to do VERB
1. Я // онЌ принёс+ торт 2. Кто // мы стој+ на балкђне?

3. Мы // онЏ остЌн+...ся в МосквЎ 4. ВЎра // её друг признЌй+...ся
5. ОнЏ // я (ВЎра) брђси+ Бђрю 6. Вђлодя // его отЎц купи+ ему МерседЎс
7. Все // профЎссор не кЌшляй+ 8. ГрЏша // ЛЌра испёк+ чёрный хлеб
9. Никто // ты (ВЌдик) съесть всю пЏццу 10. Ты // он дЎлай+ ?
• When the PERSON in the second clause is in a Case other than Nominative
You can also use чтобы plus the past (normally бѕло) in many of the “experience” constructions we learned,
where the “subject” appears in dative:
Он хђчет, чтобы ей бѕло хорошђ. He wants her to feel good.

Мы хотЏм, чтобы тебЎ понрЌвился фильм. We want you to like the film. (We hope that you like
the film.)
Я не хочѓ, чтобы тебЎ бѕло скѓчно. I don’t want you to be bored.
Translate into Russian. The PERSON in the second clause will not be in the Nom:
1. I don’t want you to be bored. 2. He doesn’t want her to be too cold.

3. We want you to like the book. 4. Nobody wants you to be sick (feel bad).
5. The professor wants the students to be interested. 6. I don’t want it to be too hot in here.
65-4
65.Б More on Marriage Verbs
We’ve seen bits and pieces of the verbs meaning get married, so now let’s look at the whole picture (and it ain’t
so pretty). There are 2½ verbs that are used: 1 for women and 1½ for men and couples:
х
• Women: выходи +// {вѕйд+ / вѕшла} зЌмуж за когђ (Accusative)
The Infinitive of the Perfective is вѕйти.
If the wedding is in the near future, you can use the Imperfective, just as in English the Present Tense is getting
married can be used for a near future event. In the last example below (with Sara) the Perfective is used because
the event (if it were to take place) is not in the near future. (Sorry, no hints here about what’s going to happen in
the story.) The “near future” use of the Imperfective applies not only to all the marriage verbs discussed here, but
also to a number of other verbs. More on this later.
Мђя сестрЌ выхђдит зЌмуж за профЎссора из My sister is getting married to a professor from
ГЌрварда. Harvard.
КЏра вѕшла зЌмуж в прђшлом году за одногђ очень Kira got married last year to a really rich but stupid
богЌтого, но очень глѓпого человЎка. guy.
Лиз Тійлор, кЌжется, кЌждую недЎлю выхђдит Liz Taylor, it seems, gets married every week.
зЌмуж.
Как ты дѓмаешь, СЌра вѕйдет зЌмуж за МЏтю? What do you think, is Sara going to marry Mitya?
ОнЌ хђчет вѕйти зЌмуж за извЎстного профЎссора. She wants to marry a famous professor.
Strange but true: With the interrogative кто, a Masculine form of the Verb must be used, even though you
know that the answer is Feminine. The rule that кто must take a Masculine Singular Verb is inviolable.
Кто бы вѕшел зЌмуж за такђго подлецЌ? Who would marry such a scoundrel?
х
• Men: жени +...ся на ком (Prepositional)
×
When describing a male, the verb жени+...ся is both Imperfective and Perfective, so the exact tense of the Non-
Past form is potentially ambiguous. But given what we said above about the Imperfective being used for near
future actions, this doesn’t really cause much confusion.
Мой стЌрший брат женЏлся на очень My older brother married a really boring woman.
скѓчной дЎвушке.
Мой дјдя хђчет женЏться на богЌтой My uncle wants to marry a rich woman.
жЎнщине.
Как ты дѓмаешь, МЏтя жЎнится на СЌре? What do you think, is Mitya going to marry Sara?
65-5
х
• Couples: жени +...ся // по- (with no complement)
× ×
When describing couples, the verb жени+...ся does have a Perfective form, пожени+...ся
ОнЏ пожЎнятся в мЌрте. They are getting married in March.

Почемѓ онЏ поженЏлись? ОнЏ без концЌ Why did they get married? They’re constantly cheating on
изменјют друг дрѓгу. each other.
В АмЎрике мнђгие жЎнятся в иїне. In America a lot of people get married in June.
Say that the people got / are getting / will get married to whom:
1. ВЌдик / мој сестрЌ (Past) 2. ВЎра / плохђй актёр (Present/Future)

3. НатЌша и Бђря / в мЌе (Past) 4. ГЌля / он (Future)
5. МЏтя / онЌ (Present/Future) 6. Мој сестрЌ / его дјдя (Past)
7. Мой дјдя / её тётя (Present/Future) 8. Кђля и РЏта / в прђшлом годѓ
9. Мой друг / стрЌнная дЎвушка (Present/Future) 10. Мој бѕвшая подрѓга / президЎнт КанЌды (Past)
11. НЏна и СЎва / на слЎдующей недЎле (Future) 12. Мој тётя / бЎдный врач (Present/Future)
65-6
" УпражнЎние 1 List 3 things that either you want someone else to do, or that someone (say,
your parents) want / wanted you to do:
1.
2.
3.
" УпражнЎние 2 Fill in the blanks with a marriage verb that makes sense:
1. Кђля _______________________________________________________ ГЌл_________ в прђшлом мЌрте.
2. ОнЏ _______________________________________________________________ чЎрез мЎсяц.
3. НатЌша хђчет _______________________________________________ богЌт________ человЎк_______.
4. Егђ тётя шесть раз ___________________________________________________________________.
5. КогдЌ твой дјдя _______________________________________________________________?
6. В прђшлом годѓ МЌша _______________________________________________________________.
7. На к_____________________ БорЏс ______________________________?
65-7
1. I found out that my wife is cheating on me (Case!). What a swine!
2. I want her to confess. She wants me to forget about it.
3. She told me directly that she wasn’t hiding (think about tense!) anything from me.
65-8
Диалоги
А: Esenin wrote his last poem with his own blood.
Б: Soup is eaten with a spoon
66.A ТворЏтельный падЎж
66.A. Uses of the Instrumental
66.B “Empty they” Constructions
A. ЕсЎнин написЌл послЎднее стихотворЎние крђвью

Esenin wrote his last poem with (his own) blood
ВЌря 1 Что ты дЎлаешь? СочинЎние пЏшешь? What are you doing? (Are you) writing a
paper?
Серёжа 2 Да, я пишѓ о рѓсском поіте, о ЕсЎнине. Он Yeah, I’m writing about the Russian poet,
3 женЏлся на америкЌнской балерЏне, Айседђре Esenin. He married the American ballerina
4 ДункЌн. Говорјт, что он не говорЏл по- Isadora Duncan. They say (It is said) that he
5 англЏйски, и онЌ не говорЏла по-русски. didn’t speak English and she didn’t speak
Russian.
ВЌря 6 А почемѓ ты пЏшешь мЎлом? РЌзве у тебј нет Why are you writing with chalk? Don’t you
7 рѓчки? have a pen?
Серёжа 8 Я её потерјл. Ты знЌешь, чем ЕсЎнин написЌл I lost it. Do you know with what Esenin wrote
9 послЎднее стихотворЎние? his last poem?
ВЌря 10 Карандашђм? Рѓчкой? With a pencil? With a pen?
Серёжа 11 Нет, крђвью. No, with blood (in blood).
ВЌря 12 Ничегђ себЎ! That’s something.
Б. Суп едјт лђжкой Soup is eaten with a spoon
Мать 13 Лёва, что ты дЎлаешь?! Lyova, what are you doing?

Сын 14 Я ем. Я никомѓ не мешЌю. Сижѓ и ем. I’m eating. I’m not bothering anyone. I’m just
sitting and eating.
Мать 15 Но ты ешь суп вЏлкой и рѕбу ножђм. Это очень But you’re eating (your) soup with a fork and
16 глѓпо и опЌсно. (your) fish with a knife. That’s very stupid and
dangerous.
Сын 17 А чем нЌдо есть суп? So what should one eat soup with?
Мать 18 РЌзве ты не знЌешь? Суп едјт лђжкой. Don’t you know? Soup is eaten with a spoon.
(Unless it’s Campbell’s Chunky.)
Сын 19 А рѕбу? And fish?
Мать 20 Рѕбу едјт вЏлкой. Fish is eaten with a fork.
Сын 21 СпасЏбо. Бѓду знать. Thanks. I’ll keep that in mind.
66-1
СловЌрь
6 мел chalk; piece of chalk

8 чем with what (Instrumental of что)
9 стихотворЎние (single) poem (We also saw стихЏ, which means verses. To say She writes
poetry it’s ОнЌ пЏшет стихЏ.)
11 кровь (Fem) blood
16 опЌсный dangerous
18 лђж/ка (e) spoon
20 вЏл/ка (o) fork
21 бѓду знЌть I’ll keep that in mind (for future reference).
The poet СергЎй АлексЌндрович ЕсЎнин (1895-1925) is quite popular in Russia. He was born into a very
simple peasant family, before he moved to Moscow, and later Petersburg. For a short time he was married to the
American ballerina Isadora Duncan. Legend has it that he spoke no English and she no Russian. Esenin
committed suicide in 1925.
The poem below was written by Esenin with his own blood two days before his suicide by hanging.
You may listen to the poem if you wish:
До свидЌнья, друг мой, до свидЌнья.

МЏлый мой, ты у менј в грудЏ. грудь breast (here: heart)
ПредназнЌченное расставЌнье предназнЌченное predestined расставЌнье parting
ОбещЌет встрЎчу впередЏ. встрЎча meeting впередЏ in the future
До свидЌнья, друг мой, без рукЏ и слђва,

Не грустЏ и не печЌль бровЎй, - грустЏ+ be sad печЌли+ бровь knit one’s brow
В ітой жЏзни умирЌть не нђво, умирЌй+ die
Но и жить, конЎчно, не новЎй. новЎй comparative of нђво
66-2
66.А ТворЏтельный падЎж (Nothing holds a candle to it)
We’ve already seen all of the forms of Instrumental Nouns (whether you realized it or not). Some examples:
вЎчером ѓтром с МЏтей с капѓстой с какђй цЎлью родЏтелями

(Masculine Sg) (Neuter Sg) (Feminine Sg) (Feminine Sg) (Feminine in ь) (Plural)
Here are the forms:
Instrumental Singular: Nouns

MASCULINE & NEUTER
-{O}м (-ом / -ем / -ём)
сосЎд сосЎдом
словарь΄ словарём
ключ΄ ключђм
гЎний гЎнием
письмђ письмђм
печЎнье печЎньем
здЌние здЌнием
FEMININE
-{O}й (-ой / -ей / -ёй)
сестрЌ сестрђй
кнЏга кнЏгой
кѓхня кѓхней
статьј статьёй
фотогрЌфия фотогрЌфией
РоссЏя РоссЏей
истђрии истђрией
FEMININE IN -Ь
-ью
двeрь двЎрью
лђшадь лђшадью
ночь нђчью
*мать мЌтерью
*дочь дђчерью
66-3
Form the Instrumental Singular of these nouns:
1. карандЌш 2. рѓчка 3. нож 4. кровь

5. ночь 6. ѓтро 7. РоссЏя 8. АмЎрика
9. словЌрь 10. ключ 11. мать 12. отЎц
13. рукЌ 14. здЌние 15. дочь 16. сын
V Question: (From a super advanced student – for super advanced students)

I remember asking you a while back about the Feminine nounjective forms for
Gentive, Dative, etc., твоЎй, моЎй. The ending is -{O}й, which would have
led me to think the forms should be твоёй, моёй. After all, the {O} is stressed.
You said that before the inherently soft consonant й, {O} becomes e. Fair
enough.
But now I see the Instrumental Singular of статьј is статьёй. Doesn’t this
violate your rule? Why isn’t it статьЎй, analogous to моЎй, твоЎй?
Answer: Another really top-notch question. You are really on the ball. And once again
you’re correct. Given what we said previously about моЎй, твоЎй, we would
not expect статьёй. But that is the correct form.
66.Б Uses of the Instrumental
• Without a Preposition: Means; Instrument

The Instrumental is used to express, surpiringly enough, the instrument or means used to perform an action. Very
often in English this meaning is translated using with, but in Russian NO PREPOSITION is used – just the bare
Instrumental expresses the idea with. Some common examples (including a few nouns we haven’t seen
previously, but which provide a clear example of this usage):
Он обѕчно пЏшет карандашђм / рѓчкой. He usually writes with a pencil / pen.

Почемѓ ты пЏшешь мЎлом / крђвью? Why are you writing with chalk / blood?
ОнЌ ест суп вЏлкой / лђжкой / ножђм. She eats soup with a fork / spoon / knife.
ОнЌ егђ убЏла ножђм / јдом / кЌмнем She killed him with a knife / poison / rock.
МЌша открѕла дверь ногђй. Masha opened the door with her foot.
СЌра дѓмает сЎрдцем, а не головђй. Sara is thinking with her heart and not her head.
66-4
With this use of the Instrumental we see another example where English uses a word, while Russian has nothing.
We saw the opposite of this in last week / на прђшлой недЎле, where Russian has a word (на) and English has
∅. These are just two of many such examples. You need to be especially careful with these; it’s very easy to get
confused.
English Рѓсский
with (instrument; means) ∅ (bare творЏтельный падЎж)
∅ на (indicating week)
Strange but true: With the verb kill, you cannot put the noun пистолЎт into the Instrumental, unless you pistol-
whip the person to death.
In the next lesson we’ll see the use of the Instrumental with various Prepositions.
‘Add water’ to these phrases (and use the Instrumental Case):

× × ×
1. НЏна / писа+ / карандаш´ (Present) 2. Я / люби+ писа+ / рѓчка (Present)
3. Почемѓ ты / есть / икрЌ / лђжка (Future) 4. МЌрта / {убьй+´ / убЏ+} / КЏра / нож΄ (Future)
5. НЌдо дѓмай+ / головЌ / а не сЎрдце heart 6. ЛЎна / {открђй+ / открѕ+} / дверь / ногЌ leg
(Present) (Past)
7. Я / есть / винегрЎт / вЏлка (Present) 8. Кђля / {убьй+´ / убЏ+} / НЏна / нож´ (Past)
×
9. ЕсЎнин / написа+ / послЎдний / стихотворЎние / 10. Я / {открђй+ / открѕ+} / окнђ / нос nose (Past)
кровь (Past)
66.В “Empty They”: Subjectless Constructions
We’ve seen a few examples where a third-person plural verb is used without a pronoun to indicate an unspecified
subject. Quite often these appear in English with a so-called “empty they,” where no one specific is referred to.
Sometimes you find one or you in this meaning:
По телевЏзору сказЌли, что сегђдня вЎчером бѓдет They said on TV that it’s going to be cool tonight.
прохлЌдно.
Говорјт, что русский ђчень трѓдный язѕк. They say that Russian is a very difficult language.
(Complete myth.)
ЖЎнщин об ітом не спрЌшивают. One does / You do not ask women about that.
Let’s formalize this a bit. First note that you cannot include any Nominative subject in such sentences (and keep
the “empty they” meaning):
СказЌли, что зЌвтра бѓдет хђлодно. ≠ ОнЏ сказЌли, что зЌвтра бѓдет хђлодно
В газЎтах пЏшут, что в РоссЏи большЌя
безрабђтица.
≠ В газЎтах онЏ пЏшут, что в РоссЏи большај
ЖЎнщин об ітом не спрЌшивают ≠ ОнЏ не спрЌшивают жЎнщин об ітом.
66-5
The sentences on the right indicate that a specific group of people have performed the action. The subjectless
third-plural is used in Russian either when you don’t know or care who the subject is.
Second, note that quite often these subjectless sentences are best translated with a passive construction in
English:
Суп едјт лђжкой. Soup is eaten with a spoon.

Что пЏшут об ітом в газЎтах? What is being written about this in the papers?
Его нашлЏ в лесѓ. He was found in the woods.
СЌшу арестовЌли. Sasha was arrested.
Её убЏли. She was killed.
Finally, note that the use of the third person plural does not in any imply that the action is performed by more than
one person. In fact, very often the action is performed by just one person. Some telling examples:
Не говорЏ так грђмко, там спјт. Don’t talk so loud – someone is asleep (in the
other room).
ТебЎ звонЏли. Somebody called you.
And if you think about it, this subjectless form is used in one of the most common phrases in Russian:
Как тебј / вас / егђ / её зовѓт? What’s your / his / her name?
There’s no way in the world you can stick in онЏ.
1. They say that New York is a dangerous опЌсный 2. Caviar is eaten with a spoon.
city.
3. On TV they said it was going to rain. (tense!) 4. He was killed last year.
5. The professor was asked difficult questions задЌть 6. You were asked проси<+ not to smoke here.
вопрђсы.
7. In the papers they write about crime in Russia. 8. In Russia a lot of cabbage is eaten.
66-6
" УпражнЎние 1 Massive review of Singular endings (includes all Cases so far). Fill in the
blanks and add stress marks where appropriate:
1. У м_________________ брЌт___________ нђв_________ компьїтер_____.
2. Я не завЏдую Серёжин________ млЌдш___________дђч_____________ НатЌш___________.
3. Мы вЏдели, как эт___________ стЌр_____________балерЏн______________ танцевЌла.
4. Мы купЏли бутѕлк__________ сЌм________ дорог__________ рѓсск__________ пЏв_______ и
мЌленьк__________ кус____________ хорђш________ немЎцк________ колбас_____.
5. Ч________ вы обѕчно пЏшете, карандаш________ или рѓчк________ ?
6. НЏн_____ нашлЏ в лес______. ОнЌ должнЌ былЌ готђвить обЎд_____ в нЌш_______кѓхн________.
7. – Что дЎлает тв_________ брат__________ в эт_________ суббђт_________ ?
– У н___________ ужЎ плЌны на уЏкэнд_____. Мы Ўдем на Кђлин____________ дЌч______.
8. Икр__________ едјт вЏлк_____________ или лђжк_____________?
9. Как вЌш______________ двоїродн______________ брЌт_____ нрЌвится мо________ нђв________
сЏн________ машЏн_____?
10. МЏш______ обещЌл мо__________ подрѓг_____ , что принесёт шоколЌдн_________ торт_______.
11. О к________ вы говорЏли?
СначЌла мы говорЏли о___ эт______ полЏтик____ , а потђм о егђ бЎдн______ лђшад_____.
12. МЌш_____ подарЏла Ѕгор_____ ђчень дорог_________ и красЏв_______ гЌлстук____.
13. Мы живём в больш__________, хорђш____________ общежЏт_______________.
66-7
" УпражнЎние 2 Answer the questions as honestly as you wish
1. What do you like to write with? (Please, no demonstrations a la Esenin.)
2. What do you usually eat soup with?
3. What do you think with, your head or your heart сЎрдце?
4. What would you like to kill your Russian professor with? (See examples in lesson for various weapons.)
" УпражнЎние 3 Write 3 'empty they' sentences with the following verbs: say, eat, ask, write…
1.
2.
3.
" УпражнЎние 4
In Russia, you’ll often see this sign inside buildings: Здесь не кѓрят. How would you translate it into real English?
66-8
Диалоги
“You can’t imagine what I found under your bed”
67.A ТворЏтельный падЎж Singular – Adjectives and
Nounjectives
67.Б Prepositions of location that take ТворЏтельный
падЎж
Ты не представлјешь, что я нашёл под твоЎй кровЌтью!

You can’t imagine what I found under your bed!
Ћша 1 Где мои часѕ?!! Ты не вЏдела моЏ часѕ? Where’s my watch?!! Did you see my watch?
Іля 2 По-мђему, я их вЏдела мЎжду крЌсным I thought I saw it between the red armchair and the
3 крЎслом и чёрным столђм. black table.
Ћша 4 Нет, я там ужЎ смотрЎл. Там тђлько пЏво - No, I already looked there. The only things there were
5 бутѕлок вђсемь. about eight beer bottles.
Іля 6 А за кнЏжной пђлкой? How about behind the bookcase (bookshelf)?
Ћша 7 Нет, там бѕли чьи-то ключЏ. No, there were somebody’s keys back there.
Іля 8 А под моЎй кровЌтью? How about under my bed?
Ћша 9 Tы не представлјешь, что я нашёл под твоЎй You can’t imagine what I found under your bed!
10 кровЌтью!
Іля 11 А за корЏчневой двЎрью? How about behind the brown door?
Ћша 12 Я боїсь смотрЎть за этой двЎрью. Там рЌньше I’m afraid to look behind that door. I saw a mouse
13 я вЏдел мышь. there before.
Іля 14 А на трЎтьей пђлке над нЌшей нђвой дорогђй How about on the third shelf above our new expensive
15 китЌйской вЌзой? Chinese vase?
Ћша 16 Нет, часђв там нЎ было, там я нашёл твої No, (my) watch wasn’t there. I found your Physics
17 домЌшнюю рабђту по фЏзике. Вот часѕ, на homework there. Oh, there’s the watch, on the table
18 столЎ рјдом с моЎй любЏмой рѓчкой, пЎред next to my favorite pen, right in front of Kira’s new
19 КЏриным нђвым компьїтером. computer.
Словарь
2 мЎжду + Instrumental between
2 крЎс/ло (е) armchair
6 за + Instrumental behind
6 кнЏжная пђлка bookshelf; bookcase
пђлка (single) shelf
You need to be careful to distinguish полка (hard л) shelf vs. пђлька (soft л)
Polish female. It would sound strange to say КкЏги лежЌт на пђльке.
8 под + Instrumental under; beneath
9 представлјй+ // предстЌви+ imagine
14 над + Instrumental above; over
15 вЌза (Feminine!) vase
18 рјдом с + Instrumental next to
19 пЎред + Instrumental in front of
67-1
67.А ТворЏтельный ПадЎж Singular – Adjectives / Nounjectives
We’ve seen the endings for Masculine (and Neuter) Instrumental Singular adjectives in the expressions:
ОднЏм вѕстрелом двух зЌйцев убЏл/а. With one shot, I killed two rabbits.
Что ты хђчешь ітим сказЌть What do you mean by that?
And recall that except for Nominative and Accusative, all Feminine Singular Adjectives end in -{O}й. We saw
this in the phrase (when Sara questioned Linda’s motivation for writing the letter):
С какђй цЎлью? With what goal? (To what end?).
Instrumental Singular: Adjectives / Nounjectives

MASCULINE & NEUTER
-{I}м (-ым / -им)
мой дђбрый сосЎд моЏм дђбрым сосЎдом
ітот дорогђй словарь΄ *ітим дорогЏм словарём
егђ послЎдний ключ΄ егђ послЎдним ключђм
МЌшин сын МЌшиным сѕном
одЏн гЎний *однЏм гЎнием
нЌше интерЎсное письмђ нЌшим интерЎсным письмђм
вкѓсное печЎнье вкѓсным печЎньем
мЌленькое сЏнее здЌние мЌленьким сЏним здЌнием
*Note the unexpected softening of однЏм / ітим in the singular, while Adjectives from first names (СЌшиным,
Нининым, etc.) take the hard endings. (By the way, the same applies in the Plural: Soft однЏ, ітих, but hard
ДЏмины, МЏтиных, etc.)
FEMININE
-{O}й (-ой / -ей)
×
мој млЌдшая сестра моЎй млЌдшей сестрђй
чья сЏняя кнЏга? чьей сЏней кнЏгой?
большај чЏстая кѓхня большђй чЏстой кѓхней
её скѓчная статьј её скѓчной статьёй
послЎдняя фотогрЌфия послЎдней фотогрЌфией
стЌрая РоссЏя стЌрой РоссЏей
америкЌнская истђрия америкЌнской истђрией
67-2
Add water:
× ×
1. Я / писа+ / прЌвый / рукЌ (Present) 2. Кто / писа+ / крЌсный / мел? (Present)
3. КЏра / {открђй+ / открѕ+} / дверь / лЎвая / ногЌ 4. ВЏка / есть / рѕба / золотђй gold / вЏлка (Future)
(Past)
5. НЏна / {убьй+ / убЏ+} / мѓж / дорогђй / јд poison 6. МЌша / есть / морђженое / большђй / сЏний /
(Past) лђжка (Present)
× ×
7. Я / люби+ / писа+ / мЌленький / чёрный / 8. Я / ты / {убьй+ / убЏ+} / стЌрый / тупђй dull /
карандЌш (Present) нож (Future)
×
9. Никто здесь / писа+ / лЎвый / рукЌ (Present) 10. Я / есть / винегрЎт / крЌсный / вЏлка (Present)
67.Б Prepostions of Location That Govern ТворЏтельный ПадЎж
The following prepositions of location are followed by the instrumental (and not the locative / prepositional):
Listen and repeat:
за behind
КнЏга лежЏт за большЏм нђвым корЏчневым The book is (lying) behind the big new brown
крЎслом. armchair.
Я нашёл ключ за мЌленькой кнЏжной пђлкой. I found the key behind the small bookshelf.
перед in front of
Я стојл пЎред огрђмным слонђм. I was standing in front of an enormous elephant.
СЌша стоЏт пЎред МЌшей. Sasha is standing in front of Masha.
над above; over

ВЌза стоЏт на пђлке над телевЏзором. The vase is (standing) on the shelf above the TV.
БЌбушка стојла над могЏлой (grave) мѓжа и Grandma was standing over her husband’s grave
плЌкала. and was crying.
под under; beneath

Я нашёл часѕ под СЌшиной кровЌтью. I found my watch under Sasha’s bed.
Кђшка спит под дивЌном. The cat is sleeping under the couch.
67-3
мЎжду between
Нож лежЏт мЎжду стЌрой газЎтой и вкѓсным The knife is (lying) between the old newspaper and
печЎньем. the delicious cookie.
Почемѓ МЌша спит на полѓ мЎжду котђм и Why is Masha sleeping on the floor between the
собЌкой? cat and the dog?
рјдом с next to
КлючЏ лежЌт рјдом с моЏм нђвым аквЌриумом. The keys are (lying) next to my new aquarium.
Мы сидЎли рјдом с бездЌрной немЎцкой актрЏсой. We were sitting next to a no-talent German
actress.
• Deep thoughts: The arbitrariness of case assignment

The use of the instrumental with these prepositions of location shows the somewhat arbitrary nature of case
assignment in Russian. Why don’t these prepositions govern the locative/prepositional case like в and на? We
have no real explanation. (Can you explain why to be mad about someone means something completely different
than to be mad at someone? Try explaining that to someone learning English.)
Also, there is no connection (that we can detect) between the use of the instrumental without a prefix, which we
saw in the previous lesson (Он пЏшет карандашђм; Я ем лђжкой) and the use of the instrumental with these
six prepositions. There is certainly no expression of means or instrument with these prepositions. This illustrates
the difficulty of summing up the use of any case in a single sentence.
Still, these six prepositions are certainly related to one another, which should make it a little easier to remember
that they all take the same case.
Describe the location of the following items. Just use the nouns and the preposition – no verb.
← behind → in front ↑ above ↓ below ↔ between || next to
1. ДЏмин большђй нож ← немЎцкая машЏна 2. немЎцкая машЏна → ДЏмин большђй нож
3. мој кровЌть ↔ (ВЌдик / мђй глѓпый профЎссор) 4. КЌтя || НЌдина дорогЌя вЌза
5. ВЎрино скѓчное письмђ ↓ мој кровЌть 6. стЌрая фотогрЌфия↑ нђвый дивЌн
7. нђвый дивЌн ↔ (нЌша кнЏжная пђлка / сЏний 8. Ђнна МаксЏмовна → моё общежЏтие
слон)
9. Я || Ѕгорь МаксЏмович 10. Кто ← іта большЌя бЎлая дверь?
67-4
" УпражнЎние 1 Another massive review of Singular endings (includes all cases so far):
1. У м___________ млЌдш_________ сестр_________ дв_______ стар________ чёрн___________
лђшад______
2. Я люблї писЌть Џли больш________ крЌсн________ карандаш________, Џли мЌленьк_______
рѓчк_________.
3. Где мо____________ домЌшн__________ рабђт___________?
4. Мы говорЏли о егђ стрЌнн________ дЎдушк________ , котђр________ жил в мЌленьк_________
гђрод________ во ФрЌнц___________
5. Почемѓ онЏ сидјт на грјзн__________ пол________ , а МЌша лежЏт на ДЏмин_________
кровЌт______________?
6. Я прђдЌл мо______ стЌр________ сЏн__________ немЎцк_________ машЏн_______ одн__________
глѓп_______ студЎнт_______.
7. Мы сидЎли рјдом с одн__________ гЎни________________, котђр_______ обѕчно пЏш_________
крђв_______________.
8. Почемѓ ты пЏшешь так_________ мЌленьк__________ кус_______________ бЎл___________
мЎл____________?
9. У менј сЌм________ послЎдн_____________ китЌйск__________________
компьїтер___________________.
10. Я не могѓ жить без хорђш__________ итальјнск_________ вин__________ и чёрн_________
икр_____________.
11. ОнЌ недЌвно получЏла корђтк__________ письм___________ от мЌт_____________ и
дђч___________________.
67-5
12. Тв_____________ бЌбушк__________ со сторон____________ от______________ скѓчно?
13. Скђлько лет ВЎр_____________ стЌрш______________ брат_______________ МЏт______________?
14. ЧЌсы лежЌли мЎжду нђв____________ сЏн__________ словар__________ и скѓчн_______
стать__________.
15. КнЏжн________ пђлк__________ стоЏт мЎжду бЎл________ двЎр_____________ и мо_______
дорог______ стол______, на котђр__________ стоЏт нђв__________ дорог__________
вЌз____________.
" УпражнЎние 2 Use each of the six instrumental prepositions of location to describe the
layout of your room. Nouns you can include: bed, armchair, TV, bookcase,
computer, table, door, window, expensive Chinese vase (you do have a Ming
vase in your dorm room, don’t you?)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
67-6
Диалоги
“She’s not laughing at him, but at you”
68.A ТворЏтельный падЎж: Pronouns
68.Б Pronoun review – all cases
68.В Verbs and verb phrases that take the Instrumental
ОнЌ смеётся не над ним, а над тобђй She’s not laughing at him, but at you
Илїша 1 ВЏдишь, как іта дЎвушка, котђрая стоЏт за You see that girl who’s standing behind our
2 нЌшим профЎссором, смеётся над ВЌсей? professor and laughing at Vasya? Why is she
3 Почемѓ онЌ над ним смеётся? laughing at him?
ОксЌна 4 По-мђему, ты ошибЌешься. ОнЌ смеётся не над I think you’re mistaken. She’s not laughing at
5 ним, а над тобђй. РЌзве ты не знаЎшь, что him, but at you. Could it really be that you
6 мнђгие дЎвушки смеїтся над тобђй? don’t know that many girls laugh at you?
Илїша 7 Над кем? Надо мнђй!? Ничегђ подђбного. Ты At who(m)? At me!? Nothing of the sort. You
8 менј перепѓтала с кем-то другЏм, навЎрно с have me confused with someone else, probably
9 твоЏм дрѓгом Њрой. Надо мной дЎвушки не (with) your boyfriend Yura. Girls do not laugh
10 смеїтся. ДЎвушки интересѓются и at me. They are interested in me and are crazy
11 восхищЌются мной. about me.
ОксЌна 12 Не смешЏ менј! А мђжет быть онЌ смеётся над Don’t make me laugh! Maybe she’s laughing at
13 нЌми. Я боїсь, что онЌ дѓмает, что мы муж и us. I’m afraid that she thinks we’re husband and
14 женЌ. wife.
Илїша 15 УмЌ не приложѓ, почемѓ я вообщЎ с тобђй I can’t for the life of me figure out why I
16 общЌюсь. associate with you altogether.
Словарь
2 смеј+…ся (-a+ verb: -й{A}+) laugh (at)

над INST (Impf only)
3 (н)им INST of он, онђ
5 тобђй INST of ты
7 кем INST of кем
7 мной INST of я
8 {перепѓтывай+ // перепѓтай+} confuse, mix up X with X
ACC с INST
10 кто интересовЌ+…ся INST be interested in
11 восхищЌй+…ся INST admire greatly; be enchanted with; be captivated by; be crazy about
12 не смешЏ менј don’t make me laugh [Imper. of смешЏ+ make laugh; Just learn as an expression]
13 нЌми INST of мы
16 общЌй+…ся с кем (Impf. only) associate with; hang out with
68-1
68.А ТворЏтельный ПадЎж: Pronouns
NOMINATIVE INSTRUMENTAL
я мной / мнђю*
ты тобђй / тобђю*
он/ђ (н)им
онЌ (н)ей / (н)Ўю*
мы нЌми
вы вЌми
онЏ (н)Џми
кто кем
никтђ ни … кем
что чем
ничегђ ни … чем
всё всем
все всЎми
• -{O}й vs. -{O}ю мной/мнђю, тобђй/тобђю, (н)ей/(н)Ўю

Sometimes (often in poetry, when an extra syllable is needed) these alternative forms of the Instrumental
pronouns which end in -й are found. They tend to sound a bit old-fashioned.
You can also find this {O}ю ending on Feminine Singular Instrumental Nouns: сестрђй or сестрђю. For some
reason, in certain fixed expressions they are preferred. More on this later.
• Cluster Busters with мной

We’ve seen earlier that some prepositions need the Cluster Buster -о before various forms of me, everything, and
everyone (e.g. к ко мне). The same thing happens with some prepositions that take the Instrumental мной:
над надо мнђй

под подо мнђй
перед передо мнђй
рјдом с рјдом со мнђй
68-2
Say who is standing where (subject + стој+ + preposition + object of preposition):
Example: Вы / пЎред / онЌ ➯ Вы стоЏте пЎред ней.
1. Я / за / он 2. Он / пЎред / я 3. Мы / мЎжду / он , онЌ

4. МЌша / рјдом с / кто? 5. Я / мЎжду / ты, дивЌн 6. Все / за / мы
7. Мы / пЎред / все 8. ОнЏ / за / вы 9. Вы / рјдом с / онЏ
68.Б Mega Pronoun Review
ИменЏтельный ВинЏтельный РодЏтельный Предлђжный ДЌтельный ТворЏтельный

NOM ACC GEN PREP/LOC DAT INST
я менј обо мнЎ мне мной (-ђю)
ты тебј о тебЎ тебЎ тобђй (-ђю)
он(ђ) (н)егђ о нём (н)емѓ (н)им
онЌ (н)её о ней (н)ей (н)ей / (н)Ўю
мы нас о нас нам нЌми
вы вас о вас вам вЌми
онЏ (н)их о них (н)им (н)Џми
что чегђ чём чемѓ чем
ничтђ ничегђ ни о чём ничемѓ ничЎм
кто когђ ком комѓ кем
никтђ никогђ ни о ком никомѓ никЎм
всё всегђ обо всём всемѓ всем
все всех обо всех всем всЎми
іто ітого об ітом ітому ітим
68-3
Practice pronouns in all Cases
ИменЏтельный – Say whom/what СЌша needs:
Example: you (ВЎра) ➯ Ты нужнЌ СЌше.

we ➯ Мы нужнѕ СЌше.
I (ОлЎг) ➯ Я нѓжен СЌше.
(she; we; they; everything; who?; no one; everyone; you (ВЌдик); he; y’all; this)
ВинЏтельный – Say whom/what Бђря loves (you; me; him; her; us; them; y’all; everyone; everything; no one,
whom?)
РодЏтельный – Say whom Іля can’t live without (her, us, them, y’all, him; this; you (ТЌня); me; whom?)
Предлђжный – Say whom/what Серёжа is thinking about (him; us; me; them; nothing; whom?; no one;
everyone; you (ОлЎг); her; y’all; this; what)
ДЌтельный – Say whom МарЏна envies (her, us, them, y’all, him; you (Ільга); me; whom?)
ТворЏтельный – Say next to whom/what ОлЎг is standing (him; us; them; whom?; her; y’all; me; everyone; no
one)
68.В Verbs and Verb Phrases That Take the Instrumental
The following verbs take the Instrumental Case without a preposition. To a large extent, the instrument meaning
is peripheral at best.
восхищЌй+...ся (Perfective is quite rare) admire greatly; be enchanted by; …
Я тобђй восхищЌюсь! I’m in awe of you!

КогдЌ мне бѕло дЎсять лет, я восхищЌлась When I was 10 years old, I was, like, totally “crazy
Мадђнной. for” Madonna.
интересовЌ+...ся (Imperf. only, but see below) be interested in
Он ничЎм не интересовЌлся. He wasn’t interested in anything.

Я очень интересѓюсь рѓсской граммЌтикой. I’m very much interested in Russian grammar.
Compare the syntax of интересовЌ+...ся with that of интересовЌ+:
интересовЌ+...ся интересовЌ+
Person interested Thing/Person of interest Person interested Thing/Person of interest
NOM INST ACC NOM
(Controls verbal agreement) (Controls verbal agreement)
Я интересѓюсь рѓсской литератѓрой. ≈ Менј интересѓет рѓсская литератѓра.
ОнЌ интересовЌлась америкЌнской истђрией. ≈ Её интерЎсовала америкЌнская истђрия.
68-4
With both of these verbs the prefix за- can be attached to indicate get interested / start to interest:
КогдЌ СЌша учЏлась на пЎрвом кѓрсе, онЌ

заинтересовЌлась фЏзикой. When Sasha was a freshman, she started getting
КогдЌ СЌша учЏлась на пЎрвом кѓрсе, её into physics.
заинтересовЌла фЏзика.
1. She is interested in Russian history. 2. Russian history interests her.

3. I am so in love with my physics professor! 4. What kind of music are you interested in?
5. Those girls admire you (Ѕгорь). 6. My brother is in awe of everyone.
7. I’m interested in foreign cars. 8. Foreign cars don’t interest Vera.
The following verb phrases contain a preposition that governs the Instrumental Case:
смеј+...ся над (-a+ verb: смей{A}…ся) laugh at
Почемѓ онЏ смејлись надо мной? Why were they laughing at me?
– Ты над кем-нибѓдь смеёшься? – Are you laughing at someone?
– Нет, я ни над кем не смеїсь. – No, I’m not laughing at anyone.
V Question: смеј+...ся (1st conjugation) vs. бој+...ся (2nd conjugation)

I’m a little confused about Жа-Жа verbs, specifically стој+ and бој+...ся.
These are both 2nd conjugation Жа-Жа verbs, supposedly because a й
precedes the {A}. But смеј+...ся and надЎя+...ся also have a й before the
{A}? So shouldn’t they also be 2nd conjugation Жа-Жа verbs too? Why are
they 1st conjugation -a+ verbs?
Answer: Excellent observation. Given everything we’ve said about Жа-Жа verbs, you
might predict that смеј+...ся and надЎя+...ся conjugate just like стој+ and
бој+...ся. But they don’t. So, to refine our definition a bit, only verbs whose
stem end in -оя+ are 2nd conjugation. And in fact, стој+ and бој+...ся (and
related prefixed forms) are the only two verbs in the entire language that end in
-оя+. All other verbs whose stem ends in -я (-ея+, -ая+) are 1st conjugation.
68-5
Ещё два (Two more):
пѓтай+ // пере- ACC с INST confuse, mix up X with X
ОнЌ всегдЌ пѓтает родЏтельный падЎж с She always mixes up the Genitive Case with the
винЏтельным. Accusative.
КЌжется, я тебј перепѓтал с моЎй женђй. It seems I’ve confused you with my wife.
общЌй+..ся с кем associate, hang out with
Почемѓ ВЎра общЌется с ним? Why does Vera associate with him?
Я рЌньше общЌлся с ВЏкой, а потђм я пђнял, что I used to hang out with Vera, but then I realized
онЌ протЏвная. that she was disgusting.
1. Why do you associate with Grisha? 2. Who are you laughing at?
3. He used to hang out with boring guys all the time. 4. My (female) roommate confused me with my
grandmother.
5. We cannot laugh at your poor dog. 6. No one associates with him.
7. I always mix you up with your younger sister. 8. He not laughing at anything.
68-6
УпражнЎние 1 Massive review of pronouns:
1. Откѓда (y’all) ___________________? (We) ____________________ из ПрЏнстона.
2. Ты получЏл от (her) ___________________ скѓчное письмђ? Нет, от (you – Sing) _______________.
3. Я подошлЌ к (him) ___________________ и он поцеловЌл (me) ___________________ в гѓбы.
4. ГЌля перепѓтала ВЎру с (you - Sing) ___________________. Не сердЏсь на (her) ___________________.
5. Мы дѓмали о (y’all) ___________________. Вы когда-нибѓдь дѓмали о (us) ___________________?
6. ВЎра смђтрит на (us) ______________? Нет, она (at no one) ____________________________ не смђтрит.
7. (Who) ___________________ ты завЏдуешь? Я завЏдую (everyone) ___________________.
8. Я не понимЌю, почемѓ все бѕли прђтив. Они (nothing) ________________________ не знЌют (about this)
_____________________________.
9. Я ђчень сочѓвствую (them) ___________________, но не (her) ___________________.
10. За (who) ___________________ ГЎра стоЏт? Он (behind nobody) __________________________ не стоЏт.
11. Я недЌвно прочитЌл интерЎсную статьї о (this) ___________________. ТепЎрь я понимЌю (everything)
___________________ о_______ (everything) ___________________.
12. Кђля (nobody) ___________________ не пригласЏл на вечерЏнку. Какђй (he) ______________ стрЌнный!
Я никогдЌ не бѓду общЌться с (him) ___________________.
68-7
УпражнЎние 2 Answer as honestly as you wish:
1. Чем вы интересѓетесь? КогдЌ вы этим занинтересовЌлись? Почемѓ?
2. Чем или кем вы восхищЌетесь?
3. Кого с кем вы иногдЌ перепѓтываете?
УпражнЎние 3 V O D – actually, 2 today ☺: laugh vs. fear

(If you haven’t already done so, check out the Question and Answer Box on page 68-5.)
смеј+…ся
PRESENT PAST
я ______________________________________ он ______________________________________
он(Ќ) ______________________________________ онЌ ______________________________________
онЏ ______________________________________ онЏ ______________________________________
IMPER ___________________________________ INF ______________________________________
бој+…ся
PRESENT PAST
я ______________________________________ он ______________________________________
он(Ќ) ______________________________________ онЌ ______________________________________
онЏ ______________________________________ онЏ ______________________________________
IMPER ___________________________________ INF ______________________________________
68-8
Диалоги
“Good riddance to all the cases!”
Review of Chapter 9
(Урђки 65-68; РасскЌз, чЌсти 12-14
СкЌтертью дорђга всем падежЌм! Good riddance to all the cases!
ЖЌнна 1 (Слѕшит, как Лёша плЌчет) Лёша, что с тобђй? (Hears Lyosha crying) Lyosha, what’s wrong
2 Что-нибѓдь случЏлось? with you? Did something happen?
Лёша 3 Мне ђчень грѓстно. I’m very sad.
ЖЌнна 4 Что случЏлось? Кто-нибѓдь ѓмер? Твђя What happened? Did anyone die? Did your
5 бЌбушка умерлЌ? БЎдный ты. Я тебЎ grandmother die. You poor thing. I feel for (=
6 сочѓвствую. sympathize with) you.
Лёша 7 Нет, никтђ не ѓмер. Я не из-за ітого плЌчу. No, nobody died. I’m not crying because of that.
ЖЌнна 8 ТогдЌ из-за чегђ? Because of what, then?
Лёша 9 Мы закђнчили все падежЏ! Я так любЏл все We’ve finished all the cases! I love all the cases
10 падежЏ, крђме предлђжного, конЎчно. О, как я so much, except for the Prepositional, of course.
11 бѓду скучЌть по всем падежЌм (крђме Oh, how I will miss all the cases (except for the
12 предлђжного, конЎчно). Prepositional, of course).
ЖЌнна 13 А я говорї «СкЌтертью дорђга всем падежЌм»! And I say good riddance to all the cases!
Словарь
3 комѓ грѓстно be sad (Another Dative of Experience construction. Yet another anti-я phrase.)
4 ѓмер, умерлЌ, ѓмерли died (As the Masc Past shows, it’s a Greasy Zeke verb)
Just learn the Past Tense for now –
it’s by far the most common form.
6 тогдЌ then ТогдЌ has several meanings, most of which correspond to English then.
More on this later.
9 закЌнчивай+ // закђнчи+ finish
13 скЌтертью дорђга + DAT good riddance (to whom / what)! The Dative phrase is optional. (Lit.: with a
tablecloth-INST road-NOM)
69-1
69-й урок

↑ -{U}ю -{U} / -ь ↑
A Inanimate ‘borrows’ NOM ↑ мої нђвую машЏну / дверь Inanimate ‘borrows’ NOM
C Animate ‘borrows’ GEN
Animate ‘borrows’ GEN
Table of all the cases
-{О}го -{A} -{O}й -{I} -{I}х -{O}в; -∅; -ей

N
69-2
об ітом большђм мЎсте об ітой большђй дЎвушкe об ітих большЏх дЎвушках / мышЌх
ітому большђму мЎсту ітой большђй дЎвушкe ітим большЏм дЎвушкам / мышЌм
-{I}м -{O}м -{O}й -{O}й / -ью ????
I моЏм нђвым гЌлстуком
N вЌшим послЎдним карандашђм
моЏм нђвым письмђм моЎй нђвой машЏной / двЎрью
S какЏм хорђшим актёром
вЌшим послЎдним полотЎнцем вЌшей послЎдней пЎсней
????
T ітим большЏм планетЌрием
какЏм хорђшим здЌнием какђй хорђшей фотогрЌфией
ітЏм большЏм мЎстом ітой большђй семьёй
грјзным пђлом
Pronouns
ИменЏтельный ВинЏтельный РодЏтельный Предлђжный ДЌтельный ТворЏтельный

NOM ACC GEN PREP/LOC DAT INST
я менј обо мнЎ мне мной (-ђю)
ты тебј о тебЎ тебЎ тобђй (-ђю)
он(ђ) (н)егђ о нём (н)емѓ (н)им
онЌ (н)её о ней (н)ей (н)ей ((н)Ўю)
мы нас о нас нам нЌми
вы вас о вас вам вЌми
онЏ (н)их о них (н)им (н)Џми
что чегђ чём чемѓ чем
ничтђ ничегђ ни о чём ничемѓ ничЎм
кто когђ ком комѓ кем
никтђ никогђ ни о ком никомѓ никЎм
всё всегђ обо всём всемѓ всем
все всех обо всех всем всЎми
іто ітого об ітом ітому ітим
– себј о себЎ себЎ собђй
Wanting Someone To Do Something: хотЎть чтобы + Past Tense

The subjects of both the “upper” and “lower” clauses appear in Nominative, while the Verb in the “lower” clause
is in the Past Tense – due to чтобы:
Я хочѓ, чтобы ты ушлЌ. I want you to leave.

ВЏтя хђчет, чтобы ВЎра емѓ помоглЌ. Vitya wants Vera to help him.
Все хотјт, чтобы мы бѕли осторђжны Everyone wants us to be careful.
Я не хочѓ, чтобы тебЎ бѕло грѓстно. I don’t want you to be sad.
Marriage Verbs
Man Woman Couple

× × ×
жени+...ся на + Prepositional выходи+ // {вѕйд+´ / вѕшла} жени+...ся // по
(This Verb is both Imperfective and Perfective.) зЌмуж + Accusative
ВЏктор женЏлся на моЎй тёте. МЌша вѕшла зЌмуж за актёра. ОнЏ поженЏлись лЎтом.
69-3
ПовторЎние 69-й урок
Uses of the Instrumental Case

• Without a Preposition: Means; Instrument
The Instrumental is used to express, surpiringly enough, the instrument or means used to perform an action. Very often in
English this meaning is translated using wtih, but NO PREPOSITION is used in Russian:
Почемѓ ты пЏшешь мЎлом / крђвью? Why are you writing with chalk / blood?
ОнЌ ест суп вЏлкой / лђжкой / ножђм. She eats soup with a fork / spoon / knife.
СЌра дѓмает сЎрдцем, а не головђй. Sara is thinking with her heart and not her head.
• With certain prepositions
за behind КнЏга лежЏт за большЏм нђвым стѓлом. The book is (lying) behind the big new
chair.
перед in front of Я стојл пЎред огрђмным слонђм. I was standing in front of an enormous
elephant.
над above; over ВЌза стоЏт на пђлке над телевЏзором. The vase is (standing) on the shelf above the
TV.
под under; beneath Я нашёл часѕ под СЌшиной кровЌтью. I found my watch under Sasha’s bed.
мЎжду between Нож лежЏт мЎжду стЌрой газЎтой и вкѓсным The knife is (lying) between the old
печЎньем. newspaper and the delicious cookie.
рјдом с next to КлючЏ лежЌт рјдом с моЏм нђвым аквЌриумом. The keys are (lying) next to my new
aquarium.
• With certain verbs or verb phrases
восхищЌй+...ся КогдЌ мне бѕло дЎсять лет, я восхищЌлась When I was 10 years old, I was, like, totally
admire greatly; be Мадђнной. “crazy for” Madonna.
enchanted by, etc.
интересовЌ+...ся Он ничЎм не интересовЌлся. He wasn’t interested in anything.
be interested in
смеј+...ся над – Ты над кем-нибѓдь смеёшься? – Are you laughing at someone?
laugh at
– Нет, я ни над кем не смеїсь. – No, I’m not laughing at anyone.
перепѓтывай+ // ОнЌ всегдЌ перепѓтывает родЏтельный падЎж с She always mixes up the Genitive Case with
перепѓтай+ ACC винЏтельным. the Accusative.
с INST confuse, mix
up X with X
общЌй+..ся с кем Я рЌньше общЌлся с ВЏкой, а потђм я пђнял, I used to hang out with Vera, but then I
associate, hang out что онЌ протЏвная. realized that she was disgusting.
with
69-4
‘Empty they’ (Subjectless) constructions

We’ve seen a few examples where a verb in the 3pl is used without a pronoun to indicate an unspecified subject:
По телевЏзору сказЌли, что бѓдет прохлЌдно. They said on TV that it’s going to be cool tonight.
Говорјт, что русский очень трѓдный язѕк. They say that Russian is a very difficult language.
(Complete myth.)
ЖЎнщин об ітом не спрЌшивают. One does not ask women about that.
Often these subjectless sentences are best translated with a passive construction in English:
Суп едјт лђжкой. Soup is eaten with a spoon.

Его нашлЏ в лесѓ. He was found in the woods.
Finally note that the use of the 3pl does not in any imply that the action is performed by more than one person. In fact, very
often the action is performed by just one person:
ТебЎ звонЏли. Somebody called you.

Как тебј / вас / егђ / ёё зовѓт? What’s your / his / her name?
The Second Wildly Irregular Verb: Eat
есть // съ- eat

PRESENT PAST INFINITIVE
я (съ)ем мы (съ)едЏм я, ты, он (съ)ел (съ)есть
ты (съ)ешь вы (съ)едЏте оно (съ)Ўло
он(а) (съ)ест они (съ)едјт я, ты, она (съ)Ўла IMPERATIVE
мы, вы, они (съ)Ўли Ўшь(те)
69-5
ПовторЎние 69-й урок
Approximation
Move just the main Noun in front of the Number. Leave behind everything else
Я купЏл дЎсять кнЏг. Его компьїтер стђит девятьсђт дђлларов.

I bought 10 books. His computer costs $900.
Я купЏл кнЏг дЎсять. Его компьїтер стђит дђлларов девятьсђт.

I bought about 10 books. His computer costs around $900.
If there’s a prepositional phrase, move the noun in front of the preposition. One very common instance of this is
with time:
Рома пришёл в два часЌ. Лиза встЌла в пять часђв.

Roma arrived at 2:00. Liza got up at 5:00.
Рома пришёл часЌ в два. Лиза встЌла часђв в пять.

Roma arrived at around 2:00. Liza got up at around 5:00.
Vocative “Case”
If the first name (or title) ends in {A}, remove the vowel – often a soft sign is “revealed”. If the first name (or title) does not
end in {A} , no Vocative form is possible.
First Name, etc. Vocative

ВЎра Вер
Њра Юр
НатЌша НатЌш
*мЌма мам
*пЌпа пап
ТЌня Тань
КЌтя Кать
МЏтя Мить
ВадЏм N/A (ВадЏм)
Марк N/A (Марк)
69-6
Each Other – Друг Дрѓг-а

Each other is rendered by друг дрѓг-а. The first друг does not decline, while the second друг- declines in the Singular
only, depending on what Case is required by the Verb or Preposition. A Preposition appears between the two друг’s.
Мы лїбим друг дрѓга. We love each other.

ОнЏ чЌсто помогЌют друг дрѓгу. They often help each other.
Мы смејлись друг над дрѓгом. We were laughing at each other.
The Same – Тот Же (СЌмый)

To indicate that something (someone) is identical to that which has already been mentioned, use тот же (сЌмый), where
both тот and сЌмый decline. Тот is a Nounjective, while сЌмый, which is optional, is a regular Adjective:
ОнЌ говорЏт о той же статьЎ. She’s talking about the same article (that was just
mentioned).
КогдЌ мы бѕли в МосквЎ, мы обЎдали в том же When we were in Moscow we ate in the same
ресторЌне. restaurant (that was just mentioned).
Я рЌньше восхижЌлась тем же сЌмым актёром. I used to be crazy about the same actor (that was just
mentioned).
The Neuter Singular то же сЌмое is used to describe previously discussed ideas, concepts, actions:
Ѓсли бы я был на твоём мЎсте, я бы сдЎлал то же If I were in your shoes, I would have done the same
сЌмое. thing (as what you did).
Foods Are (Mostly) Singular

Except for помидђр tomato, all of the foods we saw normally appear only in the Singular:
Мой сын кЌждый день ест картђшку. My son eats potatoes every day.
НЌши дЎти не едјт моркђвку. Our children don’t eat carrots.
ИзвинЏ, я свёклу не ем. Sorry, I don’t eat beets.
Мы ђчень лїбим помидђры. We really like tomatoes.
(Also be sure to check out the review of the particles -то and -нибѓдь in the Grammar of Story 14.)
69-7
" УпражнЎние 1 Translate into Russian
1. Nina’s parents want her to return around 5:00.
2. I’m allergic to dogs. (Recall what case the Noun takes.)
3. My great-grandmother on my father’s side got married when she was 17 years old.
4. Mitya (Vocative!), be careful!
5. What are you afraid of?
6. He always writes with a red pen.
7. We often think about each other.
69-8
8. How much does you father earn?
9. Don’t worry. No one is laughing at you.
10. + What do y’all eat? - We usually eat potatoes, carrots, onions, cabbage, beet salad, chicken.
11. What did Vera mean by that?
12. I’m sure (certain) that this will end badly.
13. As far as I know, she is not cheating on him.
14. I found my keys behind the sofa, next to the bookcase.
15. What are you interested in?
69-9
" УпражнЎние 2 Fill in the correct pronouns:
1. Я перепѓтала ВЎру с (her) ___________________. Не сердЏсь на (me) ___________________.
2. (Who) ___________________ ты завЏдуешь? Я _____________________________ (no one) завЏдую.
3. Я ђчень сочѓвствую (y’all) ___________________, но не (them) ___________________.
4. ПЎред (who) ______________ ГЌля стоЏт? ОнЌ (in front of nobody) ________________________ не стоЏт.
5. Я не бѓду общЌться с (them) ___________________.
" УпражнЎние 3 Conjugate these verbs (without looking!):
боя+...ся VERB TYPE _______ CONJ _______

PRES я __________________________________ PAST он __________________________________
он(Ќ) ____________________________________ онЌ ____________________________________
онЏ ____________________________________ онЏ ____________________________________
IMPER ___________________________________ INF ____________________________________
смея+...ся VERB TYPE _______ CONJ _______

PRES я __________________________________ PAST он __________________________________
он(Ќ) ______________________________________ онЌ ______________________________________
онЏ ______________________________________ онЏ ______________________________________
IMPER ___________________________________ INF ______________________________________
волновЌ+...ся VERB TYPE _______ CONJ _______

PRES я __________________________________ PAST он __________________________________
он(Ќ) ______________________________________ онЌ ______________________________________
онЏ ______________________________________ онЏ ______________________________________
IMPER ___________________________________ INF ______________________________________
69-10
СловЌрь – Урђки 65-69; РасскЌз, чЌсти 12-14
Nouns Adjectives and Adverbs
S12 аллергЏя на + ACC be allergic to (X) S14 богЌтый rich

S12 бефстрђганов beef Stroganoff S14 бЎдный poor
S12 блїдо dish (of a meal) S14 длЏнный long
S12 борщ΄ borsht – a soup made from beets (and or 69 комѓ грѓстно be sad (Another Dative of Experience
tomatoes) construction. Yet another anti-я phrase.)
S12 винегрЎт beet salad S12 комѓ нелђвко [Person] feels awkward
S12 вторђе main course (Adjective used as a Noun) S14 мђкрый wet
на вторђе for the main course S13 наЏв/ный (e) (figure it out)
66 вЏл/ка (o) fork S13 одинђкий lonely
S13 гђлос (Plural voice 66 опЌсный dangerous
is голосЌ. S13 осторђж/ный (e) careful
S14 госпожЌ ~ Mrs.~ Mr. S14 понјтный understandable; clear
господЏн
S13 потђм later on; in the future
S12 ђвощ vegetable (Very often plural)
S13 практЏч/ный practical
S13 ђчередь (F) line
65 прјмо directly; straight (with regard to direction)
S14 зонт´ umbrella
прямђй direct; straight (*Note difference
S12 капѓста cabbage in stress between adj and adv)
S12 картђшка potato(es) (The singular is used where S13 сейчЌс now; right now
English has plural: Он лїбит картђшку.)
S13 счЌстливый happy
S12 кѓрица chicken
S14 то же сЌмое the same thing
S12 кѓхня (besides kitchen) cuisine; food; cooking тот же сЌмый the same [Noun]
67 кнЏжная пђлка bookshelf; bookcase S13 чужђй foreign; not one’s own
пђлка (single) shelf
66 кровь (Fem) blood
67 крЎс/ло (е) armchair
66 лђж/ка (e) spoon
S12 лук onion Prepositions
S13 мавзолЎй mausoleum
S12 медсестрЌ nurse (female/male) S12 за + ACC for (Compare with для + GEN, which
(медбрЌт) means for the sake of)
66 мел chalk; piece of chalk 6 за + INST behind
S12 молђчные dairy products 6 из-за + GEN because of; due to; on account of
продѓкты
S14 к + Dative to someone’s place; toward
S12 морђженое ice-cream (Adjective used as a Noun)
6 мЎжду + INST between
S12 моркђвка carrot (As above, the singular is use: Нина
всё врЎмя ест моркђвку.) 6 над + INST above; over
6 под + INST under; beneath
S12 мЎсячная зарплЌта monthly salary (Russians, like most
Europeans, talk about how much they earn 6 пЎред + INST in front of
per month, as opposed to per year.) 6 рјдом с + INST next to
S12 помидђр tomato S14 с + Genitive from (We’ve also seen от and из.)
S12 салЌт Guess
S12 свёкла beet (rather popular in Russia)
S12 сђус sauce
S12 слЌдкое dessert; sweets (Adjective used as a Noun)
66 стихотворЎние (single) poem
S12 суп Guess
суп с помидђрами tomato soup
S13 счЌстье happiness
65 францѓз / French male / female
францѓжен/ка (о)
×
S12 цена price
S12 чеснок΄ garlic
S12 чЎтверть (F) + quarter
GEN
S12 щи (Plural only; schi (See explanation in text)
Genitive: щей)
S13 энтузиЌзм (figure it out)
69-11
Verbs S13 страдЌй+ // по- suffer; be unhappy; get hurt

emotionally
S14 {задай+´ / задавЌй+} // ask; pose a question to someone S14 убегЌй+ // убежЌть run away
задЌть вопрђс + Dative S13
×
уходи+ // {уйд+´ // ушё+´ leave; go away
65 {остай+´...ся / stay; remain (ё)}
оставЌй+...ся}// остЌн+...ся Infintive уйтЏ
68 {перепѓтывай+ // confuse, mix up X with X
перепѓтай+} ACC с INST
×
S13 {пойм+´ / понј+} grasp; understand (This Verb is
Past пђнял, понялЌ, the Perfective of понимай.)
пђнял
Infintive понјть
65 {признай+΄...ся / confess Expressions and Misc.
признавЌй+...ся} //
признЌй+...ся
×
65 {узнай+΄/ узнавЌй+} // find out; recognize S14 {бѓд+ / бы+} на be in someone’s place (shoes)
узнЌй+ чьём-то мЎсте
S13 бој+…ся + Genitive fear; be afraid 66 бѓду знЌть I’ll keep that in mind (for future reference).
(A Жа-Жа verb like стој+) S14 весь (e) мђкрый all wet; soaking wet
S12 возвращЌй+...ся // return; go back 65 врЎмя покЌжет time will tell (Lit.: time will show)
вернѓ+...ся кудЌ S14 да Here да really is closest to hello. Many
S14 волновЌ+...ся (за + worry (about) people answer the phone with да.
Accusative) S13 друг дрѓг-а each other (More in the Grammar section.)
68 восхищЌй+…ся INST admire greatly; be enchanted with; S13 ещё still (We also saw ещё with the meaning
be captivated by; be crazy about else, in addition: что ещё what else.)
×
65 выходи+ // вѕйд+ зЌмуж за marry (said of a woman) (See S13 на слЎдующий the next day (Note that here with день the
когђ (Perf Past: вѕшел, Section 65.Б for all marriage день Preposition is на, not в.)
вѕшла; Inf: вѕйти) verbs) слЎдующий next, following
69 ѓмер, умерлЌ, ѓмерли died (As the Masc Past shows, it’s S14 наскђлько Subject as far as [Subject] can tell
Just learn the Past Tense for a Greasy Zeke verb) понимЌй+
now – it’s by far the most S13 не нЌдо + Infinitive don’t (Verb); don’t do that. (Here this does
common form.
not mean ‘it is not necessary to Verb, though
S14 доверјй+ // довЎри+ + trust (*Note this Verb that meaning is possible.)
Dative unexpectedly takes Dative.)
×
68 не смешЏ менј don’t make me laugh [Imper. of смешЏ+
65 жени+...ся на ком marry (said of a man) make laugh; Just learn as an expression]
×
65 жени+...ся // по- marry (said of a couple) 65 не совсЎм not exactly (lit.: not completely)
S14 зазвонЏ+ ring out S14 ничегђ here: forget about it; it’s nothing; no biggie
×
S12 закЌзывай+ // заказа+ order (in a restaurant) S12 пЌльчики finger lickin’ good (lit.: fingers you will lick
69 закЌнчивай+ // закђнчи+ finish облЏжешь all over.)
S12 зарабЌтывай+ // зарабђтай+ earn S13 прЌвда... isn’t it true that…?; don’t you think that…?
65
×
изменјй+ // измени+ + cheat on somebody (lit.: this verb + 65 речь идёт о + the thing/story/conversation is about
Dative (person cheated on) Accusative means change) PREP
S13 кончЌй+…ся // кђнчи+…ся end up; turn out (Intransitive) S14 рЌзве...? could it really be true that...; is it possible
that... (РЌзве adds doubt.)
68 кто интересовЌ+…ся INST be interested in
S14 сейчЌс (Often one second; hold on; (I’ll do it) right away
S14 надЎя+...ся hope
pronounced [щас]) (lit.: (right) now)
S12 начинЌй+ // {начн+´ / begin with (Notice c takes
69 скЌтертью дорђга good riddance (to whom / what)!
нача+} с + Genitive Genitive; that is not always true.)
+ DAT
68 общЌй+…ся с кем (Impf. associate with; hang out with
69 тогдЌ then (at that time); in that case
only)
S13 что Subject хотЎть what does Subject mean by that?
S14 передѓмывай+ // change one’s mind
ітим сказЌть?
передѓмай+
S12 что такђе + NOM what is X? (This phrase never changes,
S12 прђбова+ // по- try (food, drink, etc.)
regardless of the number or gender of the
67 представлјй+ // предстЌви+ imagine thing in question.)
×
S14 серди+...ся // рас- на + get mad at 65 чтобы ... (note in order that ...; such that ... (See Section
Accusative unstressed) 65.A)
65 скрывЌй+ // {скрђй+ / conceal; hide (transitive) S12 чЎстно говорј to be honest (lit.: honestly speaking)
скрѕ+}
S14 скучЌй+ по + Dative miss someone; long for someone
68 смеј+…ся (-a+ verb: - laugh (at)
й{A}+) над INST (Impf
only)
S14 ссђри+...ся // по- (с + fight verbally with; get into an
Instrumental) argument with
69-12
Диалог
“Why is everyone always dissatisfied with our presents?”
70.A ТворЏтельный падЎж: Plural
70.Б All the Cases!
70.B Two more uses of ТворЏтельный падЎж
за to ‘fetch’ something
(не)довђл(е)н be dis/satisfied with
Почемѓ все всегдЌ недовђльны нЌшими подЌрками?

Why is everyone always dissatisfied with our presents?
МЌша 1 КудЌ исчЎзла ЛЏда? Where did Lida disappear to?

СЌша 2 ОнЏ с Ѕгорем пошлЏ в магазЏн за нђвыми She and Igor went to the store for new plates.
3 тарЎлками.
МЌша 4 Как іто «за нђвыми тарЎлками»? Мы с мѓжем What do you mean “for new plates”? My
5 подарЏли ЛЏде с Ѕгорем очень дорогЏе и husband and I gave Lida and Igor very
6 красЏвые тарЎлки на свЌдьбу. expensive and beautiful plates as a wedding
present.
СЌша 7 КЌжется, онЏ бѕли недовђльны вЌшими It seems they were dissatisfied with your plates.
8 тарЎлками. ЧЎстно говорј, когдЌ ЛЏда показЌла To be honest, when Lida showed those plates to
9 іти тарЎлки нам с женђй, мы чуть не me and my wife, we almost burst out laughing.
10 засмејлись.
МЌша 11 (ПлЌчет) Почемѓ все всегдЌ недовђльны (Crying) Why is everyone always dissatisfied
12 нЌшими подЌрками? with our presents?
СЌша 13 По однђй очень простђй причЏне – у тебј нет For one simple reason: you have no taste (you
14 вкѓса (у тебј ужЌсный вкус). have terrible taste).
Словарь
2 за + INST for – in the sense ‘fetch’ ‘go after’ (See grammar explanation)
3 тарЎл/ка (о) plate
7 недовђлен, -льна, -льны + INST dissatisfied (with) (See grammar explanation)
довђл(е)н + INST satisfied (with)
9 чуть не + Past Tense almost; nearly (e.g., Ты чуть не убЏл егђ You nearly killed him)
10 засмеј+...ся (Perf only) (Figure it out, based on the prefix)
13 по однђй (простђй) причЏне for one (simple) reason (Note the use of Dative after the preposition по)
причЏна reason; cause
14 вкѓс taste (related to Adjective вкѓсный)
70-1
70.A Instrumental Plural: The “Salami” Case
The Instrumental Plural is affectionately known as the Salami Case.

We saw the Instrumental Plural endings in: с МЏтиными родЏтелями
Basically, the Instrumental Plural is exactly like the Dative Plural with an -и tacked on to both Adjectives and
Nouns:
INSTRUMENTAL PLURAL – THE “SALAMI” CASE

ADJECTIVES NOUNS
-{I}ми -{A}ми
(-ыми / -ими) (-ами / -ями)
NOM SG (DICTIONARY FORM) INSTRUMENTAL PLURAL

этот инострЌнный полЏтик над ітими инострЌнными полЏтиками
твой дорогђй словарь΄ рјдом с твоЏми дорогЏми словарјми
мой послЎдний ключ΄ моЏми послЎдними ключЌми
это красЏвое мЎсто за ітими красЏвыми местЌми
ваше лѓчшее сочинЎние над вЌшими лѓчшими сочинЎниями
мђкрое полотЎнце с мђкрыми полотЎнцами
Галина большЌя кнЏга пЎред ГЌлиными большЏми кнЏгами
такая хорђшая фотогрЌфия под такЏми хорђшими фотогрЌфиями
какая длЏнная ђчередь за какЏми длЏнными ђчередями
There are four common nouns that have a slightly irregular Instrumental Plural. All take the ending -ьмЏ:
людьмЏ детьмЏ дочерьмЏ лошадьмЏ

(дочерјми does exist)
You should learn the first two. We’ll leave standing behind daughters and laughing at horses for next year.
Put the following Noun Phrases into the Instrumental (Salami Case) Plural
1. твој скѓчная кнЏга 2. хорђшие лїди 3. его послЎдний фЏльм

4. это большђе здЌние 5. дорогђй подЌрок 6. ѓмный америкЌнец
7. стЌрая фотогрЌфия 8. нЌши дЎти 9. большЏе дЎньги (end stressed)
10. дорогђй словЌрь 11. мЌленькая кровЌть 12. МЏтины родЏтели
70-2
Add water. You may need to furnish a preposition or a negative element. Use present tense.
1. Мы смеј+...ся / іти бездЌрные актёры. 2. Почемѓ ты / есть / салЌт / рѓки?

3. ДЎти / писа+ / мЌленькие кускЏ / крЌсный мел. 4. Никто / общЌй+...ся / іти / богЌтые / адвокЌты
5. Я / интересовЌ+...ся / спортЏвные машЏны 6. Я / интересовЌ+ / спортЏвные машЏны (think!)
7. МЌша / восхищЌй+...ся / эти талЌнтливые 8. Он / стој+ / пЎред / огрђмные тЏгры.
музыкЌнты
9. Никто / интересовЌ+...ся / твоЏ дурЌцкие стихЏ 10. Мы / сидЎ+ / рјдом / рѓсские студЎнты
70.Б Russian Cases: The Whole Kit and Caboodle
Nounjectives
Nom / Acc (Direct Cases) = Noun endings

Gen / Prep / Dat / Instr (Oblique Cases) = Adjective endings
The one “exception” is for Masculine and Plural animate Accusative Nouns, which are syntactically Accusative,
but formally Genitive: Я люблї твоегђ брЌт.
Masculine Neuter Feminine Plural

ИменЏтельный ітот / наш іто / нЌше іта / нЌша *іти / нЌши
ВинЏтельный Inanimate = Имен. = ИменЏтельный іту / нЌшу Inanimate = Имен.
Animate = Родит. Animate = Родит.
РодЏтельный ітого / нЌшего ітих / нЌших
Предлђжный об ітом / о нЌшем об ітих / о нЌших

ітой / нЌшей
ДЌтельный ітому / нЌшему ітим / нЌшим
ТворЏтельный *ітим / нЌшим ітими / нЌшими
*Unexpected softening
70-3
70-й урок

↑ -{U}ю -{U} / -ь ↑
-{О}го -{A} -{O}й -{I} -{I}х -{O}в; -∅; -ей
N
70-4
об ітом большђм мЎсте об ітой большђй дЎвушки об ітих большЏх дЎвушках / мышЌх
ітому большђму мЎсту ітой большђй дЎвушки ітим большЏм дЎвушкам / мышЌм
-{I}м -{O}м -{O}й -{O}й / -ью -{I}ми -{A}ми
моЏм нђвым письмђм моЎй нђвой машЏной / двЎрью моЏми нђвыми гЌлстуками / пЏсьмами
вЌшим послЎдним полотЎнцем вЌшей послЎдней пЎсней вЌшими послЎдними пЎснями
какЏм хорђшим здЌнием какђй хорђшей фотогрЌфией какЏми хорђшими актёрами / здЌниями
ітЏм большЏм мЎстом ітой большђй семьёй ітими большЏми дЎвушками / мышЌми
70.В Two More Uses of ТворЏтельный падЎж: за / довђлен (е)
• Пошёл в магазЏн за молокђм: fetch (go for) something

The Instrumental is used after the preposition за for in the meaning fetch; go after. (Note: English for shows up in
about 10 different ways in Russian. We’ll look at this problem in a later lesson.) For now, use the introductory
verb phrase пошёл (пошлЌ, пошлЏ в / на destination – in Accusative). This indicates that the person has not
yet returned from the destination. (We’ll have a lot more to say about various ways of saying go, went, etc. in
several upcoming lessons.)
Колј пошёл в магазЏн за шоколЌдным молокђм. Kolya went to the store for chocolate milk.
НЏна пошлЌ в библиотЎку за какђй-то кнЏгой. Nina went to the library for some book.
+ Где вЌши родЏтели? - ОнЏ пошлЏ в магазЏн за + Where are your parents? - They went to the
дешёвой рѓсской вђдкой. store for cheap Russian vodka.
Кто кудЌ за чем пошёл?:
1. Он / магазЏн / рѓсская газЎта 2. ОнЌ / магазЏн / большђй нож

3. ОнЏ / теЌтр / билЎты 4. НЌши дЎти / клуб / плохђе пЏво
5. МЌша / магазЏн / чёрный хлеб 6. Кто / двор / корЏчневая лђшадь?
7. ВЌдик / бар / большЌя бутѕлка / рѓсская вђдка 8. КЏрин брат / магазЏн / грибѕ
9. Мой друг / библиотЎка / мој послЎдняя статьј 10. ДЎти / homeward / родЏтели
• Не/довђл(е)н чем – be dis/satisfied (with)

The Instrumental is used after the Short-Form Adjective не/довђл(е)н, не/довђльна, не/довђльны be
dis/satisfied with (Don’t forget the soft-sign in all forms except the Masculine!). Do not (repeat do not!) use any
Preposition following довђльен (е), just a bare Instrumental phrase. Of course, you can also use either the Past
or Future of the verb be. (Again, no Preposition after довђльен (е)!)
МЏша, ты довђлен кѓрсом рѓсского языкЌ? Misha, are you satisfied with your Russian
course?
МЌша бѓдет недовђльна ітой машЏной. Masha will be dissatisfied with this car.
Я дѓмаю, все бѓдут довђльны твоЏми подЌрками. I think everyone will be satisfied with your
presents.
Мы бѕли ђчень довђльны поЎздкой в Москвѓ.. We were very satisfied with our trip to Moscow.
ЛЌра ничЎм не довђльна. Lara isn’t satisfied with anything.
Кто чем/кем был/бѓдет не/довђл(е)н?: Don’t use с! No с! Нет to с!
1. Я (ВЌдик) / нђвая машЏна 2. Ты (НЏна) / кѓрсы в ПрЏнстоне? (Past)

3. Все / он / 4. ПрофЎссор / студЎнты
5. Никто / вЌш подЌрк (Past) 6. Ты (МЏтя) / я?
7. Я (ВЎра) / мой результЌт на экзЌмене / 8. Мы / погђда
9. ОнЏ / поЎздка в Москвѓ (Future) 10. Кто / ітот учЎбник?
11. НатЌша / муж 12. Почемѓ вы / ваш профЎссор рѓсского языкЌ? /
70-5
" УпражнЎние 1 Massive review of Plural endings (includes all cases so far (Indicate
STRESS where necessary):
1. У і___________ богЌт_________ врач_________ дв_______ стЌр________ чёрн___________
слон______
2. Я люблї писЌть больш____________ крЌсн________________ карандаш_____________.
3. Где мо____________ любЏм__________ дЏск___________?
4. Мы говорЏли о егђ стрЌнн________ друз________ , котђр________ жЏли в грјзн_________
квартЏр________ в Росс___________
5. Я не завЏдую бЎдн___________ рѓсск___________ лїд______________.
6. Мы сидЎли рјдом с неизвЎстн__________ гЎни________________, котђр_______ обѕчно пЏшут
крђв_______________ (think about number on this noun!)
7. У іт___________ актрЏс_____________ сЌм________ послЎдн___________ францѓзск____________
брїк_________________.
8. Я продЌл мо_______ стЌр________ сЏн__________ тѓфл___________ глѓп_______ студЎнт_______.
9. Я не могѓ жить без интерЎсн__________ итальјнск_________ кнЏг__________.
10. ОнЌ получЌла корђтк__________ пЏсьм___________ от бЌбушк_____________ (singular).
11. Эт_______ дЎт_______________ скѓчно?
12. Скђлько лет ВЎр_____________ стЌрш______________ сёстр________________?
13. Что вы знЌете об эт___________ старЏнн__________ здЌн________________?
14. У менј тђже нет дЎн______________.
70-6
" УпражнЎние 2 Answer the questions as honestly as you wish:
1. Чем вы довђльны в ПрЏнстоне?
2. Чем вы недовђльны в ПрЏнстоне?
3. За чем вы чЌсто хђдите в магазЏн? (Use the verb хожѓ in your answer – it’s the repetitive version of
пошёл / пошлЌ.)
" УпражнЎние 3 Translate into Russian
1. I envy you for one simple reason. You are not taking an idiotic Russian course.
2. - Where did Zina disappear to? - She went to the store for bad American beer.
3. I almost forgot, tomorrow is Dima’s birthday.
70-7
Диалоги
“I thought I was going to major in Chemistry”
71.A Stating your major
71.Б The Instrumental of ’Being’
Я дѓмала, что моЎй специЌльностью бѓдет хЏмия

I thought I was going to major in Chemistry
МарЏна 1 Кем ты хотЎл стать, когдЌ ты учЏлся в What did you want to be(come) when you
2 ПрЏнстоне? studied at Princeton?
СлЌва 3 СначЌла я хотЎл стать инженЎром. Но когдЌ я First I wanted to be(come) an engineer. But
4 был на пЎрвом кѓрсе и прослѓшал кѓрс фЏзики, when I was a freshman and took a physics
5 я передѓмал. А ты кем хотЎла стать? course, I changed my mind. And what did you
want to be(come)?
МарЏна 6 КогдЌ я былЌ на пЎрвом кѓрсе, я хотЎла стать When I was a freshman, I wanted to be(come) a
7 врачђм. Я дѓмала, что моЎй специЌльностью doctor. I thought that my major would be
8 бѓдет хЏмия. А потђм я передѓмывала раз chemistry. But then I changed my mind about
9 дЎсять. В концЎ концђв я решЏла учЏться на ten times. I finally decided to major in Political
10 факультЎте политолђгии. Потђм я дѓмала, что Science (Politics). I thought that I wanted to
11 хочѓ стать адвокЌтом, но когдЌ я рабђтала в be(come) a lawyer, but when I was working at a
12 престЏжной адвокЌтской фЏрме в Бђстоне, я prestigious law firm in Boston, I met a lot of
13 познакђмилась со мнђгими адвокЌтами, и онЏ lawyers and they all seemed to me to be (a
14 все мне показЌлись такЏми занѓдами! bunch of) bores.
СлЌва 15 Как іто «занѓдами»? Мој женЌ адвокЌт! What do you mean ‘bores’? My wife’s a lawyer!
Словарь (Below we have included a list of majors and professions. You are not responsible for these,
though you should be able to talk about yourself.)
×
1 станови+…ся // стЌн+ + INST become (Note: Imperfective has -ся; Perfective doesn’t!)
7 специЌльность (F) major; specialty (note hard-indicating а after another vowel – foreign borrowing)
9 в концЎ концђв finally; at the very end; in the long run; in the final analysis (lit.: at the end of
ends)
×
9 учи+…ся на major in (See below)
10 факультЎт (на) department (in university); school of … (See below)
12 адвокЌтская фЏрма Guess
13 знакђми+…ся // по- c(o) кем meet (for the first time); get acquainted with
×
14 каза+…ся // по- + INST seem to someone to be
71-1
71.А Stating Your Major
Because the educational system in Russia differs rather dramatically from ours, it’s difficult to give an exact
translation for the phrase I’m majoring in... (Higher education in Russia in a nutshell: First we should say that
since the fall of Communism, the educational system has been changing rapidly. Many private colleges have
appeared, though the major state universities (singular университЎт) and institutes (singular инститѓт) are still
in place. The main difference between college in Russia and the U.S. is that in Russia you apply directly to a
specific department (факультЎт) which itself may be divided into smaller areas of study (кЌфедра). In some
cases, these факультЎты correspond to an entire ‘school’ / ‘college’ (School of Engineering, Law School, etc.).
To ask about / state one’s major:

×
• Use the phrase учи+...ся на +
1) факультЎте (Prepositional) + Genitive of department name
На какђм факультЎте ты ѓчишься? What’s your major?

Я учѓсь на факультЎте антрополђгии. I’m an Anthropology major.
Он бѓдет учЏться на факультЎте искѓсства. He’s going to be an Art major.
Мој мать учЏлась на факультЎте сравнЏтельной My mother was a Comp Lit major.
литератѓры.
Some department names consist of an adjective, which appears before факультЎте, also in the Prepositional:
ОнЌ ѓчится на инженЎрном факультЎте. She’s an Engineering major.

ОнЏ ѓчатся на экономЏческом факультЎте. They’re Econ majors.
For those departments that have an adjectival form, you can often form an abbreviation by taking the first part of
the department name and attach -фЌк. (See list below for abbreviated names. As you can see, not all departments
have an abbreviated form.) Yes, American students really like to say these.
Он ѓчится на физфЌке. He’s a Physics major.

Мђй брат собирЌется учЏться на биофЌке. My brother plans on majoring in Biology.
Я учѓсь на химфЌке. I’m a Chem major.
• Just use the noun специЌльность + Nominative
КакЌя у тебј специЌльность? What’s your major?

Мој специЌльность – славјнские языкЏ и My major is Slavic Languages and Literatures.
литератѓра.
Егђ специЌльность – англЏйская литератѓра. He’s an English major.
У МЌши специЌльность – политолђгия Masha’s a Politics (Political Science) major.
To talk about the future, put the phrase with специЌльность into the Instrumental (but keep the name of the
major in the Nominative – more on this below):
МоЎй специЌльностью бѓдет астрофЏзика. I’m going to major in Astrophysics.

Её специЌльностью бѓдет истђрия. She’s going to be a History major.
71-2
MAJORS (NOTE THAT NOT ALL DEPARTMENTS ALLOW THE -фЌк form)
Anthropology антрополђгия Geology геолђгия; геологЏческий
факультЎт; геофЌк
Art искѓсство German немЎцкие языкЏ и литератѓра
Archeology археолђгия History истђрия; исторЏческий
факультЎт; истфЌк
Astrophysics астрофЏзика Mathematics матемЌтика; математЏческий
факультЎт; матфЌк
Biology биолђгия; биологЏческий Music мѓзыка; музыкЌльный
факультЎт; биофЌк факультЎт
Ecology and Evolutionary эколђгия и эволюциђнная Near Eastern Studies ближневостђчный факультЎт
Biology биолђгия
Molecular Biology молекулјрная биолђгия Philosophy филосђфия; филосђфский
факультЎт; филфЌк
Chemistry хЏмия; химЏческий Physics фЏзика; физЏкческий
факультЎт; химфЌк факультЎт; физфЌк
Classics антЏчные языкЏ и литератѓра Politics / Political Science политолђгия
Comparative Literature сравнЏтельная литератѓра Psychology психолђгия
Computer Science вычислЏтельная тЎхника и Religion релЏгия
программЏрование
(информЌтика)
East Asian Studies востђчный факультЎт Romance Languages ромЌнские языкЏ и
литератѓра
Economics эконђмика; экономЏческий Slavic Languages славјнские языкЏ и
факультЎт; экономфЌк литератѓра ☺
Engineering инженЎрный факультЎт Sociology социолђгия
English англЏйский язык и
литератѓра
PROFESSIONS
Actress / Actor актёр / актрЏса Journalist журналЏст
Artist худђжник Lawyer адвокЌт
Ballerina балерЏна Mailman почтальђн
Banker банкЏр Mathematician матемЌтик
Blue collar worker рабђчий / -ая Nurse (Female / Male) медсестрЌ / медбрат
Bookkeeper бухгЌлтер Physicist фЏзик
Businessman бизнесмЎн Pilot лётчик
Chemist хЏмик Policeman полицЎйский
Computer Programmer программЏст Politician полЏтик
Doctor врач / дђктор Psychologist психђлог
Driver (taxi / bus ) шофёр (таксЏ / автђбуса) Salesman / Saleswoman продавЎц / продавщЏца
Editor редЌктор Senator сенЌтор
Engineer инженЎр Stock Broker брђкер
Hairdresser парикмЌхер / -ша Tailor портнђй
Housewife домохозјйка Teacher (high school) учЏтель / учЏтельница
Insurance Agent страховђй агЎнт
71-3
Listen and repeat
1. На какђм факультЎте ты ѓчишься? 2. Я учѓсь на биофЌке.

3. На какђм факультЎте учЏлся твой брат? 4. УмЌ не приложѓ, почемѓ я решЏл учЏться на
факультЎте астрофЏзики.
5. КакЌя у тебј специЌльность? 6. Мој специЌльность – англЏйская литератѓра.
7. Он ѓчится на физфЌке. 8. Мђей специЌльностью бѓдет филосђфия.
9. На какђм факультЎте ѓчатся сЌмые ѓмные 10. СЌмые ѓмные студЎнты, конЎчно, ѓчатся на
студЎнты? факультЎте славјнских языкђв и литератѓры
71.Б The Instrumental of “Being”
The Instrumental is often found in constructions that express existence – often where the verb be is either overt or
strongly implied. With some verbs the Instrumental is required, with others it depends on the meaning. First let’s
look at verbs that require the Instrumental. Any noun or adjective after these verbs will appear in the Instrumental.
×
станови+...ся // стЌн+ кем/чем become / be
ВЏка хђчет стать профЎссором. Vika wants to be(come) a professor.

Я стЌну президЎнтом! I’m going to be(come) president!
КогдЌ он стЌл такЏм ленЏвым? When did he become so lazy?
Мой стЌрший брат учЏлся на филфЌке, а потђм My brother majored in Philosophy and then
стал врачђм. became a doctor.
Љтот фильм станђвится скѓчным. This film is getting (=becoming) boring.
Кем рабђтает Person (Nominative)?
You can also ask the question Кем рабђтает Person (Nominative)? What does PERSON work as? The answer is
normally just in the Nominative:
-- Кем рабђтает твой отЎц? -- Он адвокЌт. - What does your father do for a living? -- He’s a
lawyer.
-- Кем рабђтает твој сестрЌ? -- ОнЌ инженЎр. - What does your sister do for a living? -- She’s
an engineer.
Say who became / wants to become / will become what
1. Я / врач (will become) 2. Никтђ / страховђй агЎнт (wants to become)

3. Он / инженЎр (became) 4. Их мать / адвокЌт (wanted to become)
5. РЌя / извЎстная балерЏна (became) 6. Все / извЎстный (want to become)
7. Мой млЌдший брат / ђчень ленЏвый (became) 8. Кто / лётчик? (will become)
9. Егђ стЌршая сестрЌ / редЌктор (became) 10. ГЌлина тЎтя / актрЏса (will become)
71-4
×
каза+...ся // по- комѓ чем/кем seem (to someone-Dative) to be (Instrumental)
Three Cases here: 1) Nominative – the thing or person that is being described – the subject of the sentence.
2) Dative – the person to whom the subject seems (to be a certain way)
3) Instrumental – the characterization of the subject of the sentence
(In this construction you can strongly sense the implied to be.)
ОнЏ мне кЌжутся снђбами. They seem to me (to be) snobs.

ОнЌ тебе не кЌжется скѓчной? Does she seem (to be) boring to you?
Все адвокЌты емѓ кЌжутся гЎниями. To him all lawyers seem to be geniuses.
Say who seems (seemed) how to someone (Subject listed first). For past use Perfective.
Example: Он / я / такђй нахЌл (present) ⇒ Он мне кЌжется такЏм нахЌлом.
1. Он / я / хорђший человЎк (present) 2. Этот адвокЌт / онЌ / глѓпый (past)

3. Ѕнна / все / занѓда (past) 4. Мој подрѓга / ты / талЌнтливая певЏца?
(present)
5. Все студЎнты в ПрЏнстоне / Серёжа / гЎнии 6. Все эти фЏзики / он / дурЌк (present)
(present)
7. ОнЌ / мы / дѓра (Female дурЌк) (past) 8. Её послЎдний фильм / вы / скѓчный? (past)
9. Курс рѓсского языкЌ / все студЎнты / трѓдный 10. Всё / ВЌдик / лёгкий (present)
(present)
71-5
The Case on Nouns and Adjectives after the verb {бѓд+ / бы+}:
ИменЏтельный vs. ТворЏтельный
We should first say that this is a really tricky question, one on which many dissertations and scholarly articles
have been written. Perhaps the biggest problem is that in some circumstances the use of Instrumental vs.
Nominative varies from speaker to speaker. We’ve witnessed a husband insisting the Instrumental should be used,
while the wife stands firm on Nominative. So, besides not wanting to break up any relationships, we hope to make
it clear that there are no easy answers to this question of grammar.
• Past Tense – был/Ќ/и with either Nominative or Instrumental

First note that proper nouns and pronouns always appear in the Nominative, regardless of word order. The other
noun phrase, which characterizes the subject, may appear in either the Intrumental or the Nominative – it really
×
seems to vary from speaker to speaker. Of course, the verb бы+ is used:
талЌнтливый писЌтель Nom

Толстђй был очень Tolstoy was a very talented writer
талЌнтливым писЌтелем Instr
ПЎрвый человЎк Nom в кђсмосе был Њрий ГагЌрин
The first person in outer space was Yuri Gagarin.
ПЎрвым человЎком Instr
бЎдные Nom
РЌньше онЏ бѕли They used to be poor.
бЎдными Instr
There are some finer distinctions that we will not get into this year. The key for now is for you to be able to
recognize this use of the Instrumental – and not be thrown off when you come across it in your readings.
• Present Tense – No Verb, Nominative Only

We saw this construction starting practically from the first lesson. No overt verb appears, and both phrases appear
in the Nominative. Normally a hyphen is used preceding a noun (phrase) – but not before a bare adjective.
Толстђй – мой любЏмый писЌтель. Tolstoy is my favorite writer.

Говорјт, что Нью-Йђрк – опЌсный гђрод. They say that New York is a dangerous city.
Мој тётя – адвокЌт. My aunt is a lawyer.
Он – дурЌк. He is a fool.
ОнЌ ѓмная. She’s smart.
ОнЏ ленЏвые. They’re lazy.
71-6
• Future Tense – бѓду/ бѓдешь, etc. with Instrumental

The noun (or adjective) phrase following бѓд+ normally appears in the Instrumental (though Nominative is not
impossible). Again, keep proper nouns and pronouns in the Nominative, regardless of word order. This is often
×
equivalent to the verb станови+...ся // стЌн+.
По-мђему, МЏша бѓдет извЎстным актёром. I think Misha will be(come) a famous actor.
Ты бѓдешь богЌтым! You will become rich.
ПЎрвой жЎнщиной на ЛунЎ бѓдет Мђника Monica Lewinsky will be the first woman on the
ЛевЏнски. moon.
• Infinitive – быть + Instrumental

After бѕть the Instrumental is normally found on both nouns and adjectives:
Он хђчет быть богЌтым. He wants to be rich.

Все хотјт быть счастлЏвыми. Everyone wants to be happy.
Почемѓ онЌ хђчет быть женђй такђго протЏвного Why does she want to be the wife of such a
человЎка? despicable man?
КогдЌ я учЏлся в ПрЏнстоне, я хотЎл быть When I was at Princeton, I wanted to be a
музыкЌнтом. musician.
• Imperative – Nouns in Instrumental; Adjectives Both

After the imperative бѓдь/те, nouns appear in the Instrumental, while adjectives vary. Long-form adjectives
appear in Instrumental, while short-from adjectives stay in Nominative. It turns out that short-form adjectives in
general can appear only in Nominative. (More on this later.)
Бѓдь/те + Noun / Long-Form Adjective in Instrumental

Бѓдь дрѓгом, дЌй мне дЎсять дђлларов. Be a friend and give me $10.
Не бѓдь такЏм ленЏвым, вѕнеси мѓсор! Don’t be so lazy. Take out the garbage!
Бѓдь/те + Short-Form Adjective in Nominative

Бѓдь осторђжен, пол мђкрый! Be careful, the floor is wet.
Бѓдь здорђв/а! Бѓдьте здорђвы! Gesundheit! (Be healthy!)
71-7
Translate into Russian. When more than one possibility exists, both versions will be given.
1. Nina is a talentless singer. 2. Don’t be such a jerk (Vera)!

3. Why do you want to be a professor? 4. My younger brother is going to be a famous
insurance agent страховђй агЎнт.
5. Galya’s grandmother was a nurse. 6. ДостоЎвский was a great велЏкий writer.
7. Be careful in New York! 8. Russian was my favorite subject. (remember this
word?)
9. Stalin was not a kind person. 10. Who will be his next wife?
71-8
УпражнЎние 1 Answer as honestly as you wish:
1. What is your major? (What do you intend to major in?)
2. What did (will) your sister (brother) major in?
3. What do you want to be (when you grow up)?
4. What does (did) your sister (brother) want to be?
5. Which people – majoring in what – do you envy / not envy?
6. Who (what kind of people) seems boring to you?
7. Whom would you like to meet?
71-9
УпражнЎние 2 V O D:
познакђми+…ся
VERB TYPE _______ CONJ _______
PERFECTIVE FUTURE PAST
я ______________________________________ он ______________________________________
он(Ќ) ______________________________________ онЌ ______________________________________
онЏ ______________________________________ онЏ ______________________________________
IMPER ___________________________________ INF ______________________________________
71-10
Диалоги
So that's why Grisha left his wife
72.A More on the Genitive of Negation
72.Б His/Her/Their: Свой vs. Его/Её/Их vs. ∅
Вот почемѓ ГрЏша ушёл от своЎй женѕ So that’s why Grisha left his wife
1 (В середЏне разговђра) (In the middle of a conversation)

Боб 2 ....по-мђему, Волђдя влюбЏлся в егђ женѓ с ...I think Volodya fell in love with his wife at
3 пЎрвого взглјда. first sight.
ДЌша 4 Стоп. Ты, конЎчно, хђчешь сказЌть «в свої Stop. Of course you meant to say “in his (own)
5 женѓ» а не «в егђ женѓ». АмерикЌнцы чЌсто wife” and not ‘in his (someone else’s) wife’.
6 дЎлают іту ошЏбку. Волђдя влюбЏлся в свої Americans often make that mistake. Volodya fell
7 женѓ с пЎрвого взглјда. in love with his (own) wife at first sight.
Боб 8 Нет, я никакђй ошЏбки не сдЎлал. Я такЏх No, I didn’t make a mistake. I don’t make such
9 ошЏбок не дЎлаю. Я же учЏл рѓсский язѕк в mistakes. I studied Russian at Princeton, for
10 ПрЏнстоне! Мы говорЏли о ГрЏше. Волђдя heaven’s sake. We were talking about Grisha.
11 влюбЏлся в егђ женѓ, то-есть в ГрЏшину женѓ, с Volodya fell in love with his wife, i.e. Grisha’s
12 пЎрвого взглјда. wife, at first sight.
ДЌша 13 А, вот почемѓ ГрЏша ушёл от своЎй женѕ. Oh, so that’s why Grisha left his wife. Now
14 ТепЎрь всё понјтно. everything is clear.
Боб 15 Откѓда ты знЌешь обо всём ітом? How do you know about all this?
ДЌша 16 ГрЏша рассказЌл брЌту, а потђм брат всё Grisha told his brother, and then his brother
17 рассказЌл мне. told me everything.
Боб 18 ПожЌлуйста, никомѓ не говорЏ об ітом, Please don’t tell anyone about this, especially
19 осђбенно своемѓ мѓжу. your husband.
ДЌша 20 КонЎчно, я никомѓ не расскажѓ. МогЏла! Of course, I won’t tell anyone. Mums the word.
СловЌрь
1 разговђр conversation
4 стоп! stop! – a command (Russians actually say this.)
4 свой one’s own (See grammar)
8 никакђй (not) any (As with other ни words, a Preposition will intercede between ни
and the second element: Мы ни о какђм учЎбнике не говорЏли We
weren’t taking about any textbook.)
13 вот почемѓ… so that’s why…
×
13 уходи+ / уйтЏ от когђ leave a person
“Present” уйдѓ, уйдёт, уйдѓт
Past ушёл. ушлЌ. ушлЏ
×
16 расскЌзывай+ // рассказа+ комѓ о tell (someone about something/someone) (Generally, this verb involves telling
чём/ком a longer story, vs. сказ×а+,which implies uttering a single statement.)
20 могЏла here: I won’t tell a soul; I’ll keep it on the DL (The most common meaning of
могЏла is grave.)
72-1
72.A More on the Genitive of Negation
Earlier, we saw that when you want to indicate what you don’t have, the thing lacking goes into genitive:
У менј нет машЏны. I don’t have a car.

У негђ нет дЎнег. He doesn’t have any money.
У нас нет детЎй. We don’t have any children.
This use of the genitive in negative constructions extends beyond lacking a thing. To say that someone /
something is not (was not / will not be) somewhere, use the genitive:
БорЏса нет на рабђте сегђдня. Boris is not at work today.

ВЎры нет дђма. Vera’s not home.
Их там нет. They’re not there.
Там никогђ нет. There’s no one there.
Such sentences have no noun in the nominative. Thus in the past and future a neuter singular verb is used (this is
the default, there being no nominative for the verb to agree with). Note that in the past the stress shifts to the нЎ
and away from the verb, giving нЎ было:
Менј зЌвтра не бѓдет. I won’t be here (there) tomorrow.

МЌши вчерЌ нЎ было. Masha wasn’t here (there) yesterday.
Никогђ нЎ было на вечерЏнке. No one was at the party.
ВчерЌ нЎ было концЎрта. There was no concert yesterday.
Там не бѓдет никакЏх актёров. There won’t be any actors there.
Not all negation requires Genitive

When you are not denying the existence of person or thing, you do not need to use the genitive of negation. Some
basic examples:
Лёва не врач, он адвокЌт. Lyova’s not a doctor, he’s a lawyer.

ОнЌ неплохЌя певЏца. She’s not a bad singer.
ФЏльм не был ђчень интерЎсный. The film was not very interesting.
Он не такђй гЎний, как все говорјт. He’s not such a genius like everyone says.
Negate the following
1. МЌша дђма. 2. МЌша былЌ дђма.

3. ЗЌвтра бѓдет концЎрт. 4. ВчерЌ был концЎрт.
5. У менј есть дЎньги. 6. Я дђма.
7. У МЌши бѕли дЎньги. 8. ЛЎна адвокЌт.
9. Фильм был ђчень длЏнный. 10. Там бѓдут интерЎсные лїди.
72-2
Another use of the Genitive of Negation: Negated Direct Object

Often, when the direct object is negated, it appears in genitive:
Я пЏва не пил. I didn’t drink any beer.

Он рѓсского (языкЌ) не знЌет. He doesn’t know Russian.
ОнЌ никогдЌ не дЎлает домЌшней She never does any homework.
рабђты.
Мы никакЏх фотогрЌфий не We didn’t see any photographs.
вЏдели.
No Genitive of Negation in Oblique (Prep., Dat., Instr.) Cases
If the object is in a case other than accusative, you cannot use the genitive of negation. You must keep the original
case:
ОнЌ не интересѓется мѓзыкой. She’s not interested in music.

ПрофЎссор не помогЌет студЎнтам. The professor does not help the students.
Мы не дѓмаем о граммЌтике. We’re not thinking about grammar.
Он не боЏтся ЛЌры. He’s not afraid of Lara.
In this last example, it’s probably a moot point, but the genitive is due to the verb
бој+...ся, and not the negation.
Moral of the Story: The Genitive of Negative is Complicated

To be honest, it can be very tricky trying to determine when to use the genitive of negation and when to keep the
accusative. In fact, there is quite a large variation among native speakers. The most important thing is to able to
recognize the genitive of negation when reading or conversing with Russians, and not to get the genitive of
negation confused with a different use of the genitive.
Translate. Pay attention to when the direct object goes into the Genitive.
1. I didn’t see any woman. 2. I didn’t see that woman.

3. She doesn’t drink beer. 4. She isn’t drinking your beer.
5. I wasn’t reading any book. 6. I wasn’t reading that book.
7. He doesn’t know German. 8. I don’t envy rich people.
9. I didn’t drink your vodka. 10. I didn’t drink any vodka.
11. We didn’t buy any books. 12. We didn’t buy anything.
72-3
72.Б His / Her / Their: Свой vs. Егђ/Её/Их vs. ∅
You have probably noticed that quite often in the dialogues and the homework we put possessive pronouns such
as his, her, their in parentheses: Boris called (his) wife. You need to be very careful when translating the 3rd
person possessives into Russian because there is an important difference between English and Russian. It’s not a
difficult point, but students quite often “forget” about this when speaking and writing. Stay alert!
Свой (One’s own) – Refers back to the subject of the clause

When the subject of a clause (in nominative) and the possessive pronoun refer to the same person, you must use
свой (in the correct CNG). Свой declines exactly like твой – except it almost never appears in nominative. (See
more below.) If you use the regular 3rd person possessives (егђ, её, их) with a 3rd person subject, a completely
different meaning arises:
ГЌля, ЛЏза, etc. (not ВЎра)
ВЎра поцеловЌла своегђ мѓжа

Vera kissed her (own) husband
≠ ВЎра поцеловЌла её мѓжа
Vera kissed her (not own) husband
Њра, ДЏма, etc. (not ВЌдик)
ВЌдик говорЏл о своЎй женЎ

Vadik was talking about his (own) wife
≠ ВЌдик говорЏл о егђ женЎ
Vadik was talking about his (not own) wife
Notice that the above English sentences – minus the parentheses – are potentially ambiguous. To disambiguate,
we need to add something like “her/his own.” This ambiguity can never arise in Russian - and not because no
Russian woman would ever think of kissing another woman’s husband.
Some more examples of свой in various CNGs. Be sure to go over these carefully:
Он получЏл письмђ от своегђ He got a letter from his grandfather.

дЎдушки.
ОнЏ чЌсто помогЌют своЏм сосЎдям. They often help their neighbors.
Все говорЏли о своЏх дЎтях Everyone was talking about their kids.
НЏна восхищЌется своЏм мѓжем. Nina adores her husband.
Кто бы не хотЎл познакђмиться со Who wouldn’t want to meet his/her (own)
своЎй прабЌбушкой? great-grandmother?
ОнЌ ђчень лїбит свої собЌку. She really loves her dog.
72-4
ПереведЏте
1. Vera is talking about her own husband. 2. Vera is talking about her (Vika’s) husband.
3. Kolya is standing behind his own wife. 4. Kolya is standing behind his (Dima’s) wife.
5. They got a letter from their (someone else’s) 6. They got a letter from their own children.
children.
7. Pasha doesn’t envy his (Misha’s) Russian 8. Pasha doesn’t envy his own Russian professor.
professor.
9. Kira is feeding her own horse. 10. Kira is feeding her (Galya’s) horse.
For 1st and 2nd person pronouns you can use either свой or the regular possessive pronouns (мој, твоЎму,
нЌшем, вЌшими, etc.)
‘Regular’ Possessive ≈ Свой
Я потерјл моЏ ключЏ. ≈ Я потерјл своЏ ключЏ.
Ты говорЏшь о твоём
профЎссоре?
≈ Ты говорЏшь о своём
профЎссоре?
Мы не завЏдуем нЌшим
дЎтям.
≈ Мы не завЏдуем своЏм
дЎтям.
Вы довђльны вЌшими
кѓрсами?
≈ Вы довђльны своЏми
кѓрсами?
Generally, свой is more “neutral,” though it is certainly not wrong to use мой, твої, нЌшему, вЌшими, etc.
Note that in imperative constructions свой is used even though no overt subject appears:
ВозьмЏ своЏ ключЏ. Take your keys.

Не смЎйся над своЏм брЌтом. Don’t laugh at your brother.
ПригласЏте своЏх родЏтелей на Invite your parents to the concert.
концЎрт.
КупЏ что-нибѓдь своемѓ мѓжу. Buy your husband something.
In the above examples it is possible to use твоЏ, твоемѓ, вЌших, etc., but свой is found much more often.
With rare exceptions (that we won’t discuss this year), свой does not appear in the nominative case. In part this
is because свой cannot appear on its own – it must refer back to a noun or pronoun (which itself is nominative) in
the same clause. With imperatives, the 2nd person is so strongly implied that свой can be used.
72-5
Optionality of Possessive Pronouns

This point isn’t directly related to свой, but it is important to keep in mind when thinking about possessive
pronouns.
We saw early on that when it is clear from the context to whom something belongs, Russian often uses no
possessive pronoun at all (as opposed to English, where one is required). This is especially true when referring to
body parts and family members, but you also find it with “regular” nouns:
ГоловЌ болЏт. I have a headache. (My head hurts)
Он подарЏл брЌту зелёный гЌлстук. He gave (as a gift) his brother a green tie.
ОнЌ взялЌ зонт и ушлЌ. She took her umbrella and left.
Он изменјет женЎ с актрЏсой. He’s cheating on his wife with an actress.
For the first example, it’s quite common to have a у + Genitive phrase: ГоловЌ у менј болЏт.
As with the Genitive of Negation, it’s hard to give absolute, 100% inviolable rules about when to include or
exclude possessive pronouns (and that’s really not just a cop-out). The main thing is, don’t be thrown by
“missing” possessive pronouns. As a very general rule, you can leave out possessive pronouns in a lot of
situations. So, live dangerously.
ПереведЏте. Don’t worry if your answer doesn’t match the recording – but be sure to repeat.
1. My head hurts. 2. Help your younger sister.

3. He gave his wife (as a gift) a bouquet of roses for 4. Vera is cheating (изменјй+ + Dative) on her
her birthday. husband.
5. Nina kissed her (Masha’s) husband on the lips. 6. My stomache hurts.
7. Don’t laugh at his wife. 8. I (Viktor) took my umbrella and left.
9. My arm hurts. 10. Drink your milk.
72-6
" УпражнЎние 1 Negate the following sentences:
1. У менј есть машЏна.
2. НЏна актрЏса.
3. КЏра дђма.
4. Мы бѕли на вечерЏнке.
5. Я пилЌ пЏво.
6. Я всем завЏдую.
7. У менј зелёное полотЎнце. (Make this as negative as possible.)
8. Он бѓдет на фЏльме.
9. СЌшины родЏтели бѕли в ресторЌне вчерЌ.
10. ВЏтя укрЌл НЏнин карандЌш.
" УпражнЎние 2 Insert свой only where required. Otherwise use another possessive.
(Assume that each sentence contains a possessive and that the possessor
and the subject are the same person.)
1. СЌша говорЏт о _____________________________ дђч_____________.
2. Мы терпЎть не мђжем _________________________________ профЎссор_____________.
3. Я завЏдую ________________________________ студЎнт_____________. plural
72-7
4. Все довђльны ___________________________ кѓрсами.
5. Кто не лїбит ____________________________ мЌт_____________?
6. Ты убрЌл ____________________________ квартЏр____________?
7. Лёня ушёл от _____________________ жен_________.
8. ОнЏ не понимЌют ______________________________ дет______________.
9. Он никогдЌ не помогЌет __________________________ сосЎд___________. singular
10. Я всегдЌ помогЌю ______________________________ сосЎд____________. plural
" УпражнЎние 3 ПереведЏте на рѓсский:
1. I don’t have any tickets to the opera.
2. Why did she leave her husband?
3. + Tell me about your elephant. – I don't have an elephant.
4. + Don't tell anyone about our conversation. - Mum's the word!
72-8
Диалог
The Russian Textbook is clearer and funnier
ГраммЌтика
73.A Comparative Degree of Adjectives: Form
73.Б Comparative Degree of Adjectives: Function
73.В Comparative Degree of Adverbs
УчЎбник рѓсского языкЌ яснЎе и смешнЎе The Russian textbook is clearer and funnier
НЌдя 1 Какђй курс тебЎ бђльше нрЌвится, рѓсский язѕк Which course do you like more, Russian or
2 или фЏзика? Physics?
Шѓра 3 Какђй глѓпый вопрђс! ФЏзика, конЎчно, горЌздо What a stupid question! Physics, of course, is
4 интерЎснее. ПрофЎссор фЏзики - лѓчший much more interesting. (My) Physics professor
5 преподавЌтель. ОнЌ горЌздо лѓчше читЌет is a better teacher. She gives (reads) lectures
6 лЎкции, чем наш чђкнутый профЎссор русского much better than our wacko Russian professor.
7 языка. Рѓсский горЌздо хѓже, чем фЏзика! Russian is much worse than Physics.
НЌдя 8 О чём ты говорЏшь? Курс фЏзики скучнЎе, What are you talking about? The Physics
9 труднЎе и стђит дорђже, чем рѓсский. course is more boring, more difficult, and cost
more ( expensive) than Russian.
Шѓра 10 Дорђже? Как іто «дорђже»? More expensive? What do you mean ‘more
expensive’?
НЌдя 11 Да, учЎбник фЏзики стђит сто дЎсять дђлларов, а Yeah, the Physics textbook costs $110, but our
12 наш потрясЌющий учебник рѓсского языкЌ fantastic Russian textbook is much cheaper.
13 горЌздо дешЎвле. И учЎбник рѓсского яснЎе и And the Russian textbook is clearer and
14 смешнЎе. Рѓсский горЌздо лѓчше, чем фЏзика! funnier. Russian is much better than Physics.
Шѓра 15 Ничегђ подђбного! ПрофЎссор фЏзики, вѕше, Nothing of the kind! The Physics professor is
16 красЏвее, добрЎе, умнЎе и, нЌдо сказЌть, чЏще. taller, better looking, kinder, smarter, and, I
must say, cleaner.
Словарь
(We have not listed as separate vocabulary items most of the irregular comparative adjectives. You are responsible for
learning them.)
1 бђльше more (Comparative of мнђго. See grammar explanation.)

4 горЌздо much + comparative adjective
5 преподавЌтель teacher; instructor (Can refer to a professor in terms of his/her ability as a
teacher.)
5 лѓчше better
чђкнутый kooky; nutty
6 чем than
7 хѓже worse
15 смешнђй funny
17 высђкий; вѕше tall; taller (See grammatical explanation.)
73-1
73.A Comparative Adjectives: Forms (-ее, е)
We previously saw the comparative degree of adjectives in the movie title:
«Глѓпый и глуп Ўе» “Dumb and Dumb er”

Forming Comparative Adjectives: -ее
Тhe most common way to form the comparative of an adjective is with the unchanging ending -Ўe
Regular Adjective Comparative Degree in -Ўе

(new, smart, stupid, etc.) (newer, smarter, stupider, etc.)
нђвый (нђвая, нђвое, нђвые) новЎе

ѓмный умнЎе
глѓпый глупЎе
дђбрый добрЎе
тяжёлый heavy тяжелЎе
бЎдный беднЎе
Stress in Comparative Adjectives (≤ 2 Syllables -Ўе; ≥ 3 Syllables – on stem)
Adjectives consisting of one or two syllables (almost) always have the comparative degree in stressed -Ўе. For
adjectives in three or more syllables, normally the stress stays on the stem. (Though notice that the stress moves
to the end in тяжелЎе. The rules for this are a bit complex.)
интерЎсный интерЎснее
симпатЏчный симпатЏчнее
спокђйный спокђйнее
ленЏвый ленЏвее
протЏвный протЏвнее
Form the comparative degree of the following adjectives. First the regular adjective will be read, followed
by the comparative.
1. бѕстрый 2. нђвый 3. интерЎсный

4. скѓчный 5. дђбрый 6. талЌнтливый
7. вкѓсный 8. холђдный end-stressed 9. ленЏвый
10. стрЌнный 11. красЏвый 12. вЌжный
73-2
Irregular Comparative Degree Adjectives

There are quite a few adjectives that have an irregular comparative degree. The final stem consonant (or
consonants) mutates before a single e is added. Note that the ending single e is never stressed.
mutation Regular Adjective Comparative Degree

with mutated consonant and
unstressed -e
т>ч богЌтый богЌче

г>ж дорогђй дорђже
д>ж молодђй молђже (млЌдше also exists)
в>вл дешёвый дешЎвле (ё > Ў – don’t ask why)
ст>щ чЏстый чЏще
к>ч грђмкий грђмче
лёгкий лЎгче (ё>е)
х>ш тЏхий тЏше
Form the comparative. First try to learn the forms (instead of just looking up at the chart)
1. богЌтый 2. дешёвый 3. тЏхий

4. молодђй 5. чЏстый 6. грђмкий
7. дорогђй 8. лёгкий
Even Stranger Comparative Adjectives

Here are some other common comparative forms that don’t fit neatly anywhere:
Regular Adjective Comparative Degree

мЌленький мЎньше
большђй бђльше
стЌрый стЌрше
высђкий вѕше (-ок- drops out and с>ш)
*(нЏзкий) (нЏже) (-к- drops out and з>ж)
*Not active vocabulary, but included for reference.
As in English, the comparative degree of good and bad look nothing like the non-comparative form:

хорђший лѓчше (лѓчший – see below)
плохђй хѓже (худший – see below)
73-3
73.Б Comparative Adjectives: Function – Only in Predicate
All of the comparative forms of adjectives presented above (except лѓчший and хѓдший) are found only in the
predicate position, i.e., after the verb be (or verb with related meaning), in the Nominative Case. To express than
use чем (always preceded by a comma).
Её книгЌ интерЎснее, чем егђ. Her book is more interesting than his.
Мој машЏна новЎе, чем твој. My car is newer than yours.
ВЏкина кђмната чЏще, чем ВЎрина. Vika’s room is cleaner than Vera’s
Стёпа глупЎе, чем мој собЌка. Styopa is stupider than my dog.
РоссЏя бђльше, чем МЌльта. Russia is bigger than Malta.
Мой дом мЎньше, чем егђ кѓхня. My house is smaller than his kitchen.
Форд дешЎвле, чем МерседЎс. A Ford is cheaper than a Mercedes.
ДЌша молђже, чем ЛЌра. Dasha is younger than Lara.
ЛЌра стЌрше, чем ДЌша. Lara is older than Dasha.
You can also find a prepositional phrase following чем:
В Нью-Йђрке опЌснее, чем в ПрЏнстоне. It’s more dangerous in NY than in Princeton.

На урђке рѓсского скучнЎе, чем на урђке фЏзики. It’s more boring in Russian class than in Physics.
На ѓлице холоднЎе, чем в дђме. It’s colder outside than in the house.
Note that in the above three examples, the ‘original’ sentence would have contained a short-form adjective: В
Нью-Йђкре ђчень опЌсно. The comparative of short-form adjectives is no different from that of long-form
adjectives.
The adverb горЌздо much can be used in comparative constructions:
Егђ вторЌя женЌ горЌздо умнЎе, чем егђ бѕвшая His second wife is much smarter than his ex-wife.
женЌ.
ФеррЌри горЌздо дорђже, чем Бїик. A Ferrari is much more expensive than a Buick.
Рѓсский горЌздо труднее, чем францѓзский. Russian is much harder than French. (Not true!)
ОнЌ горЌздо вѕше, чем кЌжется по телевЏзору. She is much taller than it seems on TV.
73-4
Make the comparisons
1. МЏша / ѓмный / МЌша 2. МЌша / глѓпый / МЏша.

3. КанЌда / мЌленький / РоссЏя 4. РоссЏя / большђй / КанЌда
5. ПрЏнстон / дорогђй / Ратгерс 6. Ратгерс / дешёвый / Принстон
7. ГЎра / стЌрый / НЏна 8. НЏна / молодђй / ГЎра
9. Мој кђмната / чЏстый / столђвая 10. Столђвая / грјзный / мој кђмната.
11. ЛЌра / дђбрый / мой сосЎд 12. Мой сосЎд / злой nasty / ЛЌра
13. В Ђфрике / теплђ / в Миннесђте 14. В Миннесђте / хђлодно end-stressed / в Ђфрике
Comparative Adjectives – Only after the verb be

As we mentioned above, comparative adjectives are found only in the Nominative Case in predicate position. You
cannot use these comparative forms in what is known as attributive position (which basically means before the
noun). In other words, we don’t yet know how to say things like Tolstoy is a more talented writer than Jackie
Collins or I need a more reliable dishwasher, where more talented and more reliable are in attributive position.
We’ll cover this very soon.
Earlier in the course we had two comparative (and superlative) adjectives that can be used in attributive position:
лѓчший better, best; хѓдший worse, worst. (You simply need to use context to distinguish the comparative
meaning better/worse from the superlative meaning best/worst.) These two words behave like regular adjectives,
agreeing in CNG with the modified noun:
СтЏвен Кинг лѓчший писЌтель на свЎте. Stephen King is the best writer on earth.
Я хочѓ лѓчшую машЏну, чем егђ. I want a better car than his.
МЏллер хѓдшее пЏво, чем Курс. Miller is a worse beer than Coors.
Мы говорЏм о хѓдшем студЎнте в грѓппе. We’re talking about the worst student in the class.
73.В Comparative Adverbs
Form: Same as Comparative Adjectives
Basically, the comparative degree of adverbs is equvialent to that of adjectives. In the following examples,
adjectives appear above adverbs:
Паворђтти лѓчше, чеш Бэк-Стрит-Бойз. Pavorotti is better than the Back Street Boys.
Паворђтти поёт лѓчше, чеш Бэк-Стрит-Бойз. Pavorotti sings better than the Back Street Boys.
Мој машЏна быстрЎе, чем твој. My car is faster than yours.

МашЏна Ўхала быстрЎе, чем пђезд. The car was going faster than the train.
Рэп-мѓзыка обѕчно грђмче, чем мѓзыка Мђцарта. Rap music is usually louder than Mozart.
ГЎра говорЏт грђмче, чем я. Gera talks louder than I do.
73-5
Note the (almost) exclusively adverbial form чЌще more often (ст > щ, as expected):
Он ей звонЏт чЌще, чем онЌ емѓ. He calls her more often than she him.
В ітом семЎстре я хожѓ в библиотЎку чЌще, чем в This semester I’ve been going to the library more
прђшлом семЎстре. often than last semester.
Note the adverbial use of бђльше more and мЎньше less, which in some instances do not have a corresponding
non-comparative adverb:
Никтђ не занимЌется бђльше, чем я. No one studies more than I do.

(The non-comparative is мнђго)
Мне нрЌвится твој машЏна бђльше, чем её. I like your car more than hers.
(There’s no obvious non-comparative adverb for this
meaning of бђльше)
Он тепЎрь пьёт мЎньше, чем рЌньше. He drinks less than (he did) before.
(The non-comparative is мЌло)
Он лїбит тебј мЎньше, чем я. He loves you less than I do.
(There’s no obvious non-comparative adverb for this
meaning of мЎньше)
Translate
1. I study less than Tanya. 2. Nina speaks Russian better than me.
3. Which tie do you like more? 4. No one talks faster than my younger sister.
5. Speak more quietly, please. 6. Speak more loudly, please.
7. Марк Твен is the greatest American writer of all 8. My bird is flying higher than yours.
time.
9. In Mathey (people) live more poorly than in Rocky. 10. Rita goes to a bar more often than Pasha.
73-6
" УпражнЎние 1 Write five sentences with comparative adjectives and adverbs. Use at least
two irregular comparatives:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
" УпражнЎние 2 Fill in the blanks using comparatives:
1. ПрЏнстон _____________________________________________________________________ ГЌрвард.
2. РоссЏя _____________________________________________________________________ АмЎрика.
3. Толстђй __________________________________________________________________ СтЏвен Кинг.
4. Рѓсский язѕк _____________________________________________________________________ хЏмия.
5. Билл Гейтс _____________________________________________________________________ я.
6. Я ______________________________________________________________ мой сосЎд / мој сосЎдка.
7. СобЌки _____________________________________________________________________ котѕ.
8. PC _____________________________________________________________________ Макинтђш.
9. СЌра _____________________________________________________________________ МЏтя.
73-7
1. Everything is more expensive in Princeton than in Trenton.
2. Who’s taller, you or Shaq? Believe it or not, Shaq is taller, - and richer.
3. I want a better car.
73-8
Диалоги
По-мђему, МЌйкл лет не вђсемь стЌрше ДжЌнет
More on Comparative Adjectives
74.A Two more irregular comparative forms
74.Б Bare Genitive replaces чем + Nominative
74.B How many times / By how much taller, smarter
74.Г Comparative Adjectives in attributive position
74.Д Larger and Smaller – Two exceptions (sort of)
По-мђему, МЌйкл лет на вђсемь стЌрше ДжЌнет

I think Michael is around eight years older than Janet
Ѕгорь 1 Как ты дѓмаешь, кто богЌче, Майкл ДжЎксон Џли Who do you think is wealthier, Michael Jackson
2 ДжЌнет ДжЎксон? or Janet Jackson?
СвЎта 3 Майкл, конЎчно! Он живёт в бђлее дорогђм дђме, Michael, of course! He lives in a more
4 чем онЌ. И у негђ машЏна побђльше. Он в дЎсять expensive house than she does. And his car is
5 раз богЌче её! bigger. He’s ten times wealthier than she is.
Ѕгорь 6 Кто стЌрше, кто молђже? Who’s older? Who’s younger?
СвЎта 7 По-мђему, Майкл лет на вђсемь стЌрше ДжЌнет. I think Michael is around eight years older than
Janet is.
Ѕгорь 8 А кто вѕше, кто нЏже? And who’s taller? Who’s shorter?
СвЎта 9 Ѓсли я не ошибЌюсь, он вѕше её на пять If I’m not mistaken, Michael is five centimeters
10 сантимЎтров. Но он нЏже своегђ стЌршего брЌта taller than she is. But he’s two centimeters
11 ТЏто на два сантимЎтра. shorter than his older brother Tito.
Ѕгорь 12 А кто чЌще мђется? Who bathes more often?
СвЎта 13 Майкл мђется рЌз пять в день, а Джанет тђлько Michael bathes about five times a day, while
14 раз в день. Janet only (bathes) once a day.
Ѕгорь 15 А кто тђлще, кто тђньше? На скђлько Who fatter? Who’s thinner? How many
16 килогрЌмм он тяжелЎе? Ѕли, мђжет быть, он kilograms heavier is he? Or perhaps he’s
17 лЎгче её? lighter than she is?
СвЎта 18 Откѓда я знаї, скђлько онЏ вЎсят? How should I know how much they weigh?
Ѕгорь 19 А ты скђлько вЎсишь? How much do you weigh?
СвЎта 20 Љто тебј не касЌется. ЖЎнщин об ітом не That’s none of your business. Women are not
21 спрЌшивают. asked about such things.
Словарь
4 побђльше larger (See grammar)
помЎньше smaller
5 в # раз(а) + Comparative # times smarter, richer, etc. (See grammar)
7 на # + Comparative by # taller, shorter, older, etc. (See grammar)
8 нЏзкий; нЏже low; shorter (You can say ОнЌ высђкая She’s tall, but ОнЌ нЏзкая means
She’s a low(-life) person. However, the comparative form нЏже means shorter.)
10 сантимЎтр centimeter (1 inch = 2.54 centimeters)
15 тђлстый fat; thick
15 тђнкий thin
74-1
16 килогрЌмм kilogram (2.2 pounds = 1 kilogram). Note that: 1) there are two м in this word in
Russian; 2) the Genitive Plural is килогрЌмм – the same as the Nominative. It’s
similar to раз and человЎк. The Genitive Singular is regular: килогрЌмма.
16 тяжёлый heavy
18 вЎси+ weigh
20 іто не касЌется + [Genitive] that’s none of [person’s] business; that does not concern [person]
74.A Two More Irregular Comparative Adjectives
Here are two more slightly irregular comparative adjectives:

unstressed -e
ст > щ тђлстый fat; thick тђлще

к>ш тђнкий thin тђньше (note the ь!)
(unexpected)
РомЌны Толстђго тђлще, чем ромЌны Tolstoy’s novels are thicker than Dostoevksy’s.
ДостоЎвского.
Егђ трЎтья женЌ тђньше, чем егђ две бѕвшиx His third wife is thinner than his two ex-wives.
женѕ.
74.Б More Comparative Constructions
74.Б.1 Bare Genitive replaces чем + Nominative

Yesterday we saw that чем is used to express than, after which most often follows the noun in the Nominative
Case:
ОнЌ стЌрше, чем брат. She’s older than (her) brother.

МЌша богЌче, чем я. Masha is richer than me.
You can also use the Genitive Case without чем following the comparative form:
ОнЌ стЌрше брЌта. She’s older than (her) brother is.

МЌша богЌче менј. Masha is richer than me.
You cannot use the bare Genitive when a phrase follows the comparative:
В ПрЏнстоне всё дорђже, чем в ТрЎнтоне Everything is more expensive in Princeton than in
Trenton.
*В ПрЏнстоне всё дорђже ТрЎнтонa (*Impossible )
74-2
Make the comparison. Use the Genitive whenever possible.
1. Я / тђлстый / ты. 2. ТамЌра / тђнкая / ГЎна.

3. Кто / богЌтый / он? 4. В МосквЎ / хђлодно / в ПарЏже.
5. Ты / дђбрая / твој сестрЌ. 6. В Рђкки / чЏсто / в Фђрбсе.
7. Никтђ / ѓмный / я. 8. Стёпа / ленЏвый / все. (think!)
9. Все / бЎдные / БЏлл. 10. В суббђту / бѓдет теплђ / сегђдня.
11. ОнЌ бЎгает / бѕстро /он. 12. МЏша говорЏт / тЏхо / мышь.
13. МЌша / игрЌет в шЌхматы / плђхо / ВЎра. 14. СтудЎнты в ПрЏнстоне / говорјт по-рѓсски /
хорошђ / студЎнты в ГЌрварде.
74.Б.2 How many times / By how much one thing is better, faster, taller, etc.
Yesterday we saw the use of горЌздо (умнЎе, глупЎе, etc.) чем much (smarter, stupider, etc) than. Today we’ll
look at two more comparative constructions:
1) To say that someone/something is # times smarter (richer, etc.) use:
в + # + рЌз(а) +Comparative + чем (or Genitive)
The number goes into the Accusative, as you can see with в тѕсячу раз.
Я в дЎсять раз умнЎе тебј (чем ты). I’m ten times smarter than you.
Егђ фотоаппарЌт в три рЌза дорђже моегђ (чем His camera is three times as expensive as mine
мой) (my camera).
ОнЌ в двЌ рЌза стЌрше мѓжа (чем муж). She’s twice as old as her husband.
Ѕра в тѕсячу раз добрЎе Іли (чем Іля) Ira is 1000 times nicer than Olya.
В ПрЏнстоне всё в сто рЌз дорђже, чем в In Princeton, everything is 100 times more
ТрЎнтоне. expensive than in Trenton.
2) To indicate by how much something is taller,( more expensive, etc.), use:
на + Amount + Comparative + чем (or Genitive)
КЏра на три гђда стЌрше ЖЌнны. Kira is three years older than Zhanna.
Њра на пять мЎсяцев молђже менј. Yura is five months younger than me.
Я на три сантимЎтра вѕше её. I’m three centimeters taller than her.
Ћша на дЎсять сантимЎтров нЏже женѕ. Yasha is ten centimeters shorter than his wife.
Љтот самовЌр на сто рублЎй дорђже твоегђ. This samovar is 100 rubles more expensive than
yours.
Сегђдня на сђрок грЌдусов холоднЎе, чем вчерЌ. It’s 40º colder today than yesterday.
74-3
To say that you weigh more or less than someone, use тяжелЎе or лЎчге:
Он тяжелЎе своЎй женѕ на дЎсять килограмм. He’s ten kilograms heavier than his wife.
Я лЎгче моегђ брЌта на три килогрЌмма. I’m three kilograms lighter than my brother.
Translate
1. A Mercedes (МерседЎс) is twice as expensive as a 2. A Volkswagen is $20,000 cheaper than a

Volkswagen (ФольксвЌген). Mercedes.
3. My elephant is ten times heavier than your tiger. 4. My tiger is 500 kilograms lighter than your
elephant.
5. He’s ten times smarter than his professor. 6. Today it’s ten degrees warmer than yesterday.
7. In my room (У менј в кђмнате) it’s ten times 8. His last film is an hour longer (remember this
cleaner than in the dining hall. adjective?) than “Shakespeare in Love”
(Влюблённый ШекспЏр)
9. A PC is twice as cheap as a Macintosh. 10. My grandfather is 35 years older than his wife.
11. He’s talking twice as loud as the radio. 12. “War and Peace” is 1000 pages longer than “The
Brothers Karamazov”. (БрЌтья КарамЌзовы)
74.В Comparative Adjectives in Attributive Position (Before Noun)
I want a more expensive car. She wants to marry a smarter man.

Recall from yesterday that comparative forms like стЌрше, умнЎе, вѕше, etc., can only appear in predicate
position (after some version of the verb be) in Nominative Case. To use a comparative in attributive position
(preceding the noun) you must use either бђлее more or мЎнее less (both unchanging) plus the regular adjective
in the correct CNG. This is different from English, where there is no difference in form between a (positive1)
predicate comparative adjective vs. attributive adjective: My room is cleaner / I want a cleaner room. These
forms are not interchangeable in Russian:
В РоссЏи Пѓшкин бђлее популјрный писЌтель, In Russia, Pushkin is a more popular writer than
чем ДостоЎвский. Dostoevsky.
Я хочѓ мЎнее дорогѓю машЏну. I want a less expensive car.
Мы хотЏм бђлее чЏстого профЎссора. We want a cleaner professor.
ОнЌ писЌла о мЎнее талЌнтливой певЏце. She wrote about a less talented singer.
МоЏ родЏтели хотјт, чтобы я женЏлся на бђлее My parents want me to marry a richer woman.
богЌтой дЎвушке.
Я никогдЌ не встречЌл бђлее глѓпых людЎй! I’ve never met stupider people!
Он хђчет общЌться с мЎнее грѓбыми людьмЏ. He wants to associate with less rude people.
1
Note that the -er form in English implies ‘more’. To say ‘less’ you must overtly use that form: I want a less expensive car.
74-4
Translate
1. Princeton is a more prestigious university than 2. I used to live in a cleaner room.

Rider.
3. I like to think about more serious problems. 4. I used to associate with ruder people.
5. Masha wants to find a smarter dog. 6. I have never seen a dirtier dining hall. (Use the
Genitive of Negation.)
7. I envy more talented musicians. 8. My parents want me to marry a richer man.
9. Galya used to go out with smarter guys. 10. Chicago is a more dangerous city than Detroit.
74.Г Large and Smaller- Two Exceptions (Sort of)
We saw in the last lesson (and previously) that the comparative (and superlative) adjectives лѓчший better; best
and хѓдший worse; worst can be used in attributive position. (In direct contradiction to the point discussed just
above.) The forms for larger and smaller also violate the above point – i.e., there are no possible forms *бђлее
большђй or *мЎнее мЌленький, etc. (* indicates ungrammatical forms). Instead use the forms побђльше /
помЎньше after the noun in question:
Я живѓ в дђме побђльше, чем егђ. I live in a bigger house than his (house).
ОнЌ купЏла машЏну помЎньше, чем мој. She bought a smaller car than mine.
In fact, you can use this same form, по-Comparative, with many adjectives:
Я хочѓ самовЌр подешЎвле. I want a cheaper (less expensive) samovar.

Мне нрЌвятся пЌрни потђлще. I like guys who are little plumper.
КупЏ мне полотЎнце подорђже. Buy me a more expensive towel.
1. I want a larger skirt. (їбка) 2. We used to live in a smaller apartment.

3. I want a better car. 4. We were talking about the worst films of this year.
5. I want a cheaper aquarium. 6. Where is there a cleaner room here?
74-5
" УпражнЎние 1 Write four sentences comparing things/people. Use both of the
constructions (в # рЌз/а; на # ...).
new
1.
2.
3.
4.
" УпражнЎние 2 Write 4 sentences with attributive comparative adjectives. Use a different
Case in each sentence. Use one single-word comparative attributive form.
1.
2.
3.
4.
74-6
1. I'm three centimeters taller than my father.
2. I want a kinder elephant.
3. Dima is two hours older than his brother.
74-7
Диалог
НЌдо часѕ починЏть I have to get my watch fixed
ГраммЌтика
75.A Telling Time
75.Б At a Certain Time
НЌдо часѕ починЏть I have to get my watch fixed

(There are five different characters in this dialogue – even if there are only two different voices.)
ЛЌра 1 ПростЏте, вы не скЌжете, скђлько врЎмени? Excuse me, you wouldn’t happen to know what time it
is?
СЎва 2 ИзвинЏте, у менј нет часђв. Sorry, I don’t have a watch.
ЛЌра 3 (Подхђдит к другђму мужчЏне.) ИзвинЏте, (Walks up to another man.) Excuse me, could you
4 пожЌлуйста, вы не скЌжете, котђрый час? please tell me what time it is?
Іля 5 ПростЏте, часѕ у менј сломЌлись. Sorry, my watch is broken.
ЛЌра 6 ИзвинЏте, вы не скЌжете, скђлько врЎмени? Excuse me, you wouldn’t happen to know what time it
is?
Њра 7 СейчЌс двЌдцать пять минѓт шестђго. It’s 5:25.
Зђя 8 Нет, сейчЌс без двадцатЏ пятЏ шесть. ВЌши No, it’s twenty-five to six. Your watch is ten minutes
9 часѕ отстаїт на дЎсять минѓт. slow.
Њра 10 Ничегђ подђбного. ВЌши часѕ спешЌт Nothing of the sort. Your watch is (around ten
11 (минѓт на дЎсять). Мој женЌ подарЏла на minutes) fast. The other day my wife gave me this
12 днях мне іти часѕ на годовщЏну свЌдьбы. watch for our anniversary (of our wedding).
Зђя 13 Мђжет быть, вы прЌвы. НЌдо часѕ Maybe you’re right. I have to get my watch fixed.
14 починЏть. СпасЏбо. Thanks.
СловЌрь
1 вы не скЌжете... you wouldn’t happen to know (This is a very polite introductory phrase.)
1 скђлько врЎмени what time is it?
4 котђрый час what time is it?
10 часѕ {отстай-´ / оставЌй-} на + # watch/clock is (# minutes) slow
+ минѓта (in correct CNG)
10 часѕ спешЏ- на + # + минѓта (in watch/clock is (# minutes) fast
correct CNG)
12 на днјх the other day (Unclear why it’s in the Prepositional Plural. Cool fact: На
днјх can refer to ± a few days.)
12 годовщЏна свЌдьбы wedding anniversary
годовщЏна anniversary (In Russian годовщЏна refers to any anniversary – there's no

“default” noun, as there is in English, where anniversary normally refers to a
wedding. Other examples in Russian: годовщЏна смЎрти СтЌлина the
anniversary of Stalin’s death.)
14 чини×- // по- fix; repair
75-1
75.A Telling Time
The question What time is it? is either Скђлько врЎмени? or Котђрый час? (There doesn’t seem to be any
difference between the two.)
The response normally begins СейчЌс..., though this may be left out.
The rest of the response depends on what time it is. There are 3 possibilities: 1) on the hour; 2) between :01 and
:30 minutes past; 3) between :31 and :59 minutes past.
• :00 (on the hour)

We’ve been using this for a while already. Just say the number of hours plus the correct form of час.
For 1:00 just say час, no одЏн anywhere.
СейчЌс два часЌ. It’s 2:00.

СейчЌс четѕре часЌ. It’s 4:00.
СейчЌс шесть часђв. It’s 6:00.
СейчЌс одЏннадцать часђв. It’s 11:00.
СейчЌс час. It’s 1:00.
As in English, in informal speech you can simply state the number, no need for any form of чЌс.
СейчЌс пять. It’s 5:00.

СейчЌс дЎсять. It’s 10:00.
For all times except :00, Russian is always looking ahead to the upcoming hour.
75-2
• Between :01 and :30

# of minutes past Proper Ordinal Genitive of
the hour (except form of UPCOMING hour
:15, :30) минѓта
12:05 пять минѓт пЎрвого (lit.: of the 1st hour)
1:10 дЎсять минѓт вторђго
2:20 двЌдцать минѓт трЎтьего
3:25 двЌдцать пять минѓт четвёртого
For numbers 1-4, just use the correct form of минѓта – Nom after 1, Genitive Singular after 2-4. *Remember:
since минѓта is Feminine, 2 will be две. In general, you can avoid these (unless you’re really a fanatic about
giving the exact time), and normally the form will be Genitive Plural минѓт. Anyway, here are a few examples:
4:01 однЌ минѓта пјтого

2:18 восемнЌдцать минѓт трЎтьего
5:22 двЌдцать две минѓты шестђго
12:24 двЌдцать четѕре минѓты пЎрвого
For :15 use either пятнЌдцать минѓт or чЎтверть quarter without минѓт:
пятнЌдцать минѓт
6:15 седьмђго
чЎтверть ХХХХХХХ
For :30 use половЏна or пол- (both without минѓт). With пол-, you must include the dash: пол-пјтого. (We
saw this use of пол- half in the dialogue about пол-банЌна half a banana.)
7:30 пол- / половЏна ХХХХХХХ восьмђго

11:30 пол- / половЏна ХХХХХХХ двенЌдцатого
75-3
Listen and repeat:

Скђлько врЎмени?
What time is it?
Котђрый час?
СейчЌс два часЌ. It’s 2:00

СейчЌс дЎсять часђв. It’s 10:00
СейчЌс час. It’s 1:00
СейчЌс дЎсять минѓт трЎтьего. It’s 2:10.
СейчЌс чЎтверть пјтого. It’s a 4:15
СейчЌс двЌдцать минѓт пЎрвого. It’s 12:20.
СейчЌс пол-двенЌдцатого. It’s 11:30.
СейчЌс две минѓты вторђго. It’s 1:02.
State the time

1. 2:00 2. 4:25 3. 10:20 4. 5:00 5. 7:15
6. 6:00 7. 2:05 8. 11:30 9. 9:10 10. 6:30
11. 8:15 12. 1:00 13. 1:01 14. 2:30 15. 4:15
75-4
• Between :31 and :59

To express number of minutes till (to) a certain hour, you use: 1) preposition без (without) followed by 2) the
Genitive of the cardinal of the number of minutes remaining before the next hour followed by 3) the Nominative
cardinal of the upcoming hour.
Numbers ending in -ь behave like Fem nouns in -ь, so the Genitive ends in -и, usually stressed: без пятЏ,
шестЏ, семЏ, восьмЏ (note loss of cluster buster!), девятЏ, десятЏ, одЏннадцати, двадцатЏ, etc. With these
numbers you do not need any form of the word минѓта.
*Note that if you have a compound number (i.e., a number consisting of more than one word), both parts decline,
e.g. без двадцатЏ пятЏ:
Без Cardinal of minutes Nominative Cardinal

remaining before hour, of upcoming hour (or
in Genitive час for 12:31-12:59)
2:40 бeз двадцатЏ (lit.: w/o 20) три
4:55 бeз пятЏ пять
12:50 бeз дeсятЏ час (Note!!)
1:35 без двадцатЏ пятЏ два
6:47 бeз тринЌдцати семь
If the minutes remaining end in 1, you use the Gen of однЌ минѓта: без … однђй минѓты. (Here minute is
required.)
1:59 бeз однђй минѓты два

7:39 без двадцатЏ однђй минѓты вђсемь
(In order to avoid bizarre-form-overload, we'll avoid the Genitive of 2-4 for now.)
For :45, you can use either бeз пятнЌдцати or бeз чЎтвeрти:
пятнЌдцати
5:45 бeз шeсть
чЎтвeрти
Listen and repeat:
СейчЌс без пятЏ два. It’s five to two.

СейчЌс без чЎтверти час. It’s a quarter to one.
СейчЌс без двадцатЏ пятЏ три. It’s twenty-five to three.
СейчЌс без однђй минѓты семь. It’s one minute to seven.
СейчЌс без десятЏ шесть. It’s ten to six.
State the time

1. 5:35 2. 1:40 3. 10:45 4. 6:55 5. 7:35
6. 6:50 7. 2:45 8. 11:59 9. 9:40 10. 8:50
75-5
• Taking the easy way out: Hour + Minutes

Some people simply give the hour followed by the number of minutes, no час or минѓт(а) anywhere: СейчЌс
два двЌдцать, четѕре сђрок пять, час трЏдцать пять, семь пятьдесјт, etc. Though this is perfectly
correct, you need to learn the other way of reporting the time.
СейчЌс два дЎсять. It’s 2:10.
СейчЌс три сђрок. It’s 3:40.

СейчЌс чЌс пятнЌдцать. It’s 1:15.
СейчЌс двенЌдцать пятьдесјт три It’s 12:53.
СейчЌс шесть двЌдцать однЌ. It’s 6:21.
75.Б Expressing At a Certain Time
To inquire about what time (i.e., when) something happens, the question is either Когда...? or Во скђлько...?
In your answer you can have only one preposition. This is not a problem for times between :00 and :30, where the
preposition used is the familiar в + ACC, but students often get confused what to do with times between :31 and
:59, in which case the без + GEN takes precedence:
• From :00-:29 Use в + the regular way of stating the time (in the ACC):
– КогдЌ он пришёл? - When (what time) did he arrive?

+ Он пришёл в час. + He arrived at 1:00.
– Во скђлько ВЎра ушлЌ? - What time did Vera leave?

+ ОнЌ ушлЌ в дЎсять минѓт пјтого + She left at 4:10.
– Во скђлько Бђря лёг вчерЌ? - What time did Borya go to bed?

+ Он лёг в чЎтверть седьмђго. + He went to bed at 6:15.
• :30 в половЏне / в пол-

With :30, use the PREP/LOC в половЏне, not ACC, which you might expect! (To be honest, we’ve never really
understood why it’s not ACC, но что же дЎлать?) For пол- there’s nothing to change:
Мы обѕчно обЎдаем в половЏне We usually eat dinner at 5:30.

шестђго.
ОнЌ встаёт в пол-пЎрвого. She gets up at 12:30.
75-6
• From :31-:59 Do not insert any extra preposition, just use без
Мы ушлЏ без пятЏ шесть. We left at 5:55.

Сегђдня онЌ встЌла без чЎтверти Today she got up at 7:45.
вђсемь.
Я обѕчно ложѓсь без двадцатЏ I usually get to bed at 11:35.
пятЏ двенЌдцать.
ОнЌ вернѓлась домђй без однђй She got home at 15:59.
минѓты час.
State when the event took / takes / will take place

1. Бђря встал (5:20) 2. ЛЏля ушлЌ (7:50) 3. Мы пришлЏ (4:30)
4. ОнЏ леглЏ (2:15) 5. Кђля тебЎ звонЏл (3:45) 6. Я дам емѓ знать (1:00)
7. Мы вернёмся (12:25) 8. МЌша исчЎзла (9:01) 9. МЏтя схђдит в магазЏн (2:55)
10. Я обѕчно встаї (~7:00 think!) 11. Мы обѕчно ложЏмся (~3:00) 12. Я вернѓлась домђй (6:30)
For reference: Military and Official Time
It is not uncommon (especially in published schedules) to see the 24-hour clock used:
Пђезд ушёл в двЌдцать два The train left at 10:00.

часЌ.
ФЏльм начинЌется в The movie starts at 7:00
девятнЌдцать часђв.
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" УпражнЎние 1 Give the time of 4 activities that you often do.
1.
2.
3.
4.
1. –Could you please tell me when the film starts? --It starts at 5:45.
2. – What time is it? -- It’s twenty after two.
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3. My watch is two minutes slow/fast (give both verbs).
4. Tomorrow is our 5th (wedding) anniversary.
75-9
Диалог
Я на творЏтельнон падежЎ собЌку съел
I’m an expert on the Instrumental Case
Review of Chapter 10
(Урђки 70-75; РасскЌз, чЌсти 15-16)
Я на творЏтельном падежЎ собЌку съел I’m an expert on the Instrumental Case
1 (В клѓбе. ИгрЌет грђмкая рок мѓзыка. (In a club. Loud rock music is playing. Students
2 СтудЎнты танцѓют, пьют пЏво и разговЌривают.) are dancing, drinking beer, and talking.)
ЖЎня 3 СЎва, ты что здесь дЎлаешь? Seva, what are you doing here?
СЎва 4 Пью дешёвое америкЌнское пЏво и слѓшаю I’m drinking cheap American beer and listening
5 ђчень срЎднюю рок мѓзыку. to very mediocre rock music.
ЖЎня 6 Нет, я не іто имЎл в видѓ. Завтра ѓтром в пол- No, that’s not what I had in mind. Tomorrow
7 девјтого у тебј контрђльная по рѓсскому! morning at 8:30 you have a Russian exam.
СЎва 8 Контрђльная по рѓсскому. Большђе дЎло! Љто A Russian exam. Big deal! It’s a piece of cake for
9 мне раз плїнуть. me.
ЖЎня 10 Но МЏша сказЌл, что іта контрђльная бѓдет But Misha said that this exam is going to harder
11 труднЎе и в два рЌза длиннЎе, чем предыдѓщая. and twice as long as the previous (one). There
12 В контрђльной бѓдут вопрђсы о творЏтельном are going to questions about the Instrumental
13 падежЎ. Case on the exam.
СЎва 14 Я на творЏтельном падежЎ собЌку съел! I’m an Instrumental Case guru. (I know the
Instrumental Case like the back of my hand.)
6 имЎй+ в видѓ (Locative in -ѓ) have in mind

8 большђе дЎло! big deal!
9 іто + Dative раз плїнуть (Literally: That is like spitting one time for [Person]) It will be a piece a cake
for [Person]
11 предыдѓщий previous
12 в контрђльной / на экзЌмене on the exam
14 собЌку съЎл/а/и на + Prepositional (Literally: [Person] ate the dog on [Topic]) [Person] knows [Topic] inside
out; [Person] is an expert at [Topic]
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76-й урок

↑ ↑
ПовторЎние 10 (Урђки 70-75; РасскЌз, чЌсти 15-16)
-{U}ю -{U} / -ь
-{О}го -{A} -{O}й -{I} -{I}х -{O}в; -∅; -ей
N
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об ітом большђм мЎсте об ітой большђй дЎвушки об ітих большЏх дЎвушках / мышЌх
ітому большђму мЎсту ітой большђй дЎвушки ітим большЏм дЎвушкам / мышЌм
-{I}м -{O}м -{O}й -{O}й / -ью -{I}ми -{A}ми
моЏм нђвым письмђм моЎй нђвой машЏной / двЎрью моЏми нђвыми гЌлстуками / пЏсьмами
вЌшим послЎдним полотЎнцем вЌшей послЎдней пЎсней вЌшими послЎдними пЎснями
какЏм хорђшим здЌнием какђй хорђшей фотогрЌфией какЏми хорђшими актёрами / здЌниями
ітЏм большЏм мЎстом ітой большђй семьёй ітими большЏми дЎвушками / мышЌми
76-й урок ПовторЎние 10 (Урђки 70-75; РасскЌз, чЌсти 15-16)
Nounjectives
Nom / Acc (Direct Cases) = Noun endings

Gen / Prep / Dat / Instr (Oblique Cases) = Adjective endings
The one “exception” is for Masculine and Plural animate Accusative Nouns, which are syntactically Accusative,
but formally Genitive: Я люблї твоегђ брЌта / Ты вЏдела моегђ слонЌ?
Masculine Neuter Feminine Plural

ИменЏтельный твой / один´ (и) твоё / однђ твој / однЌ твоЏ / *однЏ
ВинЏтельный Inanimate = Имен. = ИменЏтельный твої / однѓ Inanimate = Имен.
Animate = Родит. Animate = Родит.
РодЏтельный твоегђ / одногђ твоЏх / *однЏх
Предлђжный о твоём / об однђм о твоЏх / об *однЏх

твоЎй / однђй
ДЌтельный твоемѓ / одномѓ твоЏм / *однЏм
ТворЏтельный твоЏм / *однЏм твоЏми / *однЏми
*Unexpected softening
More Uses of the Instrumental Case

пошёл (пошлЌ, пошлЏ) кудЌ за чем go somewhere for something (fetch)
Колј пошёл в магазЏн за чёрной икрђй. Kolya went to the store for black caviar.
НЏна пошлЌ в библиотЎку за какЏм-то журнЌлом. Nina went to the library for some journal.
(не)довђлен (е) (довђльна, довђльны) чем/кем (dis)satisfied with something/someone
Мы бѕли ђчень довђльны обЎдом. We were very satisfied with dinner.

ЛЌра ничЎм не довђльна. Lara isn’t satisfied with anything.
ОнЏ чем-то недовђльны. They’re dissatisfied with something.
Рђдители долвђльны детьмЏ. The parents are satisfied with their children.
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ПовторЎние 10 (Урђки 70-75; РасскЌз, чЌсти 15-16) 76-й урок
Instrumenal of Being
It is very difficult to give precise rules for when the Instrumental (as opposed to the Nominative) should be used
in constructions implying some form of the Verb be. Here are some guidelines:
Required Optional Nominative Only

станђви-...ся // стЌн become Past Tense был/Ќ/о/и Present Tense of be (∅)
казЌ-...ся // по- seem (to be) Imperative будь + SF Adj
Future бѓду, бѓдет, etc.
Infinitive быть
Imperative будь + LF Adj.
Expressing One’s “Major”

×
With the phrase: учи-...ся на (X-ом факультЎте / факультЎте [Genitive] / X-фЌке)
На какђм факультЎте ты ѓчишься? What’s your major?

Я учѓсь на экономЏческом факультЎте. I’m an Econ major.
Он бѓдет учЏться на факультЎте искѓсства. He’s going to be an Art major.
Мој мать учЏлась на физфЌке. My mother was a Physics major
With the Noun: специЌльность. In the Past and Future, специЌльность goes into Instrumental
КакЌя у тебј специЌльность? What’s your major?

Егђ специЌльность – англЏйская литератѓра. He’s an English major.
МоЎй специЌльностью бѓдет астрофЏзика. I’m going to major in Astrophysics.
СЌшиной специЌльностью бѕло искѓсство. Sasha was an Art major.
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Comparative Adjectives and Adverbs

The regular comparative suffix is -ее (-Ўе for shorter Adjectives and Adverbs). There are quite a number of
comparative Adjectives and Adverbs with irregular forms; most end in unstressed -е preceded by a mutated
consonant. We’ll break it down into 3 groups:
1) Regular Comparatives

нђвый (нђвая, нђвое, нђвые) новЎе
ѓмный умнЎе
глѓпый глупЎе
2) Comparative With Mutations (Somewhat Regular)

unstressed -e
т>ч богЌтый богЌче

г>ж дорогђй дорђже
д>ж молодђй молђже (млЌдше also exists)
в>вл дешёвый дешЎвле (ё > Ў – don’t ask why)
ст>щ чЏстый чЏще
тђлстый тђлще
к>ш тђнкий тђньше
(unexpected)
к>ч грђмкий грђмче

лёгкий лЎгче (ё>е)
х>ш тЏхий тЏше
3) Bizarre Comparatives

мЌленький мЎньше
большђй бђльше
стЌрый стЌрше
высђкий вѕше (-ок- drops out and с>ш)
*(нЏзкий) (нЏже) (-к- drops out and з>ж)
хорђший лѓчше (лѓчший – see below)
плохђй хѓже (худший – see below)
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Use of Comparatives
Comparative Adjectives may appear only in Predicate position (following the Noun and some form of be).
Additional components include чем than and горЌздо much в # рЌз(а) # times, and на # by #
Instead of чем + Nominative, you can also use a bare Genitive following the comparative
Егђ женЌ горЌздо умнЎе, чем твој женЌ. His wife is much smarter than your wife is.
ДЏмин гЌлстук в три рЌза дорђже, чем мой. Dima’s tie is three times as expensive as my tie.
Я на пјть лет стЌрше брЌта. I’m five years older than my brother.
Comparative Adjectives in Attributive position (before the Noun) take either бђлее more or мЎнее less, plus the
regular Adjective in the appropriate case. There are a few comparative Adjectives that may be used without
бђлее or мЎнее.

Я хочѓ лѓчшую машЏну, чем егђ. I want a better car than his.
Мы говорЏм о хѓдшем студЎнте в грѓппе. We’re talking about the worst student in the class.
For some Adjectives you can add the prefix по- and place the comparative following the Noun:
Я хочѓ самовЌр подешЎвле. I want a cheaper (less expensive) samovar.

Мне нрЌвятся пЌрни потђлще. I like guys who are little plumper.
КупЏ мне полотЎнце подорђже. Buy me a more expensive towel.
Verbs of Asking
×
спрЌшивай+ // спроси+ когђ о чём/где, etc. = ask someone for information
After the verb can appear:

The person asked – in the Accusative.
Я ужЎ спросЏл МЌшу. I already asked Masha.

Надо всех спрЌшивать. (You) have to ask everyone.
A phrase, beginning either with a question word, or a prepositional phrase. (The person asked may also appear.)
МЏша менј спросЏл, где живёт ЛЎна. Misha asked me where Lena lives.
РЌньше мој женЌ спрЌшивала, почемѓ мне всегдЌ My wife used to ask me why I was always cold.
хђлодно.
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The actual question being asked – in quotes.
— Всё в порјдке?, спросЏл МЏтя. “Is everything OK?” asked Mitya.
×
{задай+´/задавЌй} // задать (комѓ) вопрђс = ask (someone) a question
The direct object вопрђс is required. The person asked (in the Dative) is optional:
ГЎра всегдЌ задаёт такЏе глѓпые вопрђсы. Gera always asks such stupid questions.
Как ты мђжешь задавЌть мне такђй вопрђс? How can you ask me such a question?
×
проси+ // по- когђ + Infinitive = ask/request that someone do something
Я тебј прошѓ здесь не курЏть. I’m asking you not to smoke.

Я попросЏл сестрѓ помѕть посѓду, но она сказЌла I asked (my) sister to wash the dishes, but she said “No”.
«нет».
Telling Time
The question What time is it? is either Скђлько врЎмени? or Котђрый час?
:00 (on the hour)
Just say the number of hours plus the correct form of час. For 1:00 just say час.
СейчЌс два часЌ. It’s 2:00.

СейчЌс шесть часђв. It’s 6:00.
СейчЌс час. It’s 1:00.
For all times except :00, Russian is always looking ahead to the upcoming hour.
Between :01 and :30
# OF MINUTES PAST PROPER ORDINAL GEN OF

THE HOUR (EXCEPT FORM OF UPCOMING HOUR
:15, :30) МИНУТА
12:05 пять минѓт пЎрвого (lit.: of the 1st hour)
1:10 дЎсять минѓт вторђго
3:22 двЌдцать два минѓты четвёртого
4:01 однЌ минѓта пјтого
2:18 восемнЌдцать минѓт трЎтьего
For :15 use either пятнЌдцать минѓт or чЎтверть quarter (without минѓт)
пятнЌдцать минѓт
6:15 седьмђго
чЎтверть ХХХХХХХ
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For :30 use половЏна or пол- (both without минѓт). You must include the dash:
7:30 пол- / половЏна ХХХХХХХ восьмђго
Between :31 and :59: без + GEN cardinal (minutes till) + NOM cardinal of upcoming hour
БЕЗ CARDINAL OF MINUTES NOMINATIVE CARDINAL

REMAINING BEFORE HOUR, OF UPCOMING HOUR (or
IN GEN час for 12:31-12:59)
2:40 бeз двадцатЏ (lit.: w/o 20) три
4:55 бeз пятЏ пять
12:50 бeз дeсятЏ час (Note!!)
1:35 без двадцатЏ пятЏ два
6:47 бeз тринЌдцати семь
Numbers ending in -ь behave like Fem nouns in -ь, so the Genitive ends in -и, usually stressed: без пятЏ, десятЏ,
двадцатЏ. With these numbers you do not need any form of the word минѓта.
*Note that if you have a compound number (i.e., a number consisting of more than one word), both parts decline, e.g. без
двадцатЏ пятЏ:
If the minutes remaining end in 1, you use the Gen of однЌ минѓта: без … однђй минѓты. (Here minute is required.)
1:59 бeз однђй минѓты два
For :45, you can use either бeз пятнЌдцати or бeз чЎтвeрти:
пятнЌдцати
5:45 бeз шeсть
чЎтвeрти
Taking the easy way out: Hour + Minutes
Some people simply give the hour followed by the number of minutes, no час or минѓт(а) anywhere: СейчЌс два
двЌдцать, четѕре сђрок пять, час трЏдцать пять, семь пятьдесјт, etc. Though this is perfectly correct, you need to
learn the other way of reporting the time.
СейчЌс два дЎсять. It’s 2:10.

СейчЌс чЌс пятнЌдцать. It’s 1:15.
СейчЌс двенЌдцать пятьдесјт три It’s 12:53.
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At a certain time
The question is either Когда...? or Во скђлько...?
From :00-:30: Use в + the regular way of stating the time (in the ACC):
– КогдЌ он пришёл? - When (what time) did he arrive?

+ Он пришёл в час. + He arrived at 1:00.
– Во скђлько ВЎра ушлЌ? - What time did Vera leave?
+ ОнЌ ушлЌ в дЎсять минѓт пјтого + She left at 4:10.
With :30, use the PREP в половЏне (not ACC, which you might expect!). For пол- there’s nothing to change:
Мы обѕчно обЎдаем в половЏне шестђго. We usually eat dinner at 5:30.

ОнЌ встаёт в пол-пЎрвого. She gets up at 12:30.
From :31-:59: Do NOT insert any extra preposition, use the без just as above:
Мы ушлЏ без пятЏ шесть. We left at 5:55.

ОнЌ вернѓлась домђй без однђй минѓты час. She got home at 15:59.
Military and Official Time
It is not uncommon (especially in published schedules) to see the 24-hour clock used:
Пђезд ушёл в двЌдцать два часЌ. The train left at 10:00.

ФЏльм начинЌется в девятнЌдцать часђв. The movie starts at 7:00
Dates
Asking / stating the date
The normal question for asking today’s date is Какђе сегђдня числђ? What’s today’s date?
Какђе сегђдня числђ? What’s today’s date?

Какђе бѕло вчерЌ числђ? What was yesterday’s date?
Какђе (бѓдет) зЌвтра числђ? What’s tomorrow’s date?
Какђе бѕло числђ в прђшлую срЎду? What was the date last Wednesday?
The answer is the day of the week (normally сегђдня) followed by the Neut Nom Sg of the ordinal. The month, which is
optional (as in English), goes in the Gen:
Сегђдня трЎтье (апрЎля). Today’s the 3rd (of April).

ЗЌвтра бѓдет тринЌдцатое (декабрј). Tomorrow’s the 13th (of December).
В пјтницу бѓдет восьмђе (февралј). Friday will be the 8th (of February).
ВчерЌ бѕло тридцЌтое (иїня). Yesterday was the 30th (of June).
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Expressing ON a date
The question is either КогдЌ? or Какђго числЌ?, the Genitive of Какђе числђ:
КогдЌ
Какђго числЌ
} ГЌля приЎхала? When
On what date
} did Galya arrive?
The answer also contains the date in the Gen Sg. If the month is mentioned, it is also in the Gen:
ОнЌ уЎхала пЎрвого (октябрј). She left on the 1st (of October).
Я сдалЌ курсовѓю шестђго (мЌя). I turned in my JP on the 6th (of May).
This applies not only to concrete actions, but also to “occasions”, where there doesn’t seem to be any specific action taking
place. Here the verb be agrees with the occasion in Gender and Number:
(У менј день рождЎния) двЌдцать трЎтьего Ќвгуста. (My birthday is) the 23rd of August.
ЭкзЌмен был / бѓдет двЌдцать пЎрвого апрЎля. The exam was / will be on the 21st of April.
More on the Genitive of Negation

To say that someone / something is not (was not / will not be) somewhere:
ВЎры нет дђма. Vera’s not home.

Их там нет. They’re not there.
Там никогђ нет. There’s no one there.
Нет никакђй надЎжды. There’s no hope.
Such sentences have no noun in the Nominative. Thus in the Past and Future a verb in the Neuter Singular is used (this is
the default, there being no Nominative for the verb to agree with). Note that in the Past the stress shifts to the нЎ and away
from the verb:
ВчерЌ нЎ было концЎрта. There was no concert yesterday.

Никогђ нЎ было на вечерЏнке. No one was at the party.
Там не бѓдет никакЏх актёров. There won’t be any actors there.
Not all negation requires Genitive. When you are not denying the existence of person or thing, you do not need to use the
Genitive of Negation:
Лёва не врач, он адвокЌт. Lyova’s not a doctor, he’s a lawyer.

ФЏльм нЎ был ђчень интерЎсный. The film was not very interesting.
Negated Direct Object
Я пЏва не пил. I didn’t drink any beer.

Он рѓсского (языкЌ) не знЌет. He doesn’t know Russian.
Мы никакЏх фотогрЌфий не вЏдели. We didn’t see any photographs.
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Not every negated direct object must appear in the Genitive. As a rule of thumb, if the noun is very specific (often
corresponding to the definite article the – as opposed to a/an – the indefinite article) the Accusative is kept:
Никтђ не ел сѕр. No one ate the cheese.

Я решЏл не дЎлать дђмашнюю рабђту I decided not to do my homework today.
сегђдня.
Also, if the object is in a case other than Accusative, you cannot use the Genitive of Negation – keep the original case:
INST ОнЌ не интересѓется мѓзыкой. She’s not interested in music.

DAT ПрофЎссор не помогЌет студЎнтам. The professor does not help the students.
PREP Мы не дѓмаем о граммЌтике. We’re not thinking about grammar.
GEN Он не боЏтся ЛЌры. He’s not afraid of Lara.
In this last example, the Genitive is due to the verb бој+...ся, and not the negation.
Свой vs. егђ/её/их vs. ∅

• Свой (One’s own) – Refers back to the subject of the clause
ГЌля, ЛЏза, etc. (not ВЎра)
ВЎра поцеловЌла своегђ мѓжа

Vera kissed her (own) husband
≠ ВЎра поцеловЌла её мѓжа
Vera kissed her (not own) husband
Њра, ДЏма, etc. (not ВЌдик)
ВЌдик говорЏл о своЎй женЎ

Vadik was talking about his (own) wife
≠ ВЌдик говорЏл о егђ женЎ
Vadik was talking about his (not own) wife
Some more examples of свой in various CNG:
ОнЏ чЌсто помогЌют своЏм сосЎдям. They often help their neighbors.
Все говорЏли о своЏх дЎтях. Everyone was talking about their (own)
kids.
НЏна восхищЌется своЏм мѓжем. Nina adores her husband.
Кто бы не хотЎл познакђмиться со своЎй Who wouldn’t want to meet his/her (own)
прабЌбушкой? great-grandmother?
With1st and 2nd person pronouns you can use either свой or the regular possessive pronouns (мої, твоЎму, нЌшем, вЌшими,
etc.)
‘REGULAR’ POSSESSIVE ≈ СВОЙ

Я потерјл моЏ ключЏ. ≈ Я потерјл своЏ ключЏ.
Ты говорЏшь о твоём профЎссоре? ≈ Ты говорЏшь о своём профЎссоре?
Мы не завЏдуем нЌшим дЎтям. ≈ Мы не завЏдуем своЏм дЎтям.
Вы довђльны вЌшими кѓрсами? ≈ Вы довђльны своЏми кѓрсами?
76-11
Generally, свой is more ‘neutral’, though it is certainly not wrong to use мой, твої, нЌшему, вЌшими, etc.
Note that in Imperative constructions свой can be used even though no overt subject appears:
ВозьмЏ своЏ (твоЏ) ключЏ. Take your keys.

ДавЌй споём своЏ (нЌши) пЎсни! Let’s sing our songs.
With rare exceptions (that we won’t discuss this year), свой does not appear in the Nominative Case. In part this is because
свой cannot appear on its own – it must refer back to a noun or pronoun (which itself is Nominative) in the same clause.
• Optionality of possessive pronouns
We saw early on that when it is clear from the context to whom something belongs, Russian often uses no possessive
pronoun (as opposed to English, where one is required). This is especially true when referring to body parts and family
members, but you also find it with ‘regular’ nouns:
ГоловЌ (у менј) болЏт. I have a headache. (My head hurts)

ОнЌ взялЌ зонт и ушлЌ. She took her umbrella and left.
Он изменЏл женЎ. He cheated on his wife.
76-12
" УпражнЎние 1
1. + What's today's date? (Give appropriate response)
2. + What time is it? (Give appropriate response)
3. + What time did you get up today? (Give appropriate response)
4. My birthday is (give appropriate answer).
5. This clock is about 5 minutes fast.
6. + What's your major? - I intend to major in History.
7. No one is ever satisfied with anything. (Think!)
8. He asked me a very difficult question.
9. My older brother, who is 3 years older than me, wants to become a famous doctor.
10. Vera isn't home. She went to the store for onions. (Think about number on onions!)
76-13
11. Viktor, who is taller and richer than everyone, seems to us (to be) a genius.
12. I want a smarter dog!
13. No one was home.
14. Dima is cheating on his wife, but his wife kissed her (≠ Dima) husband on the lips.
15. Vera knows the Dative Case inside out.
плїну+ spit VERB TYPE _______ CONJ _______

PRES я __________________________________ PAST он __________________________________
он(Ќ) ______________________________________ онЌ ______________________________________
онЏ ______________________________________ онЏ ______________________________________
IMPER ___________________________________ INF ______________________________________
тряс´+ shake VERB TYPE _______ CONJ _______

PRES я __________________________________ PAST он __________________________________
ты ______________________________________ онЌ ______________________________________
онЏ ______________________________________ онЏ ______________________________________
IMPER ___________________________________ INF ______________________________________
76-14
Nouns Adjectives & Adverbs

Also see Lesson 71 for list of academic departments and See Lessons 73-74 for irregular comparatives
professions. (You are not responsible for these, but you should be 73 бђльше more Comparative of мнђго
able to talk about yourself.) S16 безѓмно incredibly (Lit.: without one’s mind)
71 адвокЌтская фЏрма law firm
S15 бѕстрый fast
S16 веснЌ spring
73 высђкий; вѕше tall; taller
70 вкѓс taste (related to Adjective вкѓсный)
S16 водЌ (ACC is вђду) water 73 высђкий; вѕше tall; taller
S16 «ВойнЌ и мир» War and Peace 73 горЌздо much + comparative adjective
S15 Восьмђе мЌрта March 8th – International Women’s Day 73 лѓчше better
75 годовщЏна anniversary S15 междунарђдный international
S16 гриб΄ mushroom 70 не/довђлен, -льна, -льны dis/satisfied (with)
S15 ЖЎнский день Women’s Day = March 8th + INST
74 килогрЌмм kilogram 72 никакђй (not) any
S15 мѓсор garbage 74 нЏзкий; нЏже low; shorter
72 могЏла 1) grave
S16 однЌжды once; one time
2) mum’s the word
S16 могЏла grave 74 побђльше larger
S15 начЌло beginning 74 помЎньше smaller
S16 оригинЌл original S15 послезЌвтра the day after tomorrow
S16 помЎстье estate 76 предыдѓщий previous
S15 посѓда dishes S15 прЌвильный right; correct
S16 поЎздка trip (by vehicle) S16 простђй (SF Neut: simple
73 преподавЌтель teacher; instructor прђсто)
70 причЏна reason 72 свой one’s own
S15 прЌздник holiday
S16 скђро soon
S15 продѓкты groceries
72 разговђр conversation 73 смешнђй funny
S16 ромЌн novel S16 спокђйный peaceful; calm
74 сантимЎтр centimeter (1 inch = 2.54 centimeters) 74 тђлстый, тђлще fat; thick, fatter; thicker
S16 смерть death 74 тђнкий, тђньше thin; thinner
71 специЌльность (F) major; specialty 74 тяжёлый heavy
70 тарЎл/ка (о) plate 73 хѓже worse
S16 тЎма topic; theme; subject 73 чђкнутый kooky; nutty
S16 Ћсная Полјна Yasnaya Polyana
S16 чудЎсный wonderful; marvelous
S15 цветѕ flowers
Singular is цветок´ (о)
Prepositions
Verbs 70 за + INST for (go to store for)
74 вЎси+ weigh S15 чЎрез + Accusative in; from now; hence; later
×
S15 выноси+ // вѕнес+ take out; carry out
70 засмеј+...ся burst out laughing
71 знакђми+…ся // по- c(o) кем meet; get acquainted with
×
71 каза+…ся // по- + INST seem to someone to be
S16 купЌй+...ся // ис- swim
S15 {мђй+ / мѕ+}// по- wash
S16 придѓмывай+ // придѓмай+ think up; come up with
×
S15 проси+ // по- request; ask someone to do
something
×
70 расскЌзывай+ // рассказа+…+ tell (someone about
комѓ о чём/ком something/someone)
×
S16 {сдай+´/сдавЌй+} // сдать turn in; submit
×
S16 собирЌй+ // {собер+΄/собра+} gather; pick; collect
S16 собирЌй+...ся // intend (to do something)
×
{собер+΄...ся /собра+}+ Inf
×
71 станови+…ся // стЌн+ + INST become (Note: Imperfective
has -ся; Perfective doesn’t!)
S15 стирЌй+ // по- do the laundry
S15 считЌй+ be of the opinion; think
×
S15 убирЌй + // {убер+´/ убра+} clean up; straighten up
×
уходи+ / уйтЏ от когђ leave a person
уйдѓ, уйдёт, уйдѓт
ушёл. ушлЌ. ушлЏ
×
71 учи+…ся на major in
×
75 чини+ // по- fix; repair
76-15
Expressions & Misc.
76 большђе дЎло! big deal!

в # раз(а) + # times smarter, richer, etc.
Comparative
76 в контрђльной / на on the exam
экзЌмене
71 в концЎ концђв finally; at the very end; in the long run; in
the final analysis (lit.: at the end of ends)
S16 в середЏне + GEN in the middle (of)
середЏна middle
75 вы не скЌжете... you wouldn’t happen to know...
76 имЎй+ в видѓ (Locative have in mind
in -ѓ)
76 іто + Dative раз It will be a piece a cake for [Person]
плїнуть
74 іто не касЌется + that’s none of [person’s] business; that
[Genitive] does not concern [person]
S16 к концѓ + GEN by the end of; toward the end of
S16 какђе сегђдня числђ? What’s today’s date?
75 котђрый час what time is it?
S15 мнђгие many
74 на # + Comparative by # taller, shorter, older, etc.
75 на днјх the other day; in a few days
70 по однђй простђй for one simple reason
причЏне
своЏми глазЌми with one’s one eyes
глаз Genitive eye
Plural глаз
75 скђлько врЎмени what time is it?
76 собЌку съЎл/а/и на + [Person] knows [Topic] inside out
Prepositional
72 стоп! stop!
S16 у менј нет слов I have no words; I’m speechless
75 часѕ {отстай-´ / watch/clock is (# minutes) slow
оставЌй-} на + # +
минѓта (in correct
CNG)
75 часѕ спешЏ- на + # + watch/clock is (# minutes) fast
минѓта (in correct
CNG)
73 чем than
70 чуть не + Past Tense almost; nearly
76-16
Диалоги
Бегѓ на урђк рѓсского языкЌ
I’m running to Russian class.
77.A More Verbs of Motion
77.Б Determined versus Non-Determined VoM
77. В (Быть) похђж, -е, -а, -и на кого/что to resemble;
look like
Бегѓ на урђк рѓсского языкЌ I'm running to Russian class
КЌтя 1 МЏша, привЎт! КудЌ ты бежЏшь? Misha, hi. Whither are you running? What is it
that you’re carrying?
МЏша 2 Бeгѓ на урђк рѓсского языкЌ. Мне нЎкогда. I’m running to Russian class. I’m in a hurry.
3 ПокЌ. See ya.
КЌтя 4 ПосмторЏ на нЎбо. Как ты дѓмаешь, кудЌ летјт Take a look at the sky. Where do you think
5 іти птЏцы? those birds are flying to?
МЏша 6 Откѓда я знЌю? Я, что, на птЏцу похђж? Мне How should I know? Do I look like a bird or
7 нЎкогда. Я боїсь опоздЌть на урђк. ПокЌ. something? I’m in a hurry. I’m afraid I’ll be
late for class. See ya.
КЌтя 8 Я тебЎ позвонї. Мђжет быть, мы пообЎдаем I’ll give you a call. Maybe we can have dinner
9 сегђдня часђв в семь, а потђм мы мђжем ходЏть at around 7:00 and then we can take a walk
10 по гђроду. around the city.
МЏша 11 Ты забѕла, что ли? КЌждый день в семь я Did you forget or something? I swim every day
12 плЌваю. at 7:00.
Словарь
We will separate Non-Determined from Determined Verbs (both Imperfective) with || (// separates the Perfective form)
1 бЎгай+ || бежЌть // побежЌть run; hurry (Irreg. Present Tense – see below)
4 нЎбо sky
4 летЌй+ || летЎ+ // полетЎ+ fly
4 птЏца bird
6 быть похђж -а, -е, -и на + ACC resemble someone / something
10 по + Dative (of location) (travel) around a place
× ×
12 плЌвай+ || плыв+ // поплыв+ swim
77-1
77.A Three More Verbs of Motion Triplets
Here are three other common Verbs of Motion:
Non-Determined Determined
run бЎгай+ *бежЌть побежЌть

swim плЌвай+ плыв+× поплыв+×
fly летЌй+ летЎ+ полетЎ+
*This verb has a very strange Present Tense. The ‘outside’ forms (я and онЏ) have 1st conjugation endings, based
on the stem бег+´; all other forms have 2nd conjugation endings beginning with беж+´, as if this were a Жа-Жа
stem бежЌ+, which, in fact, the Past and Infinitive are built on.
Present Tense of бежЌть
c я бегѓ c
o o
n ты бежЏшь n
j j
2 u он/Ќ бежЏт 1 u
n g s g
d a мы бежЏм t a
t t
i вы бежЏте i
o o
n онЏ бегѓт n
77-2
77.Б Non-Determind (ходЏть) versus Determined (идтЏ) VoM
Note: Everything that we say below excludes the single round trip meaning, which, as we saw in a previous lesson, uses verbs
from practically all possible categories: ходЏл / Ўздил (there and back), пошлЌ / поЎхал (gone but not back), идёт / Ўдут
(future trip), пойдѓ / поЎдем (future trip), пойтЏ / поЎхать (with positive statements), не хђчет идтЏ / не собирЌются
Ўхать (with negative statements).
One fundamental difference between a single round trip and all the other usages of Verbs of Motion is that for all
the other usages the relationship between the form and the meaning does not change based on the tense (or
infinitive). In other words, you can simply “switch” the tense on ходЏть from past to present to future to
infinitive, and the type of motion described remains the same. (As we saw in the previous lesson, that’s what
makes expressing a single round trip so problematic. The future of Он Ўздил в Лондон (Non-Determined) is not
Он бѓдет Ўздить в Лђндон, it’s Он (по)Ўдет в Лђндон, (Determined) not to mention Он собирЌется поЎхать
в Лђндон (Perfective). Three different classes of Verbs of Motion are used for what seems to be the same action
– a single round trip to London.
“Determined” Verbs of Motion
идтЏ / Ўхать / плыть / бежЌть / летЎть

The most “user-friendly” way to translate “Determined” Verbs is: be heading, make one’s way.
Let’s look at these in various tenses, though, as we said above, the meaning doesn’t change from tense to tense:
Present Tense: Be heading / Make one’s way идѓ / Ўду / плывёт / летјт / бежЏм
The most common use of Determined Verbs is in the Present Tense. Идѓ, Ўдешь, плывёт, летјт, бегѓт
describe motion in progress, literally where the person (fish / bird) is heading / on their way to a specific
destination:
КудЌ ты идёшь? (Meeting someone walking down Where are you heading (headed)?
the street)
КудЌ ты Ўдешь? (Meeting someone on the train) Where are you heading (headed)?
Он сейчЌс бежЏт в магазЏн. He’s running to the store right now.
ОнЏ Ўдут на пђезде в Сиітл. They're on their way to Seattle (by train).
КакЌя-то большЌя птЏца летЏт прјмо ко мне! A big bird is flying straight at me (is heading
straight toward me).
ДЎти плывѓт к бЎрегу. The children are swimming toward the shore.
1. I’m on my way to New York. 2. He is swimming directly toward the shark акѓла
3. Where is she running to? 4. We’re going to the concert.
5. Where is that bird flying to? 6. I’m running to the library.
77-3
Past Tense: Was heading / Was making one’s way шла/ Ўхал / плылЌ / летЎли / бежЌла
Given the meaning be heading / on one’s way, in the Past Tense these Verbs must almost always be accompanied
by some additional information. In other words ВЌря шла домђй Varya was heading home / Varya was making
her way home is not really a complete sentence; you need something else, either another Adverb, or an event that
took place as she was heading home. (Keep in mind that these “heading / making one’s way” Verbs are
Imperfective. They do not describe a completed action.)
Here are some “complete” sentences with шёл / Ўхала / плѕли / летЎл / бежЌли, etc:
Он шёл в библиотЎку, когдЌ началсј дождь. He was on his way to the library when it started to
rain.
Мы Ўхали из Петербѓрга в Москвѓ на пђезде. We made our way from Petersburg to Moscow by
train. (We took the train from Petersbug to
Moscow.)
КогдЌ мы летЎли в Лђндон, менј бѕло плђхо. As we were flying to London, I was feeling sick.
ОнЌ мЎдленно плылЌ к бЎрегу. She slowly made her way (swimming) toward the
shore.
КогдЌ ГЎра бежЌл домђй, он встрЎтил ЛЎну. When Gera was heading home (running), he ran
into Lena.
1. The bird slowly made its way toward the building. 2. I saw Vera when I was running to class.
3. Their grandfather died on their way to Canada. 4. As Vera was walking home it started to rain.
5. As we were swimming slowly to the shore (бЎрег) 6. We got from Chicago to New York by car.
we saw a large fish.
Future: Will be heading / Will making one’s way бѓду идтЏ / бѓдем Ўхать / бѓдешь летЎть
Generally, the use of Determined Verbs in the Future is somewhat rare, though given what we have said, the
meaning (as person will be heading / as person will be on their way) is predictable, as seen in the following
example:
ПозвонЏ мне из машЏны, когдЌ ты бѓдешь Ўхать Call me from the car on your way over here.
ко мне.
You could go a long time before you hear a Russian actually say бѓду идтЏ, but at least you know what it means.
That’s it for “be heading / making one’s way” Verbs. Now let’s look at the Non-Determined Verbs: ходЏть,
Ўздить, бЎгать, плЌвать, летЌть.
77-4
“Non-Determined” Verbs of Motion
ходЏть, Ўздить, бЎгать, плЌвать, летЌть

Aside from a Past Tense single round trip, “Non-Dtermined” Verbs are used to describe three types of motion:
1) Ability / General Characteristic
Их сын ужЎ хђдит. Their son is already walking.

ПочтЏ все птЏцы летЌют, крђме пингвЏнов, Almost all bird fly except penguins, ostriches, and
стрЌусов и кѓр. chickens.
Ты хорошђ плЌваешь? Are you a good swimmer?
Мой дЎдушка всегдЌ ђчень бѕстро ходЏл. My grandfather would always walk very fast.
Он бЎгает как жЎнщина. He runs like a girl.
A closely related meaning is what we call the “Exercise” use of “Non-Determined” Verbs. The important thing
to note is that there is no sense at all of being headed anywhere; there’s no destination!
Я бЎгаю кЌждое ѓтро. I run (jog) every morning.

Я собирЌюсь плЌвать кЌждый день пђсле обЎда. I intend to swin every day after class.
Мой дЎдушка хђдит по университЎту три рЌза в My grandfather walks around the campus three
недЎлю. times a week.
2) Repeated Round Trips (Attendance / Frequent a Place)
Not to beat a dead horse, but notice once again that the meaning is the same for all three tenses.
РЌньше моЏ родЏтели кЌждое лЎто Ўздили в My parents used to travel to California every
Калифђрнию. summer.
МоЏ родЏтели кЌждое лЎто Ўздят в Калифђрнию. My parents travel to California every summer
МоЏ родЏтели кЌждое лЎто бѓдут Ўздить в My parents will travel to California every summer
Калифђрнию.
Он хђдит в бар кЌждый день пђсле рабђты. He goes to a bar every day after work.
Мой блЏзкий друг переЎхал в КанзЌс, и тепЎрь я My close friend moved to Kansas, and now I’ll be
бѓду чЌсто Ўздить тудЌ к немѓ. going there to visit him often.
Мы кЌждый год летЌем в БразЏлию. We fly to Brazil every year.
Я обещЌл родЏтелям, что бѓду ходЏть на все I promised my parents that I would attend all my
занјтия. classes.
Ѓсли бы я жилЌ в Нью-Йђрке, я бы без концЌ If I lived in NY, I would go to all the museums all
ходЏла во все музЎи. the time.
Ты не знЌешь, в какђй клуб онЏ хђдят? Would you happen to know which club they
frequent?
77-5
3) “Touring a Place” – With по + Dative
The Preposition по is used with the Dative in the sense of travelling around a place, touring a place. The key to
understanding this usage is that, though a place name may be mentioned, there is no notion of destination.
ЛЎтом онЌ бѓдет Ўздить по Еврђпе. She’s going to drive around Europe this summer.
ДЎти чЌсто бЎгают в пЌрке. The children often run around in the park.
Мы часЌ два ходЏли по гђроду. We walked around the city for around two hours.
ПрезидЎнт летЌет по всем стрЌнам в Ђзии. The president is flying to all the countries in Asia
(from country to country).
Он часЌми плЌвал в океЌне. He swam in the ocean for hours on end.
1. Borya swims (not drinks!) like a fish. 2. The children ran around the room.
3. We go to Moscow twice a year. 4. I will go to Paris every summer.
5. I run 10 kilometers every morning. 6. I am going to travel around Russia in the summer.
7. We went to all of Bashmet’s БашмЎт concerts. 8. I am going to swim in the river every day.
9. Birds fly; fish swim. 10. We used to go to a Chinese restaurant every Friday.
77-6
77.В (Быть) похђж, -а, -е, -и на когђ/что to resemble; look like
To say that someone/something looks like someone/something, use the short-form adjective похђж -а, -е, -и на +
ACC. In the Past Tense don’t forget the verb be. In theory, the verb be could appear in the Future, but it’s not very
common.
Говорјт, что я похђж на отцЌ. They say that I look like my father.
ОнЌ ђчень похђжа на сестрѓ. She looks a lot like (her) sister.
Егђ сёстры ђчень похђжи друг на дрѓга. His sisters greatly resemble each other.
Лђндон похђж на ПрЏнстон. London resembles Princeton.
Он ни на когђ не похђж. He doesn’t look like anyone.
Мой дЎдушка был похђж на Джђрджа ВЌшингтона. My grandfather looked like George Washington.
Мој тётя былЌ похђжа на однѓ анлгЏйскую My aunt looked like an English actress.
актрЏсу.
Say what the person/thing resembles (resembled) :
1. Ты (ВЌдик) // мой брат 2. Ђня // ВЎра past

3. МЏша // сосЎд (This is what Russians say to mean ‘He 4. Я (НЏна) // мать
looks like the milkman.’)
5. Мој мать // никтђ 6. ПрЏнстон // МосквЌ
7. Ты (Марк) // мой кот 8. Их сын // мой дЎдушка
9. ОнЌ // ты 10. Он // вы
11. Мой дЎдушка // АврЌам Лђнкольн past 12. Никтђ // я
77-7
" УпражнЎние 1 Say who three people look like, including yourself.
1.
2.
3.
" УпражнЎние 2 Select the correct Verb of Motion
1. КудЌ ты сейчЌс [ идёшь / хђдишь ]?
2. КудЌ вы [ Ўздили / ходЏли ] лЎтом?
3. ЛЏза [ плЌвает / плывёт ] как рѕба.
4. Мы весь день [ идём / бѓдем ходЏть ] по гђроду.
5. ЛЎтом ПЌша [ бѓдет Ўхать / Ўздит ] в Лђндон.
6. КогдЌ онЏ [ идѓт / бѓдут идтЏ ] на концЎрт?
7. ВЎра [ бежЏт / бЎгает ] три рЌза в недЎлю.
8. КогдЌ НЏна [ ходЏла / шла ] домђй, началсј снег.
9. Мы [ бѓдем ходЏть / бѓдем идтЏ ] на все концЎрты.
10. РЌньше ДЏма [ Ўхал / Ўздил ] в МонтЌну кЌждое лЎто.
11. ПозвонЏ мне из машЏны когдЌ ты [ бѓдешь Ўхать / бѓдешь Ўздить ] в Нью-Йорк.
12. МЏша сейчас [ идёт / хђдит ] в шкђлу. (The Adverb сейчЌс here means right now, as we speak.)
13. Я хочѓ [ поЎхать / Ўздить ] тудЌ кЌждый год.
14. Мы хотЏм [ поЎхать / Ўздить ] в ИтЌлию.
15. Ты не знЌешь, когдЌ он [ шёл / пошёл ] в библиотЎку?
16. Их дочЎри тђлько четѕре мЎсяца. ОнЌ ещё не [ хђдит / идёт ].
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17. В суббђту мы [ идём / Ўдем ] на дЌчу.
18. КогдЌ он [ шёл / пошёл ] в библиотЎку?
19. Ты опјть [ идёшь / хђдишь ] на ітот фЏльм?!
20. КогдЌ он [ Ўздил / Ўхал ] в АтлЌнту?
" УпражнЎние 3 Supply a Verb of Motion that makes sense
1. КудЌ ________________________________________ іти птЏцы?
2. Мы весь день ___________________________________________________ по гђроду.
3. РЌньше МЌша чЌсто _____________________________________________________ на концЎрты.
4. МЌша сегђдня ___________________________________________________ на концЎрт.
5. КогдЌ мы _____________________________________________ домђй, мы встрЎтили МЌшу.
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Диалог
СпасЏбо, не нЌдо Thanks, but no thanks
78.A Can: могѓ vs. умЎю
78.Б Playing an instrument
78.В Time Expressions: New and Review
78.В.1 Bare Instrumental (вЎчером, лЎтом)
78.В.2 Review (в срЎду, на ітой недЎле, в мЌе)
СпасЏбо, не нЌдо Thanks, but no thanks
ПЌша 1 НЏн, пошлЏ с нЌми в кинђ! Nina, come to the movies with us!
НЏна 2 Не могѓ. Я зЌнята сегђдня вЎчером. I can’t. I’m busy tonight.
ПЌша 3 Опјть бѓдешь занимЌться? КЌкая ты занѓда! You’re going to study again! You’re such a
bore!
НЏна 4 ЗанимЌться не бѓду. Сегђдня вЎчером у менј I’m not going to study. I have a concert tonight.
5 концЎрт.
ПЌша 6 Как іто «концЎрт»? Ты идёшь на концЎрт? What do you mean ‘concert’? You’re going to a
concert?
НЏна 7 Не совсЎм. Я пої и игрЌю на гитЌре в рок- Not exactly. I sing and play the guitar in a rock
8 грѓппе. band.
ПЌша 9 А я дЌже не знЌл, что ты умЎешь игрЌть на I didn’t know that you knew how to play the
10 гитЌре. Не могѓ повЎрить! guitar. I can’t believe it!
НЏна 11 В прђшлом годѓ, ђсенью, когдЌ я учЏлась в Last year, in the fall, when I was studying in
12 МосквЎ одЏн мой знакђмый менј научЏл игрЌть Moscow, a friend of mine taught me how to play
13 на гитЌре. Сегђдня мой пЎрвый концЎрт. the guitar. Today’s my first concert.
ПЌша 14 Ничегђ себЎ! You don’t say! (Impressive!; Not bad!)
НЏна 15 А ты на какђм инструмЎнте умЎешь игрЌть? How about you, what instrument do you know
how to play?
ПЌша 16 Я игрЌю на ројле. РЌньше я умЎл игрЌть на I play the piano. I used to know how to play the
17 скрЏпке, но я ђчень давнђ не игрЌл. Ѓсли violin, but I haven’t played in a very long time.
18 хђчешь, я могѓ что-нибѓдь для тебј сыгрЌть на If you want, I can play something for you on
19 МЌшиной скрЏпке. Masha’s violin.
НЏна 20 СпасЏбо, не нЌдо. Thanks, but no thanks.
1 пошлЏ let’s go (Bizarre use of Past Tense to indicate let’s. This use is
limited to very few Verbs, of which пошлЏ is the most common.)
7 не совсЎм not exactly (the other way around)
7 игрЌй+ // сыгрЌй+ на + Prepositional play a musical instrument (See Grammar)
7 гитЌра (Feminine!) guitar (Note the -a in Russian!)
9 умЎй+ be able; can; have the skill (See Grammar)
11 ђсень (F) fall; autumn (See Grammar)
×
12 учи+ // на- когђ + Infinitive teach someone to do something
15 инструмЎнт Guess
16 ројль (M) piano
17 скрЏп/ка (o) violin
20 спасЏбо, не нЌдо thanks, but no thanks
78-1
78.A Can: Capability vs. Knowing How — Могѓ vs. УмЎю
You need to be careful (yet once again) when translating the word can. Russian distinguishes between physical or
mental capability; have the opportunity мочь // с- vs. possess the skill; know how to умЎй+. You cannot (repeat,
cannot) use the phrase знЌй+ как to express ability; знЌй+ expresses knowing a fact or a person.
A nice contrast can be seen in the sentences:
Кђля умЎет игрЌть в шЌхматы. Кђля сегђдня не мђжет игрЌть в

шЌхматы. Емѓ нЌдо занимЌться
Kolya can play chess. (He has the skill.) Kolya can’t play chess today. He has to
study. (It is assumed he knows how.)
In other words, the use of умЎй+ will not change based on outside circumstances (unless the person learned to do
something(, where the use of мочь can change day to day.
Both verbs are followed by an Infinitive. Note that both verbs actually show up with several different translations,
depending on the context.
мочь // с- have the physical power or opportunity

Я сегђдня не могѓ прийтЏ к тебЎ. I can’t come over your place today.
Я бђльше не могѓ есть. I can’t eat any more.
Мы хотЎли открѕть окнђ, но не смоглЏ. We wanted to open the window, but we weren’t
able to..
Ты мђжешь нам помђчь зЌвтра? Can you help us tomorrow?
Я не могѓ учЏться и рабђтать одновремЎнно. I can’t go to school and work at the same time.
умЎй+ have the skill to; know how to

Ты умЎешь стојть на головЎ? Can you / Do you know how to stand on your
head?
Он умЎет хорошђ готђвить. He’s a good cook.
Врать я не умЎю. I’m no good at lying.
РЌньше я умЎла игрЌть в гольф. I used to be able to play golf.
To be 100% honest, Russians sometimes use мочь where, according to the “rules” one would expect умЎй+.
In an upcoming lesson, we’ll discuss yet another translation for can, namely permission / prohibition.
78-2
Insert the correct form of the verb can (мочь vs. умЎй+) .
1. Я хорошђ _________________________ плЌвать. 2. Я не ____________________ плЌвать сегђндя. У

менј живђт болЏт.
3. Сегђдня онЌ не ___________________ готђвить. 4. ОнЌ не ________________________ готђвить.
ПЎчка stove не рабђтает.
5. РЌньше он ______________ игрЌть в шЌхматы. 6. Я не ______________________ пить. Я вожѓ
машЏну. I’m driving.
7. Ты __________________ водЏть машЏну? 8. НЏна ђчень мЌленькая, но онЌ _______________
пить. (She can hold her liquor.)
9. КЏра ___________________ стојть на головЎ. 10. Он не _______________ вЏдеть. Он слепђй.
78.Б Playing an Instrument: ИгрЌй+ на чём (vs. ИгрЌй+ во что)
We’ve seen the verb play игрЌй+ // по- used with в + Accusative when indicating what sport someone plays:
Он хорошђ игрЌет в тЎннис. He’s a good tennis player.

ВчерЌ мы игрЌли в футбђл. We played soccer yesterday.
Ты умЎешь игрЌть в шЌхматы? Do you know how to play chess?
Я научЏл Кђлю игрЌть в гђльф. I taught Kolya to play golf.
To indicate what musical instrument a person plays, use игрЌй+ // сыграй+ на + Prepositional (of Instrument):
ИцхЌк ПЎрельман игрЌет на скрЏпке. Itzhak Perlman plays the violin.

ВладЏмир ГоровЎц игрЌл на ројле. Vladimr Horowitz played the piano. (Note how
English butchered his name.)
ДжЏми ХЎндрикс игрЌл на гитЌре. Jimi Hendrix played the guitar.
Я ни на какђм инструмЎнте игрЌть не умЎю. I can’t play any instrument.
Кто тебј научЏл игрЌть на барабЌне? Who taught you to play the drums?
МузыкЌльные инструмЎнты For reference:
Ќльт viola
Ќрфа harp
барабЌн drums (singular in Russian)
бас-гитЌра bass guitar
виолончЎль (F) cello
(губнЌя) гармђшка harmonica
кларнЎт clarinet
контрабЌс bass
ројль piano
78-3
саксофђн saxophone
скрЏп/ка (о) violin
трубЌ trumpet
фагђт bassoon
флЎйта flute
Insert the verb игрЌй+ in the correct form together with the correct Preposition and Case
1. МЌша / ројль (Present) 2. Я хорошђ / шЌхматы (Present)

3. Я рЌньше / флЎйта (Past) 4. Кто / тЎннис? (Past)
5. Мой брат / гитЌра (Past) 6. Никто здесь / гђльф (Present)
7. Мы / футбђл (Future) 8. НЏна хорошђ умЎет / барабЌн
9. Кто тебј научЏл / фагђт? 10. Ты / бейсбђл? (Past)
11. Я не умЎю / no instrument 12. Вы умЎете / волейбђл?
78.В Time Expressions: New and Review
Let’s look at a new time expression with the Instrumental, after which we’ll review the various prepositions and
cases used in the most common time expressions.
78.В.1 Bare Instrumental for time periods that come in fours (Parts of the day
/ Seasons)
To say in the morning, during the day, in the evening, at night, just use the Instrumental of the time phrase:
Я обѕчно бЎгаю ѓтром. I usually run in the morning.

Днём я рабђтаю на пђчте. I work in the post office during the day.
ВЎчером я рабђтаю в библиотЎке. In the evening I work in the library.
Нђчью я сплю. At night I sleep.
You can also indicate last night, yesterday morning, Thursday afternoon, etc. with two nouns. For a specific day
(Monday, Wednesday, etc.) use в + Accusative, for yesterday, today, tomorrow, just use the Nominative. This is
followed by the time of day (morning, day, evening, night) in the Instrumental:
ЗЌвтра ѓтром я идѓ к врачѓ. I’m going to the doctor tomorrow morning.
ЗЌвтра днём менј не бѓдет дђма. I won’t be home tomorrow afternoon (during the
day.)
В срЎду вЎчером я пойдѓ на концЎрт. Wednesday night I’m going to a concert.
Он вернётся сегђдня нђчью, часЌ в три. He’s coming back (late) tonight, around 3AM.
78-4
The bare Instrumental is also used with seasons. Adjectives (this summer, last winter) can be used, though often
context makes it clear to which summer (winter, etc.) the speaker is referring:
Мы пожЎнимся (ітой) веснђй. We’re getting married in the spring.

Что ты дЎлал лЎтом? What did you do this summer?
Прђшлой ђсенью я дђлго болЎл. Last fall I was sick for a long time.
Зимђй мы Ўздим во Флђриду. We go to Florida in the winter.
Translate
1. In the winter we went to Russia. 2. I like to sleep during the day.

3. In the morning I often swim. 4. This summer I’m going to work in the post office.
5. Last summer I taught Masha to play the guitar. 6. Tonight I’m going to a concert.
7. In the fall I’m going to study in France. 8. Last night I wasn’t home.
9. Tomorrow morning I have a Russian exam. 10. Every summer my uncle arrives from Minsk.
78-5
78.В.2 Review of other time expressions (в день / на недЎле / в годѓ)

Recall the breakdown:
< Week в + Accusative в час; в срЎду; в ітот день
= Week на + Prepositional на прђшлой / ітой / бѓдущей недЎле
> Week в + Prepositional в апрЎле; в прђшлом годѓ
*ОнЏ ушлЏ в пять часђв. They left at 5:00.

Что ты дЎлаешь в іту пјтницу? What are you doing this Friday?
В какЏе дни ты рабђтаешь? What days do you work?
На прђшлой недЎле я познакђмился с однЏм Last week I met a kooky professor.
чђкнутым профЎссором.
На ітой недЎле у менј шесть экзЌменов. This week I have six exams.
На бѓдущей недЎле я идѓ на ђперу. Next week I’m going to the opera.
Мы уезжЌем в мЌрте. We’re leaving in March.
ОнЏ поженЏлись в прђшлом годѓ. We got married last year.
* Note that the number itself пять is Accusative, though the following noun часђв appears in Genitive Plural.
Put the time phrase into the correct form, with the correct preposition.
1. (средЌ) я идѓ к врачѓ. 2. (ітот вЎчер) я бѓду зЌнят.

3. (прђшлая недЎля) я купЏл нђвую дорогѓю 4. (три часЌ) у менј свидЌние
машЏну.
5. ОнЏ поженЏлись (прђшлый год) 6. Мой отЎц приЎхал в АмЎрику (втђрник)
7. По рЌдио сказЌли, что (слЎдующая недЎля) 8. Я получЌю хорђшие отмЎтки (ітот год)
бѓдет теплђ.
9. (воскресЎнье) мы бѓдем игрЌть в гђльф 10. Я свобђден (іта недЎля)
78-6
" УпражнЎние 1 Write five sentences, each with a different time expression. (You can repeat
the same preposition.)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
" УпражнЎние 2 Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the correct verb:
1. Ты ___________________________________ игрЌть в гђльф?
2. Я сегђдня не ___________________________ игрЌть в гђльф, я зЌнята.
3. Мы хотЎли открыть дверь, но не ___________________________________.
4. Мой брат хорошђ ________________________________ готђвить.
5. Ты _________________________________, кто написЌл «Войнѓ и мир»? (think!)
6. РЌньше я __________________________________ неплђхо игрЌть на ројле.
78-7
7. Я не ________________________________ пить сегђдня. ЗЌвтра у менј экзЌмен.
8. Я емѓ вЎрю. Он врать не _____________________________________.
" УпражнЎние 3 Describe the musical talents of two people (yourself, parents, siblings,
Jimi Hendrix, Joshua Bell, Benny Goodman, etc. See list on pages 3-4.)
1.
2.
78-8
Диалог
Мам, мђжно задЌть тебЎ вопрђс?
79.A More on can: Permission and Prohibition
79.Б The same тот же сЌмый
79.B The wrong не тот
Мам, можно задЌть тебЎ вопрђс? Mom, can I ask you a question?
Сын 1 МЌм, мђжно задЌть тебЎ вопрђс? Mom, can I ask you a question?
Мать 2 КонЎчно, мђжно. Of course you can.
Сын 3 Почемѓ пЌпе мђжно (пЌпа мђжет) пить и Why is dad allowed (can dad) drink and smoke but
4 курЏть, а мне нельзј (я не могѓ)? I’m not allowed (I can’t)?
Мать 5 КогдЌ я былЌ мЌленькая, я задалЌ моЎй мЌтери When I was little, I asked my mother the same
6 тот же сЌмый вопрђс, что и ты. question you asked.
Сын 7 А что онЌ тебЎ отвЎтила? And what did she answer you?
Мать 8 Ты понимЌешь, сынђчек, иногдЌ взрђслым You see, sonny boy, sometimes adults are allowed
9 мђжно (взрђслые мђгут) дЎлать то, что дЎтям to (can) do that which children aren’t allowed to
10 нельзј (дЎти не мђгут). (can’t) do.
Сын 11 МЌм, а мне тђже мђжно смотрЎть на молодѕх Mom, can I also look at young women on the
12 дЎвушек по компьїтеру? computer?
Мать 13 О чём ты говорЏшь? What are you talking about?
Сын 14 КогдЌ тебј нет дђма, пЌпа чЌсто смђтрит на When you’re not here, dad often looks at young
15 дЎвушек по интернЎту. И онЏ не всегдЌ одЎты. women on the Internet. And they’re not always
dressed.
Мать 16 Я егђ убьї! I’ll kill him.
Словарь
1 мђжно may, can (See grammar)

4 нельзј may not; it is forbidden (See grammar)
6 тот же сЌмый the same (See grammar)
6 что и just like (See grammar)
8 сынђчек (е) sonny boy
дђченька daughter
8 взрђслый adult Adjective as Noun
9 то, что that which; the fact that (We’ll cover this more in depth next year, but you
often need to have this “buffer” phrase in Russian.)
15 интернЎт Internet
по интернЎту (на интернЎте is also on the Internet
possible)
15 одЎт -а, -ы dressed (cf. одевЌй+…ся / одЎн+…ся)
79-1
79.А More on Can: Permission vs. Prohibition
• Permission: Мне мђжно or Я могѓ

In a previous lesson we saw two ways of expressing can – мочь (physical ability; opportunity) vs. умЎй+ (skill).
There’s a third possibility: When can expresses permission (Can/May I ask you a question?) use either мочь
(with a Nominative subject) or мђжно with a Dative ‘subject’. Both constructions are followed by an Infinitive:
Мне мђжно здесь сесть?

Я могѓ здесь сесть? May I sit (down) here?
ВрЌч сказЌл, что емѓ мђжно игрЌть в футбђл.

ВрЌч сказЌл, что он мђжет игрЌть в футбђл. The doctor said he could play soccer.
На прђшлой недЎле ей испђлнился 21 год. ТепЎрь Last week she turned 21. Now she can / is allowed
ей мђжно / онЌ мђжет пить винђ. to drink wine.
Often мђжно appears without any Dative ‘subject’, either (1) as a general statement or, (2)when it is obvious
who the subject is:
(1) Мђжно здесь курЏть? Is smoking allowed here?

В ітом музЎе, мђжно фотографЏровать Can one take photographs of the pictures in this
картЏны. musuem?
(2) Мђжно задЌть вам вопрђс? Can/May I ask you a question?
Мђжно вѕйти из кђмнаты? Can I leave the room?
• Prohibition: Нельзј (+ Dative)

To express prohibition, use нельзј (with optional Dative). In this meaning, you cannot (вам нельзј) use не
мочь:
Врач сказЌл, что емѓ нельзј курЏть. The doctor said he cannot / should not smoke.
ДЎтям нельзј пить. Children cannot / are not allowed to drink.
Нельзј спать на урђке. No sleeping in class.
Им нельзј есть мјсо. They cannot eat meat
Translate
1. May one smoke here? 2. No smoking here.

3. May we listen to music? 4. You may not listen to music.
5. Is he allowed to drink? 6. He is not allowed to drink.
7. May I ask you a question? 8. No, you may not.
9. Is Vadik allowed to play soccer? 10. No talking during class.
79-2
79.Б More on the Use of Тот же сЌмый
Recall that to say the same (woman, car, problems) use тот же (сЌмый) in the correct CNG. СЌмый is not
required, but it often adds the idea of the very same. The Neuter Singular то же сЌмое can be used to express the
same thing (as in when Mitya said: Я бы дѓмал то же сЌмое I would think the same thing), when an idea, rather
than a specific noun, is referred to.
МЌша говорЏт о том же сЌмом человЎке. Masha’s talking about the same person.
Он влюбЏлся в ту же сЌмую жЎнщину. He fell in love with the same woman.
ВЏка сказЌла то же сЌмое. Vika said the same thing.
In all three of the above examples, it is clear that a particular person/phrase has already been mentioned or is
strongly implied.
• Тот in the Plural

In the plural, тот works like все, where the main vowel is e and not the expected ы/и
ИменЏтельный ВинЏтельный РодЏтельный ДЌтельный Предлђжный ТворЏтельный

те Inanimate = Имен. тех тем тех тЎми
все всех всем всех всЎми
Animate = Род.
Он пЏшет о тех же поітах. He’s writing about the same poets.

Я интересѓюсь тЎми же проблЎмами. I’m interested in the same problems.
Я завЏдую тем же сЌмым профессорЌм. I envy the same professors.
You also find е and not ы in the Masculine/Neuter Instrumental Singular:
Он нашёл ключЏ под тем же сЌмым столђм. He found his keys under the very same table.
• As = что и
To add as you (him, them, etc.) use что и plus (usually) Nominative. Many students (perhaps understandably)
want to use как in this context, but it’s что и. Some examples:
Я писЌл о том же сЌмом фЏльме, что и ты. I wrote about the same film as you (did).
Он ходЏл на тот же сЌмый концЎрт, что и мы. He went to the same concert as us (we did).
ОнЌ ѓчится в том же сЌмом унверисЎте, что и её She goes to the same college as her older brother
стЌрший брат. (does).
79-3
Make the noun the same one. Use что и in all even numbered sentences:
1. Она спЎла пЎсню. 2. Ты встречЌешься с дЎвушкой (я)

3. Кђля жил у жЎнщины. 4. Все обЎдали в ресторЌне (онЌ)
5. НЏна спросЏла о статьЎ. 6. Мој бЌбушка дѓмает. (я)
7. ТЌня интересѓется проблЎмами. 8. Егђ отЎц учЏлся в университЎт (он)
9. Я задалЌ емѓ вопрђс. 10. Кто ходЏл на ђперу (онЏ)?
79.В The Wrong: Не тот
Since we’re on the topic of constructions with тот, let’s spell out in greater detail a usage we saw earlier. To say
the wrong key (number, bus, etc.), use не тот in the appropriate CNG. We saw this very early on in:
Вы набрЌли не тот нђмер. You have (dialed) the wrong number.

Я взял не тот ключ. I took the wrong key.
and later in the Sara story:
Я сЎла не на тот автђбус. I got on the wrong bus.
As you can see in the last example, prepositions go between не and тот (because nothing comes between a
preposition and its complement).
Some more examples with and without prepositions:
Ты спросЏла не тогђ человЎка. You asked the wrong person.

Я вошёл не в ту кђмнату. I walked into the wrong room.
ОнЌ отдалЌ кнЏгу не той жЎнщине. She gave the book to the wrong woman.
Мы подъЎхали не к томѓ здЌнию. We drove up to the wrong building.
ОнЌ взялЌ не те ключЏ. She took the wrong keys.
Ты купЏл не ту кнЏгу. You bought the wrong book.
Он менј ждал не на той останђвке. He was waiting for me at the wrong stop.
Make the noun the wrong one:
1. Я набрЌл нђмер. 2. Он укрЌл машЏну.

3. ОнЌ отдалЌ кнЏги лїдям. 4. Я взял часѕ.
5. Мы сЎли на автђбус. 6. Я егђ спросЏл о фЏльме.
7. ОнЏ подошлЏ к жЎнщине. 8. КнЏга стоЏт на пђлке.
9. Я купЏл пЏво. 10. Я убЏл профЎссора.
79-4
" УпражнЎние 1 Change the Noun Phrase into either the same as [Person] or the wrong:
1. ВЎра купЏла кнЏгу. (If you’re tempted to write ВЎра ку пила ту же сЌмую кнЏгу, think about exactly what
this means! – and translate into English.)
2. Мы сЎли на автђбус.
3. Он взял зонт.
4. Мы говорЏли о францѓзском певцЎ.
" УпражнЎние 2 ПеревидЏте на рѓсский:
1. + Is smoking permitted here? - No, it is forbidden.
2. Can I ask you a question?
3. Can you stand on your head?
79-5
4. One should not (cannot) believe adults.
5. I like what (= that which) you bought. (Think about which verb to use!)
6. You can’t open the door. (Use Imperfective). I am not dressed.
" УпражнЎние 3 Глагђл дня
вЎри+ believe
PRESENT PAST
я ______________________________________ он ______________________________________
ты ______________________________________ онЌ ______________________________________
онЏ ______________________________________ онЏ ______________________________________
IMPER ___________________________________ INF ______________________________________
79-6
Диалог
КогдЌ он посмђтрит на себј в зЎркало
80.A Self
80.Б Ли
КогдЌ он посмђтрит на себј в зЎркало... When he looks at himself in the mirror...
В магазЏне
Іля 1 Бѓдьте добрѕ, покажЏте мне іту кѓртку. Excuse me, could you please show me that
jacket?
ПродавщЏца 2 Какѓю? Љту зелёную? Вы себЎ (для себј) Which one? This green one? Are you buying
3 покупЌете? this for yourself?
Іля 4 Нет, не себЎ (для себј). Љто подЌрок моемѓ No, it not for (me) myself. It’s a present for
5 профЎссору (для моегђ профЎссора) рѓсского my Russian professor. But I’m not sure
6 языкЌ. Но я не знЌю, понрЌвится ли онЌ емѓ. whether (if) he’ll like it. I just don’t
7 Я прђсто не пђмню, нђсит ли он такЏе кѓртки. remember whether (if) he wears jackets like
this (such jackets).
ПродавщЏца 8 КогдЌ он посмђтрит на себј в зЎркало, он When he looks at himself in the mirror, he’ll
9 бѓдет собђй ђчень довђлен. ПовЎрьте мне. be delighted with himself. Believe me.
Іля 10 Хорошђ, покупЌю. OK, I’ll take it.
ПродавщЏца 11 Вы возьмёте её с собђй, Џли хотЏте, чтобы мы Are you taking this with you, or do you want
12 её послЌли емѓ? us to send the jacket to him?
Іля 13 Я с собђй возьмѓ. I’ll take it with me.
1 бѓдьте добрѕ Very polite phrase said in store (and other places) to get someone’s
attention, a combination of excuse me and please.
You can also use this expression with friends, in which case you would
будь дђбр / добрЌ
use the ты form.
1 кѓрт/ка (o) jacket (Not a sport coat, which is пиджЌк.)
2 продавец´ (е) ~ продавщЏца salesperson
2 себЎ oneself (See Grammar)
6 ли if; whether (See Grammar)
×
7 носи+ wear
8 зЎркало mirror
×
смотре+ // по на себј в зЎркало look at oneself in the mirror
×
11 {возьм+´ / взя+} take (Perfective) For now just learn the Perfective.
×
{возьм+´ / взя+} с собђй take with oneself
12 посылЌй+ // послЌ+ send (Perfective) For now just learn the Past and Infinitive of the
Perfective Stem. (The Perfective Future is not what you expect.)
80-1
80.A Себј (СебЎ, Собђй) (One)self
The reflexive pronoun себј (себЎ, собђй.) (one)self is used to refer back to the subject of the clause. Себј
declines exactly like ты except it has no Nominative form (which makes sense, given that себј is linked to the
subject of the clause, but cannot itself be the subject.) You’ll like the fact that себј (себЎ, собђй.) is used for both
genders (Masc. and Fem.) and for singular as well as plural.
Some examples with себя self:
ИменЏтельный N/A
Nominative
ВинЏтельный ВЎра слЏшком лїбит себј. Vera loves herself too much.
Accusative Мой брат без концЌ смђтрит на себј в My brother constantly looks at himself in the
зЎркало. mirror.
Мы не на тебј, а на себј сЎрдимся. We’re not mad at you, we’re mad at ourselves.
ВчерЌ я вЏдел себј по телевЏзору. Yesterday I saw myself on TV.
РодЏтельный МЌша всё дЎлает для себј. Masha does everything for herself
Genitive ОнЏ себј бојтся. (Recall that бој+...ся They’re afraid of themselves.
takes Genitive)
Он сейчЌс у себј. (Note this use of у) He’s in his room now.
Предлђжный Почемѓ ты без концЌ говорЏшь о себЎ? Why do you constantly talk about yourself?
Prepositional ОнЏ дѓмают тђлько о себЎ. They only think about themselves.
ДЌтельный Я купЏл себЎ нђвые тѓфли. I bought new shoes for myself.
Dative Я по себЎ знЌю, что учЏться и рабђтать I know from personal experience that it’s hard
трѓдно. to go to school and work.
ТворЏтельный Над кем ты смеёшься? Я смеюсь над Who are you laughing at? I’m laughing at
Instrumental собђй. myself.
ОнЌ забѕла взять с собђй зонт. She forgot to take an umbrella with her.
Я открѕл глазЌ и увЏдел перед собђй I opened my eyes and saw a big tiger in front
большђго тЏгра. of me.
The phrasal verb чѓвствова+ себј does contain the Accusative себј, though it is somewhat hard to see the exact
“reflexive” meaning. (Still, it’s a good way to remember at least the one form.)
• Self: Two (non-interchangeable) ways: себј vs. -ся

‘Self’ is not always expressed by себј. Later on we’ll see that with some verbs the Accusative meaning of self is
expressed with the suffix -ся. The difficulty is that almost always the two ways of expressing self (себј vs. -ся)
are mutually exclusive. For example, we have seen the -ся verb {мђй+...ся / мѕ+...ся} wash oneself. We also
saw the non-ся verb {мой+ / мѕ+} as in Он мђет посѓду He’s washing the dishes. But you cannot take the
verb {мой+ / мѕ+} and add себј to get the meaning wash oneself. Basically, Russian figures that having one
way to express Verb self is enough. But it can be very hard to predict which method a particular verb uses. (A
dissertation is just waiting to be written about this.) We’ll discuss -ся in depth a little later on.
80-2
Substitute the reflexive pronoun for the object
1. МЌша дѓмает о ВЏте. 2. Я купЏл это для негђ.

3. Я куплї ВЏке нђвые тѓфли. 4. КЏра сейчЌс у врачЌ.
5. НЏна довђльна Џми. 6. МЌрта смђтрит на Бђрю.
7. Я говорї о тебЎ. 8. Я ненавЏжу всех.
9. МЌша смеётся надо мнђй. 10. МЏша сЎрдится на нас.
80.Б When if = whether: ли
You may not have realized it, but English if has two entirely different usages (and, as expected, shows up in two
distinct ways in Russian). Previously we saw Ўсли, as well as Ўсли бы, both of which are used to indicate a
hypothetical situation.
However, when if can be replaced by whether, you cannot use Ўсли, you must use ли.
if
Ўсли /Ўсли бы ли
If it rains, we won’t go. I don’t know if (whether) he’ll like it.
I’ll give you $5 if you give me an A. She didn’t say if (whether) she would
come to the party.
If had lived in Moscow, I would
speak Russian without an accent. I’m not sure if (whether) he eats eel.
(If you have studied German, you’ll recognize that ли corresponds to ob.)
Indicate whether if corresponds to Ўсли, Ўсли бы оr ли. Answers on the bottom of the page.
1. I’m not sure if she speaks Russian. 2. If she was born in Moscow, why doesn’t she speak
Russian?
3. Vera said she would be mad if we don’t come. 4. I’d buy you a big bottle of soda if I had $1,000,000.
5. I won’t tell if you won’t. 6. If today is Monday, why is our professor wearing
pajamas?
7. I don’t remember if she lives in Petersburg. 8. If I could dance like him, I’d quit school.
9. Did you tell them if you’d be free? 10. If I had known that Russian was this much fun, I
would have failed the course so I could take it
again next year.
1. ли 2. Ўсли 3. Ўсли 4. Ўсли бы 5. Ўсли 6. Ўсли 7. ли 8. Ўсли бы 9. ли 10. Ўслибы
80-3
• Ли (Lee/Li the whether-man) (Corny but good way to remember this.)

When if can be replaced by whether, you must use a ли construction in Russian. The syntax is as follows:
Introductory Element in
ли Rest of Sentence
phrase Question
Я не знЌю, понрЌвится ли ВЏте эта шЌпка. I don’t know whether Vitya will like this hat.
ВЎра не сказЌла, хђчет ли онЌ есть. Vera didn’t say whether she wants to eat.
Он не увЎрен, ГЌля ли іто сдЎлала. He’s not sure whether it was Galya who do it
Exactly one syntactic element (not necessarily just one word – more on that below) must appear before ли
(following the Introductory phrase). Most often a verb is found before ли. There are four or five phrases that
most commonly “trigger” a ли construction:
Я не знЌю, придёт ли он. I don’t know whether he’s coming.

Никто не знЌет, смђжет ли онЌ прийтЏ. No one knows whether she’ll be able to come.
Вы не знЌете, мнђго ли ВЌня зарабЌтывает? Don’t you know whether Vanya earns a lot of
money?
Я не увЎрен, игрЌет ли МЌша в шЌхматы. I’m not sure whether Masha plays chess.
ОнЌ не увЎрена, знЌет ли Лёня егђ. She’s not sure whether Lyonya knows him..
Мы не увЎрены, помѕлись ли дЎти. We’re not sure whether the children bathed.
Лев не сказЌл, получЏл ли он мой подЌрок. Lev didn’t say whether he got my present.
НЏна не сказЌла, понрЌвилась ли ей пЎсня. Nina didn’t say whether she liked the song.
ОнЏ не сказЌли, смејлся ли Макс над ітим. They didn’t say whether Maks laughed at that.
Я не пђмню, кѓрит ли ТЌня. I don’t remember whether Tanya smokes.

Ты не пђмнишь, зЌдЌл ли Бђря профЎссору Don’t you remember whether Borya asked the
вопрђс? professor a question?
ОнЏ не пђмнят, получЌла ли Пђля хорђшие They don’t remember whether Polya got good
отмЎтки. grades.
Кђля менј спросЏл, интересѓюсь ли я Kolya asked me whether I was interested in music.
мѓзыкой.
Я егђ спросЏл, хђчет ли он пойтЏ с нЌми. I asked him whether he wanted to come with us.
ТЌня нас спросЏла, знЌем ли мы ітого Tanya asked us whether we knew that guy.
пЌрня.
80-4
Form a ли construction
1. ГрЏша не пђмнит / НЏна отдалЌ им дЎньги 2. ОнЏ менј спросЏли / Мне понрЌвился фильм
3. РодЏтели не бѕли ѓверены / ДЎти занимЌлись 4. Никто не пђмнит / МЌша былЌ на вечерЏнке
5. КЏра не сказЌла / ОнЌ принесёт торт 6. Ты не знЌешь / ГришЌ взял ключЏ?
7. Мне всё равнђ / Бђре понрЌвится іта шЌпка 8. Он тебЎ сказЌл / Он пђмнит менј?
9. Кто тебј спросЏл / Я вѕпил бутѕлку вђдки? 10. Я не знЌю / СЌша ужЎ попрЌвился
11. КогдЌ ТамЌра скЌжет / Она испечёт хлеб? 12. ОнЏ не увЎрены / ЛЌра нђсит їбки
• Break up the Imperfective future: ...бѓду ли я...

In the compound future (Imperfective) only the verb бѓд+ appears before ли – the Infinitive of the main Verb
follows ли:
Я не знЌю, бѓду ли я писЌть диссертЌцию. I don’t know whether I will write a dissertation.
ОнЌ не сказЌла, бѓдут ли онЏ занимЌться She didn’t say whether they will study together with
вмЎсте с нЌми. us.
Ты не пђмнишь, бѓдет ли ДЏма рабђтать в Do you happen to remember whether Dima is going
іту суббђту. to work this Saturday.
× ×
The same applies to other compound verb constructions: мог+ / хоте+, etc. + Infinitive. Only the conjugated verb
precedes ли:
Бђря не знЌет, смђжет ли он приЎхать. Borya doesn’t know whether he can come.
ТЌня менј спросЏла, хочѓ ли я занимЌться Tanya asked me whether I wanted to study with her.
вмЎсте с ней.
Я не пђмню, попросЏл ли я егђ закрѕть I don’t remember whether I asked him to close the
дверь. door.
80-5
One syntactic element (not just one word) + ли: ...в срЎду ли...
All of the previous examples have one word, usually the verb, preceding ли. The more general rule is that the
one syntactic element that is in question, not necessarily the verb, must precede ли. So you can find a
prepositional phrase or noun or adjective, etc. before ли. In English we often use intonation to get the meaning
across.
Я не пђмню, в МосквЎ ли мы I don’t remember whether we met in Moscow (it

познакђмились. may have been Rome).
ОнЌ спросЏла, ВЎра ли написЌла это She asked whether Vera wrote that poem (if may be
стихотворЎние. Nina).
Я не увЎрена, в суббђту ли он уЎхал. I’m not sure whether he left on Saturday (it may
have been Friday).
Я не знЌю, крЌсную ли Ђня взялЌ кнЏгу. I don’t know whether Anya took the red book (it
may have been the blue one).
In all of the above examples, the speaker already knows that an action has taken place (that they met somewhere,
that someone wrote the poem, that he left, that Anya took a book), they are trying to focus in on a specific aspect
of the action (where, who, when, what kind). Still, the most common element found before ли is the Verb.
• Ўсть ли ≠ Ўсли
When questioning the existence or presence of a thing of person, the verb есть (unchanging) appears. Do not mix
this up with Ўсли.
Я не знЌю, есть ли у негђ подрѓга. I don’t know whether he has a girlfriend.

Никто не сказЌл, есть ли он в ПрЏнстоне. No one said whether he’s in Princeton.
Почемѓ ты егђ не спросЏл, Ўсть ли у негђ Why didn’t you ask him whether he has any money.
дЎньги.
In the past and future, a conjugated form of the verb be, which agrees with the Nominative subject, is used:
Я не увЎрена, бѓдут ли у менј дЎньги I’m not sure whether I’m going to have any money.
Он не сказЌл, бѕл ли он на вѕставке. He didn’t say whether he had been at the exhibit.
ОнЌ не пђмнит, бѕли ли ВЎрины родЏтели She doesn’t remember whether Vera’s parents were
на обЎде. at the dinner.
Form ли constructions. The phrase in question appears in bold (except Verbs).
1. Кђля не сказЌл / Он бѓдет учЏться в Принстоне 2. Кто спросЏл Рђдю / У негђ есть подрѓга?
3. Мы не знЌли / МЏша женЏлся на МЌрте 4. ОнЏ не бѕли увЎрены / ОнЏ смђгут помђчь
5. Я не ѓверена / Ѕра уЎхала в срЎду. 6. Њля не пђмнит / ВитЌлик попросЏл ЛЌру
купЏть капѓсту
7. Нам всё равнђ / Кђля смђжет пойтЏ 8. Я не увЎрена / НЌдя написЌла это
стихотворЎние
9. Я не знЌю / У менј бѓдут дЎньги 10. ОлЎг не пђмнит / ВЏка купЏла крЌсную машЏну
80-6
• “Non-Whether” Ли – Used without an introductory phrase (For reference)
A ли construction can also be found in an independent clause (without any introductory я не знЌю; онЌ не
сказЌла, etc.). Here ли does not correspond to whether, or any overt element in English for that matter; it simply
emphasizes that the phrase preceding ли is what is in question.
Many Russians consider this use of “non-whether” ли to be quite bookish, though a lot of people actually think it
is quite polite. In any case, since you will see this use of ли quite often in literature, you should be able to
recognize. Note that the same exact question can expressed without ли:
ЗнЌете ли вы, как её зовѓт? = Вы знЌете, как её зовѓт?

В Москвѓ ли онЏ Ўдут? = ОнЏ Ўдут в Москвѓ?
Пђмнишь ли вы, где он живёт? = Ты пђмнишь, где он живёт?
80-7
" УпражнЎние 1 Indicate whether the sentence would be translated with Ўсли, Ўсли бы
or ли. No need to translate.
1. If it rains, I’m not going.
2. He didn’t say if he finished his JP.
3. No one know if Demi cheated on Bruce.
4. I’ll give you $5,000 if you accept me to your prestigious club.
5. Misha doesn’t remember if he drank beer or vodka.
6. If I were in your shoes, I would surrender.
7. By 5:00 we’ll know whether our plan worked.
8. Gena will go to class only if the Yankees win.
9. I don’t remember if I locked the door.
10. My professor doesn’t care if I turn in my paper on time.
" УпражнЎние 2 Insert the correct forms of self:
1. Он чЌсто смеётся над ___________________________.
2. НЏна без концЌ говорЏт о __________________________.
3. ЛЎна кЌждый день три часЌ смђтрит на _________________________ в зЎркало.
4. Я купЏл ____________________________ подЌрок.
5. Как ты _________________________ чѓвствуешь?
80-8
1. The salesman looked at himself in the mirror all morning.
2. I don't remember if she wears yellow T-Shirts.
3. Take an umbrella with you.
" УпражнЎние 4 Глагђл дня:
×
{возьм+´ / взя+}- take (Perfective)
PRESENT PAST
я ______________________________________ он ______________________________________
ты ______________________________________ онЌ ______________________________________
онЏ ______________________________________ онЏ ______________________________________
IMPER ___________________________________ INF ______________________________________
80-9
Диалоги
“That’s none of your business”
Review of Chapter 11
(Урђки 77-80; РасскЌз, чЌсти 17-19)
СловЌрь
Љто тебј не касЌется That’s none of your business
Серёжа 1 КудЌ ты идёшь? Where are you going?

ГЎна 2 Это тебј не касЌется. That’s none of your business. (= That doesn’t
concern you.)
Серёжа 3 Что іто у тебј в рукЎ? What is it that you have in your hand?
ГЎна 4 Это тебј тђже не касЌется. That’s none of your business either.
Серёжа 5 Как это «не касЌется»? А вдруг кто-нибѓдь What do you mean “none of my business”?
6 позвонЏт и спрђсит, где ты? Что я отвЎчу? What if someone calls and asks where you are.
What will I say (= answer)?
ГЎна 7 ПовЎрь мне, тебј не касЌется, кудЌ я идѓ и что у Believe me, it’s none of your business where I’m
менј в рукЎ. going and what I have in my hand.
Серёжа 8 КудЌ ты хђдишь в послЎднее врЎмя? КЌждый Where have you been going lately? You’re not
9 вЎчер тебј нет! Я не дѓмаю, что ты хђдишь в home every night. I don’t think that you’re
10 библиотЎку. going to the library.
ГЎна 11 Хорошо, Ўсли ты ђчень хђчешь знать - я идѓ к OK, if you really want to know, I’m going to see
12 Ѕнне. Љто корђбка конфЎт для неё. Inna. This is a box of candy.
Серёжа 13 К какђй Ѕнне? (To see) which Inna?
ГЎна 14 К твоЎй, то-есть к моЎй Ѕнне. ОнЌ бђльше не (To see) your, I mean my Inna. She doesn’t want
15 хђчет встречЌться с тобђй! to see you anymore.
Серёжа 16 Не мђжет быть! That’s impossible!
ГЎна 17 ОнЌ сказЌла, что ты такђй занѓда! She said you were such a bore!
8 в послЎднее врЎмя lately; recently

12 корђб/ка (o) (small) box
12 конфЎта (piece of) candy
16 не мђжет быть! that’s impossible! (lit.: (it) can’t be)
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Verbs of Motion
go
Imperfective Perfective
пойтЏ
поЎхать
NON-DETERMINED DETERMINED
ходЏть идтЏ
Ўздить Ўхать
List of Verbs of Motion

Non Det Determined
×
go (by foot); walk води+ ид+´ (Past: шёл, шла; Inf: идтЏ) пойд+΄ (пошёл, пошлЌ; пойтЏ)
go (by vehicle); ride Ўзди+ {Ўд+ / Ўха+} {поЎд+ / поЎха+}
run бЎгай+ бЎжать (Pres: бегѓ, бежЏт, … бегѓт) побЎжать
× ×
swim плЌвай+ плыв+ поплыв+
fly летЌй+ летЎ+ полетЎ+
Review of Motion only by Vehicle (Ўзди+ {Ўд+ / Ўха+} vs. Motion on Foot or by Vehicle ходи+ ; ид+´
LONG DISTANCE TRAVEL: SHORT(ER) DISTANCE TRAVEL:

×
Ўзди+ ходи+
1. Geographical name (в Москвѓ, в ТрЎнтон, на 1. Destination is an ‘event’ (в кинђ, на балЎт)
лунѓ moon)
2. A vehicle is mentioned: Use на + Prep: на 2. Destination is a landmark (в библиотЎку, в
машЏне, на пђезде) OR Inst without a магазЏн)
prepositon: Мы Ўздили пђездом.
3. Desire to emphasize use of vehicle vs. walking 3. Use of the adverb пешкђм on foot.
(Ты ходЏл тудЌ? Нет, я Ўздил.)
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Imperfective Determined and Non-Determined

• Determined VoM
In general: An (Imperfective) Determined VoM is used to describe an intentional trip from one location (Point A) to exactly
one other location (Point B) – but not to any other locations, including back to the original location. As you will see below,
the uses of Determined VoM are much more restricted (though not necessarily less common) than those of Non-Determined
VoM.
• Determined Present Tense = headed / be on one’s way to a place:
Running into a friend (walking) on campus

КудЌ ты идёшь? Where are you going / headed?
Я идѓ в библиотЎку. I’m going / headed to the library.
Running into friends on the train / bus
КудЌ вы Ўдете? Where are y’all going / headed?
Мы Ўдем на ђперу. We’re going / headed to the opera.
Very often, a Present Tense Determined verb can be used with future meaning. Actually this is quite similar to English, as
you’ll notice from the translations.
В мЌе мы Ўдем в РоссЏю. We are going to Russia in May.

ЗЌвтра я идѓ на концЎрт. I’m going to a concert tomorrow.
• Determined Past Tense = headed / be on one’s way
КогдЌ я шла домђй, я встрЎтила ВЎру. When I was on my home, I ran into Vera.
КогдЌ мы Ўхали домђй, началсј дождь. It started to rain when we were on our way home.
Notice that in the Past Tense (as opposed to the Present) you cannot form a complete sentence with just:
1) subject + 2) Determined VоM + 3) destination. Such a three-element phrase is a sentence fragment:
Subject + Determined VоM + Destination

Present Tense – Complete Sentence Past Tense – Sentence Fragment
Я идѓ в ресторЌн. Я шла в ресторЌн...

I’m heading to a restaurant. I was heading to a restaurant...
Мы Ўдем в Нью-Йђрк. Мы Ўхали в Нью-Йђрк...

We’re going to NY. We were on our way to NY...
• Future
Forms like бѓду Ўхать, бѓдем идтЏ are rather limited, though the meaning is completely predictable, i.e. to describe motion
in the future as someone will be headed (on their way) to a place.
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• Non-Determined
Used to describe motion that is not strictly from one specific location to another.
1. Completed round-trip (≈ Past Tense of be)
With a motion verb destination appears in Accusative, while the Prepositional/Locative is used with the verb be.
Где ты был вчерЌ? Я весь день тебЎ звонЏл. Where were you yesterday? I called you all day.
Я Ўздил в ФиладЎльфию. (= Я был в ФиладЎльфии.) I went to Philly. (= I was in Philly.)
Мы вчерЌ ходЏли на вѕставку. (= Мы вчерЌ бѕли на Yesterday we went to an exhibit. (= We were at an

вѕставке.) exhibit yesterday.)
• Future Single round trip ≠ бѓду ходЏть / Ўздить
Given that ходЏла and Ўздили represent a completed round trip, it would seem perfectly logical that an intended future
(single) round trip would be rendered by бѓд+ ходЏть / Ўздить. But that doesn’t work. As we saw above, a Present
Tense Determined VoM is used to express an intended round trip. Strange but true.
2. Attend / Frequent a Place = place that you attend, or go to often (frequent)
Мы хђдим на все нђвые вѕставки. We go to all the new exhibits.

Наш сын ужЎ хђдит в шкђлу. Our son already goes to (attends) school.
ОнЏ кЌждый год Ўздит в Ђнлгию. They go to England every year.
3. Ability / Characteristic / Exercise = ability or general characteristic of the subject or that the person simply engages
in the motion. There is absolutely no sense of “getting” anywhere.
НЌшей дђчери тђлько шесть мЎсяцев, а онЌ ужЎ хђдит. Our daughter is only six months old, and she
already is walking.
ПингвЏны не летЌют, a плЌвают. Penguins don’t fly, they swim.
Я плЌваю три рЌза в недЎлю. I swim three times a week.
Я решЏл, что бѓду бЎгать кЌждый день. I decided that I’m going to run (jog) every day.
4. Touring = traveling around a location, normally with по + Dative
Мы весь день ходЏли по МосквЎ. We walked around Moscow all day.

ОнЏ Ўздили по всей РоссЏи. They traveled (toured) all over Russia
ОнЏ поЎхали в гђрод за нђвой кнЏжной пђлкой. They went to the city for a new bookcase.
БорЏса нет. Он пошёл в библиотЎку Boris is not here. He went to the library.
She went to the store / Moscow...
and is back: Non-Point-A-to-Point-B Past and is still gone: Perfective Past
Она ходЏла в магазЏн. ОнЌ пошлЌ в магазЏн.

Она Ўздила в Москвѓ. ОнЌ поЎхала в Москвѓ.
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In many cases there is no difference between a Present Tense A→B verb and a Perfective Future VoM:
ЛЎтом мы Ўдем в Москвѓ ≈ We’re going to Moscow in the summer.

ЛЎтом мы поЎдем в Москвѓ
ЗЌвтра он идёт на вѕставку ≈ He’s going to an exhibit tomorrow.

ЗЌвтра он пойдёт на вѕставку
• Infinitive Perfective VoM most commonly after the verbs want, intend, decide:
Я ђчень хочѓ пойтЏ на іту вѕставку. I really want to go to that exhibit.

– КудЌ ты собирЌешься поЎхать на канЏкулы? Where are you planning on going for vacation?
– Я решЏл поЎхать в Москвѓ. I decided to go to Moscow.
• A single round trip – 6 ways
In the chart below, note that only the first example actually describes a completed round-trip.
There and back On one’s way Gone but not Wish to go No wish to go Will go
back
Non-Determined Determined Infinitive Infinitive Determined
Past Present Perfective Past Perfective Imperfective Present or
Perfective
Future
Он ходЏл в кинђ Мы идём в кинђ ОнЏ пошлЏ в Я хочѓ пойтЏ на ОнЌ не хђчет Я идѓ на балЎт /
магазЏн ђперу идтЏ на концЎрт. Я пойдѓ на балЎт
Он Ўздил в Мы Ўдем в ОнЏ поЎхали в Я хочѓ поЎхать в Мы не хотЎли Мы Ўдем в
РоссЏю Москвѓ ТрЎнтон КЏев Ўхать в ТрЎнтон. Лђндон / Мы
поЎдем в Лђндон
81-5
‘Imperative’ of мы forms: Let’s ...

1) Simply use the мы Non-Past form and let context take over. Most often a Perfective form is used.
ПоговорЏм об ітом сегђдня вЎчером. Let’s (We’ll) talk about it tonight.

Пойдём в ресторЌн! Let’s go to a restaurant.
СдЎлаем это вмЎсте. Let’s do that together.
Споём іту пЎсню. Let’s sing that song.
Note the use of the Past Tense with these Perfective VoM.
ПошлЏ! Let’s go!

ПоЎхали! Let’s go!
ПобежЌли! Let’s book!
2) Use давЌй/те:
a) ДавЌй/те + Imperfective Infinitive
ДавЌй/те говорЏть друг дрѓгу комплимЎнты. Let’s pay each other compliments.
ДавЌй/те на ітой недЎле обЎдать в семь. Let’s have dinner this week at 7:00.
ДавЌй/те занимЌться вмЎсте. Let’s study together.
b) ДавЌй/те + Perfective Non-Past мы form
ДавЌй/те забѓдем об ітом. Let’s forget about it.

ДавЌй/те вѕпьем! Let’s drink!
ДавЌй/те познакђмимся. Let’s get acquainted.
c) ДавЌй/те + не бѓдем + Imperfective Infinitive
ДавЌй/те не бѓдем дѓмать об ітом. Let’s not think about that.

ДавЌй/те не бѓдем мешЌть друг дрѓгу. Let’s try not to bother each other.
ДавЌй/те не бѓдем ссђриться. Let’s not argue / fight.
‘Imperative’ of он/Ќ/Џ forms

Use the word пусть (пускЌй is a more colloquial form) plus the subject in Nominative + verb, etc. (Note that in English
after let we find the ‘Acc’ her, him, them – not so in Russian.) The verb may be in either Imperfective Present or Perfective
Future (depending on what meaning you wish to convey). Generally you do not find Imperfective Future (бѓд+ + Inf).
Пусть СЌша іто сдЎлает. Let Sasha do it.

ПускЌй СЌша мђет посѓду кЌждый день. Let Sasha wash the dishes every day.
Пусть дЎти спят. Let the children sleep.
Пусть МЏтя поймёт, какђй он нахЌл. Let Mitya grasp (realize) what a jerk he is.
81-6
(Быть) похђж, -а, -е, -и на когђ/что to resemble; look like

To say that someone/something looks like someone/something, use the short-form adjective похђж -а, -е, -и на + ACC. In
the Past Tense don’t forget the verb be. In theory, the verb be could appear in the Future, but it’s not very common.
Говорјт, что я похђж на отцЌ. They say that I look like my father.
ОнЌ ђчень похђжа на сестрѓ. She looks a lot like (her) sister.
Егђ сёстры ђчень похђжи друг на дрѓга. His sisters greatly resemble each other.
Мой дЎдушка был похђж на Джђрджа ВЌшингтона. My grandfather looked like George Washington.
Мој тётя былЌ похђжа на однѓ анлгЏйскую актрЏсу. My aunt looked like an English actress.
Permission / Prohibition
• Permission: (Комѓ) мђжно or (Кто) мђжет
Мне мђжно здесь сесть?

Я могѓ здесь сесть? May I sit down?
Мђжно здесь курЏть? Is smoking allowed here?

Мђжно задЌть вам вопрђс? Can/May I ask you a question?
• Prohibition: (Комѓ) нельзј

Врач сказЌл, что емѓ нельзј курЏть. The doctor said he cannot / should not smoke.
ДЎтям нельзј пить. Children cannot / are not allowed to drink.
Нельзј спать на урђке. No sleeping in class.
Им нельзј есть мјсо. They cannot eat meat
Can: Мочь vs. УмЎй-
мочь // с- have the physical power or opportunity

Я сегђдня не могѓ прийтЏ к тебЎ. I can’t come over your place today.
Я бђльше не могѓ есть. I can’t eat any more.
Мы хотЎли открѕть окнђ, но не смоглЏ. We wanted to open the window, but we weren’t
able to..
Ты мђжешь нам помђчь зЌвтра? Can you help us tomorrow?
Я не могѓ учЏться и рабђтать одновремЎнно. I can’t go to school and work at the same time.
умЎй+ have the skill to; know how to

Ты умЎешь стојть на головЎ? Can you / Do you know how to stand on your
head?
Он умЎет хорошђ готђвить. He’s a good cook.
Врать я не умЎю. I’m no good at lying.
РЌньше я умЎла игрЌть в гольф. I used to be able to play golf.
81-7
Play an Instrument: игрЌй+ на чём
ИцхЌк ПЎрельман игрЌет на скрЏпке. Itzhak Perlman plays the violin.

ВладЏмир ГоровЎц игрЌл на ројле. Vladimr Horowitz played the piano. (Note how
English butchered his name.)
ДжЏми ХЎндрикс игрЌл на гитЌре. Jimi Hendrix played the guitar.
Я ни на какђм инструмЎнте игрЌть не умЎю. I can’t play any instrument.
Кто тебј научЏл игрЌть на барабЌне? Who taught you to play the drums?
Bare Instrumental for time periods that come in fours (Parts of the day /
Seasons)
Я обѕчно бЎгаю ѓтром. I usually run in the morning.
Днём я рабђтаю на пђчте. I work in the post office during the day.
ВЎчером я рабђтаю в библиотЎке. In the evening I work in the library.
Нђчью я сплю. At night I sleep.
ЗЌвтра днём менј не бѓдет дђма. I won’t be home tomorrow afternoon (during the
day.)
В срЎду вЎчером я пойдѓ на концЎрт. Wednesday night I’m going to a concert.
Он вернётся сегђдня нђчью, часЌ в три. He’s coming back (late) tonight, around 3AM.
Мы пожЎнимся (ітой) веснђй. We’re getting married in the spring.

Что ты дЎлал лЎтом? What did you do this summer?
Прђшлой ђсенью я дђлго болЎл. Last fall I was sick for a long time.
Зимђй мы Ўздим во Флђриду. We go to Florida in the winter.
Basic Rules for Other Time Expressions
< Week в + Accusative в час; в срЎду; в ітот день
= Week на + Prepositional на прђшлой / ітой / бѓдущей недЎле
> Week в + Prepositional в апрЎле; в прђшлом годѓ
81-8
Тот же сЌмый
Use тот же сЌмый in the required CNG to refer to the same thing that has already been mentioned or has been
strongly implied in a previous statement.
МЌша говорЏт о том же сЌмом человЎке. Masha’s talking about the same person.
Он влюбЏлся в ту же сЌмую жЎнщину. He fell in love with the same woman.
ВЏка сказЌла то же сЌмое. Vika said the same thing.
• Тот in the Plural

In the plural, тот works like все, where the main vowel is e and not the expected ы/и
ИменЏтельный ВинЏтельный РодЏтельный ДЌтельный Предлђжный ТворЏтельный

те Inanimate = Имен. тех тем тех тЎми
все всех всем всех всЎми
Animate = Род.
Он пЏшет о тех же поітах. He’s writing about the same poets.

Я интересѓюсь тЎми же проблЎмами. I’m interested in the same problems.
Я завЏдую тем же сЌмым профессорЌм. I envy the same professors.
You also find е and not ы in the Masculine/Neuter Instrumental Singular:
Он нашёл ключЏ под тем же сЌмым столђм. He found his keys under the very same table.
• As = что и
To add as you (him, them, etc.) use что и plus (usually) Nominative.
Я писЌл о том же сЌмом фЏльме, что и ты. I wrote about the same film as you (did).
Он ходЏл на тот же сЌмый концЎрт, что и мы. He went to the same concert as us (we did).
ОнЌ читЌет ту же сЌмую кнЏгу, что и её She reading the same book as her professors (are).
профессорЌ
81-9
The Wrong: Не тот

To say the wrong key (number, bus, etc.), use не тот in the appropriate CNG. Put the preposition between the не
and the тот.
Вы набрЌли не тот нђмер. You have (dialed) the wrong number.

Я взял не тот ключ. I took the wrong key.
Я сЎла не на тот автђбус. I got on the wrong bus.
Ты спросЏла не тогђ человЎка. You asked the wrong person.
Я вошёл не в ту кђмнату. I walked into the wrong room.
ОнЌ отдалЌ кнЏгу не той жЎнщине. She gave the book to the wrong woman.
Мы подъЎхали не к томѓ здЌнию. We drove up to the wrong building.
ОнЌ взялЌ не те ключЏ. She took the wrong keys.
Ты купЏл не ту кнЏгу. You bought the wrong book.
Он менј ждал не на той останђвке. He was waiting for me at the wrong stop.
Die ѓмер/лЌ vs. Perish погЏб/ла

The “normal” verb for die is (in the Past Tense) ѓмер / умерлЌ / ѓмерли. To indicate that the death was
unnatural, use погЏб / погЏбла / погЏбли.
Мој прабЌбушка умерлЌ в прђшлом годѓ. My great-grandmother died last year.

Егђ отЎц ѓмер от рЌка. His father died from cancer.
Все егђ рђдственники давнђ ѓмерли. All his relatives died a long time ago.
ВЏтина тётя погЏбла в автомобЏльной катастрђфе. Vitya’s aunt died in a car crash.
МЏшины родЏтели погЏбли на войнЎ. Misha’s parents died in the war.
МандельштЌм погЏб в лЌгере в СибЏри. Mandel’shtam perished in a concentration camp in
Siberia.
Self Себј
The reflexive pronoun себј (себЎ, собђй.) (one)self is used to refer back to the subject of the clause. Себј
declines exactly like ты except it has no Nominative form – and it does not change for gender or number.
ACC ОнЌ опјть смђтрит на себј в зЎркало. She’s look at herself in the mirror again.
GEN Вы для себј іто покупЌете? Are you buying this for yourself?
PREP ОнЏ всё врЎмя говорјт о себЎ They talk about themselves all the time.
DAT Я купЏла себЎ нђвую кѓртку. I bought myself a new jacket.
INSTR Он собђй слЏшком довђлен. He’s too satisfied with himself.
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If=Whether=Ли
When if can be replaced by whether, you cannot use Ўсли; instead you must use a ли construction. The sentence
begins with an introductory phrase (e.g., Я не знЌю, ОнЌ не сказЌла, Мы не увЎрены, Он не пђмнит) followed
by the element that is in question (normally the verb), then ли, then the rest of the sentence:
Я не знЌю, придёт ли он. I don’t know whether he’s coming.

Никто не знЌет, смђжет ли онЌ прийтЏ. No one knows whether she’ll be able to come.
Вы не знЌете, мнђго ли ВЌня зарабЌтывает? Don’t you know whether Vanya earns a lot of
money?
Я не увЎрен, игрЌет ли МЌша в шЌхматы. I’m not sure whether Masha plays chess.
ОнЌ не увЎрена, Лёня ли іто сказЌл. She’s not sure whether Lyonya is the one who said
that...
Мы не увЎрены, помѕлись ли дЎти. We’re not sure whether the children bathed.
Лев не сказЌл, получЏл ли он мой подЌрок. Lev didn’t say whether he got my present.
НЏна не сказЌла, понрЌвилась ли ей пЎсня. Nina didn’t say whether she liked the song.
ОнЏ не сказЌли, смејлся ли Макс над ітим. They didn’t say whether Maks laughed at that.
In the compound future (Imperfective) only the verb бѓд+ appears before ли – the Infinitive of the main Verb
follows ли:
Я не знЌю, бѓду ли я писЌть диссертЌцию. I don’t know whether I will write a dissertation.
ОнЌ не сказЌла, бѓдут ли онЏ занимЌться She didn’t say whether they will study together with
вмЎсте с нЌми. us.
Ты не пђмнишь, бѓдет ли ДЏма рабђтать в Do you happen to remember whether Dima is going
іту суббђту. to work this Saturday.
As mentioned above, usually the verb, preceding ли. The more general rule is that the one syntactic element that
is in question, not necessarily the verb, must precede ли. So you can find a prepositional phrase or noun or
adjective, etc. before ли. In English we often use intonation to get the meaning across.
Я не пђмню, в МосквЎ ли мы I don’t remember whether we met in Moscow (it

познакђмились. may have been Rome).
ОнЌ спросЏла, ВЎра ли написЌла это She asked whether Vera wrote that poem (if may be
стихотворЎние. Nina).
Я не увЎрена, в суббђту ли он уЎхал. I’m not sure whether he left on Saturday (it may
have been Friday).
Я не знЌю, крЌсную ли Ђня взялЌ кнЏгу. I don’t know whether Anya took the red book (it
may have been the blue one).
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When questioning the existence or presence of a thing of person, the verb есть (unchanging) appears. Do not mix
this up with Ўсли.
Я не знЌю, есть ли у негђ подрѓга. I don’t know whether he has a girlfriend.

Никто не сказЌл, есть ли он в ПрЏнстоне. No one said whether he’s in Princeton.
Почемѓ ты егђ не спросЏл, Ўсть ли у негђ Why didn’t you ask him whether he has any money.
дЎньги.
In the past and future, a conjugated form of the verb be, which agrees with the Nominative subject, is used:
Я не увЎрена, бѓдут ли у менј дЎньги I’m not sure whether I’m going to have any money.
Он не сказЌл, бѕл ли он на вѕставке. He didn’t say whether he had been at the exhibit.
ОнЌ не пђмнит, бѕли ли ВЎрины родЏтели She doesn’t remember whether Vera’s parents were
на обЎде. at the dinner.
Before / After: До ~ Пђлсе vs. До тогђ как ~ Пђсле тогђ как

If a noun follows, just use до / пђсле (with the Noun in the Genitive):
До войнѕ мы жЏли в ПарЏже. Before the war we lived in Paris.

Я вернѓсь до урђка. I’ll return before class.
Ты дђлжна лЎчь до десятЏ. You have to go to bed before 10.
Я поспЌл на дивЌне пђсле обЎда. After dinner I slept a bit on the sofa.
Пђсле концЎрта мы пошлЏ в кафЎ. After the concert we went to a café.
Пђсле экзЌмена он заплЌкал. After the exam he burst into tears.
When a clause follows до or пђсле, you must insert the “Case absorbing” phrase тогђ как, after which the
clause appears, with the subject, as expected, in Nominative.
До тогђ как МЌша вѕшла зЌмуж, онЌ встречЌлась Before Masha got married, she went out with
с ГрЏшей. Grisha.
Я лёг до тогђ, как он позвонЏл. I went to sleep before he called.
До тогђ как Билл стал президЎнтом, он был Before Bill became president, he was a lawyer.
адвокЌтом.
Пђсле тогђ как закђнчился урђк, все пошлЏ в бар. After the class ended, everyone headed to a bar.
Пђсле тогђ как мы пообЎдали, мы потанцевЌли. After we had dinner, we danced a bit.
Мы ушлЏ срЌзу пђсле тогђ, как пришёл Лёня. We left right after Lyonya arrived.
81-12
УпражнЎние 1 Select the correct form and fill in the blank:
1. КогдЌ мы [шл________ / ходЏл_________] в библиотЎку, мы увЏдели Кђстю.
2. МЌша кЌжд________ вЎчер_______ [бЎг_________ / беж__________].
3. КогдЌ мы [летЌ__________ / лет_________] в Москвѓ, я читЌл «Войнѓ и мир».
4. АндрЎя нет дђма. Он [пош___________ / шё__________] в кин________.
5. Ты лїбишь [плЌв_________ / плы_____________].
6. Мы весь день [шл___________ / ход___________] по гђроц________
7. Я хочѓ зЌвтра [Ўха___________ / поЎха___________] в гђрод.
8. Я [бѓду ход___________ / ид________________] в библиотЎку кЌждый день.
9. В прђшлом годѓ мы [Ўха___________ / Ўзд___________] в Лђндон_________.
10. РЌньше онЏ кЌждую зЏму [Ўха___________ / Ўзд___________] в Калифђрн_________
1. He was an hour and a half late for the show.
2. Let your Russian professor realize what a jerk he is!
3. Pasha’s friend (acquaintance - Fem) looks like your (girl) cousin on your mother’s side.
4. – I have an extra ticket to the concert. Let’s go together. – Gladly!
81-13
5. Let’s meet in a cafe after the concert.
6. I got on the wrong bus by mistake.
7. I’m not sure if they went (but are not back) to the Tretyakovka (it may have been to another museum).
8. My uncle died (from unnatural causes) during the Great Patriotic War.
9. How do you feel about people who can play the violin well?
10. + Is smoking permitted here? - No, smoking is prohibited.
11. I can’t play chess tomorrow. I’m going to be busy.
12. +Whom are you laughing at? - We’re laughing at ourselves.
13. In the winter we went to England.
14. In the spring we are going to Germany.
81-14
Nouns
Verbs
S17 автђбус bus
S19 Ђнглия England S19 арестђвывай+ // арестовЌ+ arrest
S19 ВелЏкая The Great Patriotic War 77 бЎгай+`|| бежЌть // побежЌть run; hurry (Irreg. Present Tense )
ОтЎчественная войнЌ ×
81 вра+ // на- lie; tell untruth
S17 галерЎя galeery
S18 вЎшай+ // повЎси+ hang (up)
S19 ГермЌния Germany (Recall that the language is
80 {возм+ / взя+} take (perfective)
немЎцкий!)
S19 готђви+...ся // под- к + get ready for (prepare oneself for)
78 гитЌра (Feminine!) guitar (Note the -a in Russian!)
Dative
S19 ГУЛЂГ Gulag
S17 {Ўд+ / Ўха+} // по- go; get (there) (by vehicle)
S19 День ПобЎды Victory Day – May 9
S17 закрывЌй…ся // close (intransitive)
побЎда victory {закрђй+…ся / закрѕ+…ся} open (intransitive)
80 зЎркало mirro открывЌй…ся //
78 инструмЎнт musical instrument {открђй+…ся / открѕ+…ся}
79 интернЎт Internet S17 A note on звонЏ+ // по- When calling a place, use в or на +
по интернЎту on the Internet ACC., as opposed to DAT, which is
S18 комплимЎнт compliment used when calling a person.
81 конфЎта (piece of) candy S19 игрЌй+// сыгрЌй+ роль play a role (Note that the vowel
S18 концЎртный зал concert hall changes when a prefix is attached to
form the Perfective.)
81 корђб/ка (o) box
S18 извинјй+...ся // извинЏ+...ся apologize
80 кѓрт/ка (о) jacket
77 летЌй+ || летЎ+ // полетЎ+ fly
S19 лЌгерь (M) camp (Can be used to describe a summer
camp, as well as a concentration camp.) S17 начинЌй+..ся // begin (intransitive)
End-stressed in the
Plural {начн+´...ся / нача+...ся}
×
S19 миллиђн million 80 носи+ wear.
S17 милЏция the police S17 опЌздывай+ // опоздЌй+ be late
S17 москвЏч ~ москвЏч/ка Muscovite (person from Moscow) на + time expression in by AMOUNT OF TIME
(е) ACC for PLACE/EVENT (This is
в / на + place/event in not in the story)
S17 нђмер number
ACC
77 нЎбо sky ×
S19 относи+...ся к + Dative relate to; feel about; have an
S17 ошЏб/ка (о) mistake; error attitude toward
по ошЏбке by mistake S18
×
отходи+ // отойтЏ от + walk away from (Here the prefix от-
дЎлай+ // с- make a mistake (in line 21) Genitive indicates motion away from.)
ошЏбку ×
77 плЌвай+ || плыв+ // swim
78 ђсень (F) fall; autumn ×
поплыв+
80 продавец´ (е) ~ salesperson S19 погибЌй+ // погЏб[ну] + perish; die an unnatural death
продавщЏца
S18 понимЌй+ // {пойм+´ / understand, grasp
77 птЏца bird ×
понј+}
78 ројль (M) piano Past: пђнял, понялЌ, пђняли
S19 систЎма system (Note that it’s feminine!) Infinitive: понјть
78 скрЏп/ка (o) violin 80 посылЌй+ / послЌ+ send
S17 совершЎнство perfection S17 садЏ+…ся // {cјд+ // сЎд+} sit down; get on (a bus)
79 сынђчек (е) sonny boy (Inf сесть)
дђченька daughter 78 умЎй+ be able; can; have the skill
×
S17 Третьякђвка = Третьякђвская галерЎя Tretyakovsky 78 учи+ // на- когђ + Infinitive teach someone to do something
Gallery
S17 цЏфра digit
S19 чѓвство їмора sense of humor
S19 человЎк use after ≥ 5
81-15
Prepositions
Adjectives & Adverbs
79 взрђслый adult Adjective as Noun 77 по + Dative (of (travel) around a place
S18 корђткий short location)
S18 лЏшний Soft! extra S19 пђсле + Genitive after (+ Noun in Genitive)
S19 мировђй world (The noun world is мир, which, as пђсле того как after (+ Clause)
you know, also mean peace.) S19 до того как before (+ Clause)
S17 нарђчнык intentional S19 во врЎмя + Genitive during; in the time (of) (A phrasal
S17 не тот (не то, не та) the wrong … preposition.)
S18 нЎсколько + Genitive several
79 одЎт -а, -ы dressed (cf. одевЌй+…ся / одЎн+…ся)
S18 откровЎнно openly; not hiding anything
S19 роль role (Figure out the gender from the
context.)
S17 сюдЌ here (direction); hither (as opposed to
здесь which is here – location)
S19 тђчный exact
S17 тудЌ there; thither (direction) (as opposed to
там which is there – location)
Expressions & Misc.
77 быть похђж -а, -е, -и resemble someone / something

на + ACC
81 в послЎднее врЎмя lately
S17 врЎмени Genitive of врЎмя (We suggest you learn
мЌло врЎмени as a phrase.)
S18 давЌй/те let’s
S18 дЎлай+ / с- вид что pretend that
78 игрЌй+ // сыгрЌй+ на + play a musical instrument
Prepositional
81 іто (когђ – Gen) не that’s none of PERSON’s business
касЌется
S18 как іто сказЌть? how should I put it?
80 ли whether (if)
79 мђжно may, can
S17 мЌло + GEN little; a small amount of
81 не мђжет быть! that’s impossible! (lit.: (it) can’t be)
S17 не рЌз more than once (Do not confuse this with
ни рЌзу which means never, not a single
time.)
78 не совсЎм not exactly (the other way around)
S18 по дорђге (от/кудЌ) on the way (from/to a place)
S18 пойдём = пошлЏ
S17 полторЌ (M, N) / 1½ (Similar to 2, 3, 4: Followed by noun
полторѕ (F) in Genitive Singular.)
S18 порЌ it’s time to (+ Imperfective Infinitive –
99% of the time)
78 пошлЏ let’s go
S18 пусть (пускЌй) let (him...)
80 себј, себЎ собђй self
78 спасЏбо, не нЌдо thanks, but no thanks
S18 тем бђлее (что) especially because; so much the more
(given that)
79 то, что that which
79 тот же сЌмый the same
79 что и just like; as
81-16
Диалог
"My car was stolen the other day»
82.A Verb Stems in 'д'
82.Б Three More Verbs of Motion
Мої машЏну укрЌли на днях My car was stolen the other day
ЖЎня 1 КЏра, где ты былЌ? Тебј весь день нЎ было. Я Kira, where were you? You weren’t home all
2 ужЎ началЌ нЎрвничать. day. I was already starting to worry.
КЏра 3 Я водЏла детЎй в цирк. Я не хотЎла их тудЌ I took (my) kids to the circus. I didn’t want to
4 вестЏ, но онЏ менј ђчень просЏли, и я не моглЌ take them there, but they really beseeched me
5 им отказЌть. Я тђже чЌсто ходЏла в цирк, когдЌ and I couldn’t refuse. I used to go to the circus
6 былЌ мЌленькая. a lot when I was young, too.
ЖЎня 7 Ты их возЏла на нђвой машЏне? Did you take them in your new car?
КЏра 8 Нет, я (их возЏла) на автђбусе. Мої машЏну No, we took the bus. (I accompanied them on
9 укрЌли на днях. the bus.) My car was stolen the other day.
ЖЎня 10 Трѓдно повЎрить, что в ПрЏнстоне крадѓт It’s hard to believe that cars are stolen in
11 машЏны! СлЌва Бђгу, у менј совсЎм стЌрая Princeton! Thank goodness I have a really old
12 машЏна. Никто бы не захотЎл её крЌсть. СкажЏ, car. No one would want to steal it. Say, what
13 что іто ты несёшь? are you carrying (in your hand)?
КЏра 14 Это футбђлка для моЎй млЌдшей дђчери, ТЌни. This is a T-shirt for my youngest daughter
15 ОнЌ тђже ђчень хотЎла пойтЏ в цирк, но плђхо Tanya. She also really wanted to go to the
16 себј чѓвствовЌла и остЌлось дђма. circus, but she wasn’t feeling well and stayed
home.
ЖЎня 17 Беднјга! Poor thing.
×
3 води+ || вёд+´ // повёд+´ take; drive (See grammar for details on conjugation and useage.)
3 цирк circus
×
5 откЌзывай+ // отказа+ + Dative say not to; refuse; turn down
×
7 вози+ || вёз+´ // повёз+´ take; drive (See grammar for details onusage.)
9 крад́+ // у- steal (See grammar for details on conjugation and stress)
10 трѓдно повЎрить it’s hard to believe
×
13 носи+ || нёс+´ // понёс+´ carry; take (See grammar for details onusage.)
14 футбђл/ка (о) T-shirt
82-1
82.A Д-Stem Verbs
Let’s look at what will be our final (☺) Verb Type for the year: Д-Stem Verbs.
Everything about the conjugation of this Consonant Stem is as expected, except the Infinitive. (So, in the Present
and Imperative, you attach vowel endings directly to the stem, with no mutation; in the Past, the д is a “loser
consonant” which is booted out in all forms by the л/a/o/и.)
The basic rule for the Infinitive is that д > сть or стЏ – it depends on stress. When the Past Tense is end-
stressed, use -стЏ (Recall with stems ending in с, you ‘steal’ the stressed Џ from the Past Tense онЏ-form
(неслЏ implies нестЏ)) If the Past Tense of a -д+ verb is stem-stressed, use -сть.
вёд+´ / по- lead; take
NON-PAST (End-Stressed) PAST (End-Stressed) > INFIN: -СТЅ

я (по)ведѓ мы (по)ведём я, ты, он (по)вёл
ты (по)ведёшь вы (по)ведёте оно (по)велђ (по)вестЏ
он(а) (по)ведёт они (по)ведѓт я, ты, она (по)велЌ
мы, вы, они (по)велЏ
IMPERATIVE: (по)ведЏ(те)
×
The verb крад+ / у- is end-stressed in the Non-Past, but stem-stressed in the Past. (Very few verbs have this
×
stress pattern. We will put the over the consonant to indicate it.) As mentioned directly above, look to the Past to
determine the form of the Infinitive.
×
крад+ / у- steal
NON-PAST (End-Stressed) PAST (Stem-Stressed) > INFIN: -СТЬ
я (у)крадѓ мы (у)крадём я, ты, он (у)крЌл
ты (у)крадёшь вы (у)крадёте оно (у)крЌло (у)крЌсть
он(а) (у)крадёт они (у)крадѓт я, ты, она (у)крЌла
мы, вы, они (у)крЌли
IMPERATIVE: (у)крадЏ(те)
Put the verb into the correct form. Pay attention to the tense – given at the end:
×
1. Я / вёд+´ / детЎй в цирк Present 2. Мы / украд+ / егђ прЏнтер Future
× ×
3. Он / крад+ / КЏрин карандЌш Present 4. ОнЏ хотјт / украд+ / эту машЏну. Present
5. ОнЌ / вёд+´ / собЌку в парк, когдЌ началсј 6. КудЌ вы их / вёд+´? Present
дождь. Past
7. Я не хотЎл / вёд+´ / детЎй в цирк. Past 8. Мы / повёд+´ / их тудЌ Future
×
9. ВЌдик / украд+ / мой аквЌриум Past 10. КогдЌ мы их / вёд+´ / домђй, онЌ смејлись.
Past
82-2
82.Б Still More Verbs of Motion: Taking People or Things
So, you thought that you had seen the last of those Verbs of Motion. Well think again ( ). Today we will look at
three new Verbs of Motion that describe the act of taking something or someone somewhere. First the forms:
Imperfective
Perfective
≠“Heading / On one’s way” “Heading / On one’s way”
×
carry (in arms, on back) носи+ нёс+´ понёс+´
×
lead (take) води+ вёд+´ повёд+´
×
transport(take) вози+ вёз+´ повёз+´
Notice that all three Non-Determined forms are И-Stems, while the Determined forms are Consonant stems.
Let’s see how these three verbs are used.
In general, everything that we said before about Verbs of Motion applies here as well. So let’s look at the most
common uses of these three verb of conveyance.
• There and Back With the Thing/Person: носЏл / водЏл / возЏл

(In the grammar explanations below we sometimes use the masculine past tense simply for convenience.)
For all three of these verbs the past tense of the single round trip (using Non-Determined form: носЏл, водЏл,
возЏл) implies that the subject took something/someone somewhere and returned with the thing or person
transported. Therefore, while водЏл and возЏл are commonly found (taking someone somewhere and back),
i.e., making a single round trip, носЏл is much less common – it’s not likely that you would carry something
somewhere and thing back again.
Annoying detail: You cannot use any of these three verbs to indicate dropping off (taking something/someone
somewhere and leaving it/them there). So, to say I took Vera to the airport, you need a different verb.
ОнЌ вчерЌ водЏла детЎй к врачѓ. She took her children to the doctor’s yesterday.
Кто вас возЏл в магазЏн? Who took you to the store?
82-3
• Carrying Things (or People)

×
The verb носи+ | нёс+´ // понёс+´, which often appears as take in English, implies that the person is carrying
something (or someone) in their hands or arms, or on their back. This verb cannot be used when the person is
transporting something/someone in a vehicle (either in a car or even a wagon). See below for when a vehicle is
involved.
КудЌ ты несёшь ітот компьїтер? Where are you taking my computer?

Почемѓ ты всегдЌ нђсишь рюкзЌк? Why do you always carry a backpack?
Он весь день носЏл дочь на спинЎ. He carried his daughter on his back all day.
КогдЌ ДЏма нёс дорогѓю вЌзу на кѓхню, он упЌл и As Vera was carrying an expensive vase to the
вЌза разбЏлась. kitchen, she fell and the vase broke.
• Taking People (and Things) Somewhere: водЏть/вестЏ vs. возЏть/везтЏ

First of all, the direct object following водЏть/вестЏ (lead, take) must be animate. (Yes, we have seen the
phrase водЏть машЏну drive a car, but that’s more of an idiom). After возЏть/везтЏ (transport, take), both
animate and inanimate direct objects can be found.
To some extent, the difference between водЏть/вестЏ (on foot or by vehicle) and возЏть/везтЏ (only by
vehicle) is identical to that between ходЏть/идтЏ (on foot or by vehicle) and Ўздить/Ўхать (only by vehicle).
Well, not identical. Whereas you would normally say Мы ходЏли на концЎрт, and not Мы Ўздили на
концЎрт – unless a geographical name or a vehicle is mentioned, or you wish to emphasize that you drove to the
concert – it is often possible to use either водЏть/вестЏ (on foot or by vehicle) or возЏть/везтЏ (only by
vehicle) when no place name or vehicle is mentioned, and when there is no special emphasis that you drove the
person.
ВчерЌ он водЏл детЎй к врачѓ ≈ ВчерЌ он возЏл детЎй к врачѓ

To be honest, the choice between водЏть/вестЏ and возЏть/везтЏ can get complicated, often depending on
certain assumptions by the speaker, external conditions (where the utterance in made in relation to the
destination), etc.. To be safe, use водЏть/вестЏ when the taking was on foot and возЏть/везтЏ when the taking
was by vehicle.
КудЌ ты менј ведёшь? Where are you taking me (on foot)?

КудЌ он её везёт? Where is he taking her (by vehicle)?
ОнЌ кЌждое ѓтро вђдит сѕна в шкђлу. She takes her son to school every morning. (Most
likely she walks him there.)
ОнЌ кЌждое ѓтро вђзит сѕна в шкђлу. She drives her son to school every day. (Must be
by vehicle.)
Сегђдня мы ведём стЌрых университЎтских друзЎй Today we’re taking some old university friends to
в францѓзский ресторЌн. a French restaurant. (Possibly by vehicle, though
there’s no emphasis on how they’re going.)
КогдЌ ВЎра велЌ собЌку в парк, её укусЏла кђшка в As Vera was walking her dog to the park, a cat bit
лЌпу. him/her on the paw..
КогдЌ я вёз сестрѓ в магазЏн, нас остановЏла As I was taking my sister to the store, the police
полЏция. stopped us.
ПозвонЏ мнЎ из машЏны, когдЌ ты бѓдешь везтЏ Call me from the car on your way to taking dad to
пЌпу к врачѓ. the doctor.
82-4
Except for the last example (be on one’s way), the exact rules for when to use the infinitives нестЏ/понестЏ,
вестЏ/повестЏ, везтЏ/повезтЏ can be a real кошмЌр, (There are just too many little details that can influence
which form to use. Plus, as we mentioned above, often a prefixed Verb of Motion is used.) If you can master the
types of examples given above, you’ll be able to handle nearly all real world scenarios.
1. Where are you carrying that printer? 2. She drives her kids to school every morning.
3. Where are you taking me (on foot)? 4. Where are you taking them (by car)?
5. As I was walking my elephant to the park, it started 6. We’re taking our grandmother to a Chinese
to rain. restaurant.
7. Why do you always carry that backpack? 8. Where did you take them (by car)?
9. She took her children to the circus yesterday. 10. We led them around the city yesterday.
• There But Not Back With the Thing/Person: понёс / повёл / повёз
Another annoying detail: You can use the perfective past when the subject has left but not yet returned, even if the
subject is planning on dropping off the thing/person (i.e., not returning with it/them). (Recall that directly above
we said that you needed a different verb to indicate dropping off – but that only applies when the person has
returned. Yes, it’s sometimes hard to believe the level of specificity language – especially Russian Verbs of
Motion – can express.)
ВЌли нет дђма. ОнЌ понеслЌ кнЏгу в библиотЎку. Valya's not home. She went to take a book (back)
to the library.
ГЌли нет дђма. ОнЌ повелЌ сѕна в шкђлу. Galya’s not home. She went to take her son to
school.
ВЏктора нет дђма. Он повёз отцЌ в аэропђрт. Viktor’s not home. He went to take his father to
the airport.
By the way, be very careful to pronoun the н soft in the masculine past tense form понёс. Check in a dictionary
for what понђс means.
Put the verb into the correct form. Pay attention to the tense – given at the end:
1. Misha’s not home. He went to take a book back to 2. Vera’s not home. She went to take her son to
the library. school.
3. Lena’s not home. She went to take her sister home.
82-5
УпражнЎние 1 Circle the correct Verb of Motion. For some, both verbs are possible.
1. КудЌ ты сейчЌс [несёшь / нђсишь ] іту кнЏгу?
2. КудЌ вы [возЏли / носЏли ] детЎй в суббђту?
3. ЛЏза [водЏла / велЌ] сѕна к врачѓ, когдЌ встрЎтила МЏшу.
4. Мы их весь день [водЏли / велЏ ] по гђроду.
5. ПЌши нет дђма. Он [вђзит / повёз] МЌшу домђй.
6. ВчерЌ МЏша [водЏл / возЏл] детЎй в зоопЌрк.
7. ВЎра почемѓ-то всегдЌ [нђсит / несёт] ђчень тяжёлый рюкзЌк.
8. КогдЌ НЏна [водЏла / велЌ] собЌку домђй, онЌ упЌла и сломЌла нђгу.
9. Мать [бѓдет вестЏ / бѓдет водЏть] детЎй в шкђлу кЌждое ѓтро.
10. КудЌ ты [несёшь / ведёшь] іту лђшадь?
11. ПозвонЏ мне из машЏны когдЌ ты [бѓдешь везтЏ / бѓдешь водЏть] МЌшу в Нью-Йорк.
12. Кто вас [вђзит / вђдит] в шкђлу?
13. Я не хочѓ [водЏть / везтЏ] егђ в аэропђрт. (We didn't cover this explicitly in the lesson ,but give it a try.)
14. ЛЎны нет дђма. ОнЌ [понеслЌ / неслЌ] кнЏгу в библиотЎку.
15. КудЌ он [везёт / ведёт] ітот телевЏзор?
УпражнЎние 2 Insert a Verb of Motion that makes sense
1. КудЌ онЌ ________________________________________ ітого котЌ?
2. Мать весь день ___________________________________________________ ребёнка на спинЎ (back).
3. РЌньше МЌша чЌсто _________________________________________________ детЎй на концЎрты.
82-6
4. МЌша сегђдня ___________________________________________________ сѕна на концЎрт.
5. КогдЌ мы _____________________________________________ их домђй, началсј снег.
6. Я бѓду _____________________________________________ детЎй в шкђлу кЌждое ѓтро в семь.
7. КудЌ он ______________________________________________ ітот прЏнтер?
8. ОнЏ нас вчерЌ ____________________________________________ в музЎй.
9. ОнЌ __________________________________________ вЌзу на кѓхню, когдЌ муж вдруг открѕл дверь.
10. МЏши нет дђма. Он____________________________________________________ бЌбушку в магазЏн.
УпражнЎние 2 Fill in the blanks:
×
клад+ VERB TYPE _______ CONJ _______
NP я __________________________________ PAST он __________________________________
он(Ќ) ____________________________________ онЌ ____________________________________
онЏ ____________________________________ онЏ ____________________________________
IMPER ___________________________________ INF ____________________________________
стриг+´ VERB TYPE _______ CONJ _______

NP я __________________________________ PAST он __________________________________
он(Ќ) ______________________________________ онЌ ______________________________________
онЏ ______________________________________ онЏ ______________________________________
IMPER ___________________________________ INF ______________________________________
82-7
83.A: Prefixed Verbs of Motion: Form
83.Б: The Meanings of the Prefixes

1 Я встЌл часђв в семь, прЏнял душ, почЏстил зѓбы, причесЌлся, одЎлся, позЌвтракал, и
2 вѕшел из дђма в чЎтверть девјтого. Я перешёл ѓлицу и дошёл до автђбусной останђвки, как
3 раз когдЌ отходЏл мой автђбус. КЌжется, я опјть опоздЌю на рабђту. Что же дЎлать!? Я там
4 стојл минѓт пятнЌдцать, когдЌ подошлЌ мој бѕвшая жЎна ЖЎня. Мы вЎжливо
5 поздорђвались, но бђльше не разговЌривали. Минѓт чЎрез дЎсять подошёл автђбус. ЧЎрез
6 полчасЌ я приЎхал на рабђту. Я вѕшел из автђбуса, перешёл ѓлицу и подошёл к здЌнию
7 моЎй компЌнии. Как раз, когдЌ я входЏл в дверь (я опоздЌл минѓт на двЌдцать), подошёл
8 мой шеф. «Опјть опЌздываете? Вам нЌдо купЏть нђвый будЏльник!» Пђсле очереднђго
9 скѓчного дня я ушёл с рабђты в половЏне шестђго, приЎхал домђй в чЎтверть седьмђго,
10 пообЎдал, часЌ три смотрЎл телевЏзор и лёг спать в одЏннадцать. День как день.
СловЌрь
We actually saw all of the Prefixed Verbs of Motion given here in part 20 of the story. See the grammar for details on forms.
4 вЎжливый polite
7 компЌния company
8 шЎф boss
8 будЏльник alarm clock
8 очереднђй next in a series of; yet another
83-1
83.A Prefixed Verbs of Motion: Forms
We recently spent several lessons looking at Verbs of Motion (VoM), where we saw that there are two forms in
the Imperfective, the Determined and Non-Determined. To form the Perfective, the prefix по- is added to the
Determined form (полетЎ+, понёс´+, etc.). It turns out that all the forms we described before are known as Non-
Prefixed Verbs of Motion (because, as we’ll see directly below, there also exist forms where a prefix adds a
meaning to the verb).
NON-PREFIXED VERBS OF MOTION

go
пойтЏ
поЎхать
Prefixed VoM: No (Non)-Determined Distinction (just Imperfective vs. Perfective)

It is also possible to add various prefixes – each with a distinct meaning – to Verbs of Motion, in which case the
distinction between the Determined and Non-Determined forms disappears, and a strictly Aspectual distinction
remains (similar to the difference between спрЌшивать and спросЏть, читЌть and прочитЌть, etc.). As you
× ×
might have predicted, the prefixed Imperfective form is derived from the Non-Determined form (ходи+, носи+,
летЌй+, etc.), while the prefixed Perfective form takes the Determined verb as its base (идтЏ, нёс+´, летЎ+).
Unfortunately, there are a few small (but troubling) changes in the stems that we need to look at:
PREFIXED VERBS OF MOTION
arrive
(from Non-Det form) (from Det form)
приезжЌй+ {приЎд+ / приЎха+}
прилетЌй+ прилетЎ+
83-2
Eight Prefixed VoM: Four Totally Regular; Four Slightly Irregular

First let’s look at four of the eight VoM that add a prefix with no changes at all to the stem. We’ll use various
prefixes, some ending in a consonant, others in a vowel – it makes no difference here. For now don’t worry about
the meanings. Again, the Imperfective is formed from a Non-Determined, while the Perfective use а Determined
stem:
The four Prefixed VoM with no changes in stems:

× × ×
-носи+ / -нёс+´ -води+ / -вёд+´ -вози+ / -вёз+´ -летЌй+ / -летЎ+
Some examples of Prefixed VoM. (We’ll discuss the meanings of the prefixes below):
Imperfective (from Non-Det) Perfective (from Det)

×
приноси+ bring принёс+´
×
уводи+ lead away увёд+´
×
ввози+ import ввёз+´
отлетЌй+ fly away отлетЎ+
Notice that for the Perfective all three ‘ё’ verbs are here (нёс+´, вёд+´, вёз+´), as well as the one ‘e’ verb (летЎ+).
Give the correct form

1. у + carry (she – Perfective Past) 2. до + transport (I – Perfective Future)
3. при + lead (Imperfective Infinitive) 4. под + fly (we – Present)
5. от + transport (they – Perfective Past) 6. в + carry (I – Present)
7. вы + fly (he – Imperfective Future think!) 8. пере + lead (she – Perfective Past)
9. при + transport (you – Present) 10. у + fly (I – Perfective Future)
11. пере + carry (Perfective Infinitive) 12. в + lead (we – Present)
83-3
The four Prefixed VoM with a change in the stem (in bold):
×
-бегЌй+ / -бежЌть -плывЌй+ / -плыв+ -езжЌй+ / -Ўхать -ходи+ / -йд+´
For three of the remaining four verbs, a change occurs in the Imperfective stem:
1. For run, the Imperfective form simply shifts the stress foward one syllable, from бЎгай+ to -бегЌй+. The
Perfective form is built on the (rather irregular) form бежЌть
бЎгай+ > -бегЌй+

прибегЌй+ прибежЌть
отбегЌй+ отбежЌть
2. For swim, the stem vowel changes from ×

a to ы and the stress moves forward (плЌвай+ > -плывЌй+). The
Pefective is built, predictably on плыв+
плЌвай+ > -плывЌй+

×
подплывЌй+ подплыв+×
переплывЌй+ переплыв+
3. For go by vehicle, the new Imperfective stem is -езжЌй+. You cannot use this stem by itself!
Ўзди+ > -езжЌй+

уезжЌй+ {уЎд+ / уЎха+}
*подъезжЌй {подъЎд+ / подъЎха+}
*See discussion of the ъ directly below
83-4
Adding a prefix ending in a consonant to the stems -езжЌй+ / Ўхать: Hard Sign Time!
Let’s take a look at what happens when we add a prefix ending in a Consonant (под-, от-, etc.) to the stems
-езжЌй+ or -Ўхать. First we need to think about what basic sounds (Chapter 1 stuff) are represented with these
words. Both -езжЌй+ and -Ўхать begin with a й sound. (The soft-indicating vowel e not immediately preceded
by a consonant.) If we simply attached the prefix под- onto -езжЌй+, or -Ўхать giving us *подезжЌй+ /
*подЎхать (* means ungrammatical) we would have wiped out the й sound. Therefore, in order to keep the й
sound, a sign is needed. And since there’s no reason to suppose that the final consonant of the prefix is soft, we
use a hard sign.
Basic Sounds with -езжЌй+ / Ўхать

Unprefixed Form Prefixed with no ъ Prefixed with a ъ
No й sound Maintain the й sound
Ўзди+ й{E}здь{I} *подЎзжай+ подъезжЌй+
п{O}дь{E}зж{A}й п{O}дй{E}з{A}й+
Ўхать *отЎхать отъЎхать
й{E}х{A}ть {O}ть{E}х{A}ть {O}тй{E}х{A}ть
When a prefix ending in a vowel is added, no problem arises – the intial e is not immediately preceded by a
consonant, which means that the й sound is maintained: уЎхать {U}й{E}х{A}ть
4. For go (on foot or by vehicle), the Imperfective remains the same, while the Perfective changes from ид+´ to
-йд+´. When adding prefixes ending in a vowel, no problem arises. When the prefix ends in a consonant, a
cluster buster (o) is required between the prefix and the stem:
ид+´ > -йд+´

(Past tense stem is the same: ш(ё)+´)
Prefix ends in a vowel – Simple addition (except при-)

×
уходи+ уйд+´ / уш(ё)+´
×
выходи+ вѕйд+´ / вѕш(ё)+
×
переходи+ перейд+´ / пере ш(ё)+´
Prefix ends in a consonant – Cluster Buster (o)

×
подходи+ подойд+´ / подош(ё)+´
×
отходи+ отойд+´ / отош(ё)+´
×
входи+ войд+´ / вош(ё)+´
83-5
Infinitive ends in -тЏ

For some reason in the Infinitive д becomes т, and the stress falls on the end: -тЏ. (If you think about it, you
might expect *истЏ. But that form doesn’t exist.) Be sure to distinguish this from the Imperfective Determined
form идтЏ, where both д and т are present.
Infinitive of Prefixed go on foot
-тЏ (No д!)

уйтЏ
вѕйти*
отойтЏ
войтЏ
*See below concerning the stress on this verb (and other verbs in вы-).
1. у + swim (she – Perfective Past) 2. до + go on foot (I – Perfective Future)

3. при + run (Imperfective Infinitive) 4. под + go by vehicle (we – Present)
5. от + run (they – Perfective Past) 6. в + go on foot (I – Present)
7. вы + swim (he – Imperfective Future think!) 8. пере + go by vehicle (she – Perfective Past)
9. при + run (you – Future Perfective) 10. у + swim (I – Perfective Future)
11. пере + go on foot (Perfective Infinitive) 12. в + go by vehicle (we – Present)
The prefix при- with the stem йд+

First note that there’s no problem adding the prefix при- to -ходи+ to form the Imperfective form
(Present: прихожѓ, прихђдит, прихђдят; Past: приходЏл/а/и; Infinitive: приходЏть).
When forming the Perfective (using the A>B form) in the Non-Past the й of the stem -йд+´ is lost. Compare with
other prefixed forms (придѓ, придѓт vs. войду, отойдёшь, etc.). In the Infinitive, the й reappears (прийтЏ).
To be honest, even many educated Russians get a bit confused by this, so don’t feel bad.
прийтЏ arrive on foot/vehicle (Perfective)

я придѓ мы придём я, ты, он пришёл
ты придёшь вы придёте оно пришлђ
он(а) придёт они придѓт я, ты, она пришлЌ прийтЏ
мы, вы, они пришлЏ
83-6
1. Он / на рабђту (Past Perfective) 2. Он / на рабђту кЌждый день в 6:00. (Past

Imperfective)
3. Я / к тебе пђсле урђка. (Future Perfective) 4. Он / час назЌд. (Past Perfective)
5. Я обѕчно / домђй в 7:00 (Present) 6. Я / к тебе кЌждый день пђсле рабђты. (Future
Imperfective)
7. Он / часЌ чЎрез два (Future Perfective) 8. ОнЏ / минѓт дЎсять назЌд (Past Perfective)
83.Б The Meanings of the Prefixes
Throughout the year we’ve actually seen almost all of the prefixes we’re going to discuss in this lesson. It’s best
to break them down into pairs, though each prefix has its own meaning. We’ll look at the meaning of each prefix,
as well as with which preposition (and which Cases) the verbs are used.
при- у-
при- у-
Indicates arrival at a destination Indicates leaving a place (for an
extended period – not just
stepping out).
Use the prepositions of
Use the prepositions of origin.
destination.
Мы приЎхали в Москвѓ десјтого апрЎля. We arrived in Moscow on April 10.

КогдЌ ты уЎдешь из РоссЏи? Where are you leaving Russia?
ОнЌ пришлЌ на пђчту. She arrived at the post office.
Мы ушлЏ с концЎрта. We left the concert.
Я к тебЎ придѓ чЎрез час. I’ll be at your place in an hour.
Translate
1. We arrived in Moscow. 2. We left from Moscow.

3. I got the the library at 9:00. 4. I left the library at 9:05.
5. Masha arrived at Pasha’s on Tuesday. 6. Masha left Pasha’s on Saturday.
83-7
в- вы-
в- вы-
Indicates entering an enclosed Indicates leaving a an enclosed
area. (Don’t use with people.) place
Use в. Use из.
Note that all Perfective verbs (not just VoM) with the prefix вѕ- are stressed on the prefix in all forms. No
exceptions. None!
МЌша вошлЌ в кђмнату и леглЌ на дивЌн. Masha entered the room and lay down on the sofa.
Он вѕшел из общежЏтия и повернѓл налЎво. He exited the dorm and turned left.
Translate
1. We walked into the room. 2. We walked out of the room.

3. Nina walked into the building. 4. Nina walked out the building.
5. We drove into the garage гарЌж. 6. We drove out of the garage.
под- от-
под- от-
Indicates approaching a place or Indicates movement away from a
person. place or person.
Use к. Use от.
Ко мне подошлЌ какЌя-то стрЌнная дЎвушка. Some strange lady walked up to me.
КогдЌ я отходЏла от негђ, он нЌчал извинјться. As I was walking away from him, he started to
apologize.
83-8
Translate
1. A strange man walked up to me. 2. I walked away from the strange man.
3. We drove up to the dormitory. 4. We drove away from the dormitory.
пере-
пере-
Indicates movement across an
area.
For now, just use with the direct
object ѓлицу.
Мы перешлЏ ѓлицу. We crossed the street.

НЌдо быть ђчень осторђжным, когдЌ перехђдишь You have to be very careful when you cross the
ѓлицу. street
Translate
1. We crossed the street. 2. Be careful when you cross the street.
до-
до-
Indicates reaching or getting as
far as a destination.
Use до..
83-9
Он наконЎц дошёл до библиотЎки. He finally got to the library.

Мы доЎхали до Москѕ We went as far as Moscow.
The prefix до- places a heavy emphasis on reaching, going as far as a destination, while verbs with при- indicate
simple arrival. In general, verbs with при- are much more common.
Translate
1. He reached the bus stop. 2. We went as far as Trenton.
83-10
УпражнЎние 1 Write a sentence for each new prefix and translate into English. You can
model your sentences on our examples, but try not to just copy them.
1. при-
2. у-
3. в-
4. вы-
5. под-
6. от-
7. пере-
8. до-
83-11
S21 происхђдит / произошлђ happen; occur; take place

Nouns S21 {узнай+´ / узнавЌй+} // find out; learn; discover
узнЌй+
S21 бизнесмЎн businessman S20 чЏсти+ // по- зѓбы brush one’s teeth
S20 больнЏца hospital
83 будЏльник alarm clock
S20 зуб tooth Expressions and Misc.
S21 зЌвтрак breakfast
82 зЎркало mirror 82 бѓдьте добрѕ Very polite phrase said in store (and other
places) to get someone’s attention.
S20 инфЌркт heart attack
будь дђбр / добрЌ
83 компЌния company
82 себЎ oneself
82 кѓрт/ка (o) jacket (Not a sport coat, which is пиджЌк.)
82 ли if; whether
S20 останђв/ка (о) bus stop ×
82 смотре+ // по на look at oneself in the mirror
82 продавец´ (е) ~ salesman
себј в зЎркало
продавщЏца ×
82 {возьм+´ / взя+} с take with oneself
S21 ромЌн romance (In addition to novel)
собђй
S21 ситуЌция situation
84 ну, что ты / вы! come on, things are not as bad as you make
S20 сЎрдце heart (Related to cardiac) them out to be
S21 ЦРУ CIA (ЦентрЌльное РазведывЌтельное 84 идЏ ты знЌешь you know where you can go
УправлЎние) кудЌ
84 чёрт devil S20 чтобы + Infinitive in order to
83 шеф boss S20 (томѓ) назЌд ago (Томѓ is optional, and considered a bit
S21 шпиђн spy more bookish.)
S20 по коридђру down the hall
Adjectives and Adverbs S20 пЌдай+ // упад́+ в faint (Lit.: fall into a fainting spell)
ђбморок
S20 бђл(е)н, больнЌ, sick (Short-Form Adjective) S21 при чём тут + what does [Noun] have to do with anything
больнѕ Nominative here?
83 вЎжливый polite S21 [комѓ] жЌлко, что [Person] feels sorry/regrets that...
S20 весёлый cheerful; happy S21 сам -Ќ, -ђ, -и oneself
S21 весЎнний (soft!) adjective from веснЌ S21 во-пЎрвых first of all; in the first place
S20 грѓбый rude S21 тђлько что just (recently)
S20 знакђмый familiar S21 -шник agentive suffix (Also: КГБ-шник)
S21 невозмђжный impossible S21 невозмђжно чтобы it’s impossible for (X to happen)
+ Past
83 очереднђй next in a series of; yet another
S21 слђж/ный (e) complicated; complex
S21 срЌзу immediately
Verbs
S21 беспокђи+ // по- cause someone to worry; trouble;

disturb
×
82 {возьм+´ / взя+} take (Perfective) For now just
learn the Perfective.
×
S21 входи+ // войтЏ enter; walk into)
×
S20 доходи+ // дойтЏ reach (by foot); go as far as
S21 закЌнчивай+ // закђнчи+ finish; complete
S20 зЌвтрaкай+ // по- eat breakfast
S21 кончЌй+...ся // кђнчи+...ся (come to an) end
S21 начинЌй+...ся // {начн+´...ся begin – Intransitive
/ начЌ+...сј}
×
82 носи+ wear
×
S20 обмЌнывай+ // обману+ deceive; trick
×
S20 переходи+ // перейтЏ cross (street)
S21 поворЌчивай+...ся // with к: turn towards Person
повернѓ+...ся (к комѓ) without к: turn around
82 послЌ+ send (Perfective) For now just
learn the Past and Infinitive Stem .
S20 причёсывай+…ся // comb (brush) one’s hair
×
причеса+…ся
Диалог
Ни пѓха, ни перЌ! К чёртѓ!
Review
__________
+Ни пѓха, ни перЌ! -К чёрту! +Good luck! -Go to hell!
МЌша 1 Ѕра, привЎт! Как делЌ? Ira, hi! How’s it going?

Ѕра 2 Не спрЌшивай! ЗЌвтра начинЌется сЎссия. Љто Don’t ask! Exams start tomorrow! What a
3 ѓжас! Я дЌже не хочѓ дѓмать об экзЌмене по horror! And I don’t even want to think about
4 рѓсскому языку. Я ничегђ не пђмню. Какђй my Russian exam.. I don’t remember anything.
5 кошмЌр! What a nightmare!
МЌша 6 Ну, что ты! Я увЎрена, что всё бѓдет хорошђ. Come on (it’s not as bad as you make it out to
7 ИзвинЏ, мне нЎкогда. Мы с Бђрей сегђдня be). I’m sure that everything will be fine.
8 вЎчером идём в наш любЏмый францѓзский Sorry, I’ve got to run. Tonight Borya and I are
9 ресторЌн, а потђм на нђвый фильм going our favorite French restaurant and then
10 ШварценЎггера. Хђчешь пойтЏ с нЌми? to the new Schwarzenegger film. Do you want
to come with us?
Ѕра 11 (Дѓмает: ИдЏ ты знЌешь куда!) Нет, спасЏбо. (Thinking: You know where you can go!) No,
thanks.
МЌша 12 Ни пѓха, ни перЌ (с экзЌменом)! Good luck (with the exam)!
Ѕра 13 К чёрту! Go to hell!
Словарь
6 ну, что ты / вы! here: come on, things are not as bad as you make them out to be
11 идЏ ты знЌешь кудЌ! you know where you can go (This expression is quite strong, so be very careful
who you say it to. And be sure you really mean it when you say it.)
(идЏте вы знЌете кудЌ!)
84-1
• Prefixed Verbs of Motion
Attaching a prefix to a Non-Determined Verb of Motion (see below for variations in stems) creates an
Imperfective Verb.
Attaching a prefix to a Determined Verb of Motion (see below for variations in stems) creates a Perfective Verb.
The entire question of Non-Determined/Determined disappears when a prefix is added; it’s strictly an opposition
of Imperfective // Perfective.
PREFIXED VERBS OF MOTION
arrive
(from Non-Det form) (from Det form)
приезжЌй+ {приЎд+ / приЎха+}
прилетЌй+ прилетЎ+
Of the Verbs of Motion we saw, these four attach prefixes with no changes in their stem:
The four Prefixed VoM with no changes in stems:

× × ×
-носи+ / -нёс+´ -води+ / -вёд+´ -вози+ / -вёз+´ -летЌй+ / -летЎ+
Some examples of Prefixed VoM:
Imperfective (from Non-Det) Perfective (from Det)

×
приноси+ bring принёс+´
×
уводи+ lead away увёд+´
×
ввози+ import ввёз+´
отлетЌй+ fly away отлетЎ+
These four stem have a change in the form in bold:
The four Prefixed VoM with a change in the stem (in bold):
×
-бегЌй+ / -бежЌть -плывЌй+ / -плыв+ -езжЌй+ / -Ўхать -ходи+ / -йд+´
84-2
For three of the remaining four verbs, a change occurs in the Imperfective stem:
1. For run, the Imperfective form simply shifts the stress foward one syllable, from бЎгай+ to -бегЌй+. The
Perfective form is built on the (rather irregular) form бежЌть
бЎгай+ > -бегЌй+

прибегЌй+ прибежЌть
отбегЌй+ отбежЌть
2. For swim, the stem vowel changes from ×

a to ы and the stress moves forward (плЌвай+ > -плывЌй+). The
Pefective is built, predictably on плыв+
плЌвай+ > -плывЌй+

×
подплывЌй+ подплыв+×
переплывЌй+ переплыв+
3. For go by vehicle, the new Imperfective stem is -езжЌй+. You cannot use this stem by itself!
Ўзди+ > -езжЌй+

уезжЌй+ {уЎд+ / уЎха+}
*подъезжЌй {подъЎд+ / подъЎха+}
• Prefixes and their meanings:
при- у-
Indicates arrival at a destination Indicates leaving a place (for an
extended period – not just
stepping out).
Use the prepositions of
Use the prepositions of origin.
destination.
в- вы-
Indicates entering an enclosed Indicates leaving a an enclosed
area. (Don’t use with people.) place
Use в. Use из.
83-3
под- от-
Indicates approaching a place or Indicates movement away from a
person. place or person.
Use к. Use от.
пере- до-
Indicates movement across an Indicates reaching or getting as
area. far as a destination.
For now, just use with the direct Use до..
object ѓлицу.
• Verbs of Taking and Leading:
Imperfective
Perfective
≠“Heading / On one’s way” “Heading / On one’s way”
×
carry (in arms, on back) носи+ нёс+´ понёс+´
×
lead (take) води+ вёд+´ повёд+´
×
transport (take) вози+ вёз+´ повёз+´
(There are a lot of [nasty] details regarding dropping someone off. Just focus on the basic meanings and you’ll be
OK.)
• Irregular Plural Nouns
ИменЏтельмый ВинЏтельный РодЏтельный Предлђжный ДЌтельный ТворЏтельный

городЌ городђв о городЌх городЌм городЌми
домЌ домђв о домЌх домЌм домЌми
поездЌ = ИменЏтельный поездђв о поездЌх поездЌм поездЌми
лесЌ лесђв о лесЌх лесЌм лесЌми
голосЌ голосђв о голосЌх голосЌм голосЌми
профессорЌ профессорђв о профессорЌх профессорЌм профессорЌми
= РодЏтельный
учителј учителЎй об учителјх учителјм учителјми
Nominative Plural in -ьј > Genitive Plural in -Ўй (No ь)

сын son сыновьј сыновЎй
друг friend друзьј друзЎй
муж husband мужьј мужЎй
84-4
Nominative Plural in -´ья > Genitive Plural in -´ьев (Keep ь)

брат brother брЌтья брЌтьев
стѓл chair стѓлья стѓльев
• Чтобы + Infinitive: In order to
Чтобы can also be used with an Infinitive with the meaning in order to...; so as to Note that quite often in
English in order (so as) is left out:
Чтобы говорЏть по-рѓсски без акцЎнта, нЌдо жить (In order) to speak Russian without an accent,
лет дЎсять в РоссЏи. (one) must live around ten years in Russia.
НЌдо кЌждый день занимЌться чтобы получЌть One must study every day in order to get good
хорђшие отмЎтки. grades,
Чтобы хорошђ спать, нЌдо пЎред сном почитЌть о (In order) to sleep well, (one) should read a little
глагђлах движЎния. about Verbs of Motion before going to bed.
• Meanings of the particle -ся
1) Subject = Object: True Reflexive Verb – Он помѕлся He washed himself
When the action of the verb reflects back onto the subject (the subject performs the action on him/herself), -ся
indicates a reflexive verb:
Transitive Verbs True Reflexive Verbs (-ся)

Кђля помѕл сѕна. Кђля помѕлся.
Kolya washed (his) son. Kolya washed himself.
ЛЌра причесЌла дђчь. ЛЌра причесЌлась.

Lara brushed (her) daughter’s hair. Lara brushed her (own) hair..
БЌбушка одЎла внѓка. БЌбушка одЎлась.

Grandmother dressed (her) grandson. Grandmother got dressed.
2) Subjects = Objects: Reciprocal Verbs – ОнЏ поцеловЌлись They kissed (each other)
Some verbs with -ся have a reciprocal meaning, i.e., the action is not reflected back onto the subject, but rather
from one person to another. By definition, reciprocal verbs must be plural.
Transitive Verbs Reciprocal Verbs

Я поцеловЌл её. Мы поцеловЌлись.
I kissed her. We kissed (each other).
КЏра встрЎтила менј. Мы встрЎтились.

Kira met me. We met (one another).
ОнЏ вЏдели друг дрѓга. ОнЏ чЌсто вЏдятся.

They saw each other. They often see each other.
83-5
3) Object becomes Subject (sometimes): Урђк нЌчалсј The lesson began

In many cases when -ся is added to a transitive verb, the direct object (Accusative) of the transitive sentence
becomes the subject (Nominative) of the intransitive sentence. Make sure that the -ся verb agrees with the new
subject – and not the old subject of the transitive sentence:
Transitive Verbs Intransitive Verbs

Direct Object becomes Subject of -ся Verb
ПрофЎссор нЌчал урђк (ACC). Урђк (NOM) нЌчалсј.
The professor started the lesson. The lesson started.
ПрофЎссор кђнчил лЎкцию (ACC). ЛЎкция (NOM) кђнчилась.

The professor ended the lecture. The lecture ended.
Мы открѕли дверь (ACC). Дверь (NOM) открѕлась.

We opened the door. The door opened.
ОнЏ закрѕли окнђ (ACC). Окнђ (NOM) закрѕлось.

They closed the window. The window closed.
In other cases, the -ся verb has a related meaning, but the new subject is not the former direct object:
Subject of -ся Verb is not from Transitive non-ся Verb

Он вернѓл мне дЎньги. Мы вернѓлись домђй.
He returned the money to me. We returned home.
МЌша повернѓла напрЌво. МЌша повернѓлась.

Masha turned to the right. Masha turned around.
4) No clearly obvious meaning to -ся: Мы смејлись We laughed
For a number of verbs, it is hard to see precisely what meaning the -ся carries:
“Meaningless -ся” Verbs

Чегђ ты боЏшься?
What are you afraid of?
Мы не над тобђй смеёмся.

We’re not laughing at you.
Я тобђй восхищЌюсь.
I admire you. / I think you’re great.
Я занимЌюсь три часЌ

кЌждый день.1
I study three hours every day
1
Technically, there does exist a verb занимЌй+ occupy, but занимЌй+...ся has really acquired a separate meaning.
84-6
5) Strange but true: Imperfective has -ся, Perfective doesn’t – Он ложЏлся / лёг He went to bed
Imperfective: -ся Perfective: No –ся

Я обѕчно ложѓсь в час. ВчерЌ я леглЌ часЌ в четѕре.
I usually go to bed at 1:00. Last night I went to sleep around 4.
СадЏсь! Он сел на дивЌн.

Have a seat. He sat down on the sofa.
Станђвится хђлодно. Вдруг стЌло теплђ.

It’s getting cold. It got warm suddenly.
• Meanings of сам (самЌ, самђ, сЌми):
1) Emphatic – I myself / my (very) self (and no one else)
ОнЏ сЌми тебЎ іто сказЌли? Did they themselves tell you that?
2) By oneself (without help of another)
Ты самЌ іто сдЎлала? Did you do it (by) yourself? (No one assisted you?)
With inanimate subjects, there can be a “mysterious” quality to сам:
Дверь открѕлась самЌ. The door opened by itself.
• Д-Stem Verbs
Simple addition in Present and Imperative: C+V (no mutation): крад+у>крадѓ; вёд+Џ > ведЏ
C1 + C2 > C2 in the Past (the д from the stem is lost in all forms) вёд+л>вёл, велЌ, велЏ; клад+л .> клал,
клЌла, клЌли.
In Infinitive, д is always lost, replaced either by -сть (if stem is stressed in past: красть) or -стЏ (if ending is
stressed in past: вестЏ).
So, the verb steal has ending stress in the Present/Imperative (крадѓ, крадём, крадЏ/те), but stem stress in the
Past/Infinitive (крЌла, крЌли, красть).
83-7
ГраммЌтика: Adverbs and Other Parts of Speech
РасскЌз - Часть ПЎрвая: ГраммЌтика

☺ Generally, there will be no new vocabulary on Thursday, but there’s still plenty to do. The class will be
devoted to a discussion of the story and practice of the grammar point(s). Be sure to read over and listen to the
story again.
Our suggestion:
1) Listen to and repeat the story at least 2-3 times. (We suggest about 10-15 minutes for this.)
2) Read the grammar. Do the oral exercises. (20 minutes)
3) Listen to and repeat the examples sentences. (15-20 minutes)
4) Complete the written homework. Answer the questions that appear only on the recording. (20 minutes)
1А. Adverbs and Other Parts of Speech
1.А.1 Forming Adverbs

We’ve already discussed various aspects of Adjectives (gender, number, case), so now let’s look at Adverbs. The
good news is that Adverbs don’t change form (except for the comparative – John plays chess well, but Mary plays
even better – which we will discuss much later in the course.)
1.А.1a Adverbs in -о: хорошђ, плђхо, отлЏчно, обѕчно, etc.

By far the most common ending for Adverbs is {O}, specifically -о (-e is rare, while -ё simply does not occur).
To form an Adverb, simply add -o to the Adjectival stem. The only difficulty that sometimes arises is a
difference in the position of stress between the Adjective and the Adverb. Unfortunately, there are no great rules
for predicting when the stress will be different; you really need to memorize this – but it’s not really that hard.
Some examples of Adjectives and Adverbs.

красЏв-ый красЏво
плох-ой плђхо
обѕчн-ый обѕчно
стрЌнн-ый стрЌнно
хорђш-ий хорошђ
интерЎсн-ый интерЎсно
скѓчн-ый скѓчно
отлЏчн-ый отлЏчно
прекрЌсн-ый прекрЌсно
прост-ђй прђсто
дЌвний давнђ
Рассказ: Часть ВторЌя (ГраммЌтика)-1

Story − Part 1 Grammar
Form adverbs from these adjectives. Those words marked with a * have a stress change.
1. * хорђший 2. * плохђй 3. красЏвый

4. прекрЌсный 5. глѓпый stupid 6. ѓмный smart
7. скѓчный 8. интерЎсный 9. * холђдный
10. вкѓсный 11. стрЌнный 12. * тёплый
1.А.1б Adverbs in -ки: по-рѓсски, практЏчески

If an Adjective ends in suffix -кий, simply remove the й to form the Adverb. (We saw this already when we
covered phrases like Он говорЏт по-рѓсски / читЌет по-немЎцки / понимЌет по-китЌйски. In general,
besides these language/nationality adverbs, there are not that many -ки adverbs. Here a few for reference:

практЏческий practical практЏчески practically
критЏческий critical критЏчески critically
One good thing: Adverbs in -ки always have the same stress as the related Adjective.
Form adverbs from these adjectives.
1. практЏческий 2. экономЏческий 3. политЏческий 4. критЏческий
1.A.2 Other Adverbs

A number of very common Adverbs do not have a correpsonding Adjective, and may not end in either -о or -ки.
Some may even be phrases (with or without a Preposition). Here are some “miscellaneous” Adverbs:
Adverbs Not From

Adjectives
дђма
потђм
опјть
ђчень
довђльно
навЎрно
совсЎм
чуть-чуть
тђлько
весь день
без концЌ

РасскЌз − 1-я часть
1.A.3 Exactly What Are Adverbs? Он хорошђ поёт vs. Там бѕло хорошђ
In story we find the following phrases
Но там бѕло скѓчно... But it was boring there...

(ЛЎсли сказЌла, что) там ђчень хорошђ, ђчень (Leslie said that) it was very good there, very
интерЎсно. interesting
On the surface all three words скѓчно, хорошђ, интерЎсно certainly look like Adverbs – they all end in -о. But
if you think about the meaning, they certainly don’t “feel” like Adverbs the way that, say, хорошђ or плђхо do in
Он хорошђ / плђхо поЎт He sings well/poorly. In this sentence хорошђ / плђхо are clearly Adverbs modifying
the verb поёт. So, what part of speech are скѓчно, хорошђ, интерЎсно in the above examples?
Actually, different people give different answers to this question. Some people claim that they are, in fact,
Adverbs, modifying the verb be. The Neuter 3rd Singular бѕло is used as a “default,” since there is no obvious
subject in the Nominative. Others say that скѓчно, хорошђ, интерЎсно are actually Adjectives, but a special
kind of Adjectives called Short-Form Adjectives. (We won’t go into details on these right here.)
The good news is that as far as we are concerned, it really doesn’t make much difference whether скѓчно,
хорошђ, интерЎсно are Adjectives or Adverbs. There is no difference in the form, which is our main concern.
1.A.4 Some “Strange” Uses of Adverbs in Russian

Russian sometimes uses an Adverb in constructions where English cannot. For example, in the story СЌра says of
МЏтя: Он ђчень красЏво курЏл. Literally this means He very beautifully / attractively smoked, but that’s not
really English. It’s not hard to understand what the Russian phrase means, but giving an exact translation can be
difficult.
Here are some other examples where Russian has a perfectly normal phrase with an Adverb for which there is no
exact English equivalent:
Мђя мать ђчень вкѓсно готђвит. My mother is a really good cook. (She cooks
“deliciously”.)
ПрофЎссор скѓчно читЌет лЎкции lectures. The professor is a boring lecturer. (He reads the
lectures “boringly”.)
ЛЏза всегдЌ так интерЎсно говорЏт. Liza always has something interesting to say. (She
talks “interestingly”.)
We can’t give you any absolute “rules” about which Adverbs you can use in Russian but not in English. The
most important thing is to be able to recognize this difference (and eventually introduce these Adverbs into your
speech).
Translate into Russian. Don't worry if your answer does not match – but be sure to listen and
repeat. All the sentences contain an Adverb.
1. She smokes in a very attractive manner. 2. He’s a bad student.

3. Gena’s mother is a good cook. 4. Everything in the store was expensive.
5. In Moscow everything is inexpensive. 6. He’s an excellent singer.
Рассказ: Часть ПЎрвая (ГраммЌтика)-3

1Б. Example Sentences With the New Vocabulary
(There are not sufficient pauses on the recording for you to repeat. You will need to use the мышь.)
We suggest that you:

1) Look first at the Russian, then quickly at the English, then again at the Russian as you hear the sentence for
the first time.
2) Repeat the sentence once or twice.
3) After you go through all the sentences once, go back and this time look only at the English. Try to translate
before the text is read. Then repeat after you hear the Russian.
как бѓдто 1. НатЌша говорЏт по-англЏйски как 1. Natasha speaks English as though she
бѓдто он америкЌнка. were an American.
давнђ 2. Я давнђ читЌла іту кнЏгу. 2. I read that book a long time ago.
молодђй 3. + Егђ нђвая женЌ стЌрая? − Нет, 3. + Is his new wife old? − No, she's quite
онЌ совсЎм молодЌя. young.
МосквЌ 4. Ѓльцин живёт в МосквЎ. 4. Yelstin lives in Moscow.
университЎт 5. ПрЏнстон - отлЏчный университЎт. 5. Princeton is an excellent university.
АмЎрика 6. Я не знЌю почемѓ мой муж не 6. I don't know why my husband doesn’t like
лїбит АмЎрику. America.
скѓчно 7. Здесь никогдЌ не скѓчно. 7. It's never boring here.
решЏ+ 8. Мы решЏли танцевЌть на столЎ. 8. We decided to dance on the table.
семЎстр 9. СЌра одЏн семЎстр учЏлась в 9. Sara studied for a semester in Russia.
РоссЏи.
×
пожив+ 10. Мы решЏли пожЏть год в 10. We decided to live in Petersburg for a
Петербѓрге. year.
подрѓга 11. + Где Бђрина подрѓга? − По- 11. + Where is Borya's girlfriend? − I think
мђему, я вЏдела её с МЏшей! I saw her with Misha!
цЎлый 12. Он цЎлый день занимЌлся. 12. He studied all day.
год 13. ОнЌ цЎлый год жилЌ в Лђндоне. 13. She lived in London for a whole year.
Петербѓрг 14. В Петербѓрге красЏвые здЌния. 14. There are beautiful buildings in
Petersburg.
все 15. На вечерЏнке все пЏли, пЎли и 15. At the party everyone drank, sang, and
танцевЌли. danced.
прђтив 16. Ѓсли бы Стёпа был прђтив, он бы 16. If Styopa was against it, he would have
сказЌл. said.
друг 17. Мой друг ѓчится в Гарварде. 17. My friend goes to Harvard.
дЌже 18. Все бѕли там, дЌже ОксЌна. 18. Everyone was there, even Oksana.
кђшка 19. Я вЏдела ђчень красЏвую чёрную 19. I saw a very nice-looking black cat.
кђшку.
коридђр 20. В коридђре бѕло ђчень хђлодно. 20. It was very cold in the hall.
обѕчно 21. Мы обѕчно пьём дорогђе 21. We usually drink expensive French red
францѓзское крЌсное винђ. wine.

блондЏн / блондЏнка 22. Там был одЏн ђчень красЏвый 22. There was a very attractive blond guy
блондЏн. there.
23. Почемѓ ты смђтришь на іту 23. Why are you looking at that blond
блондЏнку? woman?
(не)высђкого рђста 24. Шак ђчень высђкого рђста. 24. Shaq is very tall.
нЌдо сказЌть 25. В ПрЏнстоне, нЌдо сказЌть, всё 25. Everything in Princeton, I must say, is
ђчень дђрого. very expensive.
подошлЌ 26. Он подошёл и сказал 26. He walked up and said, “Hello, my name
он подошёл (ё), онЏ «ЗдрЌвствуйте. Менј зовѓт Тим.» is Tim.”
подошлЏ
первоклЌссный 27. МерседЎс − первоклЌссная 27. Mercedes is a first-class car.
машЏна.
ну что вы / ты! 28. + ФЏльм был ђчень скѓчный! − Ну 28. + The movie was very boring! − What
что ты?! Љто хорђший фильм. do you mean!? (Come on!) It’s a good
movie.
кстЌти 29. КстЌти, егђ зовѓт ГрЏша, а не 29. By the way, his name is Grisha, not
МЏша. Misha.
ђчень пријтно 30. + ВЌля, іто МЏша. − Ічень 30. + Valya, this is Misha. − Nice to meet
пријтно. + Ічень пријтно. you. + Nice to meet you.
улыбнѓ+…ся 31. ОнЏ ђчень стрЌнно улыбнѓлись. 31. They smiled very strangely.
тђже 32. МЌша ѓчится в ПрЏнстоне, и я 32. Masha goes to Princeton and I also go to
тђже учѓсь в ПрЏнстоне. Princeton.
Рассказ: Часть ПЎрвая (ГраммЌтика)-5

РасскЌз: ПЎрвая часть – ДомЌшнее задЌние
Exercise 1 Answer the questions on the recording. По-рѓсски, конЎчно:
1.
2.
3.
4.
(ОпишЏте describe)
5.
(о about + Location ending)

6.
7.
Exercise 2 Be as truthful as you wish and write 5 sentences using an Adverb(ial) form
1.
2.
S1-6
РасскЌз: ПЎрвая часть – ДомЌшнее задЌние
3.
4.
5.
Exercise 3 ПереведЏте на рѓсский
1. Whose mother is standing in the hall and smoking?
2. My younger sister is tall.
3. I would like to study a whole semester in Moscow.
S1-7
РасскЌз: 1. ДавЌй на ты
Let’s not be so formal
This is the first part of a story we will read over the course of the year. We will cover each part of the story in two lessons.
On the first day, we will focus on the text itself, while on second day we will examine a specific grammar point (or two)
contained in the story. The oral section of exams will cover the story.
What to do:
1) Listen to the recording and fill in the blanks. You will need to use your knowledge of the grammar to
determine the endings of many words (because the endings often get reduced).
2) Listen to the story several times, again glancing at the vocabulary. The recording is only about two minutes,
but you should plan to spend at least 40 minutes listening to and repeating the text.
3) Make up cards (or add to your list – whatever you prefer) of new vocabulary.
4) Read and listen to the story again, making sure you understand everything. If anything is at all unclear, ask
about it in class.
5) Translate the story in English. We’ll go over the difficult parts in class
6) Learn the new vocabulary.
Все бѕли прђтив Everyone was against (it)
1 Я _______________________________________________________________________, как бѓдто
2 іто _________________________________________________________________. Но іто бѕло давнђ.
3 ________________________________________________________________________ молодЌя!
4 Я былЌ в МосквЎ, ______________________________________________________ унивeрситЎтe.
5 ______________________________, в АмЎрикe, я ___________________________________________.
6 Но там бѕло скѓчно, и я рeшЏла __________________________________ сeмЎстр пожЏть в МосквЎ.
7 Мој подрѓга ЛЎсли учЏлась цЎлый год в Пeтeрбѓргe, и _____________________________________,
8 что _____________________________________________________, ђчeнь интeрЎсно.
9 Всe бѕли прђтив: мой друг Рђбeрт ___________________________________, _______________
10 ____________________________________________________, дЌжe мој кђшка ФрЏски былЌ прђтив.
11 ] ] ]
Рассказ: Часть ПЎрвая (Текст)-1

Story − Part 1 Text
12 ___________________________________ коридђрe _____________________________. Обѕчно я
13 нe люблї, ____________________________________________, но он ђчeнь красЏво курЏл. Он был
14 блондЏн высђкого рђста, и, нЌдо сказЌть, ________________________________________________.
15 Нe знЌю, ______________________________________________, но я подошлЌ и сказЌла:
16 − _________________________________________________________ СЌра. А как вас зовѓт?
− Вы кто, амeрикЌнка?
17 − ____________________________________________________________________ ПрЏнстонe.
18 − В ПрЏнстонe?! ________________________________________________! Љто пeрвоклЌссный
19 унивeрситЎт. Вы, ________________________________________________________________.
20 − Нeт. Ну что вы! Нe всe там гЎнии.
21 − КстЌти, мeнј зовѓт ДмЏтрий, Џли прђсто МЏтя. Ічeнь пријтно, − он улыбнѓлся.
22 − Ічeнь пријтно, − я тђжe ___________________________________________________.
23 _________________________________________________________________________!..

СловЌрь
1 как бѓдто as if; as though
2 давнђ long ago
3 молодђй young (related to млЌдший)
4 МосквЌ Moscow
4 университЎт (Actually, in the USSR there were very few “universities”. Most institutions of
higher learning were called инститѓт. Since 1991 many former инститѓты have
changed to университЎты)
5 АмЎрика America
6 скѓчно (ч is pronounced [ш]) boring (Neuter ending is used because the clause has no real Nominative subject.)
6 решЏ+ decide
6 семЎстр (don’t put an extra ‘e’ before the final ‘р’)
×
6 пожив+ the prefix по- gives the meaning ‘for a short time’
7 подрѓга (girl)friend (If a male uses this term, it normally indicates romance. The same is
true if a female uses друг – see below.)
7 цЎлый whole, entire
7 год year
7 Петербѓрг Petersburg (The official name of the city is Санкт Петербѓрг, but that is rarely
said. There’s even a slang name – ПЏтер, sort of like how we can say Philly.)
9 все everyone (takes a plural verb – unlike English)
9 прђтив against
Все бѕли прђтив Everyone was against it (note you don’t translate ‘it’ in Russian here)
9 друг (boy)friend (see above for usage)
10 дЌже even
10 кђшка a female кот
11 коридђр hall(way)
11 обѕчно usually
13 блондЏн ~ блондЏнка blonde (male ~ female)
13 высђкого рђста tall (lit.: ‘of tall height’. Use this fixed phrase in place of an adjective)
13 нЌдо сказЌть (I / one) must say; (I / one) must admit
14 подошлЌ walked up (to) (use the Past Tense only for now)
он подошёл (ё), онЏ подошлЏ
18 первоклЌссный first class; top notch
20 ну что вы / ты! come on!; you’re can’t be serious
21 кстЌти by the way
21 ђчень пријтно nice to meet you (lit: very pleasant)
21 улыбнѓ+…ся smile (use only in the Past Tense for now)
22 тђже also (You can only use тђже when the verb/predicate is the same as the previous
sentence. Much more on тђже later in the course.)

ГраммЌтика: The Conjunctions и, а, но
РасскЌз - Часть ВторЌя: ГраммЌтика

(A few of the examples contain words you have not seen yet. Just look at the English to confirm that you understand
everything.)
А. Three Little But Tricky Words: The Conjunctions И, А, НО
You may recall that in Lesson 3 we saw the following exchange:
Менј зовѓт МЏша. А как вас зовѓт? My name is Misha. What’s your name?
You may also recall that the word а had no overt translation in the English. You may not recall (since it did not
happen) that we never really explained the various uses of а, as well as и and но. The time has come.
И and
И is used to link two non-contradictory notions, and always corresponds to English and.
ВЎра дђбрая и красЏвая. Vera is kind and attractive.

Я купЏла хлеб и молокђ. I bought bread and milk.
ВЎра и СЌша игрЌют в шЌхматы. Vera and Sasha are playing chess.
Љто Боря и егђ нђвая женЌ. This is Borya and his new wife.
To say both...and, used и...и:
Он знЌет и рѓсский и немЎцкий. He knows both Russian and German.

И МЌша и СЌша плђхо спЌли сегђдня. Both Masha and Sasha slept poorly last night.
А and; but; ∅
А can appear as several different words in English (and in some cases, as no word at all).
1) A is often used when presenting people, things, and is translated and.
Љто ВЏтя, а іто егђ женЌ. This is Vitya, and this is his wife.
Здесь стоЏт компьїтер, а рјдом прЏнтер. My computer is here, and next to it is my printer.
Хорошђ. Это ты, а іто кто? OK. (I understand.) That’s you, and who is that?

Compare а vs.и in the following:
Љто ВЏтя, а іто егђ женЌ. This is Vitya, and this is his wife.
Љто Бђря и егђ нђвая женЌ. This is Borya and his new wife.
Certainly the two sentences mean nearly the same thing. The only difference (besides а vs. и) is the “extra” іто
in the first sentence, which forces the use of а.
To be perfectly honest, in the above sentences it is not impossible to have и, but a is much preferred.
2) A is used to link two phrases which are in contrast to but not contradiction with each other. This use of a can
be translated and or but – depending on the strength of the contrast. (Often this use of a corresponds to
whereas.)
Он молодђй, а онЌ стЌрая. He’s young and (whereas) she is old.

РЌньше он мнђго пил, а тепЎрь ђчень мЌло. He used to drink a lot, but (whereas) now he
(drinks) little.
Љто кђшка, а іто собЌка. This is a cat and that’s a dog.
In the last example, because of the nature of cats and dogs, a definite contrast is felt.
3) A is used when a positive statement is contrasted with a negative statement, and is translated either but or
and, depending on the syntax:
Он не рабђтает, а ѓчится. He’s doesn’t work, but rather he goes to school.

МЏша дурЌк, а не гЎний. Misha is a fool and not a genius.
ОнЏ живѓт не в МосквЎ, а в Петербѓрге. They don’t live in Moscow, but in Petersburg.
4) In some cases a has no translation in English; it is used simply to move conversation along. (Sometimes so is
a close approximation.)
Менј зовѓт МЏша. А как вас зовѓт? My name is Misha. What’s your name?
А как там бѕло? So, how was it there?

А почемѓ он іто сказЌл? Why did he say that?

Но
Но is reserved for rather sharp contrasts or contradictions, and is almost always translated but.
Он всё врЎмя занимЌется, но получЌет плохЏе He studies all the time but gets bad grades.
замЎтки.
Он ѓмный, но не ђчень красЏвый. He’s smart but not very attractive. (A positive trait
is contradicted by negative one.)
ОнЌ всё прочитЌла, но ничегђ не понялЌ. She read everything but didn’t understand
anything.
Винђ бѕло прекрЌсное, но ђчень дорогђе! The wine was fantastic but really expensive.
Я тебј ђчень люблї, но мы не мђжем быть I love you very much, but we cannot be together.
вмЎсте!
To be honest, the use of these three conjunctions is more complicated than what we have presented here. In many
cases more than one of the words is possible. Both a and но are often possible in the same context, the choice
depending on the strength of the contrast. And а and и are sometimes interchangeable. Our suggestion: Learn
what’s here and keep you eyes and ears open for how Russian writers and speakers use these words.
Insert the correct conjunction into the sentences.
1. Љто ГЎна, __________ іто егђ женЌ.

2. Љто ГЎна ______________ егђ женЌ.
3. НЏна ѓчится хорошђ, _____________ я плђхо. (No need to repeat the verb.)
4. Я знЌю, что нЌдо брђсить курЏть, ____________ не могѓ.
5. Её родЏтели живѓт не в Лђндоне, _____________ в ТрЎнтоне.
6. Мы бѕли в МосквЎ _________ Петербѓрге.
7. СЎва говорЏт _________ по-францѓзски, _________ по-рѓсски, __________ по-итальјнски!
8. Все бѕли прђтив, ________ СЌра решЏла учЏться семЎстр в РоссЏи.
9. Менј зовѓт ДЏма. _________ как вас зовѓт?
10. СтудЎнты в ПрЏнстоне не дуракЏ, ______________ гЎнии.
11. Там бѕли ЛЎна ___________ её брЌтья.
12. __________ почемѓ никто ничегђ не сказЌл?
13. Сегђдня не средЌ, __________ четвЎрг.
14. Я хотЎл пить винђ, ____________ моЏ родЏтели сказЌли «Нет!»

Б. Example Sentences With the New Vocabulary
мђжeт быть 1. Мђжет быть, іто ключЏ Ѕгоря. 1. Maybe these are Igor’s keys.
іто не [чьё] дЎло 2. + Как зовѓт твої подрѓгу? − Љто 2. + What's your girlfriend's name?
не твоё дЎло. −That's none of your business.
врЎдный 3. По-мђему, пить врЎдно. 3. I think that drinking is bad for you.
давЌй на «ты» 4. + Откѓда вы? − ДавЌй на «ты». 4. +Where are thou from? − Let's use
“you”.
абсолїтный 5. ОнЏ абсолїтно прЌвы. 5. They are absolutely correct.
прЌв, правЌ, прЌвы 6. Мой отЎц дѓмает, что он всегдЌ 6. My father thinks that he's always right.
прав.
брђси+ 7. Ічень трѓдно брђсить курЏть. 7. It's very hard to quit smoking.
шкђла 8. Мој млЌдшая сестрЌ ѓчится в 8. My younger sister is in high school.
шкђле.
трѓдный 9. ЭкзЌмен был ђчень трѓдный. 9. The text was very difficult.
лёгкий 10. Нелегкђ бѕло брђсить пить. 10. It was not easy to quit drinking.
Adverb is лeгкђ
я тeбЎ помогѓ 11. + Я не могѓ брђсить пить. − Я тебе 11. + I can't quit drinking. − I'll help you.
помогѓ.
чeм я могѓ тeбЎ 12. СпасЏбо. А чем я могѓ тебЎ 12. Thanks. And how can I help you?
помђчь? помђчь?
×
спроси+ 13. ВЎра спросЏла менј, где я живѓ. 13. Vera asked me where I lived.
посмђтрим 14. + А потђм? - Посмђтрим. 14. And then what? − We’ll see.
общeжЏтиe 15. Я не хочѓ жить в общежЏтии. 15. I don't want to live in the dorm.
всeгдЌ 16. Я всегдЌ хорошђ сплю. 16. I always sleep well.
как всегдЌ
рэп-мѓзыка 17. Я терпЎть не могѓ рэп-мѓзыку. 17. I can't stand rap music.
гЌдость (F) 18. КакЌя гЌдость! 18. What garbage!
кЌждый схђдит с умЌ 19. + Я люблї тёплый сок. − КЌждый 19. + I like warm juice. − To each his own.
по-свђeму схђдит с умЌ по-свђему.
×
[когђ]{зов+´ / зва+} 20. Как звЌли вЌшу мать? 20. What was you mother's name?
брюнЎт ~ брюнЎтка 21. Мой млЌдший брат брюнЎт. 21. My younger brother has brown hair.
мнђго 22. Он мнђго пьёт. 22. He drinks a lot.
увЏде+ 23. КогдЌ онЌ увЏдела егђ, онЌ 23. When she saw him, she didn’t say
ничегђне сказЌла. anything.
поздорђвай+...ся 24. Почемѓ ты не поздорђвался? 24. Why didn't you say hello?
×
показа+ рукђй 25. Он показЌл рукђй на кнЏгу. 25. He pointed to the book.
тебЎ [Noun in NOM] 26. ТебЎ печЎнье. Вон - на столЎ. 26. There's a cookie for you. Over there on
the table.

РасскЌз: ВторЌя часть – ДомЌшнее задЌние
" Exercise 1 Answer the following questions, using full sentences
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
S2-5
РасскЌз: ВторЌя часть – ДомЌшнее задЌние
" Exercise 2 Insert the correct conjunction
1. ПрЏнстон первоклЌссный университЎт, _______________ БрЌун нет.
2. Љто НЏна ____________ её дЎти.
3. Мы хотЎли, _______________ не моглЏ.
4. Љто не водЌ water, ___________ вђдка.
5. Он хђчет __________ крЌсное __________ бЎлое винђ.
6. Љто Бђря, ___________ іто егђ собЌки.
7. __________ кто там был?
8. ПЎтя из РоссЏи, __________ он не говорЏт по-рѓсски.
9. Он не врач, _______________ адвокЌт.
10. ОнЌ знЌет, ______________ не говорЏт.
" Exercise 3 ПереведЏте на рѓсский
1. His sister’s (female) cat was named Friskey. (Think about Case and Tense!)
2. That’s none of his business.
3. No one wants to live in the dormitory.
S2-6
РасскЌз: 2. ДавЌй на ты
Let’s not be so formal
ДавЌй на «ты» Let’s not be so formal
1 ― МЏтя, мђжeт быть, іто нe _______________________________ дЎло, _____________________,
2 _____________________________________________, курЏть ђчень врЎдно.
3 ― СЌра, давЌй на «ты», ― ___________________________________________________________.
4 ― Хорошђ, ― _______________________________________________________________________.
5 ― Да, я знЌю. Ты абсолїтно правЌ. ___________________________________________________.
6 Мой отЎц кѓрит, ______________________________________________. __________________________
7 ________________________________ брат кѓрит. ______________________________? ― сказЌл МЏтя.
8 ― _________________________________________________________________________________.
9 Но _________________________________ брђсить. В шкђлe ___________________________________.
10 Но я ____________________________________________, − сказЌла я.
11 ― Ты курЏла? ______________________________________________________________________!
12 Ты ______________________________________. _____________________________________________,
13 трѓдно бѕло брђсить.
14 ― Да, ____________________________________________ нeлeгкђ. Но я тeбЎ помогѓ. Хорошђ?
15 ― _______________________________________. А чeм я могѓ тeбЎ помђчь? − спросЏл МЏтя.
16 ― Я нe знЌю. Посмђтрим, − сказЌла я.
17 В общeжЏтии, как всeгдЌ, мој ______________________________________________________,
Рассказ: Часть ВторЌя (Текст)-1

18 слѓшала рэп-________________________________ и __________________________________________
19 ___________________________________. Я нe понимЌю, _______________________________________
20 __________________________________ слѓшать __________ гЌдость. КЌждый схђдит с умЌ по свђeму.
21 Её звЌли Сїзан. ОнЌ _________________________________________________ БрЌунe. ОнЌ былЌ
22 _____________________________________________________ брюнЎтка. Как я сказЌла, Сїзан ђчeнь
23 мнђго ________________________________________. По-мђeму, онЌ былЌ _______________________
24 ____________________________________________________. А мђжет быть, ______________________
25 ______________________________________________________...
26 КогдЌ она увЏдeла _________________________, онЌ _____________________ не поздорђвалась,
27 ______________________ показЌла рукђй ____________________________ и сказЌла:
28 ― TeбЎ _____________________________. Вон, _________________________________________.

32-й урок РасскЌз − 2-я часть
СловЌрь
Note: From now on, for Adverbs derived from Adjectives will list the Adjective, along with any relevant notes concerning
stress.
1 мђжeт быть maybe (lit: can [to] be). The stem of мђжет is мог+ can; able, where the г
mutates to ж. Also notice the shift in stress. We’ll discuss this later on.
1 іто не [чьё] дЎло it’s not [whose] business
2 врЎдный harmful; bad for you
3 давЌй на «ты» let’s (switch) to «ты»; let’s not be so formal
5 абсолїтный absolute
5 прЌв, правЌ, прЌвы right; correct (This is a Short-Form Adjective. Note that the shifting stress
pattern is the same as that found in Verbs: Stem-Stress, except for Feminine.)
9 брђси+ quit (+ Infinitive) (lit.: throw)
9 шкђла (high) school
13 трѓдный difficult
15 лёгкий (The г in both words is easy (not difficult); light (not heavy)
pronounced as х.)
Adverb is лeгкђ
14 я тeбЎ помогѓ I will help you (Learn as a phrase for now. We’ll explain later why it’s future.)
15 чeм я могѓ тeбЎ помђчь? How can I help you?; What can I do for you? (Learn as a phrase for now.)
×
15 спроси+ ask (a question) (Use in the Past and Infinitive for now. We’ve seen the verb
×
спрЌшивай+ with the same meaning. The only difference is that спроси+
indicates a one-time action, while спрЌшивай+ indicates a repeated action.
We’ll be discussing this important difference at length in a few weeks.)
16 посмђтрим we’ll see (The prefix по- makes this verb Future! We'll also be discussing this
in a few weeks.)
17 общeжЏтиe dormitory
17 всeгдЌ always
как всегдЌ as always
18 рэп-мѓзыка rap music (Note the use of the letter э in this foreign word.)
20 гЌдость (F) filth; garbage; crap
20 кЌждый схђдит с умЌ по свђeму to each his own (lit.: Everyone goes out of his mind in his own way)
×
21 [когђ]{зов+´ / зва+} [Person’s] name was...We saw this construction back in Lesson 3, but now we
include the Past Tense of this double-stem Verb.
22 брюнЎт ~ брюнЎтка brunette (male ~ female)
23 мнђго a lot; much; many
26 увЏде+ see; catch sight of (Similar to вЏде+ but у- adds the meaning catch sight of. )
26 поздорђвай+...ся say hello; great someone (one-time action) (Related to здрЌвствуйте.)
×
27 показа+ рукђй point (Present Tense isn’t what you think; use Past only – for now)
28 тебЎ [Noun in NOM] there's a [Noun] for you (This is similar to the phrase we saw in Lesson 8: Вот
вам чай. In case you’d like to know, both тебЎ and вам are Dative case
pronouns.)

ГраммЌтика: A. Introduction to Ellipsis
Б. The Position of Nouns vs. Pronouns
В. Sample Sentences
РасскЌз - Часть ТрЎтья: ГраммЌтика
3A. Leaving Words Out in Russian: Introduction to Ellipsis
In Russian, as in English (and probably every language in the world), it is sometimes possible to omit certain
words when the meaning is clear from context. The fancy term for this is ellipsis. Here are a few examples from
English, with the words omitted in parentheses:
verb I went to Boston, John (went) to Chicago.
subject (+ verb) (Are you) having a good time?
preposition + Would you like that with fries or onion rings?

− (With) fries, пожЌлуйста. (Always be polite when asking for fries!)
In Russian, given the right context, it is possible to leave out just about any element in the sentence (except the
Preposition – see below). If you’re reading something in Russian, and it just doesn’t make sense, quite often a
word (or two or three) may have been omitted. So you need to get used to mentally “filling in” what’s missing.
Here are some examples of various elements that can be left out:
Subject
+ Где МЌша? + Where’s Masha?
− (Я) не знЌю. − I don’t know.
(Ты) хђчешь кђфе? Do you want some coffee?
+ НЏна дђма? + Is Nina at home?

− Да, (онЌ) сидЏт на дивЌне и смђтрит телевЏзор. − Yes, she’s sitting on the sofa and watching TV.
***Subject ellipsis is not required in Russian, as it practically is in Spanish. In some cases, you must include the
subject. We can’t give any exact rules for this, because so much is dependent on the context. In general, when
you begin a conversation, you cannot leave out the subject. When it is absolutely clear who the subject is, it may
be possible to omit it (or it may not).
In case you’re interested, linguists have a special term to refer to the dropping of a subject consisting of a
Pronoun: pro-drop (very creative, no?). So, pro-drop is practically required in Spanish, while in Russian pro-drop
is sometimes possible, sometimes not.
Рассказ: Часть ТрЎтья (ГраммЌтика)-1

Verb
Recall that the very first fixed phrase we learned had no verb: Как делЌ? Other, “regular” verbs, not just to be
can be omitted. For example, in Part 2 of the story, МЏтя says to СЌра, ДавЌй на «ты», which literally means
let’s to you-informal. The verb left out is “switch to”. Here are some other examples of verb ellipsis:
МЌша купЏла полотЎнца, а я ничего (не купЏла) Masha bought towels, but I didn’t buy anything.
ОткудЌ ты (идёшь)? Where are you coming from? (This is a different

question than the phrase with the same two words
which we saw in Lesson 34. In this context, you
run into someone obviously coming from
somewhere, and you wish to find out from where.)
Direct Object
In Russian it is possible to omit the various objects (direct, indirect), something that is not normally done in
English. Notice that you cannot omit the direct objects in the English, even though it is perfectly clear from
context what is being referred to.
+ Ты вЏдел ДЏму? + Did you see Dima?

− Да, вЏдел (егђ). − Yes, I did.
Also note in the above example that in Russian the main verb (вЏдел) is repeated in the answer, while in English
an auxiliary verb (did) is used. Russian has no auxiliary verbs in the past and present. We’ll see an auxiliary
verb when we examine the future tense.
Он купЏл вђдку и срЌзу вѕпил (её). He bought vodka and quickly drank it up. (The
prefix вѕ- indicates a one-time completed action.)
+ Где твой нђутбук? + Where’s your notebook / laptop (computer)?

− (Я) Прђдал (егђ). − I sold it.
In these last two examples, note that the English contains the pronoun it in the second clause. In Russian, it is
theoretically possible to insert егђ/её in the second clause, but most of the time no pronoun would be used.
Do Not Omit Prepositions in Russian

The one element that you cannot omit in Russian (as opposed to English) are Prepositions. (This was discussed
in Lesson 36)
+ Откѓда вы? + Where are you from?

− Из Петербѓрга. − Petersburg.
+ В когђ он влюбЏлся? + Whom did he fall in love with?

− В МарЏну − Marina

Conclusion: Ellipsis is Complicated

Giving precise “rules” governing ellipsis is next to impossible. (A few years ago a graduate student did her
disseration just on direct object ellipsis.) The most imporatant thing is that you get used to “filling in” what’s
missing, either when you’re reading or listening to a Russian speaker. It takes time to introduce ellipsis into your
own speech, but eventually you will get used to it.
Try your best to figure out what words will be omitted. Keep in mind that context determines
a lot, so don’t worry if your answer doesn’t match the recording.)
1. + Do you want to dance? − No, I don’t want to. 2. Where’s your new red car? I sold it.
3. Where are you coming from? 4. Where are you from? I’m from New York.
5. I want to quite smoking but I can’t. 6. He likes vodka, but I like red wine.
7. Was Borya at the party? Yes, he was there. 8. Do you have a computer. Yes, I have one.
9. Who is he looking at? Nina. 10. Lena bought a printer, but I didn’t buy anything.
3Б. More On Word Order: Full Nouns Follow / Pronouns Precede
As a very general rule (to which there are many exceptions), when used as a Direct Object, Indirect Objects or
Object of a Preposition full Noun Phrases (МЌшу, егђ нђвую немЎцкую машЏну, [от] моЎй млЌдшей
сестрѕ) normally follow the Verb, while Pronouns (её, емѓ, [от] негђ) precede the Verb.
Full Noun – After the Verb Pronoun– Before the Verb

Я терпЎть не могѓ ВЌдика. Я егђ терпЎть не могѓ.
Где онЌ нашлЌ іту дорогѓю кнЏгу? Где онЌ её нашлЌ?
Я поличЏл ђчень скѓчное письмђ от Я от негђ получЏл ђчень скѓчное
моегђ бѕвшего мѓжа ГрЏши. письмђ.
Мы помоглЏ ВЎриному отцѓ (Dative). Мы емѓ помоглЏ.
Of course, when used as the Subject, both full Nouns and Pronouns normally appear in initial position:
МЏша жЎнится в іту суббђту. Он жЎнится в іту суббђту.

ЛЎна и ДЏма игрЌли в шЌхматы. ОнЏ игрЌли в шЌхматы.
Also, question phrases, which often contain a Pronoun, normally appear in initial position:
Когђ онЌ лїбит?

Для когђ Миша купЏл іти полотЎнца?
Giving simple “rules” about word order is next to impossible, in large part because context and intonation play
such an important role in determining the exact meaning (intent) of a phrase.

Translate into Russian. Pay special attention to word order.

1. Do you know my father’s brother? 2. Do you know him?
3. Where did Lena buy that brown backpack? 4. Where did Lena buy it (brown backpack)?
5. Marina bought a printer for him. 6. Marina bought a printer for Gleb.
7. I can’t stand green towels. 8. I can’t stand them.
9. How are things with (by) your younger sister? 10. How are things with her?
3В. Example Sentences With the New Vocabulary
с однђй сторонѕ...а с 1. С однђй сторонѕ, онЌ прекрЌсно 1. On the one hand, she’s a great student,
другђй сторонѕ... ѓчится, а с другђй сторонѕ, онЌ не but on the other hand, she’s not very nice.
ђчень дђбрая.
конвЎрт 2. У тебј есть конвЎрт? 2. Do you have an envelope?
от + GEN 3. Где письмђ от НатЌши? 3. Where's the letter from Natasha?
зЌнят -а, -о, -ы 4. ОнЌ всегдЌ ђчень зЌнята. 4. She's always very busy.
курсовЌя 5. Я не хочѓ писЌть курсовѓю! 5. I don't want to write a JP / Senior Thesis.
мЏлый 6. КакЌя ты мЏлая! 6. You are so sweet!
стЌн+ + Infinitive 7. ЛЎна стЌла пить и курЏть. 7. Lena started to smoke and drink.
вмЎсте 8. РЌньше мы жЏли вмЎсте. 8. We used to live together.
помог+´ (End-stressed 9. Он мне вчерЌ помђг. 9. He helped me yesterday.
Greasy Zeke)
емѓ 10. Емѓ нЎкогда. 10. He's in a hurry. (To him there is no time.)
помогЌй+ 11. ЛЏза всегдЌ помогЌет мне. 11. Liza always helps me.
всём 12. Я знЌю всё обо всём. 12. I know everything about everything.
да 13. Да, нет! 13. Of course not!
литератѓра 14. Я ђчень люблї рѓсскую 14. I really like Russian literature.
литератѓру.
стихЏ 15. Мой отЎц рЌньше писЌл неплохЏе 15. My father used to write some decent
стихЏ. poetry.
поіт 16. Пѓшкин – мой любЏмый поіт. 16. Pushkin is my favorite poet.
×
посмотре+ 17. ОнЌ посмотрЎла на негђ. 17. She took a look at him (it).
другђй 18. Я хочѓ другѓю машЏну. 18. I want a different car.
пђчерк 19. У тебј красЏвый пђчерк. 19. You have beatiful handwriting.
дорогђй 20. Дорогђй ВЌня, я люблї тебј! 20. Daer Vanya, I love you!
обЏде+ 21. Ты её ђчень обЏдела! 21. You really offended her.
прЌвда 22. Я хочѓ знать всю прЌвду. 22. I want to know the whole truth.
дЌльше 23. Он подѓмал и стал писЌть дЌльше. 23. He thought for a bit, and started to write
(Recall that the prefix по- can indicate further.
for a while: СЌра решЏла одЏн семЎстр
пожЏть в МосквЎ)

Домашнее задание
" Exercise 1 Answer the questions on the recording, using full sentences
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
S3-5
" Exercise 2 Use the following new vocabulary items in a sentence NOT related to the story
1. с однђй сторонѕ... а с другђй сторонѕ
2. мЏлый
3. зЌнят
4. пђчерк
5. литератѓра
1. This is a different camera.
2. When did you (F) start to listen to rap music?
3. Misha and I usually study together.
4. I don’t have a favorite poet. (Think!)
S3-6
РасскЌз: С однђй сторонѕ..., а с другђй сторонѕ
On the one hand..., but on the other hand
С однђй сторонѕ..., а с другђй стороны On the one hand..., but on the other hand
1 С однђй сторонѕ, ___________________________ срЌзу ________________________ конвЎрт.
2 Я __________________________________________________________, от когђ письмђ. КонЎчно, от
3 _____________________________________. Он _____________________________________________,
4 дЌжe когдЌ был ђчeнь зЌнят - курсовѓю писЌл. ___________________________________ мЏлый!
5 А с другђй сторонѕ… С другђй сторонѕ… МЏтя. Мы с МЏтeй стЌли ____________________
6 вмЎстe. Я помоглЌ eмѓ ______________________________________________, и он помогЌл мнe во
7 всём. Он __________________________________________ о МосквЎ. Да, он знал ________________
8 всё обо всём. Он __________________________________________________________, хорошђ знал
9 _____________________________________ литeратѓру. Он хорошђ ___________________________
10 ______________________________, но когдЌ _______________________________________________
11 __________________________________________________________________. Он знал, что іто ђчeнь
12 ______________________________________________________________. Он ____________________
13 стихЏ писЌл. Егђ профeссђр сказЌл, что ____________________________________________________
14 поіт. И он всегдЌ был ђчeнь _____________________________________, ђчeнь _________________.
15 Я посмотрЎла _____________________________________________________________. СтрЌнно.
16 Там был другђй пђчeрк, нe Рђбeрта. От когђ жe письмђ? Я открѕла конвЎрт и __________________
17 _______________________________________________.
18 «ДорогЌя СЌра!
19 ___________________________________________________________________________. Ты мој
20 _________________________________________________, и я __________________________________
21 тeбј обЏдeть. Но _______________________________________________________________________
22 _______________________________________________ прЌвду.»
23 Я посмотрЎла ________________________________________________. Письмђ от ЛЏнды,
24 _________________________________________________________________. Я __________________
25 ________________________________________________________ дЌльшe.
РасскЌз: Часть ТрЎтья (Текст)-1

СловЌрь
1 с однђй сторонѕ on the one hand (Here the Preposition с = from, and takes the Genitive. СторонЌ
= side. Literally the expression means from the one side.)
1 срЌзу right away; immediately
1 конвЎрт envelope
2 от + GEN from (a person) (Earlier we saw из – also followed by the Genitive – with the
meaning from [a place].)
4 зЌнят -а, -о, -ы (short-form Adj.) busy; occupied
4 курсовЌя term paper (The noun рабђта is implied, which explains the gender)
4 мЏлый kind; nice; sweet
5 а с другђй сторонѕ but on the other hand (See above for explanation.)
5 стЌн+ + Infinitive start (to do something) (Note that н is another loser consonant, which is lost in
the Past and the Infinitive.)
6 вмЎсте together (Note that it’s an Adverb not derived from an Adjective.)
6 помог+´ (End-stressed Greasy help – one time action (Take DATIVE case, which we have not seen yet. For now
Zeke) use this verb only in the Past Tense)
6 емѓ Dative of он
6 помогЌй+ help – repeated action
6 мне Dative of я (We saw this on the first day of class: Мне нЎкогда to me there is no
time.)
7 всём Prepositional (Locative) of всё (The consonant cluster ввс needs to be busted up,
which is why the Preposition becomes во.)
7 да adds emphasis – does NOT mean ‘yes’ in this sentence
8 обо about (This is the same as о in O чём ты говоришь!. For some reason, in front
of всём, an extra syllable бо is thrown in. There really doesn’t seem to be any
justification for this.)
9 литератѓра literature
13 стихЏ poetry; verses (plural in Russian)
14 поіт poet
×
15 посмотре+ take a look – one time action (We had the verb смотре, which describes repeated
or ongoing action. Much more on this distinction in a few weeks.)
16 другђй different; not the same; another
16 пђчерк handwriting
18 дорогђй dear (just as 'dear' in English can also mean 'expensive')
21 обЏде+ offend – one time action
22 прЌвда truth
25 дЌльше further
РасскЌз: Часть ТрЎтья (Текст)-2

ГраммЌтика: A. Seeing/Hearing
Б. Declining Foreign Names
В. Have the right
Г. Sample Sentences
РасскЌз - Часть Четвёртая: ГраммЌтика

Friendly reminder: Be sure to listen to (and repeat) the story a few more times, especially after you go over the grammar
explanations. Everything will make a whole lot more sense – and mastering the vocabulary will be that much easier.
4.A Seeing / Hearing Someone Do Something: English vs. Russian
To indicate that you saw (вЏдел) or heard (слѕшала) something, you must insert the “place holder” как (which
is preceded by a comma). The observed subject appears in the lower clause in the Nominative. (Of course, the
Verb can also be in the Present Tense.)
Я вЏдела, как онЌ танцевЌла. I saw her dancing.

Ты вЏдишь, как онЏ целѓются? Do you see them kissing?
МЌша слѕшала, как іти лїди говорЏли по- Masha heard those people speaking German.
немЎцки.
По-мђему, я слѕшу, как Кђля поёт. I think I hear Kolya singing.
Notice that in English the seen/heard person(s) actually appears in the Direct Object form:
I saw them (Robert and Judy) kissing.
A literal translation is impossible in Russian. Why? Well, if you think about it, them is actually serving two
functions in the above sentence: 1) the Direct Object of saw (only the pronoun them – vs. they – makes it clear
that it’s the Direct Object; proper names don’t reflect grammatical function); 2) the Subject of kissing (after all,
they were the ones kissing). In Russian, you can’t have a noun with two different functions? Why not? Case.
Since a Noun is marked with just one Case, it can only have one grammatical function.
We’ll see other examples later on where, because of Case, Russian requires а “buffer,” along the lines of как.
ПереведЏте на рѓсский
1. Linda said that she saw Robert and Judy kissing 2. I think I hear someone (кто-то) speaking Russian.
3. I saw Nina drinking the vodka. 4. We heard Vera crying.
5. Thank goodness, no one saw us kissing 6. I heard that Masha is getting married. (think – do
you need как here?)
Рассказ: Часть Четвёртая (ГраммЌтика)-1

4.Б Declining Foreign Names: An Introduction
Here we’ll concentrate on non-Russian first names. (Decline last names, especially Russian last names, can get
ugly.)
Female Names ending in an -a (sound) decline regularly. (We say “sound” because the actual
letter could be a consonant: Sarah.) All other names (ending in either a consonant or another
vowel) do not decline.
Я люблї БЌрбару, а ЛЎсли я терпЎть не могѓ. I like Barbara, but Leslie I can’t stand.
Где письмђ от МелЏссы? Where’s the letter from Melissa?
Он говорЏт о СЌндре и МишЎль. He’s talking about Sandra and Michelle.
Masculine Names in a consonant (sound) decline normally. Names in a vowel sound (except -a
– a detail we’ll ignore for now) do not decline.
ВЏка влюбЏлась в КЎна с пЎрвого взглјда. Vika fell in love with Ken at first sight.
ОнЌ іто сдЎлала из-за БЏлла. She did it because of Bill.
Все дѓмают о ЛЌрри. Everyone is thinking about Larry.
Хђмер помђг Апѓ. Homer helped Apu (Nahasapeemapetilon).
1. Bill fell in love with Monica at first sight. 2. Monica fell in love with Bill at first sight.
3. Bill fell in love with Kathleen at first sight. 4. Does Bill love Hillary?
5. Jim has three sports cars. 6. Laura doesn’t have any money.
7. I can’t stand Moe. 8. Where’s the letter from Courtney?
4В. Have the right: имЎй+ прЌво / не имЎй+ прЌва
Here we actually see a “real” Verb have имЎй+. It’s an ей-stem, which behaves exactly like all the ай-stem
Verbs we’ve seen (дѓмай+, читЌй+, знЌй+, etc.), except the vowel preceding the й is different.
The phrase имЎй+ прЌво have the right is normally followed by an Infinitive:
Я имЎю прЌво говорЏть всё, что дѓмаю. I have the right to say everything that I think.
Все имЎли прЌво слѓшать рэп-мѓзыку. Everyone had the right to listen to rap music.
When this phrase is negated, the Direct Object прЌво become Genitive прЌва (due to the Genitive of Negation).
Ты не имеЎшь прЌва здесь стојть. You don’t have the right to stand here.
РЌньше жЎнщины не имЎли прЌва голосовЌть. Before, women didn’t have the right to vote.

РасскЌз − 4-я часть (ГраммЌтика)
Translate into Russian. Pay special attention to word order.

1. I had the right to do everything I wanted. 2. You don’t have the right to lie.
3. Before women didn’t have the right to go to 4. He doesn’t have the right to criticise критиковЌ+
Princeton. us
5. I have the right to live in Siberia. 6. Not everyone has the right to buy beer.
4Г. Sample Sentences
дЎло в том, что 1. ДЎло в том, что он ничегђ не 1. The thing is, he doesn’t know anything.
знЌет.
встречЌй+...ся 2. ВЎра стЌла встречЌться с ГрЏшей. 2. Vera started going out with Grisha.
не/официЌльный 3. Он мне іто сказЌл неофициЌльно. 3. He told me that unofficially.
крђме + GEN 4. Все бѕли на вечерЏнке, крђме 4. Everyone was at the party except Dima.
ДЏмы.
об ітом 5. Я ничегђ не слѕшал об ітом. 5. I didn't hear anything about that.
кафЎ 6. Мой брат рабђтает в кафЎ. 6. My brother works in a cafe.
подѓмай+ 7. Хђмер подѓмал и сказЌл: «Гмм, 7. Homer thought for a second and said
нет.» “Hmm...no.” (He refused to wear pants
when walking in front of the living room
window.)
вЎчером 8. Что ты дЎлаешь сегђдня вЎчером? 8. What are you doing tonight?
вЏде+ как 9. Я вЏдел, как онЏ игрЌли в тЎннис. 9. I saw them playing tennis.
целовЌ+...ся 10. ОнЏ целовЌлись всю ночь! 10. They kissed all night!
подлец´ 11. Ты такђй подлЎц! 11. You are such a sleazebag!
блЏзкий 12. ВЏтя – мой блЏзкий друг. 12. Vitya is my close friend.
свиньј 13. Он такЌя свиньј! 13. He is such a swine.
так что 14. Здесь нет моЏх родЏтелей, так что 14. My parents aren’t here, so I can drink
я могѓ пить и курЏть. and smoke.
наш с тобђй 15. Љто нЌша с тобђй кђшка. 15. That's our cat.
секрЎт 16. Љто большой секрЎт. Абсолїтно 16. It's a big secret. Absolutely no one knows
никто не знЌет об ітом. about it.
надЎя+...ся 17. Я надЎюсь, что ты лїбишь икрѓ. 17. I hope that you like caviar.
ошЏб/ка (o) 18. Он без концЌ дЎлает ошЏбки. 18. He makes mistakes all the time.
сдЎлай+ ошЏбку
×
написа+ 19. Кто написЌл «Ђнну КарЎнину»? 19. Who wrote Anna Karenina?
тебЎ 20. Кто тебЎ іто сказЌл? 20. Who told you that?
расстрђи- + ACC 21. Он менј ђчень расстрђил. 21. He really upset me.
привЎт от + GEN 22. ПривЎт от моегђ млЌдшего брЌта. 22. My younger brother sends his greetings.
обрЌдова+...ся 23. КогдЌ мы увЏдели их, мы ђчень 23. When we saw them, we rejoiced.
обрЌдовались.

прочитЌй+ 24. Я хочѓ прочитЌть «ЕвгЎния 24. I want to read Eugene Onegin.
ОнЎгина».
из-за + GEN 25. Мы остЌлись дђма из-за дождј. 25. We stayed home because of the rain.
(остЌн+...ся remain; дoждь´ rain)
имЎй+ прЌво 26. Ты не имЎешь прЌва сидЎть здесь. 26. You don't have the right to sit here.
всё, что 27. Всё, что он сказЌл, непрЌвда. 27. Everything that he said is not true.
а вдруг... 28. А вдруг онЏ прЌвы? 28. And what if they're right?
×
вра+ 29. Я никогдЌ не вру. 29. I never lie.
ошЏбся / ошЏблась / 30. А вдруг он ошЏбся? 30. And what if he made a mistake?
ошЏблисп
вряд ли 31. Он вряд ли хорђший врач. 31. I seriously doubt that he's a good doctor.
не стЌн+ + Infinitive 32. Он не стал бы мне помогЌть. 32. He wouldn't help me.
с какђй цЎлью? 33. С какђй цЎлью ты іто сдЎлала? 33. What did you hope to accoplish by doing
that?

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7. СЌре to Sara (for your answer)
8. реЌкция reaction
9.
10.
S4-5
" Exercise 2 Use the following new vocabulary items in a sentence NOT related to the story
1. не имЎй+ прЌва
2. дЎлай+ ошЏбку
3. а вдруг
×
4. вра+
5. крђме
1. I hope that no one saw us dancing together.
2. No, it can’t be! He made a mistake (was mistaken).
3. Last night I saw them in the club.
S4-6
РасскЌз: 4. С какђй цЎлью?
To what end? (With what goal?)
РасскЌз Story
С какђй цЎлью? To what end? (With what goal?)
1 (Письмђ от ЛЏнды)
2 ДЎло в том, что Джѓди _____________________________________________ встрeчЌться.
3 _______________________________, ‘нeофициЌльно’. Крђмe ___________________________
4 ___________________________ об ітом. _____________________________________________
5 в кафЎ, но подѓмала, _____________________________________________________________
6 _________________________________. Но ___________________________________________
7 вЎчeром я былЌ в Клђйстeрe и вЏдeла, как онЏ цeловЌлись. ____________________________
8 подлЎц! Джѓди ___________________________________________________________ блЏзкая
9 _________________________________. КакЌя онЌ свиньј! _____________________________,
10 _____________________________________________________так что іто наш с тобђй сeкрЎт.
11 Я надЎюсь, что я нe сдЎлала ошЏбку, что написЌла тебЎ _______________________________.
12 ________________________________________________________________________ об ітом.
13 Ѓсли ______________________________ расстрђила ______________________________
14 ПривЎт от КристЏны и МишЎль.
15 _________________________________________________________________________.
16 _________________________________________________, но я дЌже обрЌдовалась, когдЌ
17 прочитЌла _______________________________________. Нeт, я знЌю почeмѓ, конЎчно, из-за
18 _______________________________. ___________________________________ «имЎла прЌво»
19 ____________________________ всё, что _________________________. А вдруг ЛЏнда врёт?
20 ________________________________________________. А вдруг онЌ ошЏблась, и іто был нe
21 Рђбeрт? Вряд ли. ______________________________________… Нeт, онЌ нe стЌла бы врать.
22 С какђй цЎлью?
Рассказ: Часть Четвёртая (Текст)-1

СловЌрь
Don’t be scared by what appears to be an enormous list of new vocabulary items. Almost half of the items are either
cognates or slight variations on words we have already seen.
2 дЎло в том, что the thing is that (You cannot leave out the word что, as in you can in English: The
thing is, (that) he wrote every day.)
2 встречЌй+...ся meet (one another); see each other; date
3 не/официЌльный un/official
3 крђме + GEN except (for)
4 об ітом about this (Љтом is the Prepositional Case of іто. The б is added to the preposition
before a vowel sound. We already saw the ending {O}м in обо всём)
5 кафЎ cafe (doesn’t decline ☺) Also note that the ф is pronounced HARD.
5 подѓмай+ think (The prefix ‘по-‘ indicates a quick conclusion, a single thought. A One-Time
Action Verb.)
7 вЎчером at night (You can combine this with other time expressions.)
вчерЌ вЎчером last night
сегђдня вЎчером tonight
зЌвтра вЎчером tomorrow night
7 вЏде+ как + Sentence (subject see someone do something. (We’ll discuss this construction in Part 2.)
in Nominative)
7 целовЌ+...ся to kiss (each other). (Without the suffix ‘-ся’ the verb is transitive: Он её целѓет –
He is kissing her.)
8 подлец´ scoundrel; cad
8 блЏзкий close (in various senses)
9 свиньј swine
10 так что so; therefore; thus
10 наш с тобђй here: our (Lit.: our with you)
10 секрЎт secret
11 надЎя+...ся hope (Conjugates like a regular 1st-conjugation Verb: надЎюсь, надЎется, надЎются.
We’ll examine this more in Part 2.)
11 ошЏб/ка (o) mistake
сдЎлай+ ошЏбку make a mistake
× ×
11 написа+ One-time action form of писа+
11 тебЎ Indirect Object (Dative) form of ты. We saw in the Part 2 of the story: А чем я могѓ
тебЎ помђчь. The Verb помђчь takes Dative.
13 расстрђи+ + ACC upset someone; cause someone to get upset
14 привЎт от + GEN greetings from (Russian really like to send greetings from and to other people.)
16 обрЌдова+...ся to rejoice
17 прочитЌй+ One-time action form of читЌй+
17 из-за + GEN because of; due to; on account of

18 имЎй+ прЌво have the right (ИмЎй+ means have, but as we saw in the last chapter, it’s not the
normal way of expressing possession. More on this is Part 2.)
прЌво the right
19 всё, что everything that (Here a different relative pronoun – not котђрое – is used.)
19 а вдруг... and what if...
×
19 вра+ lie; tell untruth Conjugation is вру, врёшь. врёт, врём, врёте, врут
врал, вралЌ, врЌли врать
20 ошЏблась be mistaken (Stick to the past tense for now – Works like a Greasy Zeke verb, even
он ошЏбся; онЌ ошЏблась, though the final stem consonant is б. So we could call the group ‘Greasy Zeke’s
онЏ ошЏблись Beer’. This is the only useful verb in б. The other common verb б is very obscene.
21 вряд ли it’s not likely; it’s doubtful

21 не стЌн+ + Infinitive (subject) wouldn’t do (verb) (There’s no sense of ‘starting’ in this verb phrase.)
22 с какђй цЎлью? to what end?; for what purpose?; Lit.: with what goal? (This is the same preposition
с with we saw in Мы с МЏшей. It takes a Case we have not yet seen: the
Instrumental. We won’t get to it until next semester.)
цель (F) goal

ГраммЌтика: A. The Future Tense: An Introduction
Б. -ТО Some-
В. Relative Tense
РасскЌз - Часть Пјтая: ГраммЌтика

5.A The Future Tense: An Introduction
Like English, which uses will, Russian can use a “helping verb” to form a Future Tense verb. Combine the stem
бѓд+ with the Infinitive of a Repeated Action Verb:
Future Tense (First look)

бѓд+ Infinitive (Repeated Action Verb)
ЗЌвтра я бѓду занимЌться весь день. Tomorrow I’m going to study all day.
Ты бѓдешь петь на вечерЏнке? Are you going to sing at the party?
ОнЌ бѓдет писЌть кнЏгу о Чайкђвском. She’s going to write a book about Tchaikovsky.
Никтђ не бѓдет емѓ помогЌть. No one will help him.
Мы бѓдем игрЌть в гольф в суббђту. We’re going to play golf on Saturday.
Вы бѓдете ночевЌть на дЌче? Are you going to spend the night at the dacha?
ОнЏ бѓдут петь рѓсские пЎсни. They are going to sing Russian songs.
× ×
We’ll learn later on how to form the future tense of One-Time Action verbs like спроси+, купи+ , встЌн+, etc.
The Verb бѓд+ can be used on its own, without an Infinitive, to mean will be:
Я бѓду дђма весь день сегђдня. I will be home all day today.
Где ты бѓдешь в шесть? Where will you be at 6:00?
ОнЏ бѓдут в ПрЏнстоне в суббђту. They will be in Princeton on Saturday.
1. I am going to sleep on the floor. 2. Are you going to spend the night in the dorm?
3. When is Dima going to listen to (his) parents? 4. No one is going to go to sleep at 8:00.
5. We are going to live in an apartment in Petersburg. 6. Where are y’all going to wait?
7. They are going to get up every day at 5:00. 8. When will you be in Moscow?
9. I will be at home tonight. 10. They will be in Princeton a whole week.
Рассказ: Часть Пјтая (ГраммЌтика)-1

5.Б “Some-” -ТО
You can attach the particle -то to various Question words to give the meaning “some-”
-ТО Phases
кто-то someone
что-то something
какђй-то some (kind of)
как-то somehow
Кто-то сказЌл, ты купЏл машЏну для менј. Someone said that you bought a car for me.
Что-то случЏлось. Егђ нет дђма. Something happened. He’s not home.
ОнЌ где-то рабђтает, не пђмню где. She works somewhere; I don’t remember where.
ВЎра кудЌ-то пошлЌ. Vera headed off to somewhere.
Откѓда-то пришлЌ егђ подрѓга. His girlfriend arrived from somewhere (or other).
В коридђре стојл какђй-то пЌрень. Some guy was standing in the hall.
Он как-то открѕл дверь. He somehow opened the door.
ОнЌ почемѓ-то не мђжет заснѓть. For some reason, she can’t fall asleep.
Notice that all of these uses of -то words are in statements (about either the past or present). You generally
cannot use -то in questions or statements about the future. (Yes, we will teach you what to use for these later on.)
While the attached particle -то is fixed, the Question word can change CNG (where applicable):
когђ-то someone (ACC / GEN)

какѓю-то some kind of (ACC)
какЏх-то some kind of (ACC / GEN)
какђм-то some kind of (LOC)
o чём-то something (LOC)

МЌша когђ-то пригласЏла, не знЌю когђ. Masha invited someone; I don’t know who.
ОнЌ читЌет какѓю-то кнЏгу. She is reading some book.
МЏша из какђго-то мЌленького гђрода в ТехЌсе. Misha is from some small town in Texas.
ОнЏ о чём-то говорјт. They’re talking about something.
A few question words do not attach -то to give a “normal” some- meaning. For now, avoid когдЌ-то. The word
for sometimes is иногдЌ. (In case you’re interested, когдЌ-то means “at one point in the past.”)
Мы иногдЌ занимЌемся в библиотЎке. Sometimes we study in the library.

ИногдЌ я ђчень хочѓ танцевЌть. Sometimes I really want to dance.
1. Someone said that Vadik is getting married. 2. For some reason, no one wanted to iron my pants.
3. She bought some kind of German camera. 4. He’s from a small country in Asia (Ђзия).
5. Vera fell in love with some guy. 6. I saw your keys somewhere in the living room.
7. Masha said something about Shura. 8. They saw someone at (на) the dacha.
5В. Relative Tense: An Introduction
We’ve seen numerous sentences where the English translation contains a verb in a different tense than the
Russian. In each instance so far, the Russian verb is in the present tense, while the English has past tense:
Russian – Present Tense English – Past Tense

Митј знал, что у менј есть друг Mitya knew that I had a boyfriend
... но подѓмала, что онЏ прђсто занимЌются ... but I thought that they were probably just
вмЎсте studying together
Джѓди всегдЌ говорЏла, что онЌ твој блЏзкая Judy always said that she was your close friend
подрѓга (Verb is Present Tense of be - ∅)
... я имЎла прЌво дЎлать всё, что хочѓ ... I had the right to do everything I wanted
We don’t want to sound chauvinistic, but this difference is really a problem with English. It turns out that
English has something called “sequence of tenses.” (Supposedly you learned about this in high school English
class. Violating the sequence of tenses “rule” is a typical “error” in writing.) In English, when the first verb in a
sentence is in the Past Tense, all following verbs must also be in the Past. In English it doesn’t matter whether the
following verbs refer to an action previous to (past), concurrent with (present), or after (future) the original Past
Tense verb: everything must be in the Past.
Russian does not have a “sequence of tenses” rule. Russian puts the verbs following the initial past tense verb in
whatever tense they actually refer to – relative to the first past tense verb. In the first example, Mitya knew (past)
that Sara currently had a boyfriend, so the present tense есть is used. In the second example, Linda thought
(past) that Judy and Robert were currently studying, so, again, the present tense is used.

When translating from Russian > English, the sequence of tenses rule does not create too much of a problem –
after all, you are all native speakers of English and you know what is grammatical in English. The problem
comes in when going from English > Russian. You need to get out of the habit of translating literally. (Of course
this applies in general, but it is especially importatnt when sequence of tenses is involved.)
Let’s take a look at what the actual meaning of the above sentences would be if you translated literally from
English > Russian:
Митј знал, что у менј был друг Mitya knew that I had (previously) had a boyfriend
...но подѓмала, что онЏ прђсто занимЌлись … but I thought that they had (previously) been
вмЎсте studying together
Джѓди всегдЌ говорЏла, что онЌ былЌ твој Judy always said that she had (previously) been your
блЏзкая подрѓга close friend
...я имЎла прЌво дЎлать всё, что хотЎла I had the right to do what I had (previously) wanted to
do
This is an important (and somewhat complex) topic, which we’ll return to in a later lesson.
V Question: I seem to remember the following line in Part 4 of the story:

Я вЏдела, как онЏ целовЌлись I saw them kissing
Why is the verb целовЌлись in the Past Tense? She (Linda) saw an ongoing
action? Why isn’t it in the Present Tense?
Answer: Super-fantastic question! We’ll have to wimp out and say that this involves a
rather complex explanation that’s not worth going into (at this level). (Of
course, that’s a fancy way of saying we really have no great answer.)
1. I thought that you loved him. 2. We heard that she played tennis well.
3. He knew that I had 10 sports cars. 4. Everyone thought that you went to Brown.
5. When I saw them I asked how they were getting 6. Rita said that she lived in California.
along.

пошёл´ (ё) 1. ОнЌ пошлЌ в бибилотЎку. 1. She headed to the library.

в + ACC 2. ОнЏ пошлЏ в нђвое кафЎ. 2. We went to the new café.
плЌн 3. У менј нет никакЏх плЌнов. 3. I don’t have any plans.
на + ACC of Time Phrase 4. Он пришёл на два часЌ. 4. He came (over) for two hours.
уикінд 5. Я занимЌлся весь уикінд. 5. I studied all weekend.
свобђден (е) 6. Ты свобђден сегђдня вЎчером? 6. Are you free tonight?
дЌча 7. МоЏ родЏтели купЏли мЌленькую 7. My parents bought a small dacha.
дЌчу.
прирђда 8. Там ђчень красЏвая прирђда. 8. The nature there is beautiful.
отвЎти+ 9. ОнЌ менј спросЏла, но я не 9. She asked me, but I didn’t answer.
отвЎтил.
×
{бѓд+ / бы+} 10. Я бѓду в гостЏной. 10. I will be in the living room.
один´ (и) 11. ОнЌ живёт однЌ. 11. She lives alone.
что за + NOM 12. Что за кнЏга? 12. What is that book?
кђмната 13. Егђ кђмната всегдЌ ђчень грјзная. 13. His room is always dirty.
бѓд+ + Infinitive 14. Мы бѓдем смотрЎть немЎцкий 14. We’re going to see a German film.
фильм.
ночевЌ+ 15. ОнЌ чЌсто ночѓет у дргѓга. 15. She often spends the night at her
boyfriend’s.
почемѓ-то 16. Серёжа почемѓ-то не хотЎл 16. Seryozha for some reason didn’t want to
танцевЌть с ТамЌрой. dance with Tamara.
устрђи+ 17. Кто устрђил іту вечерЏнку? 17. Who threw this party?
пригласЏ+ 18. Почемѓ вы не пригласЏли Ѕру? 18. Why didn’t you invite Ira?
-то 19. Он что-то остЌвил на столЎ. 19. He left something on the table.
без + GEN 20. Я не могѓ жить без тебј! 20. I can't live without you!
ѓтром 21. Сегђдня ѓтром я встал в пять. 21. This morning I got up at 5:00.
приня+ душ 22. Ты прЏнял душ сегђдня? 22. Did you take a shower today?
одЎн+...ся 23. ОнЌ бѕстро одЎлась и пошлЌ в 23. She quickly got dressed and headed to the
клуб. club.
вокзЌл 24. Я вЏдел ПЎтю на вокзЌле. 24. I saw Petya at the train station.
пришёл´ (ё) 25. ОнЏ пришлЏ в час. 25. They arrived at 1:00.
заснѓ+ 26. ОнЌ заснѓла на дивЌне. 26. She fell asleep on the sofa.

Story: Part 5 – ДомЌшнее задЌние Ѕмя ___________________________________
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
S5-6
Story: Part 5 − Homework
" Exercise 2 Use the following new vocabulary items in a sentence NOT related to the story.
Remember, for One-Time Action Verbs, stick to Past or Infinitive.
1. пригласЏ+
2. кђмната
3. свобђден (е)
4. плЌны на
5. один´ (и)
1. + What are you going to do tomorrow? - We’re going to sit at home and think about Russian grammar
2. Yesterday for some reason I got up at 5:00, took a shower, got dressed, and headed to the library.
3. I can’t live without cheap American beer!
S5-7
РасскЌз:5. КакЏе у тебј плЌны на уикінд?
What are your plans for the weekend?
РасскЌз Story
КакЏе у тебј плЌны на уикінд? What are your plans for the weekend?
1 Мы с МЏтeй _________________________________________________________________.
2 Потђм мы пошлЏ в ____________________________. МЏтя знал, что у ___________________
3 ___________________________, но мы никогдЌ _______________________________________
4 ____________________________________. А у МЏти есть подрѓга? Я никогдЌ нe спрЌшивала
5 eгђ. КонЎчно, _____________________________________________________ мнe об ітом.
6 — СЌра, ________________________________________ плЌны на уикінд? — спросЏл он.
7 — Я свобђдна. ______________________________________________________? –
8 спросЏла я.
9 — _______________________________________ у моЏх ________________________ дЌча.
10 Мђжeт быть, ты хотЎла бы увЏдeть ________________________________________ прирђду?
11 Я нe знЌла, что отвЎтить. _____________________________ бѓдет ____________________
12 ________________________? Егђ родЏтeли? _________________________________________?
13 Ѕли мы бѓдем однЏ?
14 — Хорошђ, — отвЎтила я и улыбнѓлась. — МЏтя, что за дЌча? Скђлько там кђмнат? —
16 — _______________________________________________________________________.
17 — Что мы бѓдем там дЎлать? __________________________________________________
18 ночевЌть? — спросЏла я.
19 — __________________________________, ночевЌть не бѓдем. — отвЎтил МЏтя.
20 _____________________________________________________________________ пђздно.
21 Сїзан почемѓ-то _______________________________ устрђить _________________________.
22 ОнЌ пригласЏла какЏх-то людЎй, но я _______________________________________________
23 _______________________________. Все _____________________________________________
24 ____________________________. Но без _____________________________________________
25 ___________________________________________________.
26 _________________________________ ѓтром я ____________________________________,
Рассказ: Часть Пјтая (Текст)-1

27 принялЌ душ, одЎлась и пошлЌ на вокзЌл. Я пришлЌ на вокзЌл, и, конЎчно, МЏтя ужЎ там
28 ______________________________________________________________________________.
29 — Дђброе ѓтро! _______________________________________________? — спросЏл
30 МЏтя.
31 — _______________________________________. Я ________________________________
32 пђздно. Сїзан почемѓ-то __________________________________________________________,
33 и _________________________________________________________ заснѓть.
34 — ________________________________________________на вечерЏнке? — спросЏл он.
35 Не ђчень. КогдЌ __________________________________________________ людЎй, всегдЌ
36 ___________________________________________ — сказЌла я.
37 Да, я ____________________________________________________________ — сказЌл он.

СловЌрь
2 пошёл´ (ё) go to; head to (Past Tense! The Present and Infinitive of this verb are irregular.
One-time Action.)
2 в + ACC To
6 плЌн Plan
6 на + ACC of Time Phrase for (a time period)
6 уикінд Weekend
7 свобђден (е) free; not occupied (Short-Form Adjective)
9 дЌча dacha; summer house
10 прирђда nature; countryside
11 отвЎти+ answer (One-time Action.)
×
11 {бѓд+ / бы+] be (The “Present” Tense stem indicates Future: я бѓду I will. This is a Repeated
Action Verb.)
13 один´ (и) Alone
14 что за + NOM what kind of [Noun] is it?
14 кђмната Room
17 бѓд+ + Infinitive will (This is one way to express future. More on this on Tuesday.)
18 ночевЌ+ What verb type is this? spend the night (Repeated Action.)
21 почемѓ-то for some reason
21 устрђи+ arrange; throw (a party) (One-time Action.)
22 пригласЏ+ invite (One-time Action.)
22 -то some (Much more on this on Tuesday.)
24 без + GEN Without
26 ѓтром in the morning (Similar to вЎчером at night.)
27 приня+ душ take a shower (One-time Action.) This verb has an odd stress pattern:
(See note about stress) Past (shifting from first syllable to last): прЏнял, принялЌ, прЏняли
Infinitive принјть (2nd syllable)
27 одЎн+...ся get dressed (One-time Action.)
27 вокзЌл train station
27 пришёл´ (ё) arrive (One-time Action.) The prefix при- indicates arrival.
33 заснѓ+ fall asleep (One-time Action.)

ГраммЌтика: A. Accusative Nouns of Direction
Б. Introduction to the Verbal Suffix ся
В. Double Adjectives/Adverbs
Г. Introduction to Verbal Prefixes
РасскЌз - Часть ШестЌя: ГраммЌтика

6.A The Accusative of Direction with Nouns: БилЎт в Москвѓ
In Lesson 45 we saw that the Accusative is used with verbs of motion that indicate Direction (as opposed to
Location): Ћ Ўздил в Москвѓ / Я был в МосквЎ. The “Accusative of Direction” also applies to certain
Nouns. In this lesson we have билЎт ticket, which combines with the Preposition в or на (depending on the
destination) + Accusative:
Мы купЏли билЎт в Москвѓ. We bought a ticket to Moscow.

ИзвинЏте, ітот билЎт в Лђндон, а я хотЎл в ПарЏж. Excuse me, this ticket is to London, but I wanted a
ticket to Paris.
Я купЏл два билЎта на ђперу. I bought two tickets to the opera.
To say round-trip ticket to [place], use билЎт тудЌ и обрЌтно в / на [place – Accusative]. (You can also put
the place phrase in front of тудЌ и обрЌтно.)
Скђлько стђит билЎт в Москвѓ - тудЌ и обрЌтно? How much does a round-trip ticket to Moscow
cost?
ОнЏ купЏли два билЎта в ЧикЌго - тудЌ и обрЌтно. They bought two round-trip tickets to Chicago.
1. How much is a round-trip ticket to London? 2. She bought three tickets to the opera ђпера.
3. Where can I buy a cheap ticket to Moscow? 4. A round-trip ticket to New York, please.
6.Б The Verbal Suffix –ся (-сь) An Introduction
Recall that after a consonant the spelling of this verbal suffix is ся (ѓчится, занимЌлся), while after a vowel it’s
сь (учѓсь, занимЌлась).
Believe it or not, there has been a large number of dissertations and scholarly articles written on the meaning of
the verbal suffix ся. (Ask your instructor for various references.) This gives you some idea of the difficulty of
“defining” what ся means in a sentence or two. The one (nearly) inviolable rule is that:
Verbs in ся cannot (repeat CANNOT) take an Accusative direct object
Рассказ: Часть ШестЌя (ГраммЌтика)-1

Here let’s look at one use of ся, as we compare a pair of closely related verbs, one with ся, one without:
Without ся – Verb Takes Accusative Direct Object With ся – No Direct Object
*целовЌ+ когђ (в + [Accusative]) целовЌ+...ся

kiss someone (on [body part]) kiss one another
*In the story we saw the one-time action verb поцеловЌ+, but for our purposes here, the repeated-action verb
целовЌ+ carries the same meaning.
With the verb целовЌ+...ся, the suffix ся means each other. The important thing to note, as we mentioned above,
is that the verb with ся cannot take a direct object. Of course, not all verbs without ся take an Accusative direct
object. For example, you cannot have a direct object after дѓмай+ or Ўзди+.
We’ll return to ся in a later lesson. (It’s worth the wait.)
6В. Double Adjectives: чЏстый-чЏстый вђздух
In Russian, much more so than in English, it’s possible to repeat an Adjective or Adverb to give the meaning
really; very; extremely:
ОнЌ красЏвая-красЏвая! She’s really attractive.

В лесѓ тЏхо-тЏхо. It’s really quiet in the forest.
Егђ дом большђй-большђй. His house is huge.
Мђя машЏна стЌрая-стЌрая. My car is really old.
1. He kissed her on the cheek. 2. His house is really big.
3. That course is really boring. 4. Vera is really kind.
5. My room is really dirty. 6. I saw them kissing.
Unfortunately, you cannot double every Adjective and Adverb (and it’s really hard to predict). For example (and
please don’t ask us why) you normally cannot double шѓмно, even though you could double тЏхо.

6Г. Verbal Prefixes with Motion Verbs: An Introduction
In this part of the story (as well as in the previous part), we’ve seen a number of verbs with the Past Tense stem
-шёл´ (ё) with various prefixes. As in English, a prefix can significantly change the meaning of a word (compare
import / export/ deport/ report; produce / reduce / deduce/ induce.) Let’s look at the prefixes and their meanings
(at least in this motion verb):
Prefix / Meaning Examples

по- set off; head to Он встал и пошёл в университЎт.
He woke up and headed to the university.
Мы пошлЏ в другѓю кђмнату.

We headed into the other room.
при- arrive КогдЌ вы пришлЏ?

When did you get here?
НатЌша пришлЌ в семь.

Natasha arrived at 7:00.
в(о)- enter ВЏка открѕла дверь и вошлЌ в дом.

Vika opened the door and walked into the house.
Мы вошлЏ в библиотЎку.
We went into the library.
1. When did he arrive? 2. She got up and headed to the store.
3. Who walked into her room? 4. Vera arrived at 1:00.
5. Where did he go (to)? 6. Everyone walked into the dorm.

билЎт 1. ОнЌ остЌвила билЎт дђма. 1. She left the ticket at home.
тудЌ и обрЌтно 2. Скђлько стђит билЎт во Флђриду - 2. How much does a round-trip ticket to
тудЌ и обрЌтно? Florida cost?
{сјд+ / сЎд+} на + ACC 3. ОнЏ пришлЏ на вокзЌл и срЌзу 3. They arrived at the train station and
сЎли на пђезд. immediately got on (boarded) the train.
чЎрез 4. ВЎра бѓдет в МосквЎ чЎрез мЎсяц. 4. Vera will be in Moscow in a month.
час 5. Он два часЌ смотрЎл телевЏзор. 5. He watched TV for two hours.
на 6. Я люблї быть на прирђде. 6. I like to be outside
вђздух 7. К сожалЎнию, вђздух здесь ђчень 7. Unfortunately, the air here is very dirty.
грјзный.
рекЌ 8. МиссисЏпи – сЌмая большЌя рекЌ 8. The Mississippi is the largest river in
ACC: рЎку в СЎверной АмЎрике. North America.
у [когђ] прђсто нет 9. Ты такђй подлЎц! У менј прђсто 9. You are such a scoundrel. I can’t even
слов нет слов. put it into words!
входЏ 10. ВходЏ, пожЌлуйста. Все тебј 10. Come in, please. Everyone is waiting for
ждут в гостЏной. you in the living room.
вошёл´ (ё) 11. Мы вошлЏ в кѓхню. 11. We walked into the kitchen.
закричЌ+ 12. КогдЌ ВЎра вошлЌ в гостЏную, мы 12. When Vera walked into the living room,
закричЌли: «С днём рождЎния!» we yelled out “Happy Birthday!”
с днём рождЎния 13. МЌша, с днём рождЎния! 13. Masha, Happy Birthday!
друзьј 14. Все моЏ друзьј ѓчатся на трЎтьем 14. All of my friends are juniors.
ACC/GEN друзЎй кѓрсе.
15. У негђ ђчень мнђго друзЎй. 15. He has a lot of friends.
чёрт с [ней]! 16. Чёрт с НЏной! 16. The heck with Nina!
откѓда [кто] знЌй+ 17. Откѓда ты знЌешь, как егђ зовѓт? 17. How do you know what his name is?
пЌспорт 18. У менј нет пЌспорта. 18. I don’t have a passport.
однЌжды 19. Я однЌжды Ўздил в Монгђлию. 19. I once took a trip to Mongolia.
едЌ 20. Какѓю едѓ ты лїбишь? 20. What kind of food do you like?
чЎшский 21. По-мђему, чЎшское пЏво - сЌмое 21. I think Czech beer is the tastiest.
вкѓсное.
наконЎц 22. ОнЏ наконЎц пришлЏ. 22. They finally arrived.
спасЏбо [тебЎ / вам] 23. Бђря, большђе тебЎ спасЏбо! 23. Borya, thanks a lot.
іто так мЏло с/о [чьей] 24. Љто ђчень мЏло сo сторонѕ твоегђ 24. That’s very kind of your brother.
сторонѕ брЌта.
молодец´ (е) 25. ОнЌ молодЎц. Все молодцѕ! 25. She’s great. Everyone is great.
поцеловЌ- [когђ] в + 26. Кђля поцеловЌл НЌдю в щёку. 26. Kolya kissed Nadya on the cheek.
ACC
щекЌ 27. У моЎй сестрѕ крЌсные-крЌсные 27. My sister has really red cheeks.
ACC: щёку щёки.
PLUR: щёки

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
S6-5
1. He kissed Vera on the lips гѓбы.
2. We arrived at 4:00.
3. + Happy Birthday! -- What are you talking about? My birthday is in April.
4. That is so nice of your older sister.
5. My friends invited me to the movies.
6. Unfortunately, the air in Trenton is rather dirty.
7. When I walked into the kitchen everyone yelled out “You are a great guy!”
8. Two hours later, we arrived at the store.
S6-6
РасскЌз: Скђлько стђит билЎт тудЌ и обрЌтно?
How much does a round-trip ticket cost?
Скђлько стђит билЎт тудЌ и обрЌтно? How much does a round-trip ticket cost?
1 (На _________________________________)
2 — ________________________________________________________________________
3 билЎт тудЌ и обрЌтно в КрЌтово?
4 — ___________________________________________________________________.
5 Мы ________________________________________________________ и срЌзу сЎли на
6 _______________________________.
7 ЧЎрез час мы ____________________________________________ МЏтиных родЏтелей.
8 Там, на прирђде, бѕло прекрЌсно: ______________________________________________
9 вђздух, ђчень _____________________________________ рекЌ, ________________________
10 лес. У менј прђсто нет слов!
11 МЏтя ____________________________________________________________ и сказЌл:
12 — ПожЌлуйста, входЏ.
13 Я вошлЌ….______________________________________________ закричЌли:
14 — С днём рождЎния! С днём рождЎния!
15 Там _____________________________________ друзьј из _________________________.
16 Тђ есть ______________________________________. МЏтя сказЌл, что он _______________
17 ___________________________, но онЌ сказЌла, что __________________________________.
18 Чёрт с ней!
19 — МЏтя, откѓда ты ____________________________________________ дне рождЎния?
20 Я _______________________________________________ тебЎ, когдЌ у менј день рождЎния.
21 — Я вЏдел твой пЌспорт. Ты однЌжды _________________________________________
22 _____________________, когдЌ мы ______________________________________ библиотЎке.
РасскЌз: Часть ШестЌя (Текст)-1

23 Мы пошлЏ в _________________________________________________. На столЎ бѕло
24 ___________________________________ едѕ: Џмпортная ____________________________,
25 ___________________________________________________________________, мнђго хлЎба,
26 пять _____________________________________________________ и, мђжет быть, двЌдцать
27 бутѕлок чЎшского _____________________________________________. Ничегђ себЎ!
28 — _________________________________! Это всё для меня? У меня прђсто нет слов.
29 НаконЎц мы ________________________________________________:
30 — МЏтя, большђе тебЎ спасЏбо! Љто так мЏло с твоЎй сторонѕ. Ты такђй
31 __________________________________! Ты молодЎц! Љто ____________________________,
32 — сказЌла я и поцеловЌла егђ в щёку.

Story − Part 1 Lesson 27
СловЌрь
3 билЎт ticket
3 КрЌтово (Not active vocabulary) small town outside of Moscow where dachas may be found
3 тудЌ и обрЌтно there and back
5 {сјд+ / сЎд+} на + ACC get on (train / horse) (One-Time Action)
7 чЎрез in; later; after
7 час hour
8 на here: in (the countryside)
9 вђздух air
9 рекЌ river
ACC: рЎку (stress shifts)
10 у [когђ] прђсто нет слов [Person] is speechless (Lit.: [Person] has not words)
12 входЏ! go in (Imperative)
13 вошёл´ (ё) entered (Use in Past Tense only. Note the prefix в- means motion into.)
13 закричЌ+ yell out (One-Time Action)
14 с днём рождЎния Happy Birthday (Lit.: with day of birth. The Preposition с takes a case we
haven’t seen yet. Learn this as a fixed phrase.)
15 друзьј friends (Irregular plural of друг. Подрѓга has a regular plural подрѓги.)
ACC/GEN друзЎй
18 чёрт с ней the heck (hell) with her (Lit.: the devil with her)
19 откѓда [кто] знЌй+ how did/does [Person] know
21 пЌспорт passport
21 однЌжды once; one time (in the past)
24 едЌ food
24 Џмпортный imported
27 чЎшский Czech
29 наконЎц finally
30 спасЏбо [тебЎ / вам] thank you
30 іто так мЏло с [чьей] сторонѕ that's so nice of [Person] (Lit.: that is kind from [Person’s] side)
30 такђй so; such
31 молодец´ (е) Impossible to translate this very common word. Most dictionaries list Good guy,
which sounds ridiculous. МолодЎц is said to someone after they do something
you really approve of. Perhaps Way to go is close.
32 поцеловЌ+ [когђ] в + ACC kiss [Person] on [Part of body]
32 щекЌ cheek
ACC: щёку (stress shifts)
PLUR: щёки

ГраммЌтика: A. Љто [noun]
Б. НЎ было
В. Сто раз
РасскЌз - Часть СедьмЌя: ГраммЌтика

7.A Љто [noun]... It’s [noun] who / that...
To place special emphasis on exactly who, what, where, for whom, etc., take frozen іто followed by the Noun or
Preposition Phrase in whatever Case is required by context. The Nominative is probably found most often in this
construction, but all Cases are possible. You simply keep the Noun (or Prepositional Phrase) in the same form it
would normally appear and move it to the front, following іто.
Generally, this іто construction is “marked,” i.e., you can’t just start a conversation with it. Often this is used to
contradict a previous statement. This contradiction can be expressed with а не ВЎра / ВЎру / о ВЎре / для
ВЎры, etc. – see below for examples.
The closest translation in English is It’s [Phrase]...; It was [Phrase]...
Note that you do not need any form of котђрый or кто in these sentences, as you sometimes do in English
(which, who). Also, you do not need to insert the verb to be, as in English. The Tense is determined by the main
verb.
Љто НЏна всё сдЎлала (а не я). It was Nina who did everything (and not me).
Љто МЌшу он лїбит (а не НЏну). It’s Masha (whom) he loves (and not Nina).
Љто о ВЎре все говорјт (а не о тебЎ). It’s Vera everyone is talking about (and not you).
Љто для Кђли он купЏл подЌрок (а не для It was for Kolya whom he bought the present (and
ВЏки). not for Vika).
Љто в Москвѓ онЏ Ўздили (а не в Лђндон). It was to Moscow they went (and not to London).
Љто в пјтницу мы бѓдем игрЌть в тЎннис It’s on Friday that we’re going to play tennis (and
(а не в суббђту). not on Saturday).
1. It was Tanya Vadik kissed, and not Natasha. 2. It was Tanya who kissed Vadik, and not Masha.
3. It’s you everyone is talking about. 4. It was on Tuesday they went to Moscow, and not
on Saturday.
5. It’s Grisha who speaks slowly, and not me (I). 6. It was from Vera Dima was hiding everything.
7. It’s on Wednesday that I will be in New York. 8. It was my older sister who said that.
9. It’s my roommate who is lying. 10. It’s Zina I love, and not you.
Рассказ: Часть СедьмЌя (ГраммЌтика)-1

7.Б НЎ было Absence in the Past Tense
We actually introduced this point earlier, but it probably warrants special attention. To indicate absence in the
Past Tense, put the “subject” in the Genitive (singular or plural, depending on context) and use the verb phrase нЎ
было. Sentences with нЎ было have nothing in the Nominative.
Note: 1) The stress falls only on the нЎ. There is no stress on было.
2) The “default” Neuter Singular form of the verb (было) is used. That’s because there is no
Nominative Subject with which the verb can agree.
НЎ было + Genitive is most commonly used:
1) to indicate who or what was not in a particular place:
Егђ нЎ было дђма. He wasn’t home.

ДЏми нЎ было в университЎте. Dima was not at the university yesterday.
Никогђ нЎ было в библиотЎке. No one was in the library.
Их нЎ было. They weren’t there.
В магазЏне нЎ было хлЎба. There wasn’t any bread in the store.
НЎ было молокЌ в холодЏльнике. There was no milk in the refrigerator.
2) to indicate what [person] did not have (with the у когђ construction):
У менј нЎ было дЎнег. I didn’t have any money.

У нас нЎ было икрѕ. We didn’t have any caviar.
Ни у когђ нЎ было часђв. No one had a watch.
Recall that in the Present Tense the form нет is used, also with Genitive of Negation:
Егђ стЌршей сестрѕ нет дђма. His older sister is not home.
В ітом магазЏне нет колбасѕ. There’s no mystery meat in this store.
Ни у когђ нет рѓчки. No one has a pen.
1. They weren’t home yesterday. 2. Unfortunately, I didn’t have a camera.
3. There were no good books in that store. 4. There are no good books in that store.
5. There were no interesting people at the party. 6. Vera isn’t home.
7. No one had a rifle. 8. He didn’t used to (previously) have an accent
акцЎнт.
9. I don’t have a car. 10. There wasn’t any beer in the refrigerator.

7В. Сто раз (Genitive Plural = Nominative Singular)
The word for time; occurence is раз. Quite unexepectedly, the Genitive Plural is also раз (instead of the
expected рЌзов). After numbers ending in 2, 3, 4 you get the expected Genitive Singular form рЌза:
Я тебЎ сто раз звонЏл. I called you 100 times.

Мы мнђго раз Ўздили на дЌчу. We went to the dacha many times.
Он два рЌза вЏдел ітот фильм. He saw that film twice.
Я тђлько одЏн раз был в ПарЏже. I’ve only been to Paris once.
It turns out that there are two or three other common Masculine Nouns whose Genitive Plural is the same as the
Nominative Singular. In case you’re interested, the most important is человЎк, but you are not responsible for
knowing this yet. (There are some other details about человЎк we’ll get to later.)
1. She asked about him 5 times. (Repeated action!) 2. We rehearsed the dialogue 10 times.
3. I was in Petersburg twice. 4. He saw “Austin Powers” (it declines, baby!) 25
times.
5. I went to the library just one time. 6. I read that book many times.

мЎдленный 1. Он всегдЌ ђчень мЎдленно 1. He always speaks very slowly.

говорЏт.
несмотрј на то, что... 2. Несмотрј на то что ГрЏша год жил 2. Despite the fact that Grisha lived in
в Лђндоне, он плђхо говорЏт по- London for a year, he didn’t speak
англЏйски. English well.
раз 3. Я дЎсять раз Ўздил в Москвѓ, а мој 3. I went to Moscow 10 times, and my sister
одЏн раз два рЌза сестрЌ двадцать два рЌза. (went there) 22 times.
пять раз
репетЏрова+ 4. ОнЏ репетЏруют диалђг. 4. They are rehearsing the dialogue.
разговђр 5. У нас был ђчень стрЌнный 5. We had a strange conversation.
разговђр.
нЎрвничай+ 6. ВЌдик всегдЌ нЎрвничает, когдЌ он 6. Vadik always gets nervous when he talks
говорЏт с ВЎрой. to Vera.
всё в порјдке 7. У негђ всё в порјдке? 7. Is everything OK with him?
порјдок (о)
не хватЌет + GEN 8. МолокЌ не хватЌет. 8. We don’t have enough milk.
что-то другђе 9. Он читЌет не «Ђнну КарЎнину», а 9. He’s not reading Anna Karenina, but
что-то другђе (rather) something else.
сдЎлай мне одолжЎние 10. Он сдЎлал мне большђе 10. He did me a big favor.
одолжЎние.
не нЌдо + Infinitive 11. Не нЌдо здесь курЏть. 11. You shouldn’t smoke here.
чепухЌ 12. + По-мђему, онЌ говорЏт прЌвду. 12. + I think she’s telling the truth. – No, it’s
- Нет, іто всё чепухЌ! all nonsense.
іто 13. Љто НЏну я люблї! 13. It’s Nina (whom) I love!
скрывЌй+ + Accuastive 14. Ѓсли я не ошибЌюсь, МЏша что-то 14. If I’m not mistaken, Misha is hiding
от когђ скрывЌет от женѕ. something from his wife.
умЎй+ 15. Ты умЎешь игрЌть в шЌхматы? 15. Do you know how to play chess?
чЎстное слђво 16. Он сто раз давЌл мне чЎстное 16. He gave me his word 100 times that he
{дай+´ / давЌй+} слђво, что бђльше не бѓдет пить. would not drink any longer
чЎстное слђво
нЎ было 17. ВчерЌ никогђ нЎ было дђма. 17. No one was home yesterday.
лЌдно 18. ЛЌдно, я не бѓду петь сегђдня 18. OK (Fine), I won’t sing at the party
вЎчером на вечерЏнке. tonight.
×
станови+...ся 19. Здесь станђвится хђлодно в 19. It gets cold here in November.
ноябрЎ.
целѓю 20. Целѓю. ПокЌ. 20. Warm wishes. Bye.

1. Рђберту (to Robert – a case we have not yet seen)
2. емѓ (him – indirect object, which the verb звонЏ+ takes)
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9. повЎсить трѓбку (hang up the phone)
10.
S7-5
1. нЎрвничай+
2. умЎй+
3. раз
4. нЎ было
5. скрывЌй+
1. Despite the fact that Dima was born and grew up in Moscow, he doesn’t speak Russian.
2. Is everything OK?
3. I really miss you (You are sorely lacking.)
S7-6
РасскЌз: Я даї тебЎ чЎстное слђво
Honest, I swear to you
Я даї тебЎ чЎстное слђво Honest, I swear to you (I give you my word)
1 Я мЎдленно _________________________________. Несмотрј на то, что я ужЎ сто раз

2 репетЏровала ітот разговђр, я ђчень нЎрвничала.
3 — _____________________________________, — отвЎтил он.
4 — Рђберт, _________________________________________.
5 — СЌра, іто ты? Всё в порјдке? Здесь тебј так не хватЌет!
6 — ПрЌвда? __________________________________________________ что-то другђе...
7 — О чём ты говорЏшь? Я не понимЌю, о чём ты говорЏшь.
8 — Рђберт, сдЎлай мне одолжЎние. Не нЌдо _______________________. Я слѕшала, ты
9 ____________________________________________________ с Джѓди.
10 — СЌра! Љто непрЌвда!
11 — ОдЏн человЎк вЏдел, как __________________ с ней ________________________.
12 — Љто чепухЌ! Никтђ _______________________________________________________,
13 потомѓ что _____________________________________________________________________.
14 Љто непрЌвда! Кто тебЎ іто сказЌл? Врут!
15 — Рђберт, я не знЌю... Я дѓмаю, іто ты врёшь. __________________________________
16 _____________________ мне прЌвду. ______________________________________________
17 ___________. Я тђлько хочѓ знать всю прЌвду. ПожЌлуйста! Не скрывЌй ничегђ от менј.
18 — Я ничегђ ______________________________. Ты же знЌешь менј. Врать я не умЎю.
19 Я даї тебЎ чЎстное слђво - ничегђ нет, ничегђ нЎ было и _____________________________
20 ________________________________!
21 — Я не знЌю, Рђберт, я не знЌю, что дЎлать. Я не знЌю, что дѓмать...
22 — А ты, СЌра? Как ты там? __________________________________________________?
23 — Да, всё хорошђ. _______________________________________________. Ну, лЌдно.
24 УжЎ дђрого станђвится. ПокЌ.
25 — СЌра, чЎстное слђво, _________________________________________! Целѓю. ПокЌ.
РасскЌз: Часть СедьмЌя (Текст)-1

СловЌрь
1 мЎдленный slow
1 несмотрј на то, что... despite the fact that...
1 раз time; instance (The Genitive Plural of this noun is раз, not the expected рЌзов.)
одЏн раз два рЌза пять раз
2 репетЏрова+ ({O}ва-verb) rehearse; go over
2 разговђр conversation
2 нЎрвничай+ be nervous; get nervous
5 всё в порјдке everything is OK
порјдок (о) order
5 не хватЌет + GEN SOMETHING / SOMEONE (in Genitive) is sorely lacking (and the person regrets
ДЎнег не хватЌет it)
6 что-то другђе something different

8 сдЎлай мне одолжЎние do me a favor (Literally; Do to me a favor. For now, learn this as a phrase.)
8 не нЌдо + Infinitive don’t [Verb]! (This can be It is not necessary to [Verb], but that is not the
meaning here. Here it’s a command: Don’t lie!)
11 с ней (together) with her (It’s best to translate this “and her”.)
12 чепухЌ nonsense; a lie
15 іто ты it is YOU; YOU are the one who (More on this in the Grammar Section.)
17 скрывЌй+ + Accuastive от когђ hide; conceal something from someone
умЎй+ have the ability; know how [to do something]. (Russian has two different words
for English can. This verb indicates skill, ability to perform an action – vs.
permission or strictly physical ability, for which мог×+ is used. More on this
important distinction later.)
19 чЎстное слђво honest! I swear (it’s so)
{дай+´ / давЌй+} чЎстное слђво give your word; swear something to be true
19 нЎ было Past tense of нет (Notice that with the negated noun, the Neuter Singular verb is
Егђ нЎ было дђма. use and the stress moves to the нЎ.)
23 лЌдно OK; fine; agreed

×
24 станови+...ся become; getting
25 целѓю (This is the Present Tense я-form of kiss, but it is also used as a parting word,
something a bit more intimate – and much more common – than ‘warmest
regards’.)
РасскЌз: Часть СедьмЌя (Текст)-2

ГраммЌтика: A.: Дђма / Домђй
Б. : Titles of books, plays, movies, etc.
В.: Гулјть так гулјть
Г.: Friend in Russian: друг ~ знакђмый
Д.: СпасЏбо за + Accusative
Е.: Спокђйной нђчи
Ё.: Sample Sentences
РасскЌз – Часть ВосьмЌя: ГраммЌтика

8.A Домђй Home(ward)
We saw previousy that there is a special Adverb of location used to express (at) home – дђма (answers question
где?) There is also a special Adverb of destination, used to express motion homeward – домђй (answers
question кудЌ?). Both of these special home Adverbs are used without a Preposition. Note that in English,
домђй normally appears simply as home, not homeward:
ОнЏ наконЎц пришлЏ домђй. They finally got home.

+ КудЌ ты идёшь? - Я идѓ домђй. + Where are you going? - I’m headed home.
Я провожѓ тебј домђй. I will walk you home.
В суббђту я Ўздила домђй. I went home (and came back) on Saturday.
If you want to specify that a person entered a house (from outside), use the phrase вошёл-´ (ё) в дом. (This is
the Past Tense – we haven’t learned the other tenses yet.)
ВЎра открѕла дверь и вошлЌ в дом. Vera opened the door and walked into the house.
+ ОнЏ на ѓлице? - Нет, онЏ ужЎ вошлЏ в + Are they outside? - No, they already went
дом. inside.
8.Б Titles of books, movies, plays, etc.
There are two ways to indicate what book you are reading, film you saw, ballet you went to, etc.
1. Decline the name of the book (movie, play) as if it were a “regular” Noun:
Я читЌю «Ђнну КарЎнину». I’m reading “Anna Karenina”.

Ты смотрЎл «Істина Пђуэрса»? Did you see “Austin Powers”?
Мы ходЏли на «ЛебедЏное ђзеро». We went to “Swan Lake”.
Все говорЏли о «Дівиде КђпперфЏлде». Everyone was talking about “David Copperfield”.
(The book, not Claudia Schiffer’s ex.)
Рассказ: Часть ВосьмЌя (ГраммЌтика)-1

2. Insert the Noun кнЏга (фильм, балЎт, etc.) in the required case, followed by
the title in Nominative:
Я читЌю кнЏгу «Љмма». I’m reading (the book) “Emma”.

Ты смотрЎл фильм «Фђррест Гамп»? Did you see (the movie) “Forrest Gump”?
Я ђчень люблї балЎт «Спјщая красЌвица». I really like the ballet “Sleeping Beauty”.
Все говорјт о нђвой кнЏге Тђни Мђррисон Everyone is talking about Toni Morrison’s new
«Рай». book “Paradise”.
Я ничегђ не знЌю о фЏльме «Магнђлия». I don’t know anything about (the movie)
“Magnolia”.
Either of these two constructions is perfectly grammatical, though, to be honest, Russians usually use the first
construction and decline the name of the book (movie, ballet, opera, play). There are, however, certain cases
where even a native speaker would use the second construction and keep the name in the Nominative. (It’s not
worth going into here, but generally when the name of the work contains animate plural noun, the second strategy
is used.)
1. We went to Swan Lake on Wednesday. 2. Did you see Austin Powers? (Yeah, baby!)
3. My sister is reading Anna Karenina. 4. I’m reading (the book) Anna Karenina.
5. Everyone is talking about (the movie) Sara in 6. What time did they get home?
Moscow.
7. He often goes home. 8. Kira wasn’t home yesterday.
8.В An Odd Construction: Infinitive так Infinitive (гулјть так гулјть)
In the story we find the phrase гулјть так гулјть, which translates as if you’re going to splurge, then go ahead
and splurge. This construction Infinitive так Infinitive can be used with almost any verb (as long as it still
makes sense), meaning if you’re going to (Verb), then go ahead and (Verb), don’t hold back!
Two things to note: 1) Only a bare infinitive is used – no Adverbs or Direct Objects are possible.
2) Only Imperfective Infinitives are used (even though it seems like a One-Time action)!
Пить так пить! If you’re going to drink, then drink!

ЗанимЌться так занимЌться! If you’re going to study, then study!
*ПокупЌть так покупЌть! If you’re going to buy (it), then buy (it)!
*The direct object (whatever it is) has been ellipted – it should be clear from the context.

8.Г Friend in Russian: друг ~ подрѓга; знакђмый ~ знакђмая
There are several ways of translating friend into Russian, and we should warn you that using the wrong word can
lead to definite miscommunication. Friendship is taken very seriously in Russia.
Друг ~ подрѓга: close friend (boyfriend ~ girlfriend)
(Recall that the Nominative Plural of друг is друзьј, the Accusative/Genitive Plural is друзЎй).
Друг / подрѓга means a very close friend, not just someone you happen to know. If a Russian uses this word, it
really has significance for them. In many cases, it refers to boyfriend/girlfriend:
Что ты знЌешь о нђвой подрѓге БорЏса? What do you know about Boris’s new girlfriend?
У неё мнђго стрЌнных друзЎй. She has a lot of strange friends.
Все нЌши друзьј бѕли на дЌче. All our friends were at the dacha.
Знакђмый ~ знакђмая: person you know; acquaintance
(Note that these are Adjectives used as Nouns, and that there is a separate masculine and feminine form.)
Знакђмый ~ знакђмая literally means known (person), and the best translation is acquaintence. Of course, in
English, we don’t use the word acquaintance all that often. (At least I don’t.) In English, it’s not uncommon to
refer to someone with whom you don’t even keep in touch as a friend of mine. You cannot use друг ~ подруга in
that case, you must use знакђмый ~ знакђмая.
Я сегђдня читЌл в газЎте об однђм моём I read about an old acquaintance of mine in the
стЌром знакђмом. newspaper today..
Мој бѕвшая знакђмая тепЎрь живёт в A former acquaintance of mine is living in Prague
ПрЌге. now.
From now on, we will (slightly artificially, in our view) distinguish between acquaintance and friend.
V Question: Is there a middle ground? What about someone you hang out with
occasionally, but do not consider a really close friend?
Answer: Good question. Yes, there is yet another word for friend, пријтель ~
пријтельница, which is a not-too-close friend. For now, the two listed above
should suffice.
1. If you’re going to work, then work! 2. I saw your acquaitence Vera.
3. I don’t know his friends very well. 4. If you going to sing, then sing!
5. If you’re going to play, then play! 6. What do you know about Nina’s ex-boyfriend?
7. I was thinking about an old (male) acquaintance. 8. If you’re going to kiss (her), then kiss (her).

8.Д Thanks for СпасЏбо за (not для!) что
To say thanks (very much) for [Noun] use (большђе) спасЏбо за + Accusative.
СпасЏбо за подЌрок. Thank you for the present.

Большђе спасЏбо за кнЏгу. Thanks a lot for the book.
СпасЏбо тебЎ за всё! Thanks (to you) for everything.
We have made this a separate grammar point to alert you to the danger when translating English for. Previously
we had для + Genitive, and even Bare Accusative (in time phrases) with the meaning for:
Для когђ онЌ купЏла ітот шарф? Who did she buy this scarf for?
Љто всё для менј? Is this all for me?
Он шесть часђв занимЌлся. He studied for six hours.
ЛЎсли цЎлый семЎстр учЏлась в Leslie studied in Petersburg for a whole semester.
Петербѓрге.
Acutally, there are probably a dozen other meanings of for. We’ll see another three or four later in the course.
8.Е Спокђйной ночи good night
First, we strongly recommend that you learn спокђйной нђчи good-night as a fixed phrase. Still, you may be
wondering about the form of this noun phrase – what case it is in and why. Actually, it’s Genitive (singular).
because there is a Verb that has been ellipted (it happens to be желЌй+ wish someone – but you don’t have to
know that, yet), which marks the thing wished in Genitive.
The Adjective спокђйный literally means peaceful; calm. In any case, learn спокђйной нђчи as a phrase!
1. Thanks for the dictionary. 2. I bought this for you.
3. I lived in Moscow for six months. 4. Thanks for the vodka. Good night.

теЌтр 1. ВЎрин сын хђдит в теЌтр кЌждую 1. Vera’s son goes to the theater every
пјтницу. Friday.
балЎт (на) 2. Мой любЏмый балЎт 2. My favorite ballet is “The Nutcracker”.
«Щелкѓнчик»
лЎбедь (M) 3. Мы вЏдели большђго красЏвого 3. We saw a large beautiful swan.
лЎбедя.
×
озеро Plural: озёра 4. В ПрЏнстоне мЌленькое ђзеро. 4. There is a small lake in Princeton.
достЌн+ 5. Как ты достЌнешь билЎты на 5. How will you get tickets to “Swan Lake”?
«ЛебедЏное ђзеро»?
чЎрез + Accusative 6. НЏна достЌла билЎты чЎрез 6. Nina got tickets through a relative.
рђдственника.
знакђмый ~ знакђмая 7. Мой стЌрый знакђмый игрЌет в 7. An old friend of mine plays in a rock
рок грѓппе. band.
по блЌту 8. Он вседгЌ достаёт хорђшие 8. He always gets good tickets through
билЎты по блЌту. connections.
балерЏна 9. Мој бѕвшая женЌ – знаменЏтая 9. My ex-wife is a famous ballerina.
балерЏна.
пообЎдай+ 10. Мы пообЎдали в новђм китЌйском 10. We had dinner in a new Chines
ресторЌне. restaurant.
грузЏнский 11. Мы купЏли бутѕлку отлЏчного 11. We bought a bottle of excellent Georgian
грузЏнского винЌ. wine.
ресторЌн 12. В ПрЏнстоне нет хорђших 12. There are no good inexpensive
дешёвых ресторЌнов. restaurants in Princeton.
скамЎйка Gen Pl 13. Какђй-то стрЌнный человЎк спит 13. Some strange man is sleeping on the
скамЎек на скамЎйке. bench.
ђколо + Genitive 14. Я живѓ ђколо нђвого 14. I live near the new Italian restaurant.
итальјнского ресторЌна.
×
держа+ 15. Что ты дЎржишь в рукЎ? 15. What are you holding in your hand?
букЎт 16. На столЎ стоЏт ђчень красЏвый 16. There was a very beautiful bouquet of
букЎт бЎлых роз. white roses on the table.
рђза 17. Я люблї жёлтые рђзы. 17. I like yellow roses.
×
помог+ 18. ОнЌ мне так помоглЌ! 18. She really helped me.
уговорЏ+ когђ + 19. Кђля уговорЏл менј учЏть 19. Kolya convinced me to study Russian.
Infinitive рѓсский язѕк.
спасЏбо за + Accusative 20. СпасЏбо за всё! 20. Thanks for everything!
пђрция 21. Пђрции в ітом ресторЌне ђчень 21. The portions in this restaurant are very
большЏе. large.
замечЌтельный 22. ОнЌ замечЌтельно танцѓет. 22. She dances really well.
знаменЏтый 23. Егђ сестрЌ – знаменЏтая актрЏса. 23. His sister is a famous actress.
танцђр 24. Он бездЌрный танцђр. 24. He’s a lousy dancer.
пђсле + Genitive 25. Пђсле экзЌмена он пошёл в бар. 25. After the exam, he went to a bar.

×
проводи+ когђ (кудЌ) 26. Ѓсли хђчешь, я могѓ проводЏть 26. If you want, I can walk you home.
тебј домђй.
домђй 27. + Куда ты? - Я домђй. 27. + Where are you going? - I’m going
home.
повернѓ+ 28. Он повернѓл машЏну напрЌво. 28. He turned the car to the right.
нЎжный 29. ОнЌ іто сказЌла ђчень нЎжно. 29. She said that very gently.
губЌ Accusative 30. У неё ђчень крЌсные гѓбы. 30. She has extremely red lips.
Singular гѓбу
Nom/Acc Plural гѓбы
спокђйной нђчи 31. Спокђйной нђчи, до зЌвтра. 31. Good night. See you tomorrow.
до зЌвтра 32. До зЌвтра. ПокЌ! 32. See you tomorrow. Later.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5. СЌре to Sara
6.
7. ОбъяснЏте explain
8.
9.
10.
S8-7
1. знаменЏтый
2. уговорЏ+
3. пђсле
4. {достай+´ / доставЌй+} // достЌн+
1. What are you holding in your hand?
2. Everything was wonderful!
3. My lip hurts. (Think about how to express my.)
S8-8
РасскЌз: Он достЌл билЎты по блЌту
He got tickets through connections
Он достЌл билЎты по блЌту He got tickets through connections
1 МЏтя _________________________________________________________ теЌтр на балЎт

2 «ЛебедЏное ђзеро» Чайкђвского. Он достЌл ________________________________________
3 чЎрез знакђмого, - по блЌту, как он сказЌл. (_______________________________________
4 мать _________________________ знакђмого - ____________________________балерЏна.)
5 До __________________________________________________пообЎдать в нђвом и довђльно
6 ________________________________________ грузЏнском ресторЌне. Гулјть, так гулјть!
7 Я _________________________________________ скамЎйке ђколо ресторЌна и ждалЌ, когдЌ
8 ___________________________________. Он держЌл ______________________________
9 ђчень красЏвый букЎт _____________________________________ рђз.
10 — _____________________________________, — сказЌл он ________________________
11 ______________________________________________________________________.
12 — МЏтя, іто ђчень __________________________________________________________.
13 Но ____________________________________________________________________________.
14 — Ничегђ. Ты мне так помоглЌ, когдЌ уговорЏла _______________________________
15 ________________________________________. Большђе тебЎ спасЏбо за іто.
16 ___________________________________________________________. Ічень мЌленькие
17 пђрции и не ђчень __________________________________. Но что же дЎлать? А балЎт был
18 замечЌтельный. Там ______________________________ знаменЏтый танцђр Барѕшников
19 и ђчень талЌнтливая балерЏна МакЌрова. _________________________________________
20 ________________. Всё бѕло замечЌтельно: ______________________________________…и
21 МЏтя ђколо менј.
22 Пђсле балЎта мы ________________________________________________, а потђм МЏтя
23 проводЏл менј домђй.
24 — МЏтя, _______________________________________________________. Сегђдня был
25 прђсто замечЌтельный ______________. ___________________________________________!
26 Я хотЎла ____________________________________________, но он __________________
27 повернѓл __________________ гђлову и нЎжно поцеловЌл менј в гѓбы.
28 — Спокђйной нђчи, СЌра. До зЌвтра.
РасскЌз: Часть ВосьмЌя (Текст)-1

СловЌрь
1 теЌтр theater
1 балЎт (на) ballet
2 «ЛебедЏное ђзеро» Swan Lake
лЎбедь (M) swan
×
озеро Plural: озёра lake
2 достЌн+ get; obtain (One-Time Action)
3 чЎрез + Accusative through; via
3 знакђмый ~ знакђмая friend (See grammar explanation for difference between друг/подрѓга and
знакђмый/знакђмая.)
3 по блЌту through connections (Learn this as a fixed phrase for now. БлЌту is Dative Case,
which we have not yet seen.)
блат connections; influence
4 балерЏна ballerina
5 пообЎдай+ have dinner (One-Time Action)
6 грузЏнский Georgian (Note: The review of the restaurant in this story in no way reflects on
the overal quality of Gerogian food. In fact, Georgian food is some of the most
delicious you can find in Russia.)
6 ресторЌн (No т in Russian!) guess
6 гулјть, так гулјть! if you’re going to splurge, then splurge (See grammar explanations for details.).
7 скамЎйка Gen Pl скамЎек bench
7 ђколо + Genitive near
×
8 держа+ hold (Repeated Action)
9 букЎт bouquet
9 рђза rose
×
14 помог+ help (One-Time Action)
14 уговорЏ+ когђ + Infinitive convince someone to do something (One-Time Action)
15 спасЏбо за + Accusative thanks for
17 пђрция portion
18 замечЌтельный marvelous; wonderful
18 знаменЏтый famous
18 танцђр male ballet dancer (Note: Again, the story is slightly inaccurate. In fact,
Барѕшников and МакЌрова lived and danced in Leningrad, not in Moscow. Of
course, they did tour the country, so it is entirely possible that Sara and Mitya did
see them dance.)
22 пђсле + Genitive after
×
23 проводи+ когђ (кудЌ) see someone (to a destination) (One-Time Action)
23 домђй homeward (See grammar explanation for details on the difference between дђма
and домђй.)
27 повернѓ+ turn (a thing) (One-Time Action)
27 нЎжный gentle; tender
27 губЌ Accusative Singular гѓбу lip
Nom/Acc Plural гѓбы
28 спокђйной нђчи good night (See grammar explanation for details on the form of this expression.)
28 до зЌвтра see you tomorrow
РасскЌз: Часть ВосьмЌя (Текст)-2

ГраммЌтика: A. The Prepositions В / На
Б. НЎ было
В. Сто раз
РасскЌз - Часть Девјтая: ГраммЌтика

9.A В vs. На
The English Prepositions to (destination) and at (location) can each be translated by (at least) two different
Prepositions in Russian, either в or на.
First recall that both в and на govern either Accusative (direction/destination) or Locative/Prepositional
(location):
В / На + Accusative (= Direction) В / На + Prepositional (= Location)

Он пошёл в библиотЎку. Он рабђтает в библиотЎке.
He headed off to the library He works at the library
Мы ходЏли на отлЏчный концЎрт. Мы бѕли на отлЏчном концЎрте.
We went to a great concert. We were at a great concert.
Now the question arises: How do you know whether to use в or на? After all, there doesn’t seem to be any
difference in English.
First, we can tell you that the choice between в and на can be very tricky, but for now we’ll stick to one basic
opposition:
Use «В» for Physical Locations // Use «На» for Events

Here are some Nouns we’ve had so far, categorized by в versus на:
В (Place) На (Event)
теЌтр балЎт
кинђ концЎрт
музЎй ђпера
университЎт урђк
ресторЌн вѕставка
(Nearly) all place names take в: в Москвѓ; в ПрЏнстоне; в ЧикЌго; в РоссЏи.
We’ll be updating the в / на list as the year goes on.
Рассказ: Часть Девјтая (ГраммЌтика)-1

V Question: I seem to recall that it was «на дЌче». What the heck kind of event is дЌча?
That sure seems like a location to me.
Answer: First, you have an excellent memory. It is «на дЌче». We told you в versus
на was complex.
Add water (and provide the correct Prepostion). Don’t forget about Location vs. Motion.
× ×
1. Мы / кЌждый / пјтница / ходи+ / музЎй (present) 2. ОнЏ / вчерЌ / вЎчером / {бѓд+ / бы+} / концЎрт
3. ОнЌ / пошёл+´(ё) / урђк 4. Мой / знакђмая / рабђтЌй+ / библотЎка (present)
5. Сегђдня / мы / ид+´/ кинђ (present) 6. Я (masc) / вЏде+ / ЛЎна / вѕставка (past)
×
7. ВЎра / чЌсто / ходи+ / ђпера (present) 8. Бѕло / скѓчный / теЌтр
9.Б Ни рЌзу не + Past Tense Verb
To indicate that you have never (not a single time) done something, been somewhere, etc., use the Adverbial
Phrase ни рЌзу не + Past Tense Verb:
Since there is a complete lack of accomplishment, only an Imperfective Verb can be used with ни рЌзу не.
With the Verb be, the stress shifts to the нЎ in all forms except the Feminine, where is stays on the -Ќ in былЌ:
Also, note that in English we say been to (London, a concert), which might lead you to try to use the Accusative
after в (or на). But after the Verb был/Ќ/и you must use Prepositional. (And when translating from Russian, you
do not want to be to literal: Я не рЌзу нЎ был в МосквЎ is I have never been to Moscow; “in Moscow” sounds
awkward, at least to me.
Я ни рЌзу не обЎдала в грузЏнском I have never eaten in a Georgian restaurant.

ресторЌне.
ОнЌ ни рЌзу не былЌ в Лђндоне. She has never been to London.
Он ни рЌзу нЎ был во Владивостђке. He has never been to Vladivostok.
ОнЏ ни рЌзу не Ўли икрѓ. They have never eaten caviar.
V Question: What Case is рЌзу? Since there’s negation involved, shouldn’t it be Genitive,
i.e., рЌза?
Answer: Wow, you are really sharp. It turns out, however, that рЌзу is Genitive. There
are a small number of Masculine Nouns that sometimes have a Genitive form
in {U}. We won’t see many this year, but when you come across a Noun in
{U} and nothing except Genitive makes sense, you’ll be able to look back
fondly on this note.

Indicate what the person has never to, where s/he has never been:
1. ГрЏша (male) / been to Paris 2. НЌдя (female) / been to Moscow.

3. Я (female) / dined in a Russian restaurant. 4. Кто / drank vodka.
5. Мы / baked a cake 6. Њра (male) / saw snow
7. МарЏна (female) / read that newspaper 8. Я (male) / been to Toronto
9.В Plans for (time): ПлЌны на + Accusative
In the story Mitya asks Sara: КакЏе у тебј плЌны на канЏкулы? What are you plans for vacation? To indicate
what someone’s plans are for a certain time period (morning, Saturday, a week, March), use плЌны на +
Accusative (where Accusative is possible):
КакЏе у тебј плЌны на срЎду? What are your plans for Wednesday?
У менј нет осђбых плЌнов на лЎто. I don’t have any special plans for the summer.
КакЏе у ВЏки плЌны на зЌвтра*? What are Vika’s plans for tomorrow?
У нас ужЎ есть плЌны на іту недЎлю. We already have plans for this week.
*ЗЌвтра (which is most likely an Adverb) does not decline. We also saw: До зЌвтра See you tomorrow.
We actually see a very similar на + Accusative of Time in the sentence:
Я бы хотЎл съЎздить в ПЏтер на недЎлю. I would like to go to Petersburg for a week.
We’ll discuss this exact use of на a little later on. (It’s basically the same as плЌны на, but it requires a little
more explanation.)
1. What are your plans for Friday? 2. I don’t have any special plans for tomorrow.
3. What are his plans for the summer? 4. They don’t have any special plans for December.
5. Unfortunately, I already have plans for vacation. 6. What are your plans for next слЎдующий week?

музЎй 1. В Нью-Йђрке мнђго прекрЌсных 1. There are a lot of great museums in New
музЎев. York.
теЌтр 2. Мой друг чЌсто хђдит в теЌтр. 2. My friend often goes to the theater.
концЎрт 3. Мы вчерЌ бѕли на прекрЌсном 3. We were at a great concert yesterday.
концЎрте.
осђбый 4. У тебј нет какЏх-то осђбых 4. You don’t have any special plans for
плЌнов на зЌвтра? tomorrow?
съЎзди+ Perfective only 5. В суббђту я съЎздил в ТрЎнтон. 5. I went to Trenton on Saturday.
ПЏтер 6. Мой друг учЏлся два семЎстра в 6. My friend spent two semesters studying in
ПЏтере. “Petetown”
на 7. Мы Ўдем на двЌ мЎсяца в Москвѓ. 7. We’re going to Moscow for two months.
недЎля 8. Мы бѕли там недЎлю. 8. We were there a week.
ведь 9. Ведь он твой сын! 9. After all, he’s your son!
ни рЌзу (не) 10. ОнЌ ни рЌзу не былЌ в 10. She has never been to California.
Калифђрнии.
идЎя 11. У неё весгдЌ хорђшие идЎи. 11. She always has good ideas.
ѓмница 12. ДЏма, какой ты ѓмница! 12. Dima, you are so smart!
ЭрмитЌж 13. ЭрмитЌж – одЏн из лѓчших музЎев 13. The Hermitage is one of the best museums
в мЏре. in the world.
×
походи+ 14. Мы ђколо чЌса походЏли по 14. We walked on/along Broadway for about
БродвЎю. an hour.
НЎвский проспЎкт 15. На НЎвском (проспЎкте) мнђго 15. There are a lot of interesting buildings on
интерЎсных здЌний. Nevsky (Prospect).
Гђголь 16. Я читЌл мнђго Гђголя. 16. I’ve read a lot of Gogol.
стђит + Infinitive 17. Стђит пообЎдать в ітом 17. Is it worth dining in this restaurant?
ресторЌне?
ДостоЎвский 18. Что ты читЌл Достоевского? 18. What have you read of Dostoevsky?
«Мёртвые дѓши» 19. Гђголь - Ќвтор кнЏги «Мёртвые 19. Gogol is the author or the book “Dead
дѓши». Souls”.
«ПреступлЎние и 20. Я ђчень хочѓ прочитЌть 20. I really want to read “Crime and
наказЌние» «ПреступлЎние и наказЌние» по- Punishment” in Russian.
рѓсски.
×
полюби+ 21. Мђя подрѓга срЌзу полюбЏла 21. My friend immediately fell in love with
Петербѓрг. Petersburg.
культѓра 22. Он знЌет всё об америкЌнской 22. He knows everything about American
культѓре. culture.
{Ўд+ / Ўха+} // по- 23. КудЌ ты Ўдешь лЎтом? 23. Where are you going this summer?
сЎссия 24. КогдЌ бѓдет сЎссия в ітом 24. When is exam period this semester?
семЎстре?
устрЌивает + 25. К сожалЎнию, іто егђ не 25. Unfortunately, that doesn’t suit him/that’s
Accusative устрЌивает. not OK with him.

жду – не дождѓсь! 26. Мы Ўдем в РоссЏю. Жду – не 26. We’re going to Russia. I can’t wait!
дождѓсь!
в востђрге от + Genitive 27. ОнЏ бѕли в востђрге от концЎрта. 27. They were absolutely crazy about the
concert.
Пѓшкин, ПЌвловск, 28. Я хочѓ поЎхать и в Пѓшкин, и в 28. I want to go to Pushkin, and to Pavlosk,
Петергђф, ГЌтчина ПЌвловск, и в Петергђф, и в and to Petergof, and to Gatchina.
ГЌтчину.
почтЏ 29. Мой профЎссор хђдит в бар почтЏ 29. My professor goes to a bar practically
кЌждый вЎчер. ever night.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5. Дайте 3 причины Give 3 reasons
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
S9-6
1. ни рЌзу
2. стђит
3. в востђрге от
4. почтЏ
1. I would like to go to California for a week.
2. Does that suit your father? (Is that OK with your father?)
S9-7
РасскЌз: Жду – не дождѓсь!
I can’t wait!
Жду – не дождѓсь! I can’t wait!

1 Мы с МЏтей _______________________________________________________________________.
2 Мы ходЏли и в кинђ, и в тЎатр, _____________________________________________, и в музЎи, и на
3 концЎрты. ______________________________________________________________ всё іто вЏдеть и
4 слѓшать МЏтю. Он ___________________________________________________________ и обо всём.
5 И он всегдЌ был ђчень мЏлый, ___________________________________________________________.
6 Всё бѕло прекрЌсно!
7 — Сара, ________________________________________________________________?, —
8 спросЏл МЏтя.
9 — У менј нет осђбых __________________________________. А у тебј?
10 — Я хотЎл бы съездить в ПЏтер на недЎлю. Мы мђжем __________________________
11 ____________________________________. Ведь ты ни рЌзу не былЌ в ЛенигрЌде? Что ты
12 ______________________________________________________?
13 — ОтлЏчно. _______________________________________________ идЎя! Ты ѓмница!
14 Я ђчень хочѓ посмотрЎть ЭрмитЌж и походЏть по НЎвскому проспЎкту. Ты знЌешь,
15 Гђголь - _______________________________________________________________________
16 _______________________________________!
17 — Да, мы мђжем посмотрЎть ЭрмитЌж и ________________________________________.
18 И стђит посмотрЎть дом-музЎй ДостоЎвского. Ты ведь _______________________________
19 лїбишь, прЌвда?
20 — Ічень. КогдЌ я _________________________________________________________, я
21 слѓшала __________________________________________________ по рѓсской литератѓре.
22 Мы читЌли «Мёртвые дѓши» и «ПреступлЎние и наказЌние», ________________________,
23 конЎчно. ____________________________________________________ я полюбЏла рѓсскую
24 _______________________________________________ и культѓру. КогдЌ мы Ўдем?
25 — __________________________________ сЎссии. Тебј іто устрЌивает?
26 — КонЎчно. Жду - не дождѓсь! Я же тебЎ говорЏла, что __________________________
27 ________________________________ в ЛенингрЌде. ОнЌ былЌ прђсто в востђрге от гђрода.
28 ___________________________________________________________________________.
29 У МЏти бѕли ___________________________________________________________________.
30 Мы ходЏли в ЭрмитЌж, в Рѓсский музЎй, и __________________________________________
31 ___________________________, на концЎрты, на балЎт. И _____________________________
32 Пѓшкин, ПЌвловск, Петергђф, ГЌтчину. Всё бѕло замечЌтельно! Я почтЏ ____________
33 ____________________________________________________________________________.
РасскЌз: Часть Девјтая (Текст)-1

СловЌрь
1 музЎй guess
2 теЌтр guess
3 концЎрт guess
9 осђбый special; in particular
10 съЎзди+ Perfective only make a round trip (by vehicle); go
10 ПЏтер colloquial term for Петербѓрг, along the lines of “Philly” for Philadelphia,
“Frisco” for San Francisco, “LA” for Los Angeles, etc. Even though the official
name of the city was ЛенингрЌд, many natives referred to their city as ПЏтер.
10 на for (a period of time)
10 недЎля week
11 ведь after all (This is an emphatic particle, which is sometimes difficult to translate
exactly.)
11 ни рЌзу (не) never, not one single time (We’ll discuss this form in the next grammar.)
13 идЎя guess
13 ѓмница smart person (This is similar to молодЎц, another very positive thing to say about
someone. Їмница indicates that the person had a great idea.)
14 ЭрмитЌж The Hermitage Museum
×
14 походи+ walk around (for a while)
14 по НЎвскому проспЎкту along Nevsky Prospect (Learn this as a phrase for now. We’ll explain the Case
НЎвский проспЎкт endings shortly.) Nevsky Prospect is the main street in Petersburg.
15 Гђголь Nikolai Gogol (1809-52) Great Russian satiric writer. Author of a series of short
stories about Saint Petersburg: «НЎвский проспЎкт», «Нос» The Nose,
«ШинЎль» The Overcoat.
18 стђит + Infinitive it’s worth (doing [Verb])
18 ДостоЎвский Fyodor Dostoevsky (1821-81) Great Russian novelist
21 курс по рѓсской литератѓре Best way to say “Russian Literature course”. More on this preposition and the
form of the Noun Phrase later.
22 «Мёртвые дѓши» “Dead Souls” written by Гђголь. Satire on the corrupt system of serfdom.
22 «ПреступлЎние и наказЌние» “Crime and Punishment” written by ДостоЎвский.
×
23 полюби+ come to love (This is slightly different from влюби×+..ся в, which means fall in
love with. This verb actually reflects more complete feeling of love than
влюби×+..ся.)
24 культѓра guess
24 {Ўд+ / Ўха+} // по- go (by vehicle). (We realize that we have given you several verbs that all translate
as “go”. We’ll sort this out a little later.)
25 сЎссия exam period
25 устрЌивает + Accusative suit someone; be agreeable to someone
26 жду – не дождѓсь! I can’t wait (Learn as a phrase for now.)
27 в востђрге от + Genitive (be) in ecstasy over; be crazy about
32 Пѓшкин, ПЌвловск, Петергђф, Suburbs of Saint Petersburg in which many magnificent czarist palaces are
ГЌтчина located. Worth the trip! (You don’t have to memorize these name.)
32 почтЏ nearly; practically; almost
РасскЌз: Часть Девјтая (Текст)-2

ГраммЌтика: A. Комѓ удалђсь
Б. АкцЎнт
В. Забѓду
РасскЌз - Часть Десјтая: ГраммЌтика

10.A Комѓ удалось + (Perfective) Infinitive
To express that [Person] managed (or did not manage) to accomplish something (after encountering some
difficulty), use a Dative “subject” together with the fixed Verb удалђсь + Infinitive. Normally a Perfective
Infinitive is used.
(The “default” third-person neuter form удалђсь is used because there is no Nominative subject with which to
agree.)
Мне удалђсь уговорЏть ВЎру брђсить курЏть. I managed to convince Vera to quit smoking.
Емѓ удалђсь вчерЌ написЌть пятьдесјт странЏц! He managed to write 50 pages yesterday.
ТебЎ удалђсь достЌть билЎты на «ЛебедЏное Were you able to get tickets to” Swan Lake”?
ђзеро»?
МоЏм родЏтелям не удалђсь увЏдеть ПарЏж. My parents didn’t manage to see Paris
(In case you’re interested, it is possible to find удалђсь in the Future (will manage), as well as the Imperfective,
but we’ll stick to the Perfective Past for now.
Say who managed or didn’t manage to do what:
1. I / open the window 2. We / convince him

3. She / buy a car ☺ 4. He / get tickets to “Swan Lake”
5. They / save (спас+´) the horse ☺ 6. Vera / see Moscow ☺
7. Vadik / take a nap (sleep a bit) 8. No one / close ({закрђй+ / закрѕ+}) the door
Рассказ: Часть Десјтая (ГраммЌтика)-1

10.Б АкцЎнт Not a good thing!
The word акцЎнт means foreign accent and is considered something negative (though perhaps charming). You
cannot say: У тебј хорђший акцЎнт – this is an oxymoron. Some more examples:
У негђ какђй-то стрЌнный акцЎнт. He has some kind of strange accent.

У ітой жЎнщины рѓсский акцЎнт. That woman has a Russian accent.
У неё ђчень лёгкий немЎцкий акцЎнт. She has a very slight German accent.
To say [Person] speaks with a French/German/Dutch accent, you need to use a Case we haven’t seen yet. We’ll
be getting to it very soon.
Also, in case you’re wondering the way to say [Person] has good/bad pronunciation use the Noun
произношЎние:
У негђ хорђшее произношЎние. He has good pronunciation.

У тебј ужЌсное произношЎние! You have awful pronunciation.
10.В Perfective use of забѓду More common than you might think
Given what we said about Aspect, you might not expect to find the Verb forget {забѓд+ / забѕ+} used in the
Perfective Future, especially if it’s negated. But, in fact, the Perfective Future is by far the most commonly found
form:
Я никогдЌ не забѓду тебј. I’ll never forget you.

СЌра никогдЌ не забѓдет Нђвый Год, Sara will never forget the New Year she rang in
котђрый онЌ встрЎтила с МЏтей with Mitya.
Я дѓмаю, что он нас забѓдет. I think he will forget us.
1. He has a Russian accent. 2. I will never forget him.

3. She will never forget that New Year’s. 4. You have a good “accent”.
5. Masha will never forget Sasha. 6. She has a slight Chinese accent.
7. I will never forget my trip (поЎздка в + 8. He speaks Russian without an accent.
Accusative) to Russia.
9. She has a horrible “accent”. 10. I think she will forget me.

купЎ (Indeclinable!) 1. В купЎ бѕло ђчень жЌрко. 1. It was hot in the train compartment.
дѓшный 2. Здесь так дѓшно! 2. It’s so stuff here.
×
ок/но (о) 3. Ты не мђжешь открѕть окнђ? 3. Could you open the window?
разговЌривай+ 4. Мы весь день разговЌривали. 4. We talked all day.
уезжЌй+ 5. ОнЌ уезжЌет в Ќвгусте. 5. She’s leaving in August.
не уезжЌй!
{остай+´...ся / 6. Он остЌнется в ПрЏнстоне на лЎто. 6. He’s going to stay in Princeton for the
оставЌй+...ся} // summer.
остЌн+...ся
прогрЎсс 7. Љто уже большђй прогрЎсс! 7. That’s already significant progress.
полгђда 8. Мы жЏли в МосквЎ пђлгода. 8. We lived in Moscow for half a year.
акцЎнт 9. У негђ немЎцкий акцЎнт. 9. He has a German accent.
совсЎм 10. Он совсЎм дурЌк! 10. He’s a complete fool!
беспокђи+...ся 11. Не беспокђйся. Всё бѓдет 11. Don’t worry. Everything will be OK.
хорошђ!
не беспокђйся
весЎнний (Soft!!) 12. Сегђдня весЎнняя погђда. 12. It’s spring-like weather today.
{приЎд+ / приЎха+ } 13. ОнЏ приЎдут в сѓбботу. 13. They will arrive on Saturday.
Perfective
конец´ (е) 14. Он приЎхал в концЎ мЌрта. 14. He arrived at the end of March.
с нЏми 15. Мы с нЏми весь день игрЌли в 15. We (together with them) played chess all
шЌхматы. day.
знакђми+...ся // по- 16. Я познакђмился с Верой на 16. I met Vera at a party.
вечерЏнке.
рЌд, -а, -ы 17. Я ђчень рад іто слѕшать. 17. I’m very happy to hear that.
увЎреный 18. ОнЌ увЎрена, что емѓ понрЌвится 18. She’s sure that he will like the movie.
фильм.
встречЌй+ // встрЎти+ 19. Где ты бѓдешь встречЌть Новый 19. Where are you going to ring in the New
Нђвый Год Год? Year?
×
{бѓд+ / бы+} в гостјх 20. В пјтницу вЎчером мы с НатЌшей 20. On Friday night Natasha and I were
бѕли в гостјх у ВЌси. guests at Vasya’s place.
один´ (и) 21. Она сидЎла дђма однЌ и плЌкала. 21. She said at home alone and cried.
скЌжем так 22. Он, скЌжем так, прђсто занѓда. 22. Let’s put it this way – he’s a complete
bore.
забывЌй+ // {забѓд+ / 23. Он всегдЌ забывЌет ключЏ на 23. He always forgets (his) keys on the table.

забѕ+} столЎ.
шампЌнское (Adjective 24. ОнЏ вѕпили шесть бутѕлок 24. They drank 6 bottles of French
as Noun) францѓзского шампЌнского. champagne.
С Нђвым Гђдом! 25. В двенЌдцать все закричЌли «С 25. At 12:00 everyone yelled out Happy New
Нђвым Годом»! Year
расскЌзывай+ // 26. Он нам рассказЌл о прекрЌсной 26. He told us about (his) parents’ fabulous
×
рассказа+ дЌче родЏтелей. dacha.
детЌль (F) 27. Я не хочѓ слѕшать все детЌли. 27. I don’t want to hear all the details.

Exercise 1 Answer the questions on the recording, using full sentences
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
S10-5
Exercise 2 Use the following new vocabulary items in a sentence NOT related to the story.
1. дѓшный
2. шампЌнское
3. остЌн+...ся
Exercise 3 ПереведЏте на рѓсский
1. How did you manage to get tickets to the ballet?
2. We’re sure that you will like the concert.
3. I will never forget the fantastic Russian course which I took when I was a freshman.
S10-6
РасскЌз: СЌра, не уезжЌй!
Sara, don’t leave!
СЌра, не уезжЌй! Sara, don’t leave!
1 Мы Ўхали ______________________________________________ из ЛенингрЌд_____

2 ____________________________________. В купЎ бѕло ђчень жЌрко и дѓшно. Мы хотЎли
3 открѕть окнђ, но нам не удалђсь іто сдЎлать. ________________________________________
4 Мы с МЏтей _____________________________________ и _______________________
5 разговЌривали. Мы говорЏли ____________________________________________________,
6 о прекрЌсных ____________________________________ в ЛенингрЌд____, о нђвых фЏльмах,
7 котђрые мы смотрЎли, ____________________________________________
8 — СЌра, не уезжЌй! _______________________________________________________
9 Ўсли бы ты моглЌ остЌться в МосквЎ _______________________________________________.
10 У тебј ужЎ большђй прогрЎсс в рѓсском, а Ўсли ты ___________________________________
11 ещё полгђда, ты бѓдешь говорЏть без акцЎнта, совсЎм как рѓсская.
12 — МЏтя, не беспокђйся. Я _________________________________________________.
13 Я ______________________________________________ на весЎнний семЎстр. КонЎчно, моЏ
14 родЏтели _____________________________________, но я ____________________________.
15 ОнЏ приЎдут _________________________________________ в концЎ __________________
16 и ты с нЏми познакђмишься.
17 — ________________________________________________________! Љто прекрЌсно.
18 Я так рад! И _____________________________________________________ познакђмиться с
19 твоЏми родЏтелями. Я увЎрен, что ________________________________________________.
20 ________________________________________________ такЌя замечЌтельная дочь!
21 Мы с МЏтей прекрЌсно встрЎтили __________________________________________.
22 Егђ родЏтели бѕли в гостјх и мы бѕли однЏ. СкЌжем так – я никогдЌ не забѓду ітот
23 Нђвый Год. В двенЌдцать часђв __________________________________________________
24 шампЌнского и _______________________________________________ «С Нђвым Гђдом!»
25 А потђм…я не бѓду расскЌзывать о детЌлях.
РасскЌз: Часть Десјтая (Текст)-1

СловЌрь
2 купЎ (Indeclinable!) compartment in a train

2 дѓшный stuffy (from lack of air)
×
3 ок/но (о) window
3 нам не удалђсь + Perfective we didn’t manage to [Verb] (More on this in the Grammar.)
Infinitive
5 разговЌривай+ talk; converse
8 уезжЌй+ leave
не уезжЌй! don’t leave! (Imperative)
9 {остай+´...ся / оставЌй+...ся} // stay; remain; not leave
остЌн+...ся
10 прогрЎсс guess (Note that in Russian they don’t use a Verb in this phrase.)
11 полгђда half a year
11 акцЎнт foreign accent (You cannot say: У тебј хорђший акцЎнт. This is an
oxymoron. In case you’re interested, you would say У тебј хорђшее
произношЎние You have good pronunciation.)
11 совсЎм completely; totally
12 беспокђи+...ся worry
не беспокђйся don’t worry (Best to learn as a phrase for now. This is the Imperative, which
we’ll get to soon.)
13 весЎнний (Soft!!) spring (adjective)
15 {приЎд+ / приЎха+ } Perfective arrive (We won’t see the Imperfective for a while.)
15 конец´ (е) end
16 с нЏми with them
16 знакђми+...ся // по- become acquainted; meet
18 рЌд, -а, -ы happy; glad (Only appears in the Short-Form)
19 ...{I}ми, ...{A}ми (Endings for the Plural of a strange, exotic Case called the Instrumental. Best
to learn as a phrase познакђмиться с СЌриными родЏтелями.)
19 увЎреный sure, certain
21 встречЌй+ // встрЎти+ Нђвый Год ring in the New Year; greet the New Year
×
22 {бѓд+ / бы+} в гостјх be out at friends
22 один´ (и) alone
22 скЌжем так let’s put it this way...
22 забывЌй+ // {забѓд+ / забѕ+} forget
24 шампЌнское (Adjective as Noun) champagne
24 С Нђвым Гђдом! Happy New Year! (This is the same construction as С днём рождЎния!)
×
25 расскЌзывай+ // рассказа+ tell; relate; narrate
25 детЌль (F) detail
РасскЌз: Часть Десјтая (Текст)-2

ГраммЌтика: A. The Particle -То
Б. Arrive / Leave (By Vehicle)
В. X Interests Y
РасскЌз - Часть ОдЏннадцатая: ГраммЌтика

11.A The Particle -То Some- (Someone, Something, Somewhere, etc.)
The particle -то can be added to question words to give the meaning some- (someone, something, somewhere,
etc.) in the sense of a specific, but un-named person, place, thing, etc.
Like the particle -нибѓдь any, -то never changes, regardless of what form the preceding question word is in.
кто-то, кого-то, о ком-то, etc. someone

что-то, чегђ-то, о чём-то, etc. something
какђй-то, какѓю-то, etc. some (kind of)
чей-то, чья-то, чью-то, etc. someone’s
как-то somehow; to some extent
когдЌ-то at one time; at some point (**Not
sometimes – see below)
Generally, -то words are found in STATEMENTS about the Past or Present (but NOT in questions, or in
statements about the Future. More on that later):
Я слѕшал от кого-то, что ты меня бђльше не лїбишь. I heard from someone that you don’t love me anymore.
МЌша что-то очень вкѓсное готђвит. Masha is making something really tasty.
Какая-то дЎвушка звонЏла, когдЌ ты спал. Some young woman called when you were asleep.
Я нашлЌ чью-то собЌку. I found someone’s dog.
ОнЏ живѓт где-то недалекђ от ПЏтсбурга. She lives somewhere not far from Pittsburgh.
– Где Даша? – Она кудЌ-то ушлЌ. – Where’s Dasha? – She went somewhere.
Они откѓда-то приЎхали. They arrived from somewhere (or other).
Он почемѓ-то не лїбит занимЌться в библиотЎке. For some reason he doesn’t like to study in the library.
Емѓ как-то удалђсь закђнчить диссертЌцию. He somehow managed to finish his dissertation.
Рассказ: Часть ОдЏннадцатая (ГраммЌтика)-1

Also note the meaning of когдЌ-то , which does not mean sometimes (which is иногдЌ), but, at some point (in
time). It can also be translated once, at one time (in the past):
Я когдЌ-то хорошђ говорЏл по-немЎцки. At one point (in the past) I spoke German well.
Мой сын когдЌ-то учЏлся в ПрЏнстоне. My son once studied at Princeton.
Make the underlined phrases specific but unnamed, using the particle -то.
1. Я вчера вЏдела СЌшу на концЎрте. 2. Я вчерЌ вЏдела СЌшу на концЎрте

3. Мой прадЎдушка эмигрЏровал из РоссЏи. 4. Мой прадЎдушка эмигрЏровал из РоссЏи в 1901.
5. Мой прадЎдушка эмигрЏровал из РоссЏи. 6. Саши нет, потомѓ что у него болЏт головЌ.
7. Его интересѓют серьёзные проблЎмы. 8. Коля купЏл немЎцкую сЏнюю машЏну.
11.А.1 -То Versus -Нибѓдь

As we stated above, the particle -то is found in positive statements about the Past and Present.
The particle -нибѓдь is normally found in four environments: 1) Questions; 2) Conditional Sentences (remember
бы?); 3) Statements about the Future; 4) Commands (which we just learned!)
-то -нибѓдь
Past and Present Statements Questions
ОнЌ комѓ-то сказЌла об ітом. Ты что-нибѓдь купЏл?

She told someone about it. Did you buy anything?
Он что-то пЏшет.
He’s writing something.
Conditional Sentences
Ѓсли бы я когђ нибѓдь вЏдел, я бы

сказЌл тебЎ.
*If I saw anyone (someone), I would have
told you.
Future
Я тебЎ что-нибѓдь принесѓ

*I’ll bring you something.
Commands
КупЏ мне что-нибѓдь в ПарЏже.

*Buy me something in Paris.
*Note that in sentences with the Conditional, Future and Imperative the -нибѓдь word may be translated in
English with some-, instead of any-. This brings up some rather complex issues about both English and Russian,
which we’ll avoid for now. To be honest, the question of -то vs. -нибѓдь is (much) more complicated than this.
But if you learn to use these two particles based on the above rules, you’ll be fine – almost always.

11.Б Arrive / Leave (By Vehicle)
Over the next few weeks we’ll be seeing various “Verbs of Motion”. Let’s look at two of the most common:
приезжЌй+ // {приЎд+ / приЎха+} arrive (by vehicle)
уезжЌй+ // {уЎд+ / уЎха+} leave (by vehicle)

×
As you can see, the prefix при- means arrival (motion toward). We saw this with the Verb приноси+ //
принёс+´ bring, which literally means carry to.
×
On the other hand the prefix у- indicates leaving (motion away). What would уноси+ // унёс+´ mean?
*КогдЌ он приезжЌет? When is he arriving?

*Я уезжЌю в концЎ мЌрта. I'm leaving at the end of March.
ОнЏ приЎдут в суббђту. They will arrive on Saturday.
НЏна уЎхала вчерЌ вЎчером. Nina left last night.
*As in English, a Present Tense Verb can be used to describe a Future action.
11.Б.1 Both Verbs Can Take the Prepositions Из + Genitive / В + Accusative

You can express the place the person has arrived (will arrive) from or left, using the Preposition из + Genitive.
Notice that in English we say simply She left Russia, with no Preposition. You must include из in Russian:
ОнЏ приЎхали из КЏева во втђрник. They arrived from Kiev on Tuesday.

Пђля зЌвтра приЎдет из Бђстона. Polya will arrive from Boston tomorrow.
ВЎрина семьј уЎхала из РоссЏи когдЌ ей бѕло пять Vera's family left Russia when she was five years
лет. old.
Я уЎду из ПрЏнстона в Ќвгусте. I’m going to leave Princeton in August.
Likewise, you can express the place the person arrived (will arrive, etc.) in or left for using в + Accusative.
Мы приЎхали в АмЎрику в мЌе. We arrived in America in May.

КогдЌ ваш дЎдушка приЎдет в Калифђрнию? When will your grandfather arrive in California?
ОнЏ уЎхали в АмЎрику в Ќвгусте. They left for America in August
Мы уЎдем в ИтЌлию пђсле зЏмних канЏкул. We’re going to leave for Italy after winter break.
Try not to let the various English Prepositions for, in (or ∅) trip you up; in Russian (so far) it’s в / из.

11.В (Subject) Interests (Person) Менј интересѓет мѓзыка
There are two ways in Russian to say I am interested in music / politics / computers, etc. (We’ll only look at one
of the two because the second one requires the Instrumental Case, which we haven’t seen yet.)
The subject (music / politics / computers) is in the Nominative Case and controls agreement on the Verb
интересовЌ+. The person is actually the direct object – in the Accusative. (Literally these constructions mean
Music / Politics / Computers interest me, but we’ll use the more natural sounding I am interested in...)
This is yet another construction where I ≠ я (which is lower-case in Russian!!). We recently saw several of these
when looking at the Dative Case: I like...; I need...; I feel like...; I am 20 years old. So, when you see (or think of)
I, don’t automatically blurt out я. Look at the entire clause!
что (subject) интересовЌ когђ (person)

ТепЎрь всех интерсѓют компьїтеры. Everyone is interested in computers now.
РЌньше ЛЎну инетересовЌла рэп-мѓзыка. Lena used to be interested in rap music.
Егђ ничегђ не интересѓет. He's not interested in anything.
зЏмний 1. ЗЌвтра бѓдет зЏмняя погђда. It’s going to be like winter tomorrow.
встречЌй+ // встрЎти+ 2. Кто вас встрЎтит в Петербѓрге? Who’s going to meet you in Petersburg?
аэропђрт (-ѓ) 3. По-мђему, скѓчно рабђтать в I thinks it’s boring to work at the airport.
аэропортѓ.
гостЏница 4. Мы жЏли в недорогђй, но We stayed in an inexpensive but nice hotel
хорђшей гостЏнице, когдЌ мы when we were in Moscow.
бѕли в МосквЎ.
(не)далекђ от 5. Я живѓ недалЎко от твоЎй I live near your grandmother.
бЌбушки.
КрЌсная плђщадь 6. МавзолЎй ЛЎнина - на КрЌсной Lenin’s mausoleum is on Red Square.
плђщади.
×
проводи+ // провёд+΄ 7. Мы провелЏ три недЎли на We spent three weeks in (the) Ukraine.
врЎмя (где, у кого) УкрЌине.
истђрия 8. Он мнђго знЌет о китЌйской He knows a lot about Chinese history.
истђрии.
бЌбушка 9. Как зовѓт твої бЌбушку? What’s your grandmother’s name?
эмигрЏрова+ 10. Мнђго людЎй эмигрЏровало в A lot of people emigrated to America.
АмЎрику.
револїция 11. Я прочитЌл интерЎсную кнЏгу о I read an interesting book about the Russian
рѓсской револїции. revolution.

семьј 12. У неё большЌя семьј. She has a large family.

уезжЌй+ // {уЎд+ / уЎха+} 13. ОнЏ уЎхали во ФрЌнцию. They left for France.
ни едЏного слђва 14. ОнЌ ни едЏного слђва не сказЌла. She didn’t say a single word.
прадЎдушка 15. Мой прадЎдушка со сторонѕ отцЌ My great-grandfather on my father’s side was
родЏлся в Ѕндии. born in India.
со сторонѕ (отцЌ /
мЌтери)
УкраЏна 16. КЏев – сЌмый большђй гђрод на Kiev is the largest city in Ukraine.
УкраЏне.
по-украЏнски
жизнь 17. Как ты дѓмаешь, есть жизнь на What do you think, is there life on Mars?
МЌрсе?
интересовЌ+ 18. НЌшего сѕна стЌли интересовЌть Our son has started to be interested in girls.
дЎвушки.
как-то 19. Я как-то іто сдЎлал. I did it somehow (or other).
идеализЏрова+ 20. По-мђему, ты идеализЏруешь I think that you idealize Princeton.
ПрЏнстон.
экономЏческий 21. Я мнђго читЌл об экономЏческих I’ve read a lot about the economic problems in
проблЎмах в РоссЏи. Russia.
политЏческий 22. ВЎра прочитЌла статьї о Vera read an article about the political system
политЏческой систЎме в КанЌде. in Canada.
систЎма 23. Маркс сказЌл, что капиталЏзм - Marx said that capitalism is a bad economic
плохЌя экономЏческая систЎма. system.
СовЎтский Соїз 24. Барѕшников уЎхал из СовЎтского Baryshnikov left the Soviet Union.
Соїза.
коррумпЏрован 25. ПолитЏческая систЎма в АмЎрике The political system in America is corrupt(ed).
коррумпЏрована.
коррѓпция 26. Коррѓпциа есть вездЎ. There’s corruption everywhere.
вездЎ 27. Мой брат ужЎ вездЎ был. My brother has already been everywhere.
Noun есть Noun 28. ПолЏтики есть полЏтики. Politicians are all the same.
серьёзный 29. Я серьёзно говорї. I’m serious. (I really mean it.)
проблЎма 30. У меня нет никакЏх проблЎм. I don’t have any problems.
престѓпность 31. В Сингапѓре почтЏ нет There’s practically no crime in Singapore.
престѓпности
безрабђтица 32. Во ФрЌнции большЌя There’s high unemployment in France.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
S11-6
1. бЌбушка со сторонѕ...
2. (не)далекђ от
3. интересовЌ+
1. Some people arrived in Russia at the end of September.
2. My grandfather on my mother’s side was born and grew up somewhere in England (Ђнглия).
3. American history for some reason does not interest me.
S11-7
РасскЌз: Лїди есть лїди
People are people
Лїди есть лїди People are people
1 _____________________________________ приЎхали ___________________________

2 пђсле зЏмних канЏкул, _______________________________________________. Мы с МЏтей
3 встрЎтили их в аэропортѓ. ______________________________________________________,
4 но плохђй гостЏнице недалекђ от КрЌсной плђщади, но _____________________________
5 всё врЎмя проводЏли у _______________________. Нам всем __________________________
6 слѓшать о РоссЏи, о рѓсской истђрии, _____________________________________________.
7 Ведь однЌ моя бЌбушка ______________________________________________. Её родЏтели
8 эмигрЏровала когдЌ-то до револїции. ____________________________________________
9 ________________, когдЌ её семьј уЎхала, и ________________________________________
10 _______________________. ОнЌ ни едЏного слђва ___________________________________
11 ______________________. А прадЎдушка со сторонѕ отцЌ родЏлся где-то на УкраЏне. Мой
12 отЎц сказЌл мне, что _____________________________________________________________
13 по-украЏнски, но ______________________________________________________________.
14 Митя ______________________________________________________________ жЏзни
15 в АмЎрике. Он ___________________________________________________________, его всё
16 интересовЌло. ______________________________________________, он прекрЌсно говорЏл
17 по-англЏйски, хорошђ знал _______________________________________________________,
18 истђрию и ______________________________. _________________________________, Митя
19 как-то дЌже идеализЏровал __________________________________________________. Он
20 _____________________________________, что экономЏческая и политЏческая систЎма в
21 СовЎтском Соїзе слЏшком коррумпЏрована. А я говорЏла, что коррѓпция есть вездЎ.
22 Лїди есть лїди. КонЎчно, у нас в АмЎрике _______________________________ серьёзных
23 экономЏческих проблЎм, ___________________________________________________, но и в
24 АмЎрике _______________________________________________________. Но кЌждый раз,
25 когдЌ я говорЏла о престѓпности Џли безрабђтице в АмЎрике, он говорЏл, ______________
26 ______________________________________________________________.
РасскЌз: Часть ОдЏннадцатая (Текст)-1

СловЌрь
2 зЏмний (Soft!) winter (Adjective)

зимЌ (Accusative is зЏму) winter (Noun)
3 встречЌй+ // встрЎти+ meet (at a place)
3 аэропђрт (Prepositional in -ѓ) airport
4 гостЏница hotel
4 (не)далекђ от + Genitive (not) far from
4 КрЌсная плђщадь Red Square (What is gender of плђщадь?)
×
5 проводи+ // провёд+΄ врЎмя (где, у кого) spend time (somewhere, at someone’s place)
6 истђрия history
7 бЌбушка grandmother
8 эмигрЏрова+ emigrate
8 револїция revolution
9 семьј family (Don’t forget that фамЏлия means last name.)
9 уезжЌй+ // {уЎд+ / уЎха+} leave
10 ни едЏного слђва not a single word (Note the Genitive of Negation.)
11 дЎдушка grandfather
прадЎдушка / прабЌбушка great-grandfather / great-grandmother
11 со сторонѕ (отцЌ / мЌтери) on my/his/etc. father’s / mother’s side
11 УкраЏна Ukraine
на УкраЏне in the Ukraine
(There is a raging debate about which preposition to use with this
newly formed country, either в, which is normally used for
countries, or на,which is often used for territories. In Russian на was
used, but many Ukrainians and Russians from the Ukraine insist that
в now be used. In the US, many newspapers and TV station have
dropped the ‘the’ and now refer to the country as ‘Ukraine’.)
14 жЏзнь (Fem) life (Even though the word ends in -ь, the gender is somewhat
predictable, given that this is an abstract noun, which tend to be
Feminine.)
16 Person-ACC интересовЌ+ Thing-NOM Subject (Nominative) interests Person (Accuastive)
19 как-то somehow; to some extent
19 идеализЏрова+ idealize
20 экономЏческий economic
20 политЏческий political
20 систЎма system
21 СовЎтский Соїз Soviet Union

Story − Part 11
21 коррумпЏрован, -о, -а, -ы corrupt(ed)

21 коррѓпция corruption
21 вездЎ everywhere (The -де is the same as in где, just as всегда and когда
share -гда)
22 Noun есть Noun Noun are Noun
22 серьёзный serious
23 проблЎма problem
25 престѓпность (Fem) crime (Crime in the abstract sense – as a social problem. A single
crime is преступлЎние.)
25 безрабђтица Figure this one out

ГраммЌтика: A. The Irregular Verb Есть
Б. Food
В. Approximation
РасскЌз - Часть ДвенЌдцатая: ГраммЌтика

12.A A Truly Irregular Verb: eсть // съ- eat
The verb eat is one of just two really irregular verbs in Russian (the other is дать, which we saw a few weeks
ago). The Past is more or less normal, but the Present (especially the singular) looks nothing like any verb we’ve
seen so far. (Not only that, but the Perfective prefix contains the rarely encountered hard sign ъ, which serves the
purpose of representing a /y/ sound after the ‘с’ and before the ‘e’: съесть Æ сй{E}сть):
есть // съ- eat

PRESENT PAST INFINITIVE
я (съ)ем мы (съ)едЏм я, ты, он (съ)ел (съ)есть
ты (съ)ешь вы (съ)едЏте оно (съ)Ўло
он(а) (съ)ест они (съ)едјт я, ты, она (съ)Ўла IMPERATIVE
мы, вы, они (съ)Ўли Ўшь(те)
(Tip: In the Plural forms of the Present, the 2nd-conjugation endings are added to ед-´.)
12.Б Food
As mentioned in the Словарь, many foods that appear in the plural in English are singular in Russian.
Мой сын кЌждый день ест картђшку. My son eats potatoes every day.
НЌши дЎти не едјт моркђвку. Our children don’t eat carrots.
ИзвинЏ, я свёклу не ем. Sorry, I don’t eat beets.
One exception is помидђр tomato, which does appear in plural:
Мы ђчень лїбим помидђры. We really like tomatoes.
Рассказ: Часть ДвенЌдцатая (ГраммЌтика)-1

Quick Chameleon:
1. МЌша ест капѓсту (я, нЌши дЎти, кто?, ты, вы, мы, никтђ)
2. МЏша съел всю кѓрицу (онЏ, кто, ВЎра, вы)
1. I eat beet salad every morning. 2. Who ate up the garlic?

3. I want to try the beef-stroganoff. 4. What vegetables does your daughter eat?
5. Nina ate up the soup. 6. We eat only shchi.
7. How can you eat potatoes without sauce? 8. I don’t eat tomatoes.
9. For the main course, I will order chicken. 10. For dessert we ate ice cream and cake.
12.Б Approximation: Дђлларов двЌдцать пять
(We actually saw this point exhibited when discussing how to give approximate age. Here’s the full explanation.)
Russian has a pretty cool way of making approximations with numbers. Take the noun and move it in front of the
number. Keep the noun in whatever case it was in originally (either Genitive Singular – if the number ends in 2,
3, 4; or Genitive Plural – for numbers ending ≥ 5; or even Nominative Singular – if the number is 1). So, before
you can utter the noun, you have to know the number you’re about to say.
Я купЏл дЎсять кнЏг. Его компьїтер стђит девятьсђт дђлларов.

I bought 10 books. His computer costs $900.
Я купЏл кнЏг дЎсять. Его компьїтер стђит дђлларов девятьсђт.

I bought about 10 books. His computer costs around $900.
If the main noun has an ‘attached’ Genitive (bottle of wine), leave the Genitive noun behind:
Я купЏл дЎсять бутѕлок винЌ.

I bought 10 bottles of wine
Я купЏл бутѕлок дЎсять винЌ.

I bought about 10 bottles of wine.
If there’s a prepositional phrase, move the noun in front of the preposition. One very common instance of this is
with time:
Рома пришёл в два часЌ. Лиза встЌла в пять часђв.

Roma arrived at 2:00. Liza got up at 5:00.
Рома пришёл часЌ в два. Лиза встЌла часђв в пять.

Roma arrived at around 2:00. Liza got up at around 5:00.

*You can’t do this with 1:00, which isn’t expressed using a number. Instead use ђколо чЌса.
In general: Be careful with Prepositions + Numbers. We still don’t know how to say things like I am writing
about two countries, which would require the word two in the Prepositional. We won’t get to the complete
declension of cardinal numbers until next year.
Make the number phrases approximations:

1. У меня сто книг. 2. Он встал в дЎсять часђв.
3. Она занимЌется семь часђв в день. (The 4. Я читЌю двЎсти странЏц в недЎлю.
prepositional phrase here is irrelevant)
5. Он ест кѓрицу три рЌза в недЎлю. 6. Коля придёт в два часЌ.
7. У нЌшего профЎссора двЌдцать жён. 8. Она купЏла пятьсђт бутѕлок пЏва.
9. Они ушлЏ в час. 10. Он знЌет семь языкђв.
чЎстно говорј 1. ЧЎстно говорј, обЎд был не To be honest, the dinner was nothing
ахтЏ. special.
нелђвко + Dative 2. ВЏте бѕло нелђвко, что он Vitya felt awkward that he forgot about his
забѕл о дне рождЎния женѕ. wife’s birthday.
×
цена 3. В этом магазЏне очень высђкие The prices in this store are very high.
цЎны.
за 4. По-мђему, сто дђлларов за I think $100 for a textbook is too expensive.
учЎбник слЏшком дђрого.
блїдо 5. Я не знЌю, какое блїдо I don’t know what dish to order.
заказЌть.
чЎтверть 6. ЧЎтверть студЎнтов спят на A quarter of the students sleep during the
урђке. lesson.
мЎсячная зарплЌта 7. У нЌшего профЎссора рѓсского What is his monthly salary
языкЌ очень мЌленькая Our Russian professor has a small salary.
мЎсячная зарплЌта.
зарабЌтывай+ // зарабђтай+ 8. Сколько твой отЎц How much does you father earn a year?
зарабЌтывает в год?
медсестрЌ (медбрЌт) 9. Мој мать – медсестрЌ. My mother is a nurse.
×
закЌзывай+ // заказа+ 10. Он всегдЌ закЌзывает кѓрицу. He always orders chicken.
прђбова+ // по- 11. Ты ужЎ попрђбовал суп? Did you try the soup already?
12. СобЌка хђчет попрђбовать мой The dog wants to try by beef stroganoff.
бефстрђганов.
кѓхня 13. Я люблї францѓзскую кѓхню. I like French food.
начинЌй+ // {начн+´ / нача+} 14. ПрофЎссор всегдЌ начинЌет The professor always begins the class with
с + Genitive урђк с экзЌмена. an exam.
15. Начнём обЎд с морђженого! We’ll begin the dinner with ice cream!

борщ΄ 16. Я не могѓ жить без твоегђ I can’t live without your borscht.
борщЌ.
помидђр 17. Этот помидђр слЏшком This tomato is too green.
зелёный.
свёкла 18. Свёкла - мой любЏмый ђвощ. Beets are my favorite vegetable.
щи (Gen is щей) 19. Нина кЌждый день ест щи. Nina eats shchi every day.
что такђе + Nominative 20. Что такђе «винегрЎт»? What is ‘vinaigrette’?
21. Он не знЌет, что такђе щи. He doesn’t know what ‘shchi’ is.
суп 22. Какой суп ты лїбишь? What kind of soup do you like?
капѓста 23. Русские едјт мнђго капѓсты. Russians eat a lot of cabbage.
ђвощ 24. Мой сын не ест ђвощи. My son doesn’t eat vegetables.
25. Какой твой любЏмый ђвощ? What’s your favorite vegetable?
картђшка 26. Почемѓ вы едЏте только мјсо и Why do you eat just meat and potatoes?
картђшку?
моркђвка 27. Багз БЌнни очень лїбит Bugs Bunny really likes carrots.
моркђвку.
лук 28. Я люблї пЏццу с лѓком. I like pizza with onions.
чеснок΄ 29. Она заказЌла пЏццу без She ordered pizza without garlic.
чеснокЌ.
винегрЎт 30. Я съел весь винегрЎт. I ate up the beet salad.
сђус 31. Как ты мђжешь есть пЏццу без How can you eat pizza without sauce?
сђуса?
салЌт 32. НЌдо кЌждый день есть салЌт. One should eat salad every day.
вторђе, на вторђе 33. На вторђе мы заказЌли кѓрицу. We ordered chicken for the main course.
бефстрђганов 34. Все, крђме менј, Ўли беф- Everyone except me ate beef stroganoff.
стрђганов
кѓрица 35. Мои родЏтели кЌждый день My parents eat chicken every day.
едјт кѓрицу.
слЌдкое 36. Что вы заказЌли на слЌдкое? What did you order for dessert?
морђженое 37. В ПрЏнстоне очень вкѓсное, но In Princeton there is very delicious, but
дорогђе морђженое. rather expensive ice cream.
молђчные продѓкты 38. У моЎй мЌтери аллергЏя на My mother is allergic to dairy products.
молђчные продѓкты.
аллергЏя на + ACC 39. У меня аллергЏя на собЌк. I’m allergic to dogs.
пЌльчики облЏжешь 40. Хђмер чЌсто говорЏт, «Гмм. Homer often says “Hmmm, finger-lickin’
пЌльчики облЏжешь». good.”
возвращЌй+...ся // вернѓ+...ся 41. КогдЌ ты вернёшься? When will you be back?
кудЌ 42. Она кЌждый вЎчер She returns home every evening around
возвращЌется домђй часђв в 7:00.
семь.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
S12-5
" УпражнЎние 2 Discuss the eating habits (likes/dislikes) of the following people/animals.
1. Я
2. Мој бЌбушка (Мой дЎдушка)
3. МоЏ родЏтели
4. НЌша собЌка/кђшка
" УпражнЎние 3 Answer as truthfully as you wish using approximations.
1. What time do you usually wake up?
2. How many pages a week do you read?
3. How many hours a day do you study?
4. How many books do you have?
5. How many squirrels (Nominative Singular is бЎл/ка (о)) are there in Princeton?
S12-6
РасскЌз: ПЌльчики облЏжешь!
Finger lickin’ good!
ПЌльчики облЏжешь! Finger lickin’ good!

1 Мои родЏтели сказЌли, что ___________________________________________________
2 с МЏтиными родЏтелями. Мы _____________________________________________________,
3 и довђльно дорогђй ресторЌн. ЧЎстно говорј, _______________________________________
4 нелђвко. Ведь ___________________, америкЌнцев, цЎны в ресторЌне бѕли «нормЌльные» -
5 дђлларов __________________________________ за блїдо, а для Мити и его родЏтелей –
6 іто _____________________________________ чЎтверть их мЎсячной зарплЌты. Его отЎц –
7 __________________________________________. Он зарабЌтывает тѕсячу двЎсти рублЎй в
8 мЎсяц. А его мать – медсестрЌ – ______________________________
9 __________________________________________ в мЎсяц.
10 Что заказЌть? — спросЏла моя мать. — ____________________________________
11 попрђбовать что-нибѓдь из _______________________________________________ кѓхни.
12 — Начнём с борщЌ Џли, мђжет быть, с щей, — сказЌл МЏтин отЎц.
13 — Мы знЌем, что такђе борщ, это суп со свёклой и помидђрами, но о щах мы
14 ___________________________________________________________, — сказЌл мой отЎц.
15 — Щи – это суп с капѓстой. __________________________________________ ђвощи:
16 картђшка, моркђвка, лук, _________________________________ чеснђк, — сказЌл Митя.
17 — ______________________________ попрђбовать винегрЎт, – сказЌла МЏтина мать.
18 — Что такђе винегрЎт. Это что - сђус? — спросЏла моя мать.
19 — Нет, іто _____________________________________ салЌт со свёклой, картђшкой и
20 моркђвкой, – отвЎтил МЏтин отЎц.
21 — ОтлЏчно. ___________________________________________ винегрЎт», – сказЌла я.
22 — А на вторђе мы закЌжем бефстрђганов и кѓрицу, — сказЌл Митя.
23 — И на слЌдкое морђженое _____________________________, — сказЌл МЏтин отЎц.
24 — Я с удовђльствием попрђбую морђженое, а моя женЌ не ест молђчные продѓкты,
25 — сказЌл мой отЎц.
26 — _______________________________ «не ест»? — спросЏл МЏтин отЎц.
27 — ______________________________, что у меня аллергЏя на всё молђчное. Если я ем
28 _____________________________ молђчное, у меня дђлго болЏт живђт, — сказЌла моя мать.
29 ______________________________________________________! ПЌльчики облЏжешь!
30 Мы вернѓлись ________________________________ родЏтелей часђв в одЏннадцать.
31 — СЌра, ужЎ пђздно; поговорЏм ______________________________________________.
32 ______________________________________________, — как-то стрЌнно сказЌла моя мать.
РасскЌз: Часть ДвенЌдцатая (Текст)-1

СловЌрь
(Yes. we do realize that there is a lot of vocabulary for this part of the story. Not to worry. There are quite a few cognates,
and a large number of concrete nouns – food items – which are easily remembered.)
4 нелђвко + Dative [Person] feels awkward

×
4 цена price
5 дђлларов двЌдцать пять around $25 (We’ll see in the Grammar section that this
inversion of number and noun gives the meaning
approximately.)
5 за + Accuastive for (Compare with для + GEN, which means for the sake of)
6 блїдо dish (of a meal)
6 чЎтверть (F) + Genitive quarter
6 мЎсячная зарплЌта monthly salary (Russians, like most Europeans, talk about how
much they earn per month, as opposed to per year.)
7 зарабЌтывай+ // зарабђтай+ earn
8 медсестрЌ (медбрЌт) nurse (female/male)
×
10 закЌзывай+ // заказа+ order (in a restaurant)
11 прђбова+ // по- try (food, drink, etc.)
11 кѓхня (besides kitchen) cuisine; food; cooking
12 начинЌй+ // {начн+´ / нача+} с + Genitive begin with (Notice c takes Genitive; that is not always true.)
12 борщ΄ borsht – a soup made from beets (and or tomatoes)
12 щи (Plural only; Genitive: щей) schi (See explanation in text)
13 что такђе + Nominative what is X? (This phrase never changes, regardless of the
number or gender of the thing in question.)
13 суп Guess
суп с (помидђрами) tomato soup (We’ll soon seen that literally the phrase суп
с помидђрами, etc. means soup with tomatoes, etc., but that’s
what we say in English.)
13 свёкла beet (rather popular in Russia)
13 помидђр tomato
15 капѓста cabbage
15 ђвощ vegetable (Very often plural)
16 картђшка potato(es) (The singular is used where English has plural: Он
лїбит картђшку.)
16 моркђвка carrot (As above, the singular is use: Нина всё врЎмя ест
моркђвку.)
16 лук onion
16 чеснок΄ garlic
17 винегрЎт beet salad
18 сђус sauce
19 салЌт Guess
22 вторђе main course (Adjective used as a noun)
на вторђе for the main course
22 бефстрђганов beef Stroganoff
22 кѓрица chicken
23 слЌдкое dessert; sweets (Adjective used as a noun)

Story − Part 11
23 морђженое ice-cream (Adjective used as a noun)

24 с удовђльствием gladly; lit.: with pleasure;
25 ест eat (3sg Present) (More on this irregular verb in the Grammar
section.)
25 молђчные продѓкты dairy products
27 аллергЏя на + Accusative be allergic to (X)
29 пЌльчики облЏжешь finger lickin’ good (lit.: fingers you will lick all over.)
30 возвращЌй+...ся // вернѓ+...ся кудЌ return; go back

ГраммЌтика: A. The Vocative “Case”
Б. Each Other
РасскЌз - Часть ТринЌдцатая: ГраммЌтика

13.A The Vocative “Case”: Мам! Кђль! Мить! Нин!
When addressing someone directly, Russians often use a slightly different form of the addressee’s first name (or
title), the so-called Vocative “Case”. (The Vocative is not officially a case, but it certainly is used in everyday
speech, so you should be aware of it.)
• Forming the Vocative – Drop that {A}, I said drop it!

First names (as well as other forms of address) of both genders ending in {A} drop the vowel (and sometimes, as
expected, reveal a soft consonant, spelled with a soft sign). Names not ending in {A} do not have a special
Vocative form.
First Name, etc. Vocative

ВЎра Вер
Њра Юр
НатЌша НатЌш
*мЌма мам
*пЌпа пап
ТЌня Тань
КЌтя Кать
МЏтя Мить
ВадЏм N/A (ВадЏм)
Марк N/A (Марк)
*This doesn’t work with бЌбушка or дЎдушка, which do not change.
You can only use the Vocative with someone you are on “ты terms” with. Using it with your professor would be
a real faux pas, sort of like addressing him/her “Dude!”
Рассказ: Часть ТринЌдцатая (ГраммЌтика)-1

Turn these statements into addresses, and use the Vocative “Case” when possible:
Example: ГЎра ужЌсно вѕглядит. ⇒ Гер, ты ужЌсно вѕглядишь.
1. Почемѓ МЌша говорЏт без энтузиЌзма? 2. ВЏка очень одинђка?

3. МаксЏм очень счЌстлив? 4. Что НатЌша хђчет ітим сказЌть?
5. Чегђ боЏтся КЌтя? 6. Я боїсь, что Лёня бѓдет страдЌть.
7. МЌмино счЌстье - сЌмое вЌжное для менј. 8. (Мой) пЌпа слЏшком практЏчен.
13.Б Each Other: Друг Дрѓг-а
Each other is rendered by друг дрѓг-а. The first друг never changes, while the second друг-, which declines
like an animate singular noun, gets its Case from either a verb or a preposition (appearing between the two
друг’s. Remember, nothing can come between a preposition and its complement – see more below).
Even though by definition друг друг-а refers to two people, it takes Singular forms – on the second part. There’s
no друзьј / друзЎй / друзьјх anywhere in sight.
Speaking of друзьј, recall that the Accusative/Genitive друзЎй is the only form in the plural without a soft-sign.
All other forms contain ь: друзьј, друзьјх, друзьјм, друзьјми (Instrumental – we’ll get it very soon).
Друг дрѓг-а with verbs:
Мы лїбим друг дрѓга. – ACC We love each other.
Они терпЎть не мђгут друг дрѓга. – ACC They can’t stand each other.
Мои родЏтели купЏли друг дрѓгу картђшку. – DAT My parents bought each other potatoes.
Они бојтся друг дрѓга. – GEN They are afraid of each other.
For semantic reasons, друг дрѓг-а does not appear in the Nominative.
Друг дрѓг-а with prepositions:

The prepositions goes between the two друг’s! (Quite different from English)
Они всё врЎмя дѓмают друг о дрѓге. – o + PREP They think about each other all the time.
Мы купЏли полотЎнца друг для дрѓга. – для + GEN We bought towels for each other.
Они страдЌют друг из-за дрѓга. – из-за + ACC They are hurting emotionally because of each other.
Они друг без дрѓга жить не мђгут. – без + GEN They can’t live without each other.
ДЎти смотрЎли друг на дрѓга. – на + ACC The children were looking at each other.
Они подошлЏ друг к дрѓгу и поцеловЌлись. – к + DAT They walked up to each other and kissed.

Also note for reference:

Друг дрѓга as ‘each other’s’ – (Genitive case)
Они вЏдела машЏны друг дрѓга. They saw each other’s cars.
Они жЏли в домЌх друг дрѓга. They lived in each other’s houses.
1. The lawyers are talking about each other. 2. They are afraid of each other.
3. Masha and Dima often think about each other. 4. His parents bought a car for each other.
5. They can't live without each other. 6. Why are they looking at each other?
7. The actors started yelling at each other. 8. They are hurting emotionally because of each
other.
13.В Sample Sentences
на слЎдующий день 1. На слЎдующий день приЎхали мои My parents arrived the next day.
родЏтели.
плђщадь 2. Я вЏдел НатЌшу на плђщади I saw Natasha on Palmer Square.
ПЌльмера.
мавзолЎй 3. РЌньше СтЌлин лежЌл в мавзолЎе Stalin used to lie in the mausoleum on Red
на КрЌсной плђщади. Square (A true fact – he was right next to
Lenin until he was removed in 1956.)
ђчередь 4. Мы три часЌ стојли в ђчереди. We stood IN line for three hours. (I
absolutely refuse to acknowledge the
erroneous ON line!)
прЌвда... 5. ПрЌвда, Митя очень красЏвый Don't you think that Mitya is a good looking
пЌрень? guy?
энтузиЌзм 6. Вера пЎла без энтузиЌзма. Vera sang unenthusiastically.
будь 7. Лен, будь осторђжна. Lena, be careful.
осторђжный (е) 8. Мой дЎдушка всегдЌ осторђжен. My grandfather is always careful.
наЏвный (e) 9. Они такЏе наЏвные! They are so naïve.
что Subject хоте+ ітим 10. Что Маша хђчет этим сказЌть? What does Masha mean by that?
сказЌть?
чужђй 11. В Нью-Йорке я чѓвствую себј, как In NY I feel as if I’m in a foreign country.
бѓдто я в чужђй странЎ.
одинђкий 12. Кать, почемѓ ты плЌчешь? Ты Katya, why are you crying? Are you lonely?
одинђка?
друг дрѓга 13. АмерикЌнцы и рѓсские лїбят друг Americans and Russian like each other.
дрѓга.

счЌстливый 14. Она так счЌстлива! She is so happy!

счЌстье 15. Никто не знЌет, что такђе счЌстье. No one knows what happiness is.
бој+…ся + Gen 16. Я никогђ не боїсь! I'm not afraid of anyone!
17. Я боїсь, что ты не поймёшь. I'm afraid that you will not understand (won't
get it).
страдЌй+ // по- 18. Боря очень страдЌл, когдЌ он Borya was really hurtwhen he realized that
пђнял, что Вера егђ не лїбит. Vera didn't love him.
кончЌй+…ся // 19. Во сколько кончЌется фильм? What time does the film end?
кђнчи+…ся 20. Все хорошђ кђнчилось. Everything turned out OK.
не нЌдо + Infinitive 21. Не надо так грђмко говорЏть. Don't talk so loud.
22. Не нЌдо! Don’t (do that)!
практЏчный (е) 23. Моя бЌбушка не очень практЏчна. My grandmother is not very practical.
заплака+ 24. КогдЌ Хђмер СЏмпсон открѕл When Homer Simpson opened the
закричЌ+ холодЏльник и увЏдел, что нет refrigerator and saw that there was no beer,
пЏва, он заплЌкал. he burst out crying.
25. КогдЌ СЌра вошлЌ в кђмнату, все When Sara walked in the room everyone
закричЌли «С днём рождЎния!» yelled out 'Happy Birthday!'

" УпражнЎние 1 Answer the questions about the story:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
" УпражнЎние 2 Use друг дрѓг-а in four sentences (Accusative, Genitive, Dative,
Prepositional)
1.
2.
3.
S13-5
4.
" УпражнЎние 3 Translate
1. I don't like to stand in line.
2. Vera, what do you mean by that?
3. Why is everyone afraid of Sveta? (think about Case)
4. Borya , be careful!
S13-6
РасскЌз: СЌра, будь ђчень осторђжна
Sara, be very careful
СЌра, будь ђчень осторђжна Sara, be very careful
1 На слЎдующий день, __________________________________________________ я встрЎтила

2 родЏтелей на КрЌсной плђщади. __________________________________________________________
3 мавзолЎй ЛЎнина, и мы ________________________________________________________ в ђчереди.
4 — ПрЌвда, МЏтя и егђ родЏтели _______________________________________? — спросЏла я.
5 — Да, навЎрно, — ____________________________________________________ без энтузиЌзма.
6 — Мам, у тебј какђй-то стрЌнный гђлос. В чём дЎло?
7 — СЌра, будь очень осторђжна.
8 — О чём ты говорЏшь? Я не понимЌю, ______________________________________________.
9 — СЌра, ты ещё ________________________________________________, ђчень наЏвная.
10 — Что ты хђчешь ітим сказЌть?
11 — Ты не __________________________________________________________________________.
12 Не все лїди такЏе __________________________, как ты.
13 _____________________________________________________________________________?
14 — _____________________________ прекрЌсно понимЌем. Ты в чужђй _____________________.
15 Все _____________________________________________________________________. Ты одинђка.
16 — ______________________________________________ друг дрѓга!
17 — СЌра, о чём ты говорЏшь? Вы друг о дрѓге _________________________________________
18 — Нет, __________________________________________________________ счЌстливы, когдЌ
19 _____________________________________________. Мы друг дрѓга так хорошђ понимЌем.
20 — СЌра, мы тебј ђчень, ђчень лїбим. Твоё счЌстье для нас - ______________________________
21 вЌжное. Но мы боЏмся, что ты потђм бѓдешь страдЌть.
22 — Я не бѓду страдЌть. Я счЌстлива. ____________________________________. Я никогдЌ не
23 былЌ так счЌстлива, ________________________________________________ сейчЌс.
24 — СЌра, мы боЏмся, _______________________________________________________ кђнчится.
25 — Не нЌдо ничего бојться. ___________________________________________.
26 — СЌра, дорогЌя, будь осторђжна, будь ђчень осторђжна.
27 — Вы слЏшком практЏчны _________________________________________________________.
28 Я же знЌла, __________________________________________________ поймёте. Я заплЌкала и ушлЌ.
РасскЌз: Часть ТринЌдцатая (Текст)-1

СловЌрь
1 на слЎдующий день the next day (Note that here with день the Preposition is на, not в.)
слЎдующий next, following
3 мавзолЎй mausoleum
4 ђчередь (F) line
5 прЌвда... isn’t it true that…?; don’t you think that…?
6 гђлос (Plural is голосЌ. More voice
on this and other irregular
plural forms later.)
6 энтузиЌзм (figure it out)
7 мам Ma! (‘Vocative’ Case of мЌма We’ll discuss this in the Grammar section.)
8 осторђжный careful
осторђжен (е) The Short-Form has the cluster buster e – as do the Short-Forms of several other
Adjectives in this lesson: практЏчный, наЏвный,
9 ещё still (We also saw ещё with the meaning else, in addition: что ещё what else.)
10 наЏвный (figure it out)
11 что Subject хотЎть ітим what does Subject mean by that?
сказЌть?
14 чужђй foreign; not one’s own
15 одинђкий lonely
16 друг дрѓг-а each other (More in the Grammar section.)
18 счЌстливый happy
20 счЌстье happiness
21 бој+…ся + Genitive fear; be afraid
(A Жа-Жа verb like стој+)
21 потђм later on; in the future
21 страдЌй+ // по- suffer; be unhappy; get hurt emotionally
23 сейчЌс now; right now (This word consists of two parts: сей this + час hour. We saw
the Genitive of сей in сегђдня, literally of this day. Except for a few fixed
expressions, сей is not found in modern Russian.)
24 кончЌй+…ся // кђнчи+…ся end up; turn out (Intransitive)
25 не нЌдо + Infinitive don’t (Verb); don’t do that. (Here this does not mean ‘it is not necessary to Verb,
though that meaning is possible.)
27 практЏчный practical
×
28 {пойм+´ / понј+} grasp; understand (This Verb is the Perfective of понимай, sort of. We’ll
Past пђнял, понялЌ, пђнял discuss it in the Grammar section.)
Infintive понјть
×
28 уходи+ // {уйд+´ // ушё+´ (ё)} leave; go away (We’re going to discuss “Verbs of Motion” in depth later in the
Infintive уйтЏ course. For now, if you learn a few here and there, everything will be that much
easier to learn later on.)
РасскЌз: Часть ТринЌдцатая (Текст)-2

ГраммЌтика: A. Review of -то/-нибѓдь
Б. The Same
РасскЌз - Часть Четѕрнадцатая: ГраммЌтика

14.A Review of the Particles -то / -нибѓдь
• -то vs. -нибѓдь

С однђй сторонѕ, the use of these two particles is pretty straightforward: -то = some-, -нибѓдь = any-. А с
другђй сторонѕ, there are many instances where this correspondence breaks down. Specifically, there are
instances in which -нибѓдь shows up as some- in English.
some- any- (ever)

-то, -нибѓдь -нибѓдь
Basically, the particle -то refers to an un-named but specific, concrete item (person, place, etc.), while -нибудь
refers to an un-named but not identified item (person, place, etc.).
Generally, -нибудь is found in: 1) questions; 2) statements about the Future; 3) conditional statements (remember
бы?); 4) commands. On the other hand, -то occurs in statements about the Present or the Past
Examples with -нибудь

Кто-нибѓдь звонЏл? Did anyone call?
Вы когдЌ-нибѓдь ссђритесь с родЏтелями? Do you ever fight with your parents?
Он что-нибѓдь кѓпит тебЎ, когдЌ он бѓдет в ПарЏже. He will buy you something when he’s in Paris.
ЗЌвтра ВЎра комѓ-нибѓдь позвонЏт. Vera will call someone tomorrow.
Ѓсли бы онЌ что-нибѓдь купЏла, я бы её убЏл. If she had bought anything (something), I would
have killed her.
КупЏ мне что-нибѓдь в рѓсском магазЏне. Buy me something (or other) in the Russian store.
Examples with -то

Кто-то тебЎ звонЏл, когдЌ ты был на концЎрте. Someone called you when you were at the concert.
ОнЌ кудЌ убежЌла. She ran away to some place.
У негђ что-то в прЌвой рукЎ. He has something in his right hand.
Кто-то что-то готђвит на кѓхне. Someone is making something in the kitchen.

Nice rule about Aspect: After когдЌ-нибѓдь Past-Tense verbs must appear in the Imperfective:
Ты когдЌ-нибѓдь покупЌл икрѓ? How you ever bought caviar?

Он когдЌ-нибѓдь помогЌл дјде? Did he ever help (his) uncle?
Кђля когдЌ-нибѓдь вставЌл в шесть часђв? Did Kolya ever wake up at 6:00?
Insert the correct particle:
1. Мој бЌбушка когдЌ-*** эмигрЏровала из 2. Ты когдЌ-*** былЌ в МосквЎ?

ФрЌнции.
3. Кто-*** тебЎ помђг? 4. Кто-*** мне помђг.
5. Я тебЎ что-*** куплї. 6. Что-*** лежЏт на столЎ.
7. Он живёт где-*** ђколо Москвѕ. 8. Ѓсли бы онЌ где-*** рабђтала, онЌ бы
зарабЌтывала мнђго дЎнег.
9. Ты комѓ-*** здесь доверјешь? 10. Мой брат продЌл машЏну какђму-***
профЎссору.
• Why -нибѓдь can be tricky

In the story Mitya says to Sara (about her parents):
НавЎрно они дѓмают, что я хочѓ что-нибѓдь от тебя.
This is not one of the four environments (question, future, conditional, command) described above for -нибѓдь,
yet this is the correct form. Why? Here the meaning is “They probably think that I want something (or other) from
you.” It’s clear (at least to Mitya) that they think he wants something, but it not clear what that something is. Here
a few more examples where -нибѓдь corresponds to “something/one/where or other”:
Он всегдЌ что-нибѓдь пЏшет. He’s always writing something or other.

ОнЌ всегдЌ на когђ-нибѓдь кричЏт. She’s always yelling at someone or other.
КЏра всегдЌ где-нибѓдь гулјет. Kira is always strolling somewhere or other.
As we said, at times the use of -то vs. -нибѓдь can be rather subtle. As with Aspect, this is not the sort of question
that can be covered in full in this textbook. For now, try to follow the basic guidelines given above.
• Be careful with any-

When we presented (multiple) negation in Russian, we mentioned that English does some strange things with the
prefix any-. Specifically, negative expressions in English with any-, which are found when accompanied by a
form of the helping verb do or the word never, are equivalent to Russian ни- … + не + verb.

ENGLISH NEGATIVE WITH ANY- RUSSIAN: НИ-

I didn’t buy anything. Я ничегђ не купЏл.
He never helps anyone. Он никомѓ никогдЌ не помогЌет.
We didn’t go anywhere. Мы никудЌ не ходЏли.
They didn’t buy any books. Они никакЏх книг не покупЌли. (Genitive
of Negation)
ENGLISH NON-NEGATIVE RUSSIAN: -НИБУДЬ

WITH ANY-
Is anyone home? Кто-нибѓдь дђма?

Do you trust anyone here? Ты комѓ-нибѓдь здесь доверјешь?
Did you see Nadya anywhere? Ты где-нибѓдь вЏдел НЌдю?
So, whenever you see any-, you need to be very careful.
1. Did you buy anything? 2. I didn't buy anything.

3. Will he ask anyone a question? 4. He won't ask anyone a question.
×
5. Did you go anywhere? (use ходи +) 6. We didn’t go anywhere.
7. Are you thinking about anyone? 8. He never thinks about anyone.
14.Б Тот же (сЌмый) the same (sometimes)
To indicate that a thing / place / person is the same as that which was previously mentioned (or implied), use the
phrase тот же (сЌмый). Generally, including сЌмый adds emphasis (the very same), though in Russian it’s not
quite as strong as in English.
Тот is another Nounjective, which, as you recall, means that in the Nominative and Accusative it takes Noun
endings, while in all other cases, it takes Adjective endings. Also note that the dictionary form тот, like этот, has
an “extra” syllable -от. The basic stem is just plain т-.
For now, we’ll stick to the Singular. (The Plural has a nasty change of vowel.)
Both тот (Nounjective) and сЌмый (regular Adjective) decline!

В прђшлом годѓ я слѓшал тот же курс. I took the same course (that was just mentioned) last
year.
ОнЌ говорЏт о том же фЏльме. She’s talking about the same film (that was just
mentioned).
КогдЌ мы бѕли в МосквЎ, мы жЏли в той же When we were in Moscow we stayed in the same
гостЏнице. hotel (that was just mentioned).
Он получЏл письмђ от тогђ же сЌмого человЎка. He received a letter from the exact same person (that
was just mentioned).
One nasty detail: The Masculine/Neuter Instrumental Singular is тем (instead of expected тым or тим). To some
extent, given what we saw with однЏм, ітим (unexpected softening), this shouldn’t come as a complete shock:
Я восхищЌюсь тем же сЌмым Ќвтором. I’m crazy about the same author (that was just
mentioned).
Notice that in each of the above examples, earlier in the discourse someone has already mentioned a course / film
/ hotel / person / author. As we will see below, English same does not always involve reference to something
previously discussed.
The Neuter Singular то же сЌмое (which does decline) is used to refer to an idea or notion, rather than a specific
Noun:
Он то же сЌмое говорЏл на прђшлой недЎле. He said the same thing (that was just mentioned) last
week.
Я слѕшал то же сЌмое от НЏны. I heard the same thing (that was just mentioned) from
Nina.
Мы дѓмали о том же сЌмом. We were thinking about the same thing (that was just
mentioned).
• Be careful with same; it’s not always тот же (сЌмый)

Notice that in the following English sentences the same does not refer to something previously mentioned. It is
possible that the Nouns following same are appearing for the first time in the discourse:
They live on the same street.

She and I have the same last name.
John and I fell in love with the same woman.
For these sentences, you cannot use тот же (сЌмый). (Don’t worry about what you should use – it’s a second-
year point.)

Read the sentence given and create a new sentence with тот же (сЌмый). Note that some
sentences have сЌмый, some don’t – there is no difference in meaning.
Example: ВЎра читЌет кнЏгу. (НЏна) ⇒ ВЎра читЌет кнЏгу. НЏна читЌет ту же (сЌмую) кнЏгу.
1. ОнЏ обЎдали в китЌйском ресторЌне. (ДЏма) 2. Мы читЌем статьї. (ОнЏ)

3. КЏра смеётся над профЎссором. (Я) 4. ОнЌ купЏла рђзы для актёра. (Бђря)
5. Мы ходЏли на концЎрт. (ВЎра) 6. ЛЏля живёт ђколо ресторЌна. (Ты)
7. Менј интересѓет мѓзыка. (Их – think!) 8. Я завЏдую богЌтому студЎнту. (Все)
14.В Sample Sentences
убегЌй+ // убежЌть 1. ДЎти убежЌли от большђй собЌки. The children ran away from the big dog.
(irregular)
с + Gen 2. ОнЏ вернѓлись с вѕставки. They returned from the exhibit(ion).
к + Dat 3. Мы чЌсто хђдим к тёте. We go to (our) aunt('s place).
зонт´ 4. Он всегдЌ забывЌет зђнт дђма. He always forgets (his) umbrella at home.
мђкрый 5. Будь осторђжен: пол мђкрый. Be careful - the floor is wet.
(сухђй)
длЏнный 6. В столђвой всегдЌ длЏнная There's always a long line in the dining hall
(корђткий) ђчередь.
передѓмывай+ // 7. Я сказЌл, что я бѓду всю ночь I said that I was going to study all night, but
передѓмай+ занимЌться, но потђм передѓмал. then I changed my mind.
весь мђкрый 8. Саш, что случЏлось? Ты весь Sasha, what happened? Your all wet
мђкрый! (soaking wet)!
ссђри+...ся // по- (с + 9. ОнЏ чЌсто ссђрятся? Did they argue (fight) often?
Instr)
скучЌй+ по комѓ 10. Я ђчень скучЌю по тебЎ! I really miss you!
доверјй+ // довЎри+ 11. Почемѓ никто мне не доверјет? Why doesn't anyone trust me?
комѓ
бЎдный 12. К сожалЎнию, мой дјдя ђчень Unfortunately my uncle is very poor.
бЎдный.
богЌтый 13. Билл Гейтс – сЌмый богЌтый Bill Gates is the richest man in America.
человЎк в АмЎрике.
наскђлько Subject 14. Наскђлько я понимЌю, в ітом As far as I know, the food in this restaurant is
понимЌй+ ресторЌне хорошђ готђвят. really good (they cook well in this
restaurant).
понјтный 15. Всё понјтно. Everything is clear. (I get it.)

то же сЌмое 16. Бђря заказЌл щи, и я заказЌла то же Borya ordered shchi, and I ordered the same
тот же сЌмый сЌмое. thing.
×
{бѓд+ / бы+} на чьём- 17. Ѓсли бы я бѕл на твоём мЎсте, я бы If I were in your shoes, I wouldn't yell at
то мЎсте на СЌшу не кричЌл. Sasha.
{задай+´ / задавЌй+} // 18. Он всегдЌ задаёт профЎссору He always asks the professor good questions.
←
зада ть комѓ вопрђс хорђшие вопрђсы.
рЌзве...? 19. РЌзве ты не знЌешь моегђ You mean you don’t know my little brother?
млЌдшего брЌта?
×
серди +...ся // рас- на 20. ОнЌ никогдЌ не сЎрдится на мѓжа. She never gets mad at (her) husband.
когђ
зазвонЏ+ 21. Я спал, когдЌ зазвонЏл телефђн. I was sleeping when the phone rang (out).
госпожЌ ~ господЏн 22. Я ђчень завЏдую женЎ господЏна I really envy Mr. Smith’s wife.
Смита.
волновЌ+....ся за 23. Не волнѓйся за менј. Всё бѓдет Don't worry about me. Everything will be
хорошђ. OK.
сейчЌс 24. СЎйчас, я тђлько возьмѓ дЎньги. (Hold on) one second, I’ll just grab (take) the
money.
да? 25. + Да? - Мђжно ВЏктора? + Hello? - May I speak to Viktor?
надЎя+...ся 26. Я надЎюсь, что зЌвтра не бѓдет I hope that it won't rain tomorrow.
дождј.
ничегђ 27. + ИзвинЏ, рЌди Бђга! – Ничегђ. + I’m really sorry! – Don’t worry about it.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
" УпражнЎние 2 Circle the correct form (-то or -нибѓдь) and translate into English
1. ДенЏс комѓ-то / комѓ-нибѓдь обещЌл принестЏ борщ?
2. Кто-то / Кто-нибѓдь зЌдал мне ђчень глѓпый вопрђс.
3. Я когдЌ-то / когдЌ-нибѓдь бѓду скучЌть по рѓсской граммЌтике.
S14-7
4. Он почемѓ-то / почемѓ-нибѓдь передѓмал.
5. Ѓсли бы он когђ-то / когђ-нибѓдь увЏдел на вѕставке, он бы сказЌл мне об этом.
6. МЌша заказЌла какђе-то / какђе-нибѓдь дорогђе блїдо.
1. If I were in your shoes, I wouldn’t get angry at (with) Vera.
2. I really (very) miss you.
3. Sara's parents had an argument.
4. I heard the same thing from Gena.
S14-8
РасскЌз: Почемѓ ты на менј сЎрдишься?
Why are you mad at me?
Почемѓ ты на меня сЎрдишься? Why are you mad at me?
1 Я убежЌла с _______________________________________________ и пошлЌ к Мите.

2 Шёл дождь, а ______________________________________________ зонтЌ. КогдЌ я пришлЌ в
3 ___________________________________________, я былЌ совсЎм мђкрая.
4 — Вы ужЎ _______________________________________________? Обѕчно там очень
5 длЏнная _________________________. Ѕли вы передѓмали? Почемѓ ты вся мђкрая, СЌра?
6 Я ________________________________________________________________.
7 — Почемѓ ______________________________? ________________________________
8 ___________________________________________________? Всё в порјдке?
9 — Мы с родЏтелями поссђрились, и я _________________. ОнЏ ничегђ не понимЌют.
10 — Сара, по-мђему, онЏ ђчень хорђшие лїди. _________________________________
11 ___________________________________________. ОнЏ скучЌют по тебЎ.
12 — Но онЏ не понимЌют, что ________________________________________________.
13 КЌжется, онЏ тебЎ не доверјют.
14 — Я их прекрЌсно понимЌю. Они ____________________________________________
15 _________________ и вЏдят, как бЎдно здесь живѓт. ТвоЏ родЏтели довђльно богЌтые лїди,
16 наскђлько я понимЌю. НавЎрно, они дѓмают, что ___________________________________
17 _____________________________________. Ты их _______________________________ дочь.
18 Это понјтно. Мђжет быть, я подѓмал бы то же сЌмое, ________________________________
19 _______________________________ на их мЎсте.
20 — А что ты хђчешь от меня?
21 — Сара, как ты мђжешь задавЌть мне такђй вопрђс? РЌзве я ____________________
22 _____________________________________________, что я что-нибудь хочѓ от тебј?
23 — Почемѓ ты сЎрдишься на менј?
24 — Я ____________________________________________________________________.
25 ЗазвонЏл телефђн.
26 — Алло? — Митя _________________________________________________________.
РасскЌз: Часть Четѕрнадцатая (Текст)-1

27 — ______________________________________________ госпожЌ КлЌрк. Да, онЌ здесь. Не

28 волнѓйтесь. Всё в порјдке. Сейчас. _____________________________________________...
29 Љто твој мать, — он дал мне трѓбку.
30 — Да.
31 — Сара, мы очень волновЌлись. Ты убежЌла, _________________________________.
32 СлЌва Бђгу, ты в порјдке.
33 — ____________________________________________. Я надЎюсь, что вы на менј не
34 сЎрдитесь. ИзвинЏ, рЌди Бђга.
35 — Ничего, дорогЌя. Мы не сЎрдимся. Мы прђсто волнѓемся за тебј.
36 Мы бђльше не ссђрились пђсле ітого. ________________________________________,
37 мы бђльше никогдЌ не говорЏли об этом.
38 _________________________________________________________________________.

Story − Part 14
СловЌрь
1 убегЌй+ // убежЌть (Irregular in run away (Once again we find the prefix у- with the meaning “away”.)
Present– more on this Verb later)
1 с + Genitive from (We’ve also seen от and из with the meaning from. We’ll explain
which preposition to use a little later on. Also recall we’ve seen с +
Genitive before in the expression с однђй сторонѕ… а с другђй
сторонѕ…, which literally means from one side...from the other side.)
1 к + Dative to someone’s place; toward
2 зонт´ umbrella
3 мђкрый wet
(сухђй) (dry)
5 длЏнный long
(корђткий) (short)
5 передѓмывай+ // передѓмай+ change one’s mind (Lit.: re-think. The prefix пере- has the meaning re-
переписа×+ re-write, перечитЌй+ re-read, etc.)
5 весь (e) мђкрый all wet; soaking wet
9 ссђри+...ся // по- (с + Instrumental) fight verbally with; get into an argument with (Pronounce the double сс- as
one long [с])
11 скучЌй+ по + Dative miss someone; long for someone
13 доверјй+ // довЎри+ + Dative trust (*Note this Verb unexpectedly takes Dative.)
15 бЎдный poor (Translating the Adverb here is tricky. In the story it basically means
People are poor, but literally it’s live poorly. Russian has a number of
adverbs that have no exact English equivalent.)
15 богЌтый rich
16 наскђлько Subject понимЌй+ as far as [Subject] can tell
18 понјтный understandable; clear
18 то же сЌмое the same thing
тот же сЌмый the same [Noun]…(We’ll explain how this phrase works later on.)
×
19 {бѓд+ / бы+} на чьём-то мЎсте be in someone’s place (shoes) (Note: Sometimes instead of the
Prepositional на твоём / вЌшем мЎсте, you will find the Genitive
following the phrase: на мЎсте егђ брЌта / президЎнта.)
21 {задай+´ / задавЌй+} // задЌть вопрђс ask; pose a question to someone (We’ve also seen this verb with the direct
+ Dative object домЌшнее задЌние give homework. You cannot say спрЌшивай+ //
спроси×+ вопрђс.)
22 рЌзве...? could it really be true that...; is it possible that... (РЌзве adds doubt.)
×
23 серди +...ся // рас- на + Accusative get mad at
25 зазвонЏ+ ring out (Note: This is yet another Verb with the prefix за- in the meaning
start to.)
27 госпожЌ ~ господЏн Mrs.~ Mr.
28 волновЌ+...ся (за + Accusative) worry (about)
28 сейчЌс (Often pronounced [щас]) one second; hold on; (I’ll do it) right away (lit.: (right) now)
30 да Here да really is closest to hello. Many people answer the phone with да.
32 надЎя+...ся hope (Note that the first name НадЎжда means hope – just like the English
(1st-conjugation: надЎюсь, first name Hope.)
надЎешься, … надЎются)
34 ничегђ here: forget about it; it’s nothing; no biggie

ГраммЌтика: A. Ask
Б. Sample Sentences
РасскЌз - Часть ПятнЌдцатая: ГраммЌтика

There’s only one grammar point in this lesson, but it’s a really important (and often confusing) point. Please go over this
very carefully; the differences in some of the forms may be slight, but the differences in meaning are enormous.
15.A Verbs of Asking (Three Ways)
There are three distinct (and non-interchangeable) ways that the verb ask shows up in Russian. We’ve had two of
the three in previous lessons, and the third in this part of the story. You have to pay close attention to what kinds
of phrases (in what Cases) appear after the verb.
×
• спрЌшивай+ // спроси+ когђ о чём/где, etc. = ask someone for information
After the verb can appear:
1) The person asked – in the Accusative.
Я ужЎ спросЏл МЌшу. I already asked Masha.

Надо всех спрЌшивать. (You) have to ask everyone.
2) A phrase, beginning either with a question word, or a prepositional phrase. (The person asked may also
appear.)
МЏша менј спросЏл, где живёт ЛЎна. Misha asked me where Lena lives.
РЌньше мој женЌ спрЌшивала, почемѓ мне My wife used to ask me why I was always cold.
всегдЌ хђлодно.
Когђ НЏна спрЌшивала обо мне? Whom was NIna asking about me?
Все спрЌшивают ДЏму о егђ отцЎ. Everyone is asking Dima about his father.
Я бы хотЎла тебј спросЏть об однђм I would like to ask you about a (certain) student.
студЎнте.
3) The actual question being asked – in quotes. (We’ve seen this in the story dozens of times.)
«Всё в порјдке?» спросЏл МЏтя. “Is everything OK?” asked Mitya.
×
With the verb спрЌшивай + // спроси+ you cannot use the word вопрђс question. To say He asks a lot of
questions, see directly below.
Рассказ: Часть ПятнЌдцатая (ГраммЌтика)-1

×
• {задай+´/задавЌй} // задать (комѓ) вопрђс = ask (someone) a question
The direct object вопрђс is required. The person asked (in the Dative) is optional:
Кђля зЌдал ЗЏне ђчень хорђший вопрђс. Kolya asked Zina a very good question.
ГЎра всегдЌ задаёт такЏе глѓпые вопрђсы. Gera always asks such stupid questions.
Как ты мђжешь задавЌть мне такђй вопрђс? How can you ask me such a question?
×
• проси+ // по- когђ + Infinitive = ask/request that someone do something
СЌра попросЏла МЏтю ей помђчь. Sara asked Mitya to help her.

Я тебј прошѓ здесь не курЏть. I’m asking you not to smoke.
Я попросЏл сестрѓ помѕть посѓду, но она I asked (my) sister to wash the dishes, but she said “No”.
сказЌла «нет».
Note the expression:
Я тебј/вас ђчень прошѓ! Please! / I’m begging you!
1. Vera asked Gleb a good question. 2. Who asked you to open to window?
3. Someone asked me why I never clean my room. 4. Nina is always asking our poor professor stupid
questions.
5. Vanya asked (his) father to take out the garbage. 6. “What are you plans for the weekend?” asked Galya.
7. Why is everyone asking me about Russian 8. Please! / I'm begging you!
grammar?
9. Polya asked me who does the laundry at home. 10. I want to ask someone about something.

Нђвые словЌ из расскЌза:

бѕстрый 1. Он слЏшком бѕстро говорЏт. 1. He speaks too fast.
2. ФеррЌри – очень бѕстрая машЏна. 2. A Ferrari is a fast car.
начЌло 3. ОнЏ уЎхали в начЌле мЌя. 3. They left at the beginning of May.
прЌздник 4. Почемѓ Саша рабђтает? Сегђдня 4. Why is Sasha working? Today is a
же прЌздник. holiday.
5. Рождествђ – мой любЏмый 5. Christmas is my favorite holiday.
прЌздник.
чЎрез + Accusative 6. Вера уЎдет чЎрез пять дней. 6. Vera is leaving in five days (from now).
7. Мы приЎдем недЎли чЎрез три. 7. We will arrive in about three weeks.
Восьмђе мЌрта 8. Восьмђе мЌрта – очень большђй 8. March 8th is a very big holiday in Russia.
прЌздник в РоссЏи.
прЌвильно 9. Ѓсли я прЌвильно пђнял ДЏму, он 9. If I understood Dima correctly, he
не хђчет тебј приглашЌть на doesn’t want to invite you to the party.
вечерЏнку.
послезЌвтра 10. Сегђдня средЌ, знЌчит послезЌвтра 10. Today is Wednesday, so the day after
пјтница. tomorrow is Friday.
ЖЎнский день 11. В АмЎрике нет прЌздника 11. In America there's no such holiday as
«Междунарђдный жЎнский день». «International Women's Day».
междунарђдный 12. По-мђему, ООН – сЌмая вЌжная 12. In my opinion, the UN is the most
междунарђдная организЌция. important international organization.
цветѕ 13. Бђря ДЌше принёс цветѕ. Она 13. Borya brought Dasha flowers. She was
былЌ очень трђнута. very touched.
Singular is цвет(ђ)к
продѓкты 14. Мој мать кЌждый день покупЌет 14. My mother buys groceries every day.
продѓкты.
убирЌй+ // 15. Я убирЌю кђмнату два рЌза в год. 15. I clean my room twice a year.
×
{убер+´/убра+}
16. Здесь очень грјзно. НЌдо убрЌть. 16. It's really dirty in here. (You) have to
clean up.
{мђй+ / мѕ+}// по- 17. Кто обѕчно мђет собЌку? 17. Who usually washes the dog?
посѓда 18. Я ненавЏжу мыть посѓду. 18. I hate washing the dishes.
×
проси+ // по- 19. СЌша менј попросЏл принестЏ 19. Sasha asked me to bring caviar.
икрѓ.
считЌй+ 20. Я считЌю, что мужчЏна дђлжен 20. I think / In my opinion, the man should
стирЌть. do the laundry.
(Review) 21. Все должнѕ помогЌть бЎдным. 21. Everyone should help the poor.
дђлж(е)н + Infinitive 22. Мой отЎц мне сказЌл, что я дђлжна 22. My father told me that I should think
дѓмать об отмЎтках. about (my) grades.
должнЌ, должнђ,
должнѕ
стирЌй+ // по- 23. ТЌня стирЌет кЌждую срЎду. 23. Tanya does the laundry every
Wednesday.

×
выноси+ // вѕнес+ 24. Здесь плђхо пЌхнет. НЌдо вѕнести 24. It smells bad in here. (Someone) should
мѓсор. take out the garbage.
мѓсор 25. К сожалЎнию, в Нью-Йђрке на 25. Unfortunately, in NY there's a lot of
ѓлицах мнђго мѓсора. garbage on the streets.
тяжёлый 26. У негђ очень тяжёлый рюкзЌк. 26. He has a heavy backpack.
27. У моЎго дЎдушки былЌ тяжёлая 27. I had a hard / difficult life.
жизнь.
мнђгие 28. Мнђгие америкЌнцы не лїбят 28. Many Americans do not like beets.
свёклу.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
" УпражнЎние 2 Circle the correct form of the Verb ask.
1. ВЎра менј спросЏла / попросЏла, почемѓ здесь так хђлодно?
2. ЛЎня всегдЌ задаёт / спрЌшивает очень трѓдные вопрђсы.
3. Мы их спросЏли / попросЏли вѕнести мѓсор.
4. НЌдо спросЏть / попросЏть ВЌсю открѕть дверь.
5. Почемѓ ты менј о сестрЎ спрЌшиваешь / прђсишь?
6. МЏша зЌдал / спросЏл мне ђчень стрЌнный вопрђс.
S15-5
1. – If I’m not mistaken, the concert will be in three days. – No, it will be the day after tomorrow.
2. Who usually washes the dishes and takes out the garbage?
3. I think (don't use дѓмай+) that the husband should do the laundry.
S15-6
РасскЌз: ЧЎрез два дня Восьмђе мЌрта
th
March 8 is two days from now
ЧЎрез два дня Восьмђе мЌрта March 8th is two days from now
1 ФеврЌль прошёл очень бѕстро. ПочтЏ ____________________________________________. На
2 ѓлице бѕло __________________________________________________________.
3 Бѕло начЌло мЌрта.
4 — СЌра, _____________________________________________ прЌздник? — спросЏл менј МЏтя.
5 — На прЌздник? На ____________________________________________________?
6 — Ты шѓтишь, конЎчно. ЧЎрез два дня Восьмђе мЌрта.
7 — ПрЌвильно, сегђдня шестђе мЌрта, знЌчит послезЌвтра восьмђе. Почемѓ _________________
8 ___________________________________________________?
9 — Восьмђе мЌрта – ЖЎнский день. Это _____________________________________________ в
10 Соїзе. Я ____________________________________, что это междунарђдный прЌздник. РЌзве
11 _____________________________________________________ нет такђго прЌздника?
12 — У нас есть День МЌтери. _______________________________________________________, это
13 вторђе воскресЎнье в мЌе. Но ____________________________________________ прЌздник.
14 — А у нас Восьмђе мЌрта – ђчень большђй прЌздник. В этот день __________________________
15 принђсят жЎнщинам цветѕ и ________________________________________ – покупЌют продѓкты,
16 _____________________________________________________, убирЌют квартЏру, мђют посѓду.
17 Ѓсли женЌ прђсит ________________________________________ сдЎлать, он срЌзу іто дЎлают.
18 — А почемѓ ____________________________________________? Я считЌю, что мужчЏна всегдЌ
19 дђлжен ____________________________________________. Мой отЎц всегдЌ стирЌет и вынђсит
20 мѓсор. Почемѓ __________________________________________ всё дЎлать? Мне кЌжется, что у
21 жЎнщин в _____________________________________________________ очень тяжёлая жизнь.
22 _____________________________________________________________________________________.
23 — Я ______________________________ не завЏдую. Но ___________________ мнђгие мужчЏны
24 считЌют, что жЎнщина должнЌ _________________________________________________________.
25 — Ты тђже ___________________________________________________________?
26 — СЌра, ты же знЌешь, что я ________________________________________________
27 ___________. КогдЌ онЌ менј прђсит что-то сдЎлать, я __________________________ дЎлаю.
28 — ИзвинЏ, МЏтя. Ты в ітом плЌне ___________________________. ДЎло в том, что
29 _________________________________ звонЏла мој мать. Мы с ней опјть ________________
30 _______________________________. РодЏтели ______________________________________
31 я сейчЌс же вернѓлась ________________________________.
32 — И что ты ______________________________________________________?
РасскЌз: Часть ПятнЌдцатая (Текст)-1

СловЌрь
1 бѕстрый fast
3 начЌло beginning
4 прЌздник holiday
6 чЎрез + Accusative in; from now; hence; later (when used with a past tense verb)
чЎрез недЎлю a week from now; in a week
ОнЏ уЎхали чЎрез два дня. They left two days later.
6 Восьмђе мЌрта March 8th – International Women’s Day (Note that a Neuter Adjective is used to
express a date. More on this in a later lesson.)
7 прЌвильный right; correct
7 послезЌвтра the day after tomorrow
9 ЖЎнский день Women’s Day = March 8th
10 междунарђдный international
15 цветѕ flowers (Note that the singular has the suffix -(о)к.)
Singular is цветок´ (о)
15 продѓкты groceries
×
16 убирЌй + // {убер+´/ убра+} clean up; straighten up
16 {мђй+ / мѕ+}// по- wash (Previously we had the same verb with the suffix -ся. The verb given here
is transitive – and takes a Direct Object – while the version with -ся is
intransitive. We’ll discuss the meaning of -ся in a later lesson.)
16 посѓда dishes (A singular [collective] noun is used for this.)
17 прђси+ // по- request; ask someone to do something (See grammar explanation.)
18 считЌй+ be of the opinion; think (Russian very often use this verb instead of дѓмай+.)
19 дђжен, должнЌ, должнѕ + [Person - Nominative] must, is obligated to

Infinitive
19 стирЌй+ // по- do the laundry
×
19 выноси+ // вѕнес+ take out; carry out (More on the meaning of the prefix вы- later.)
20 мѓсор garbage (The famous Russian composer is Мѓсоргский.)
21 тяжёлый heavy; hard; difficult
23 мнђгие many (There is a rather subtle difference between мнђгие and мнђго. We’ll
leave this question open for now.)
28 в ітом плЌне in this/that respect
31 сейчЌс же immediately; right away
РасскЌз: Часть ПятнЌдцатая (Текст)-2

ГраммЌтика: A. Dates
РасскЌз - Часть ШестнЌдцатая: ГраммЌтика

16.A Expressing Dates
In the previous part of the story Sara and Mitya discussed the holiday Восьмђе мЌрта March 8th / Women’s Day.
The Neuter Singular of the ordinal numeral was used (восьмђе) followed by the Genitive Singular of the month
(мЌрта – don’t capitalize it!). However, we’re sorry to inform you that talking about dates is a bit more
complicated. Let’s look at the possibilities (There are only two of them.)
16.A.1 Asking / Stating the date

The normal question for asking today’s date is Какђе сегђдня числђ? What’s today’s date? The Neuter Singular
какђе is used because the word числђ date is Neuter Singular. Everything here is in the Nominative.
If you want to inquire about another day’s date, keep the basic question, just change the day (and keep the Neuter
3rd Singular form of the verb be, which agrees with числђ). Here are various possibilities:
Какђе сегђдня числђ? What’s today’s date?

Какђе бѕло вчерЌ числђ? What was yesterday’s date?
Какђе (бѓдет)* зЌвтра числђ? What’s tomorrow’s date?
Какђе бѕло числђ в прђшлую срЎду? What was the date last Wednesday?
Какђе бѓдет числђ в іту пјтницу? What will the date be this Friday?
*When asking about tomorrow’s date, бѓдет can be omitted.
The answer is the day of the week (normally сегђдня) followed by the Neuter Nominative Singular of the
ordinal. The month, which is optional (as in English), goes in the Genitive:
Сегђдня трЎтье (апрЎля). Today’s the 3rd (of April).

ЗЌвтра бѓдет тринЌдцатое (декабрј). Tomorrow’s the 13th (of December).
В пјтницу бѓдет восьмђе (февралј). Friday will be the 8th (of February).
ВчерЌ бѕло тридцЌтое (иїня). Yesterday was the 30th (of June).
Рассказ: Часть ШестнЌдцатая (ГраммЌтика)-1

In case you’ve forgotten, here are the Ordinals 1-30 (ready to go in the Neuter Singular). Recall that only the final
part of a compound number declines. Thus in 23rd, 31, etc., двЌдцать and трЏдцать remain fixed.
1st ..............пЎрвое 11th .............одЏннадцатое 21st ............ двЌдцать пЎрвое

2nd .............вторђе 12th .............двенЌдцатое 30th............. тридцЌтое
3rd ...............трЎтье 13th .............тринЌдцатое 31st ............. трЏдцать пЎрвое
4th ...............четвёртое 14th .............четѕрнадцатое
5th ...............пјтое 15th .............пятнЌдцатое
6th ...............шестђе 16th .............шестнЌдцатое
7th ...............седьмђе 12th .............семнЌдцатое
8th ...............восьмђе 12th .............восемнЌдцатое
9th ...............девјтое 12th .............девятнЌдцатое
10th .............десјтое 20th .............двадцЌтое
Other than this specific question or statement, you cannot use the Neuter Nominative Singular to express a date.
(More directly below.)
Compare how Americans and how Russians write dates: US: 4/6/00 Русский 6.IX.00 (6/IX 2000)
(Nearly every other country we know of also writes Date > Month > Year.)
Form questions and answers
1. сегђдня / 5 2. зЌвтра / 23 / май 3. вчерЌ / 7 / янвЌрь

4. эта суббђта future / 1 5. сегђдня / 16 / нојбрь 6. вчерЌ / 30
7. сегђдня / 11 / иїнь 8. зЌвтра / 26 / сентјбрь 9. прђшлая средЌ / 10
10. это воскресЎнье future / 12 11. сегђдня / 2 / мЌрт 12. зЌвтра / 6
16.A.2 Expressing on a certain date (or an occasion)

To say when something happens (when an event occurs), you must use the Genitive Singular of the ordinal!
The question is either КогдЌ? or Какђго числЌ?, the Genitive of Какђе числђ:
КогдЌ
Какђго числЌ } ГЌля приЎхала? When
On what date
} did Galya arrive?
КогдЌ
Какђго числЌ } мы Ўдем? When
On what date
} are we going?
КогдЌ
Какђго числЌ } ѓмер СЌшин дјдя? When
On what date
} did Sasha’s uncle die?

The answer also contains the date in the Genitive Singular. If the month is mentioned, it is also in the Genitive:
ОнЌ уЎхала пЎрвого (октябрј). She left on the 1st (of October).
Я сдалЌ курсовѓю шестђго (мЌя). I turned in my JP on the 6th (of May).
Он ѓмер двЌдцать трЎтьегo (мЌрта). He died on the 23rd (of March).
This applies not only to concrete actions, but also to “occasions”, where there doesn’t seem to be any specific
action taking place. Here the verb be agrees with the occasion in Gender and Number:
Какђго числЌ / КогдЌ у тебј день рождЎния?

What day / What is your birthday?
(Какђго числЌ / КогдЌ твой день рождЎния?)
(У менј день рождЎния / Мой день рождЎния)
(My birthday is) the 23rd of August.
двЌдцать трЎтьего Ќвгуста.
ЭкзЌмен был / бѓдет двЌдцать пЎрвого апрЎля. The exam was / will be on the 21st of April.
Вѕставка былЌ / бѓдет седьмђго (сентябрј). The exhibit was / will be on the 7th of September.
V Question: Why is the Genitive used to express when something happens? What’s
Genitive about this?
Answer: Good question to which we have no good answer. (There have been several
rather theoretical articles attempting to explain why the Genitive is used. We’ll
be happy to show them to you.)
Sometimes this use of the Genitive can be tied to the use of on (a certain day), but as you can see from several of
the above examples, the use of on is not consistent in English. Just try to remember that except for the rather
‘formulaic’ use of asking and reporting (normally today’s) date Какђе сегђдня числђ? / Сегђдня пјтое, all
dates must appear in the Genitive. This does take some getting used to.
State when something takes place:
Example: ОнЌ родилЌсь (4 / иїль) ➯ ОнЌ родилЌсь четвёртого иїля.
1. МЌша уЎхала (14 / иїль) 2. Іля Ўздила в Ћсную Полјну 3. Ѕрин дЎдушка ѓмер died (10 /
(22 / май) феврЌль)
4. КонцЎрт бѓдет (6 / янвЌрь) 5. Толстђй родЏлся (9 / сентјбрь 6. Кђля приЎдет (18 / март)
– true fact)
7. Япђния напЌла на attacked 8. Я должнЌ былЌ сдать 9. У моЎй бЌбушки день
АмЎрику (7 / декЌбрь) курсовѓю (25 / апрЎль) рождЎния (16 / Ќвгуст)
10. НЏна вѕшла зЌмуж (3 / иїнь) 11. ОнЏ пожЎнятся (30 / нојбрь) 12. У менј день рождЎния (1 /
октјбрь)


скђро 1. Я надЎюсь, что он скђро уйдёт. 1. I hope that he’ll leave soon.
веснЌ 2. ВеснЌ – моё любЏмое врЎмя гђда. 2. Spring is my favorite season (= time of
the year).
собирЌй+ // × 3. Мнђгие рѓсские лїбят собирЌть 3. Many Russians love to gather
{собер+΄/собра+} грибѕ в лесѓ. mushrooms in the forest.
гриб΄ 4. В дворЎ я нашёл огрђмный бЎлый 4. I found a humongous white mushroom in
гриб. the (back)yard.
однЌжды 5. ОднЌжды я разговЌривал с 5. Once I had a conversation with the
президЎнтом АмЎрики. president of the US.
купЌй+...ся // ис- 6. Бѓдьте осторђжны! Ічень опЌсно 6. Be careful! It’s very dangerous to swim
купЌться в ітой рекЎ. in this river.
водЌ (ACC: вђду) 7. ОнЌ пьёт мнђго водѕ. 7. She drinks a lot water.
8. Не пЎй эту вђду! 8. Don’t drink that water!
безѓмно 9. ОбЎд в ітом ресторЌне безѓмно 9. Lunch in this restaurant is unbelievably
дорогђй. expensive.
у менј нет слов 10. - Как тЎбе понрЌвился послЎдний 10. How did you like Bergman’s last film? It
фильм БЎргмана? -У менј нет was indescribable.
слов! 11. I can’t stand him! What a snake! I’m
11. Я егђ терпЎть не могѓ! Какђй он speechless!
подлЎц! У менј нет слов!
{сдай×
+´/сдавЌй+} 12. Я должнЌ былЌ сдать курсовѓю 12. I had to hand in my JP last week.
// сдать рабђту на прђшлой недЎле.
к концѓ + GEN 13. К концѓ фЏльма все плЌкали. 13. Everyone was crying by the end of the
movie.
собирЌй+...ся // 14. КакЏе у тебј плЌны на лЎто? Что 14. What are your plans for the summer?
{собер
×
+΄...ся / ты собирЌешься дЎлать? What are you planning to do?
собра+...ся} + Inf 15. -Я собирЌюсь учЏться в 15. – I’m planning on going to Harvard
ГЌрвардской шкђле бЏзнеса. -Ты Business School. – What are you, joking
шѓтишь, что ли!? or something!?
придѓмывай+ // 16. Я Лёве не доверјю. Он всегдЌ что- 16. I don’t trust Lyova. He’s always making
придѓмай+ нибѓдь придѓмывает. something up.
17. С НЏной всегдЌ интерЎсно. ОнЌ 17. It’s always interesting to be with Nina.
всегдЌ что-нибѓдь придѓмывает. She’s always coming up with something.
18. Љто прЌвда, или ты это всё 18. Is that true, or did you make that all up?
придѓмал?
в середЏне + GEN 19. Мђи родЏтели уЎхали в середЏне 19. My parents left in the middle of March.
середЏна мЌрта.
20. Мне бѕло так скѓчно, что я ушлЌ в 20. I was so bored that I left in the middle of
середЏне фЏльма. the movie.
Ћсная Полјна 21. Ты когдЌ-нибѓдь былЌ в Ћсной 21. Have you ever been to Yasnaya
Полјне? Polyana?

помЎстье 22. Мой дјдя ђчень богЌтый. У негђ 22. My uncle is loaded. He has a real estate.
настојщее помЎстье.
«ВойнЌ и мир» 23. В прђшлом годѓ я прочитЌл 23. Last year I read “War and Peace”. In
«Войну и мир». По-англЏйски, English, of course.
конЎчно.
своЏми глазЌми 24. Я хочѓ её вЏдеть своЏми глазЌми. 24. I want to see it with my own eyes.
25. Ѓсли бы я не вЏдел это своЏми 25. If I didn’t see it with my own eyes, I
глазЌми, я бы тђже подѓмал, что would also have thought that Vera made
ВЎра всё придѓмала. it all up.
оригинЌл 26. Я бы ђчень хотЎла читЌть 26. I would like to read Dostoyevsky in the
ДостоЎвского в оригинЌле. original.
забывЌй+ // 27. Мој тётя всегдЌ забывЌет закрѕть 27. My aunt always forgets to close the
{забѓд+ / забѕ+} окнђ. window.
28. Я никогдЌ не забѓду тебј! 28. I will never forget you!
могЏла 29. Мој сестрЌ стојла над могЏлой 29. My sister stood over her husband’s
мѓжа и тЏхо плЌкала. grave and quietly cried.
30. Никтђ не знЌет, где могЏла 30. No one knows where Mandelshtam’s
МандельштЌма. grave is.
простђй (Adv/SF 31. Он мне зЌдЌл ђчень простђй 31. He asked me a very simple question.
Neut: прђсто) вопрђс. 32. You simply know nothing about me!
32. Ты прђсто ничегђ не знЌешь обо
мне!
спокђйный 33. Ѕра ђчень спокђйная дЎвушка. 33. Ira is a very calm young woman. She
ОнЌ никогдЌ ни на когђ не never gets angry at anybody.
сЎрдится. 34. Good night (lit.: peaceful night – GEN!)
34. Спокђйной нђчи.
поЎздка 35. Я никогдЌ не забѓду поЎздку в 35. I will never forget my trip to South
Њжную АмЎрику. America.
36. Как прошлЌ твој поЎздка в 36. How was your trip to Moscow?
Москвѓ?
смерть (Fem) 37. Как ты дѓмаешь, есть жизнь пђсле 37. What do you think, is there life after
смЎрти? death?
38. У Толстђго есть расскЌз «Три 38. Tolstoy has a short story “Three
смЎрти». Deaths”.
ромЌн 39. «Ђнна КарЎнина» – мой любЏмый 39. “Anna Karenina” is my favorite novel of
ромЌн Толстђго. Tolstoy’s.
40. КакЏе ромЌны ДиккЎнса вы 40. Which novels of Dickens have you read?
читЌли?

УпражнЎние 1 Answer the questions about the story:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
УпражнЎние 2 Indicate when two occasions (birthday, anniversary) or events took / take /
will take place.
1.
2.
S16-6
1. – What is today's date? – If I'm not mistaken, today is the 24th of March.
2. – When do you intend to read “War and Peace”? – By the end of the spring.
3. If I had not gone (Ўздил/а) to Yasnaya Polyana, I would not have seen Tolstoy’s grave with my own eyes.
4. I like to gather mushrooms in the forest.
УпражнЎние 3 V O D (Verb of the day ☺): Forget
забывЌй+
Verb Type______________ / Conjugation Type _______________
PRESENT (& IMPERATIVE) PAST (& INFINITIVE)
я ___________________________________ он ____________________________________
он(Ќ) ___________________________________ онЌ ____________________________________
онЏ ___________________________________ онЏ ____________________________________
Imperative ___________________________________ Infinitive ____________________________________
{забѓд+ / забѕ+}
Verb Type______________ / Conjugation Type _______________
FUTURE (& IMPERATIVE) PAST (& INFINITIVE)
я ___________________________________ он ____________________________________
он(Ќ) ___________________________________ онЌ ____________________________________
мы ___________________________________ онЏ ____________________________________
Imperative ___________________________________ Infinitive ____________________________________
S16-7
РасскЌз: Я никогдЌ не забѓду могЏлу Толстђго.
I’ll never forget Tolstoy’s grave.
Я никогдЌ не забѓду могЏлу Толстђго I’ll never forget Tolstoy’s grave
1 Я решЏла ___________________________________________________. КонЎчно, моЏ

2 родЏтели бѕли _____________________________________________________, но я подѓмaла
3 ________________________________.
4 Скђро __________________ веснЌ. ПочтЏ _____________________________________
5 ___________________________. На ѓлице ___________________________________________
6 _______________________, пятнЌдцать. Мы с МЏтей __________________________________
7 ______________________________, гулјли __________________________, собирЌли грибѕ,
8 довђльно чЌсто ____________________________________. Я так любЏла іто мЎсто. Как я
9 сказЌла, _______________________________________________________________ чудЎсная,
10 такђй чЏстый вђздух и ___________________________________________________________.
11 ОднЌжды мы дЌже купЌлись в рекЎ. _______________________________________________
12 ______________, но МЏтя ___________________________________________________. ВодЌ
13 былЌ безѓмно холђдная, но _________________________ бѕло прекрЌсно. У менј нет слов -
14 всё бѕло _________________________________________________!
15 — Митя, какђе сегђдня числђ?
16 — По-мђему, сегђдня седьмђе (апрЎля) _______________________________________
17 _____________________________________________?
18 — ______________________________, что все моЏ друзьј скђро должнѕ сдавЌть
19 ___________________________________________________, недЎли чЎрез три, четѕре.
20 __________________________________________________________________________.
21 — Скђлько странЏц ______________________________________________________?
22 — СтрЌниц ________________________________________.
23 — ______________________________________________________________________.
24 А ты тђже должнЌ написЌть курсовѓю?
25 — _________________________________________________________________, да.
26 — ________________________________________________________________сдать?
РасскЌз: Часть ШестнЌдцатая (Текст)-1

27 — К концѓ ________________________________________________________.
28 — ______________________________________ ты собирЌешься писЌть?
29 — Не знЌю. __________________________________________________________ тЎму
30 придѓмать. КонЎчно ____________________________________________________________.
31 Мђжет быть, о рѓсской _______________________, мђжет быть, о литератѓре. Посмђтрим.
32 — Ничегђ, ________________________________________________________________
33 придѓмаем.
34 В середЏне ___________________, іто бѕло двЌдцать пЎрвого – я пђмню, потомѓ что
35 _____________________________________________________________________________
36 двЌдцать вторђго апрЎля -, мы Ўздили в Ћсную Полјну, в помЎстье, где жил Толстђй. Я
37 стЌла читЌть «Войнѓ и мир» ______________________________________, и мне бѕло ђчень
38 интерЎсно увЏдеть всё своЏми глазЌми. КонЎчно, ___________________________________
39 _________________________________________ в оригинЌле, но МЏтя ђчень помђг мне, и я
40 _______________________________________________________________________________.
41 Я никогдЌ не забѓду могЏлу Толстђго. ТакЌя простЌя могЏла __________________________
42 __________________________________ и спокђйном мЎсте. ПоЎздка былЌ замечЌтельная. И
43 _____________________________________________ курсов_________ рабђт____: Смерть в
44 ромЌнах Толстђго. ______________________________________________________________
45 _________________________________________________________________________.
For some excellent photographs, check out:
http://www.ibiblio.org/sergei/Exs/YasnayaPoliana/yp1.html
(There are five pages in all – be sure to see the last page to see what Sara’s talking about.)
РасскЌз: Часть ШестнЌдцатая (Текст)-2

Story − Part 16
СловЌрь
4 скђро soon
4 веснЌ spring
×
7 собирЌй+ // {собер+΄/собра+} gather; pick; collect (See line 25 for the “same” verb, but with the suffix -ся,
with a totally different meaning.)
7 гриб΄ mushroom (Note: Every Russian who proofread this part immediately objected to
the factual inaccuracy of having them pick mushrooms in the spring. In Russia,
Does appear in Plural: грибѕ, mushrooms are found normally in the fall, not the spring. But it is true that many
грибђв, грибЌх, грибЌм, грибЌми Russians go to the woods to pick mushrooms. Don’t try this without an
experienced guide; every year several people die from eating poison
mushrooms.)
9 чудЎсный wonderful; marvelous
11 однЌжды once; one time
11 купЌй+...ся // ис- swim (Do NOT confuse this verb with buy; they look very close)
12 водЌ (Accusative is вђду) water
13 безѓмно incredibly (Lit.: without one’s mind)
13 у менј нет слов I have no words; I’m speechless
15 какђе сегђдня числђ? What’s today’s date? (More on this in the Grammar Section)
числђ date
×
18 {сдай+´/сдавЌй+} // сдать (irreg.) turn in; submit
27 к концѓ + GEN by the end of; toward the end of
28 собирЌй+...ся // intend (to do something)
×
{собер+΄...ся /собра+}+ Inf
29 тЎма topic; theme; subject
30 придѓмывай+ // придѓмай+ think up; come up with (Our familiar verb think with the prefix при-, which
we’ve seen having the meaning of “arrival”)
34 в середЏне + GEN in the middle (of)
середЏна middle
36 Ћсная Полјна Yasnaya Polyana (Lit.: Clear Glade – If you drive down Route 206 about 7 minutes, on
the right you’ll notice an estate called Jasna Polana. This is the former residence of Basia
Johnson, a Polish nurse who married the head of Johnson and Johnson (and inherited $500
million or so). She named her estate after Ћсная Полјна, before she sold a few years ago.
It’s now an exclusive country club - just what Толстђй would have wanted.)
36 помЎстье estate
37 «ВойнЌ и мир» War and Peace (Note that only the first word in a title is capitalized.)
38 своЏми глазЌми with one’s one eyes
глаз Genitive Plural глаз eye
39 оригинЌл original
41 могЏла grave
41 простђй (SF Neut: прђсто) simple
42 спокђйный peaceful; calm
42 поЎздка trip (by vehicle)
43 смерть (Fem – just like жизнь) death
43 ромЌн novel

ГраммЌтика: A. Verbs of Motion
РасскЌз - Часть СемнЌдцатая: ГраммЌтика
S17.A Verbs of Motion (Part One)
If you feel completely confused about how to say go in Russian, there’s a good reason for it: We’ve seen bits and
pieces of an explanation in previous lessons (e.g., ходЏть vs. Ўздить), but we really haven’t explained it in full
yet. The whole question of “Verbs of Motion” (as they are affectionately known in Russian) is a bit complicted,
but not nearly as difficult as many textbooks make it out to be. First we’ll look at the general notion of Verbs of
Motion, and then in this lesson we’ll focus on how to express a single round-trip (which is probably the most
common use of the word go).
Most of the verbs we have seen have come in a pair consisting of two forms, Imperfective and Perfective
read
tell
ask
читЌй+ прочитЌй+
×
говорЏ+ сказа+
×
спрЌшивай+ спроси+
Verbs of Motion (VoM), a small but very important group of verbs, have three possible forms, still just one
Perfective, but two possible Imperfective forms: Imperfective Determined (Heading; Making One’s Way) and
Non-Determined (Non-Heading, Non-Making One’s Way). (In the chart below we use the Infinitive forms for
convenience’s sake. More on the forms below):
Verbs of Motion (VoM)

go
пойтЏ
поЎхать
“NON-DETERMINED” “DETERMINED”
Рассказ: Часть СемнЌдцатая (ГраммЌтика)-1

S17.A.1 Forms of Verbs of Motion
Non-Determined (Imperfective)
×
Stem ходи+ Ўзди+
Present хожѓ Ўзжу
хђдишь Ўздишь
хђдит Ўздит
хђдим Ўздим
хђдите Ўздите
хђдят Ўздят
Past ходЏл Ўздил
ходЏла Ўздила
ходЏло Ўздило
ходЏли Ўздили
Infinitive ходЏть Ўздить
Imperative ходЏ(те) Ўзди(те)
Determined (Imperfective)
Stem {ид+´ / шё+´ (ё)} {Ўд+ / Ўха+}
Present идѓ Ўду
идёшь Ўдешь
идёт Ўдет
идём Ўдем
идёте Ўдете
идѓт Ўдут
Past шёл Ўхал
шла Ўхал
шло Ўхал
шли Ўхал
Infinitive идтЏ Ўхать
Imperative идЏ(те) поезжЌй(те)
Perfective
Stem {пойд+´ / пошё+´ (ё)} {поЎд+ / поЎха+}
Present пойдѓ поЎду
пойдёшь поЎдешь
пойдёт поЎдет
пойдём поЎдем
пойдёте поЎдете
пойдѓт поЎдут
Past пошёл поЎхал
пошлЌ поЎхала
пошлђ поЎхало
пошлЏ поЎхали
Infinitive пойтЏ поЎхать
Imperative пойдЏ(те) поезжЌй(те)

Comments on forms of Verbs of Motion:

×
1) The Non-Determined forms (ходи+ and Ўзди+) are garden-variety и-stem verbs, both of which have mutation
of д > ж in the я-form.
2) The Determined forms are both rather odd double-stem verbs. {Ўд+ / Ўха+} is more or less normal, except for
the Imperative поезжЌй/те, while the Determined form whose Infinitive is идтЏ is really wacky. The
Present stem is ид+´, while the Past Tense forms are шёл´ (ё), шла, шло, шли. (But if you think about it,
English has a crazy Past Tense for go: went. If it’s any help, the ш in шёл resembles the w in went.)
3) The Perfective is based on the Determined form – basically you just add the prefix по-. For идтЏ, the и > й
in all forms, and in the Infinitive the д disappears. Got all that?
Why Motion Verbs Are Problematic: (At Least) Four Verbs for Go
One of the main reasons that Verbs of Motion can be difficult is that there are two rather tricky distinctions which
must be made, neither of which exists in English: 1) Riding vs. Walking (which we covered in Lesson 45, and see
below) and; 2) “Determined” (идтЏ / Ўхать) vs. “Non-Determined” (ходЏть / Ўздить) motion. This means that
there are (at least) four possibilities for go.
In this lesson, we’ll ignore the second distinction (“Determined” vs. “Non-Determined”), which is probably the
trickier of the two. (Not to worry, we’ll get to this in the very next lesson.)
Let’s quickly review distinction between Ўздить / Ўхать / поЎхать (motion specifically by vehicle) and ходЏть /
идтЏ / пойтЏ (motion either on foot or by vehicle).

S17.Б Riding vs. Walking (Review from Lesson 45)
‘Go’ in Russian: Riding vs. Walking (or Riding)

Мы Ўздили в Москвѓ vs. Мы ходЏли в кинђ
Notice that in the English version of the above two sentences the verb is the same: We went to Moscow / We went
to the movies. In Russian, different verbs are used to distinguish between travel that must be by vehicle from
travel which is either on foot or by vehicle.
Clues indicating when to use Ўздить / Ўхать / поЎхать vs. ходЏть / идтЏ / пойтЏ

Ўздить / Ўхать / поЎхать ходЏть / идтЏ / пойтЏ
1. Geographical place name (в Москвѓ, в 1. Destination is an “event” (в кинђ, на балЎт, на
ТрЎнтон, на лунѓ moon) вѕставку) or a “landmark” (в библиотЎку, в
магазЏн, в музЎй)
2. A vehicle is mentioned: Use на + 2. Use of the Adverb пешкђм on foot.
Prepositional Case (e.g., на машЏне, на
пђезде) or bare Instrumental (машЏной,
пђездом). Also, if you see someone in a
car/train/bus, you must use a “vehicle”
verb.
Desire to specifcally emphasize vehicle or walking (Ты ходЏл тудЌ? Нет, я Ўздил.)
So, МЏша сегђдня идёт на ђперу does not imply that he plans to walk there. Even if he is going to drive (or
take the train), and you know that he’s going to drive, you should still use идёт because there is no reason to
emphasize how he’s going to get there and back.
On the other hand, if you mention the geographical place name, you must use a “vehicle” verb: МЏша сегђдня
Ўдет в ФиладЎльфию на ђперу. The place name “trumps” the event.
Curious fact: With the noun дЌча you must use “vehicle” verbs Ўздить/Ўхать/поЎхать because by definition a
дЌча is something out in the countryside, to which one must drive: Мы вчерЌ Ўздили на дЌчу.
Some more examples:
КудЌ ты идёшь? (Meeting someone walking down *Where are you headed?
the street)
КудЌ ты Ўдешь? (Meeting someone on the train) *Where are you headed?
Я сегђдня идѓ на ђперу Чайкђвского. I’m going to a Tchaikovsky opera today.
ЛЎтом я Ўду в СибЏрь. I'm going to Siberia this summer.
ВчерЌ онЏ Ўздили в Нью-Йђрк. They went to New York yesterday.

ВчерЌ мы ходЏли в кинђ. We went to the movies yesterday. (It may have
been in New York.)
Мы Ўхали из Москвѕ в КЏев пђездом. We took the train from Moscow to Kiev.
Он вчерЌ ходЏл в ТрЎнтон пешкђм! He walked to Trenton (and back) yesterday!
*Tomorrow we’ll discuss why where are you headed (as opposed to going) is the best way to translate these
sentences.
Choose between Riding and Walking (or Riding)

Example: Где ты был вчера? (ТрЎнтон) ➯ Я Ўздили в Трентон.
Куда она Ўздила лЎтом? (РоссЏя) ➯ Она Ўздила в РоссЏю.
На чём Митя Ўздил? (машЏна) ➯ Митя Ўздил на машине.
1. Где Бђря был вчерЌ? (Калифђрния) 2. Где былЌ вчера НатЌша? (кинђ)
3. Где онЏ бѕли сегђдня ѓтром? (ТрЎнтон) 4. Где онЏ бѕли сегђдня ѓтром? (библиотЎка)
5. Где онЏ бѕли вчерЌ? (дЌча) 6. КудЌ МЌша Ўздила лЎтом? (КанЌда)
7. На чём онЏ Ўздили? (пђезд) 8. Где ты былЌ? (магазЏн)
9. Где ты был? (Нью-Йђрк) 10. На чём вы Ўздили? (мој нђвая машЏна)
S17.В A Single Round Trip Broken Down By Tense, Infinitive
Probably the most common (and most troublesome) point involving motion is expressing a single round trip. It’s
really not difficult. Honest! The only thing that makes it somewhat tricky – and illogical in our opinion – is that
different forms (Non-Determined vs. Determined vs. Perfective) are used depending on the Tense (or for an
Infinitive).
In other words you cannot simply take Past Tense Кђстя Ўздил в Москвѓ Kostya went to Moscow (one time)
and change the tense on Ўздил (the Non-Determined form) to get Future Kostya will go to Moscow. The sentence
Кђстя бѓдет Ўздит в Москвѓ (with the Future of Imperfective Ўздить) has a different meaning and does not
mean Kostya will go to Moscow (one time). Instead, as we will see below, you need to use a different Verb, the
Determined form: Кђстя Ўдет в Москвѓ is the Future of Кђстя Ўздил в Москвѓ. Is this logical? Heck no!
(And we’re only using “heck” to be polite.) Но что же дЎлать?!
We strongly suggest that you memorize the following (rather short) examples – or at least one from each group.
Past (Completed): “Non-Determined” Ўздить / ходЏть

A single round trip in the past can be expressed with a Verb of Motion (Ўздить / ходЏть) or with the Verb be.
Thus, you can say either Мы вчерЌ ходЏли на скептЌкль or Мы вчерЌ бѕли на скептЌкле.
В мЌрте моЏ родЏтели Ўздили в Москвѓ. My parents went to Moscow in March.

Мы вчерЌ ходЏли на ђперу. We went to the opera yesterday.

Past (In Progress): Perfective поЎхать / пойтЏ

The Past Perfective is used when a person has left but not yet returned (but is expected to return in the not too
distant future).
МЌша поЎхала в Нью-Йорк. ОнЌ вернётся ђчень *Masha left for New York. She won’t be back until
пђздно. late.
Кђли нет дђма. Он пошёл в магазЏн за газЎтой. Kolya's not home, He went to the store for the
newspaper.
*As we will see when we examine Prefixed Verbs of Motion, there are several ways of saying left for.
Here are the four ways of saying She went...:
She went to the store / Moscow...
and is back: “Non-Determined” Past and is still gone: Perfective Past
Она ходЏла в магазЏн. ОнЌ пошлЌ в магазЏн.

Она Ўздила в Москвѓ. ОнЌ поЎхала в Москвѓ.
Present (as Future): “Determined” Ўхать / идтЏ

To some extent, a round trip cannot really be “in progress” because you cannot simultaneously be making both
legs of the trip. In any case, the Present Tense of “Dtermined” Verbs is used to describe a single round trip which
is either begun or, much more commonly, which is intended for the future. Notice that in English we also use a
Present Tense Verb to describe a future action – just look at the translations:
Сегђдня вЎчером я идѓ на балЎт. I’m going to the ballet tonight.

ЛЎтом КЏра Ўдет в ПарЏж. Kira is going to Paris this summer.
Future: Perfective (or “Determined): поЎхать (Ўхать) / пойтЏ (идтЏ)

As we mentioned directly above, to express a future single round trip you can use a Present Tense “Determined”
Verb. In addition, you can also use a Perfective Verb. The difference between using Imperfective “Determined”
(Ўхать / идтЏ) and Perfective (поЎхать / пойтЏ) to express a future single round trip is rather subtle. We
suggest you use the Imperfective “Determined”, though the Perfective is 100% grammatical.
КогдЌ он пойдёт (идёт) в магазЏн? When is he going to the store?

ПЌша поЎдет (Ўдет) в Лђндон без женѕ. Pasha is going to London without his wife.

Infinitive: (Positive) Perfective: поЎхать / пойтЏ

(Negative) “Determined” Ўхать / идтЏ
With positive statements, use a Perfective Infinitive:
Я ђчень хочѓ пойтЏ на нђвую вѕставку Ван-Гђга. I really want to go to the new Van Gogh exhibit.
ОнЌ собирЌеться поЎхать в СахЌру. She’s planning on going to the Sahara.
With negative statements, use an Imperfective “Determined” Infinitive.
Он никудЌ не хђчет идтЏ. He doesn’t want to go anywhere.

Я не собирЌюсь Ўхать в Бђстон. I don’t plan on going to Boston.
Actually this Positive=Perfective, Negative=Imperfective applies to almost all Infinitives, not just to Verbs of
Motion.
It is worth noting what forms we did not see above:
No “Determined” Past Tense (Ўхал, Ўхала, Ўхало, Ўхали / шёл, шла, шло, шли)
No “Non-Determined” Present (Ўзжу, Ўздит, Ўздят / хожѓ, хђдишь, хђдят)
No “Non-Determined” or “Determined” Future (бѓдем Ўздить, бѓдут Ўхать / бѓду ходЏть, бѓдешь идтЏ)
No “Non-Determind” Infinitive (Ўздить / ходЏть)
We’ll see how these forms are used in the next lesson, when we move beyond a single round-trip.
ПереведЏте на рѓсский.
1. We went to Petersburg in the winter. 2. Who’s going to Moscow in the summer?
3. For some reason, he doesn’t want to go to Alaska. 4. I’m planning on going to France in June.
5. I really want to go to that concert. 6. I went to the opera on Saturday.
7. Gera just тђлько что left for Trenton. He’ll be 8. We’re going to a play on Saturday.
home around 9:00.
9. We’re not planning on going to the lecture. 10. Vika is not home. She went to the library.

S17.Г Practice Sentences
Третьякђвка 1. Мы сегђдня идём в Третьякђвку. 1. We’re going to the Tretyakovsky gallery

today.
тудЌ 2. Я ђчень хочѓ пойтЏ тудЌ. 2. I really want to go there.
как добрЌться 3. Ты знЌешь как добрЌться до 3. Do you know how to get to Red Square.
КрЌсной плђщади?
4. Do you remember how to get to the
4. Вы не пђмните, как добрЌться до Hilton hotel?
гостЏницы ХЏлтон?
не рЌз 5. Я не раз Ўздила в Ћсную Полјну. 5. I've been to Yasnaya Polyana several
times.
6. Он не раз женЏлся.
6. He got married several times.
садЏ+…ся // {cјд+ // 7. СадЏсь! 7. Sit down.
сЎд+} (Inf сесть)
8. ОнЌ сЎла на дивЌн. 8. She sat down on the sofa.
автђбус 9. Я чЌсто Ўзжу на автђбусе. 9. I take the bus a lot.
10. КудЌ идёт ітот автђбус? 10. Where does this bus go?
галерЎя 11. В Нью-Йђрке ђчень мнђго 11. In NY there are a lot of interesting
интерЎсных галерЎй. galleries.
нђмер 12. Љто автђбус нђмер шестьдесјт 12. Is this bus number 64?
четѕре?
цЏфра (Gen Pl: цифр 13. ИзвинЏ, я перепѓтал цЏфры. 13. Sorry, I got the numbers mixed up.
(no Cluster Buster))
милЏция 14. Мђй дјдя рабђтает в милЏции. 14. My uncle works in the police deparment.
(Most likely this implies he is a cop.)
звонЏ+ // по- 15. Я емѓ позвонї на рабђту. 15. I’ll call him at work.
16. Не звонЏ мне домђй. 16. Don’t call me at home.
ошЏб/ка (о) 17. Он без концЌ дЎлает ошЏбки. 17. He constantly makes mistakes.
по ошЏбке 18. Я по ошЏбке взял МЏтину кнЏгу. 18. I took Mitya’s book by mistake.
дЎлай+ // с- ошЏбку
не тот (не то, не та) 19. Я взял не тот ключ. 19. I took the wrong key.
ли 20. Я не знЌю, понрЌвился ли емѓ 20. I don’t know whether he liked the movie.
фильм.
сюдЌ 21. Иди сюдЌ! 21. Come here.
22. Скђлько вы Ўхали сюдЌ? 22. How long did it take you to get here?
опЌздывай+ // опоздЌй+ 23. Он всегдЌ опЌздывает. 23. He's always late.
на + time expression 24. Мы опоздЌли на дЎсять минѓт. 24. We were ten minutes late.
in ACC
в/на + place/event in
ACC

полторЌ 25. Егђ машинЌ в полторЌ рЌза дорђже 25. His car is 1½ times more expensive than
моЎй. mine.
мЌло 26. У нас ђчень мЌло дЎнег 26. We have very little money.
начинЌй+..ся // 27. КогдЌ начинЌется концЎрт? 27. When does the concert start?
{начн+´...ся / нача+...ся} 28. ФЏльм начинЌется минѓт чЎрез 28. The movie starts in ten minutes.
дЎсять.
москвЏч ~ москвЏчка 29. Ѓсли я не ошибЌюсь, ВЎра – 29. If I'm not mistaken, Vera is a Muscovite.
москвЏчка.
30. She married a rich Muscovite.
30. ОнЌ вѕшка зЌмуж за богЌтого
москвичЌ.
совершЎнство 31. Љтот фильм прђсто совершЎнство. 31. This film is simply perfection.
закрывЌй+…ся // 32. МагазЏн закрывЌется в семь часђв. 32. The store closes at 7:00.
{закрђй+…ся /
закрѕ+…ся } 33. БиблиотЎка открѕлась в пол- 33. The library opens at 7:30.
восьмђго.
открывЌй+…ся //
{открђй+…ся /
открѕ+…ся }

РасскЌз ЧЌсть 17-я – Домашнее задание Имя ______________________________
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
" УпражнЎние 2 Circle the correct form and fill in the endings
1. ЛЎтом мы [Ўх______________ / Ўзд___________________] в Москв____________.
2. ЗЌвтра мы [ид__________ / хђд______________] на вѕставк_____________.
3. Я ђчень хочѓ [Ўзд____________ / поЎх______________] в Петербѓрг_____________.
4. ЛЎтом мы [ход____________ / Ўзд_______________] в ЧикЌг____________.
5. ЛЌры нет дђма. ОнЌ [ход___________ / пош_____________] в библиотЎк______________.
S17-10
6. + ЛЌра где ты былЌ? - Я [ш_____________ / ход______________] в кин__________________.
7. ОнЌ решЏла [Ўх_____________ / поЎх_____________] на дЌч___________.
8. Почемѓ онЏ не хотјт [поЎха___________ / Ўха_______________] в Петербѓрг________?
9. В мЌе мы [бѓдем Ўзди_______________ / поЎд_____________] в СибЏр________.
10. Мы вчерЌ [ходЏ_______________ / Ўха_____________] в кин___________
11. Я сейчЌс [бѓду Ўзди_______________ / поЎд_____________] в магазЏн___________.
12. Почемѓ он не хђчет [ид_______________ / ходи_____________] на бЌлет_________?
13. Мы вчерЌ [Ўзди_______________ / ходЏ_____________] в Нью-Йђрк__________.
14. Я ђчень хочѓ [поЎха_______________ / пойт_____________] на ітот фильм__________.
15. ЛЎтом онЏ [шл_______________ / Ўзди_____________] в Калифђрни____________
16. На слЎдующей недЎле мы [Ўд_______________ / Ўзди_____________] в ТехЌс.
1. The museum closes at 4:45.
2. He bought the wrong book.
3. They were around 20 minutes late for (to) the concert.
S17-11
РасскЌз: Я по ошЏбке сЎла не на тот автђбус.
I got on the wrong bus by mistake.
Я по ошЏбке сЎлa не на тот автђбус I got on the wrong bus by mistake
1 — Хорошђ, СЌра. Мы встрЎтимся ___________________________________________

2 ____________ Третьякђвкой. __________________________________, как тудЌ
3 добрЌться?
4 — КонЎчно. Я не рЌз тудЌ ________________________________.
5 — Ты ____________________________________?
6 — Да, да. _____________________________________________. Мы с Сїзан недЌвно
7 тудЌ Ўздили. ______________________________________________ пЎред музЎем. ПокЌ.
8 ________________________________________ я сЎла на автђбус. Я сидЎла и читЌла
9 _______________________, когдЌ НЌдя, мој знакђмая по университЎту сЎла рјдом со мной.
10 — НЌдя, привЎт! __________________________? ____________________________?
11 — Всё хорошђ. ______________________________________ Ўдешь?
12 — Я сейчЌс Ўду в Третьякђвскую галерЎю. Мы с МЏтей _________________________
13 __________________ МЌрка ШагЌла. Мы хђдим на все нђвые вѕставки.
14 — СЌра, ты знЌешь, ___________________________________ не идёт в Третьякђвку.
15 — ___________________________ «не идёт»? Я не раз Ўздила на этом автђбусе тудЌ.
16 Это автђбус нђмер ________________________________________________?
17 — Нет, это ___________________________. НавЎрно, ты ________________________
18 цЏфры «два» и «семь».
19 _________________________________________________________________________
20 — Сара, ______________________________________________________? Я ужЎ стал
21 ___________________. ________________________________________________________? Я
22 ___________________________________ в милЏцию ______________________________.
23 — __________________________________________________________. Я по ошЏбке
24 селЌ не на тот автђбус. ИзвинЏ.
25 — Я же __________________________________________________________________,
26 пђмнишь ли ты, как сюдЌ _____________________________.
27 — Я же сказЌла, __________________________________. Я опоздЌла на час. ИзвинЏ.
28 — Не на час, а на полторЌ часЌ.
29 — МЏтя, ___________________________________________________ нарђчно...
30 — Ты же знЌешь, ___________________________________________________. У менј
31 ђчень мЌло _______________________. Скђро начинЌется ___________________________.
32 — Я Ўздила сюдЌ _____________________________________. Я не москвЏчка и я не
33 такђе совершЎнство, как ты.
34 — Ѓсли ты не пђмнила, ____________________________________________________.
35 МузЎй скђро закрывЌется. _______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________.
РасскЌз: Часть СемнЌдцатая (Текст)-1

СловЌрь
Note: There are several “Verbs of Motion” in this part of the story. The grammar section will be devoted to clearing up this
rather tricky topic.
2 Третьякђвка = Третьякђвская галерЎя Tretyakovsky Gallery (Rather
famous museum in Moscow)
3 тудЌ there; thither (direction) (as opposed to там which is there –
location)
2 как (destination) добрЌться how to get to (destination)
3 не рЌз more than once (Do not confuse this with ни рЌзу which means
never, not a single time.)
7 садЏ+…ся // {cјд+ // сЎд+} (Inf сесть) sit down; get on (a bus) (this is also directional – to get into a
sitting position, as opposed to сидЎ+ to be in a sitting position)
рјдом с (in line 8) sit down next to (a person)

7 автђбус bus
11 галерЎя (Just one л in Russian!) (Guess)
15 нђмер number
17 цЏфра digit
21 милЏция the police
21 A note on звонЏ+ // по- When calling a place, use в or на + ACC., as opposed to DAT,
which is used when calling a person.
22 ошЏб/ка (о) mistake; error
по ошЏбке by mistake
дЎлай+ // с- ошЏбку make a mistake (in line 21)
23 не тот (не то, не та) Preposition comes the wrong
between не and тот.
25 ли whether (in yes/no questions) (More on this tricky word in a
few lessons.)
25 сюдЌ here (direction); hither (as opposed to здесь which is here –
location)
26 опЌздывай+ // опоздЌй+ be late
на + time expression in ACC by AMOUNT OF TIME
в / на + place/event in ACC for PLACE/EVENT (This is not in the story)
27 полторЌ (M, N) / полторѕ (F) 1½ (Similar to 2, 3, 4: Followed by noun in Genitive Singular.)
29 нарђчный (ч pronounced [ш]) intentional; on purpose
30 мЌло + GEN little; a small amount of
30 начинЌй+..ся // begin (intransitive)
{начн+´...ся / нача+...ся}
31 москвЏч ~ москвЏч/ка (е) Muscovite (person from Moscow)
32 совершЎнство perfection (For the translation, think about what you would say
in this situation. Would you use a Noun?)
38 закрывЌй…ся // {закрђй+…ся / закрѕ+…ся} close (intransitive)
открывЌй…ся // {открђй+…ся / открѕ+…ся} open (intransitive)
РасскЌз: Часть СемнЌдцатая (Текст)-2

ГраммЌтика: A. ДавЌй/те
Б. Пусть
РасскЌз - Часть ВосемнЌдцатая: ГраммЌтика
S18.A “Imperative” of мы-form: ДавЌй/те Let’s
There are two ways to form a so-called мы ‘Imperative’, which very often corresponds to English let’s:
1) Simply use the мы Non-Past form and let context take over. Most often a Perfective form is used.
ПоговорЏм об ітом сегђдня вЎчером. Let’s (We’ll) talk about it tonight.

Пойдём в ресторЌн! Let’s go to a restaurant.
СдЎлаем это вмЎсте. Let’s do that together.
Споём іту пЎсню. Let’s sing that song.
Note the use of the Past Tense with these Perfective VoM. This is quite limited.
ПошлЏ! Let’s go!

ПоЎхали! Let’s go!
ПобежЌли! Let’s go!
2) Use давЌй/те followed by either a) the Imperfective Infinitive; b) the Perfective Non-Past мы form; c) не
бѓдем plus the Imperfective Infinitive. Use давЌй when talking about yourself and just one other person
(with whom you use ты). Otherwise, use давЌйте (with more than one other person, or with someone you
call вы).
a) ДавЌй/те + Imperfective Infinitive
ДавЌй/те говорЏть друг дрѓгу комплимЎнты. Let’s pay each other compliments.
ДавЌй/те на ітой недЎле обЎдать в семь. Let’s have dinner this week at 7:00.
ДавЌй/те занимЌться вмЎсте. Let’s study together.
b) ДавЌй/те + Perfective Non-Past мы form
ДавЌй/те забѓдем об ітом. Let’s forget about it.

ДавЌй/те вѕпьем! Let’s drink!
ДавЌй/те познакђмимся. Let’s get acquainted. (This has become a fixed expression in
Russian. We really don’t have an exact equivalent in English.)
Рассказ: Часть ВосемнЌдцатая (ГраммЌтика)-1

c) ДавЌй/те + не бѓдем+ Imperfective Infinitive
ДавЌй/те не бѓдем дѓмать об ітом. Let’s not think about that.

ДавЌй/те не бѓдем мешЌть друг дрѓгу. Let’s try not to bother each other.
ДавЌй/те не бѓдем ссђриться. Let’s not argue / fight.
Warning: Illegal Sentences Below!!!!!!
So, you do not find: 1) ДавЌй/те говорЏм (Imperfective Present Tense); 2) ДавЌй/те прочитЌть (Perfective
Infinitive); 3) ДавЌй/те бѓдем говорЏть (бѓдем + Imperfective Future)
Translate. Don’t worry if your answer differs from what’s on the recording.
1. Let’s swim every morning. 2. Let’s talk about honest politicians.
3. Let’s bark like a dog. 4. Let’s go! (at least two ways)
5. Let’s not think about the Accuastive Case. 6. Let’s bake a cake.
7. Let’s drink! 8. Let’s not talk about him again.
9. Let’s dance! (Use Perfective) 10. Let’s not argue.
S18.Б “Imperative” of Third-Person Forms: Пусть / ПускЌй
Use the word пусть (пускЌй is a more colloquial form) plus the subject in Nominative + Verb, etc. (Note that in
English after let we find the ‘Accusative’ her, him, them – not so in Russian.) The Verb following пусть
(пускЌй) may be in either Imperfective Present or Perfective Future (depending on what meaning you wish to
convey). Generally you do not find Imperfective Future (бѓд+ + Infinitive) following пусть (пускЌй).
Пусть СЌша іто сдЎлает. Let Sasha do it.

ПускЌй СЌша мђет посѓду кЌждый день. Let Sasha wash the dishes every day.
Пусть дЎти спят. Let the children sleep.
Пусть МЏтя поймёт, какђй он нахЌл. Let Mitya grasp (realize) what a jerk he is.
ПускЌй НЏна подѓмает об ітом. Let Nina think a bit about that.
Пусть он весь день звонЏт. Мне всё равнђ. Let him call all day. I don’t care.

Translate. Again, don’t worry if your answer differs from what’s on the recording.
1. Let Vera do it. 2. Let Sonya take out the garbage every day.
3. Let my parents give him the money. 4. Let her cry. (a little Hootie – sorry, the word for
Blowfish escapes us)
5. Let the children swim in the river. 6. Let Masha realize what a bore she is.
7. Let Borya help her. 8. Let Grisha clean the apartment (today).
9. Let everyone sing. 10. Let them bark like a dog.
S18.В Practice Sentences
СловЌ из расскЌза:
отходи+ // отойтЏ от 1. ОнЌ мЎдленно отходЏла от окнЌ. She slowly walked away from the window.
2. Я отошёл от него и побежЌл прјмо I walked away from him and took off for
в милЏцию.
извинјй+...ся // 3. Извинјюсь. I apologize.
извинЏ+...ся
4. Я ужЎ сто раз извинјлась, но всё I already apologized 100 times, but he’s still
равнђ он на менј сЎрдится. mad at me.
дЎлай+ / с- вид, что 5. ОнЌ тђлько дЎлает вид, что спит. She’s just pretending to be asleep,.
6. ДенЏс сдЎлал вид, что он ничегђ не Denis pretended that he didn’t hear
слѕшит. anything..
понимЌй+ // {пойм+´ / 7. Ѓсли я прЌвильно пђнял, егђ не If I understood correctly, he's not going to be
×
понј+} бѓдет. there.
Past: пђнял, понялЌ, 8. ПоймЏ же, что я тебј не люблї. Get this into your head, I don't love you.
пђняли
Infinitive: понјть
концЎртный зал 9. Я был во всех большЏх I was in all the large concert halls in Europe.
концЎртных зЌлах в Еврђпе.
вЎшай+ // повЎси+ 10. Где я могѓ повЎсить іту Where can I hang this photograph?
фотогрЌфию?
трѓбка 11. ВозьмЏ трѓбку. МЌша хђчет с Take the phone (receiver). Masha wants to
тобђй поговорЏть. talk to you.
12. Не вЎшай трѓбку! Don't hang up!
полторЌ (Masc/Neut) / 13. Мы ужЎ полторЌ часЌ ждём! We've been waiting for an hour and a half
полторѕ (Fem) + already!
Genitive Singular 14. Мы ужЎ полторѕ минѓты ждём!
Мы ђчень вЌжные лїди! We've been waiting for a minute and a half
already. We're very important people!

нЎсколько + Genitive 15. У негђ нЎсколько жён. He has several wives.

16. У менј нЎсколько компьїтеров. I have several computers.
раз 17. Я три рЌза ей звонЏл. I called her three times.
18. Она раз дЎсять выходЏла зЌмуж. She's been married around 10 times.
блат 19. У моегђ отцЌ был блат в My father had some pull at Princeton.
по блЌту ПрЏнстоне.
We got the tickets through connections.
20. Мы достЌли билЎты по блЌту.
{достай+´ / доставЌй+}// 21. ДостЌнь, пожЌлуйста, тарЎлку. Get the plate, please.
{достЌн+}
лЏшний Soft! 22. У нас лЏшний билЎт на ђперу. We have an extra ticket to the opera.
удовђльствие 23. Хђчешь пЏво? С удовђльствием! Would you like some beer? Sure.
с удовђльствием 24. ОнЌ с удовђльствием помогЌет She gladly helps everyone.
всем.
порЌ 25. Уже два часЌ. ПорЌ идтЏ. It's already 2:00. It's time to go.
по дорђге (от/кудЌ) 26. По дорђге домђй мы нашлЏ On the way home we found an antique
старЏнный самовЌр. samovar.
надЎжда 27. Я ужЎ стал потерјть надЎжду. I was already starting to lose hope.
корђткий 28. РЌньше у менј бѕли (я носЏл) I used to have short hair. (Hair – вђлосы is
корђткие вђлосы. plural in Russian.)

1.
2. обращЌет внимЌние pay attention
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
S18-5
" УпражнЎние 2 ПереведЏте на рѓсский
1. Let's forget about it.
2. Let Dima make dinner.
3. Let's not think about Russian grammar tonight.
4. When we were travelling around Russia, my brother pretended he didn't speak English.
" УпражнЎние 3 V.O.D.:
вернѓ+...ся return
PRESENT PAST
я ______________________________________ он ______________________________________
вы ______________________________________ онЌ ______________________________________
онЏ ______________________________________ онЏ ______________________________________
IMPER ___________________________________ INF ______________________________________
S18-6
РасскЌз: Пусть он стоЏт там до вЎчера
Let him stand there all day
Пусть он стоЏт там до вЎчера Let him stand there all day
1 КогдЌ я отходЏла ___________________________________________, он нЌчал
2 извинјться, но я сдЎлала вид, ______________________________________________. Пусть
3 (ПускЌй) он стоЏт там до вЎчера и извинјется. Пусть (ПускЌй) он поймёт, какђй он нахЌл.
4 Я пришлЌ ___________________. Сїзан разговЌривала _________________________:
5 — ОтлЏчно! ВстрЎтимся ___________________________________________________ пЎред
6 концЎртным зЌлом. ПокЌ.
7 ОнЌ повЎсила трѓбку, а ___________________________________________________:
8 — СЌра, _________________________________________________________________?
9 Как ты считЌешь, _____________________________________на неё пойтЏ?
10 — Не знЌю. Я ____________________________________________ не на тот автђбус и
11 ________________________________________на полторЌ часЌ. КогдЌ я пришлЌ, Митј нЌчал
12 ___________________________________________________________________________.
13 — Да? А он тебЎ нЎсколько раз звонЏл. Он ____________________________________
14 _________________________________________________________.
15 — Пусть (ПускЌй) звонЏт. Я _________________________________________________
16 егђ протЏвный _________________________________________.
17 — СЌра, какЏе у тебј ________________________________________________? ДЎло в
18 том, что мой ________________________________________ Лёва по блЌту достЌл билЎты на
19 _________________________________ концЎрт ОкуджЌвы. Ты слѕшала об ОкуджЌве?
20 — _____________________________________________________________? Все знЌют
21 ОкуджЌву. Я бы ђчень хотЎла _____________________________________________________.
22 — У нас лЏшний билЎт. ___________________________________________________?
23 — С удовђльствием! СпЌсибо. Это ђчень _____________________________________
РасскЌз: Часть ВосемнЌдцатая (Текст)-1

24 ___________________________________________________________________.
25 — УжЎ порЌ идтЏ. Пойдём! ПоговорЏм о МЏте по дорђге (на концЎрт).
26 На концЎрте
27 ДавЌйте восклицЌть, друг дрѓг___________ восхищЌться.
28 ВысокопЌрных слов ___________________________________________ опасЌться.
29 ДавЌйте _______________________________ друг дрѓг___________ комплимЎнты -
30 Ведь это всё любвЏ счастлЏвые момЎнты.
31 ДавЌйте горевЌть и ____________________________________________ откровЎнно
32 То __________________________________________, то поврђзь, а то поперемЎнно.
33 Не нЌдо придавЌть значЎния злослђвью,
34 Поскђльку грусть ____________________________________сосЎдствует с любђвью.
35 ДавЌйте _______________________________________ друг дрѓг_______ с полуслђва,
36 Чтоб, ошибЏвшись раз, не ошибЏться снђва.
37 _____________________________________________ жить во всём друг дрѓгу потакЌя,
38 Тем бђлее что _________________________________ корђткая ___________________.

Story − Part 18
СловЌрь
×
1 отходи+ // отойтЏ от + Genitive walk away from (Here the prefix от- indicates motion away from.)
2 извинјй+...ся // извинЏ+...ся apologize
2 дЎлай+ / с- вид что pretend that
2 пусть (пускЌй) let (him...) (See Grammar)
3 понимЌй+ // {пойм+´ / по×нј+} understand, grasp (More on the forms of the Perfective in the Grammar
Past: пђнял, понялЌ, пђняли Section)
Infinitive: понјть
6 концЎртный зал concert hall
7 вЎшай+ // повЎси+ hang (up)
13 нЎсколько + Genitive several
22 лЏшний Soft! extra
23 удовђльствие pleasure
с удовђльствием gladly
25 порЌ it’s time to (+ Imperfective Infinitive – 99% of the time)
25 пойдём = пошлЏ (More in Grammar)
25 по дорђге (от/кудЌ) on the way (from/to a place)
ДавЌйте восклицЌть – You are only responsible for the words in bold
27 давЌй/те let’s (See grammar explanation)
27 восклицЌй+ // восклЏк[ну] + exclaim
28 высокопЌрный lofty; highfalutin
28 опасЌй+...ся бој+...ся
29 комплимЎнт compliment
30 любђвь´ (о) love
Instrumental: любђвью
30 момЎнт moment
31 горевЌ+ grieve
31 откровЎнно openly; not hiding anything
32 поврђзь (= пђрознь) separately; not together (The word ОкуджЌва uses does not really exist.)
32 поперемЎнно one after the other; in turns
33 {придай+´ / придавЌй+} // придЌть assign
33 значЎние meaning
33 злослђвье back biting; nasty talk
34 поскђльку seeing that; given
34 грусть Noun related to грѓстно
34 сосЎдствова+ Try to figure this out from the root of the verb itself and the context
34 с полуслђва lit.: from half a word (i.e. without having to spell everything out)
36 ошибЏвшись having made a mistake (This is a Gerund – ‘having Verb-ed’, which we’ll
cover next year.)
36 раз one time
36 снђва again
37 потакЌй+ + Dative indulge
38 тем бђлее (что) especially because; so much the more (given that)
38 корђткий short

ГраммЌтика: A. Die / Perish
Б. Before / After
РасскЌз - Часть ДевятнЌдцатая: ГраммЌтика
S19.A Die vs. Perish: ѓмер/лЌ vs. погЏб/ла
Earlier we saw the Past Tense forms of the verb die ѓмер, умерлЌ, ѓмерли. There is another verb, погибЌй+ //
погЏб[ну]+, which also often appears as die, but which carries the meaning perish, die an unnatural death.
Russians really make this distinction, so be aware. It is really “wrong” to use умерлЌ if the (female) person died
in a car crash. Some examples (with a few unfamiliar words, just to make things as clear as possible):
Мој прабЌбушка умерлЌ в прђшлом годѓ. My great-grandmother died last year.

Егђ отЎц ѓмер от рЌка. His father died from cancer.
Все егђ рђдственники давнђ ѓмерли. All his relatives died a long time ago.
ВЏтина тётя погЏбла в автомобЏльной катастрђфе. Vitya’s aunt died in a car crash.
МЏшины родЏтели погЏбли на войнЎ. Misha’s parents died in the war.
МандельштЌм погЏб в лЌгере в СибЏри. Mandel’shtam perished in a concentration camp in
Siberia.
Note that in the first example there is no need to specify precisely how your great-grandmother died. It is assumed
that it was of natural causes. It would not be “wrong” to say ОнЌ погЏбла в прђшлом годѓ, but you would
normally need to give some sort of further explanation.
Insert the correct verb in the correct form
1. Мой дЎдушка ____________________ на войнЎ. 2. Мој прабЌбушка ___________________ в иїне.
3. ЛЎрмонтов __________________ на дуіли duel. 4. Егђ дјдя __________________ в прђшлом годѓ.
5. Егђ тётя ________________ от рЌка cancer. 6. НЏна _____________________ в автомобЏльной

катастрђфе.
7. Егђ родЏтели ___________________ в лЌгере. 8. Её рђдственники давнђ ____________________.
Рассказ: Часть ДевятнЌдцатая (ГраммЌтика)-1

S19.Б Before / After: До ~ Пђсле vs. До тогђ как ~ Пђсле тогђ как
You need to be very careful when translating before (до) and after (пђсле) into Russian. (First note that both of
these prepositions take Genitive Case.) When a bare noun (or noun phrase) follows, you simply put it into
Genitive:
До войнѕ мы жЏли в ПарЏже. Before the war we lived in Paris.

Я вернѓсь до урђка. I’ll return before class.
Ты дђлжна лЎчь до десятЏ. You have to go to bed before 10.
Я поспЌл на дивЌне пђсле обЎда. After dinner I slept a bit on the sofa.
Пђсле концЎрта мы пошлЏ в кафЎ. After the concert we went to a café.
Пђсле экзЌмена он заплЌкал. After the exam he burst into tears.
When a clause follows до or пђсле, you must insert the “Case absorbing” phrase тогђ как, after which the
clause appears, with the subject, as expected, in Nominative.
До тогђ как МЌша вѕшла зЌмуж, онЌ встречЌлась Before Masha got married, she went out with
с ГрЏшей. Grisha.
Я лёг до тогђ, как он позвонЏл. I went to sleep before he called.
До тогђ как Билл стал президЎнтом, он был Before Bill became president, he was a lawyer.
адвокЌтом.
Пђсле тогђ как закђнчился урђк, все пошлЏ в бар. After the class ended, everyone headed to a bar.
Пђсле тогђ как мы пообЎдали, мы потанцевЌли. After we had dinner, we danced a bit.
Мы ушлЏ срЌзу пђсле тогђ, как пришёл Лёня. We left right after Lyonya arrived.
Actually, there need not be an overt Nominative subject, as seen in these Impersonal Construction:
До того как стЌло жЌрко, я хорошђ спал. Before it got hot, I slept well.
1. Before the lesson, I stood in the corridor and 2. Before the lesson started началсј the professor
smoked. drank two bottles of beer.
3. We left after dinner. 4. After I went to Yasnaya Polyana, I decided to read
“War and Peace”.
5. After Vera’s husband died, she no longer laughed. 6. Tanya called her boyfriend before the concert.
7. After the war, she was arrested. 8. Before Dima got married, he went out with Galya.
9. Before the film, everyone was sitting and 10. After I played chess (Perfective), I took a nap.
conversing.

чѓвство їмора 1. Я терпЎть не могѓ людЎй, у 1. I can't stand people who don't have a
котђрых нет чѓвства їмора. sense of humor.
2. У неё ђчень стрЌнное чѓвство 2. She has a very strange sense of humor.
їмора.
ГУЛЂГ 3. СолженЏцын мнђго писЌл о 3. Solzhenitsyn wrote a lot about the Gulag.
ГУЛЂГе.
как іто сказЌть? 4. Он, как это сказЌть, дурЌк. 4. He is, how should I put this, a fool.
чђкнутый 5. Мой профЎссор рѓсского языкЌ – 5. My Russian professor is a nut.
чђкнутый. 6. There are a lot of kooky people in
6. В ПрЏнстоне мнђго чђкнутых Princeton.
людЎй.
готђви+...ся // под- к + 7. Я сейчЌс готђвлюсь к экзЌмену. 7. I'm preparing (studying) for an exam
Dative 8. Мне нЌдо подготђвиться к right now.
прЌзднику. 8. I have to get ready for the holiday.
День ПобЎды 9. С Днём ПобЎды! 9. Happy Victory Day!
побЎда 10. Это для нас былЌ большЌя побЎда. 10. This is a big victory for us.
роль 11. Какѓю роль это игрЌет? 11. What role does that play?
игрЌй+ // сыгрЌй+ роль 12. Кто сыгрЌл роль труслЏвого льва в 12. Who played the role of the cowardly lion
фЏльме «ВолшЎбник изумрѓдного in the film “The Wizard of Oz”?
гђрода»?
мировђй 13. КогдЌ началЌсь пЎрвая мировЌя 13. When did WWI begin?
войнЌ?
ВелЏкая ОтЎчественная 14. ВелЏкая ОтЎчественная войнЌ 14. The Great Patriotic War began on June
войнЌ началЌсь двЌдцать вторђго иїня. 21st.
велЏкий 15. Пѓшкин – велЏкий поіт. 15. Pushkin is a great poet.
16. Пётр ВелЏкий пострђил гђрод 16. Peter the Great built the city of Saint
СЌнкт-Петербѓрг. Petersburg.
тђчный 17. МоЏ часѕ ђчень тђчные. 17. My watch is very accurate.
18. Я не пђмню тђчно, но, кЌжется, егђ 18. I don't remember exactly, but I think his
зовѓт ВЌся. name is Vasya.
во врЎмя + Genitive 19. Во врЎмя войнѕ погЏбло мнђго 19. During the war a lot of people perished.
людЎй.
погибЌй+ // погЏб[ну] + 20. Мой дЎдушка погЏб в лЌгере. 20. My grandfather died in the war.
миллиђн 21. Он зарабђтал дЎсять миллиђнов 21. He earned $10 million this year.
дђлларов в ітом годѓ.
человЎк 22. В ПрЏнстоне живёт двенЌдцать 22. There are 12,000 people living in
тѕсяч человЎк. Princeton.
лЌгерь (M). 23. ЛЎтом дЎти Ўздили в лЌгерь. 23. During the summer the children went to
24. Никтђ не знЌет, скђлько бѕло (recreational) camp.
лагерЎй в СовЎтском Соїзе. 24. No one knows how many (concentration)
camps there were in the Soviet Union.
арестђвывай+ // 25. Егђ арестовЌли в прђшлом годѓ. 25. He was arrested last year.
арестовЌ+
систЎма 26. ЭкономЏческая систЎма в РоссЏи 26. The economic system in Russia is not
не ђчень эффектЏвна. very efficient.
×
относи+...ся к + Dative 27. Как ты отнђсишься к войнЎ в 27. What do you think about (How do you
ЮгослЌвии? feel about) the war in Yugoslavia?


×
1. описа+ describe
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
" УпражнЎние 2 Insert the correct verb in the correct form
1. Ѓго дјдя ___________________________________________________ на войнЎ.
2. Мој тётя ___________________________________________________ в прђшлом годѓ.
3. Пѓшкин ____________________________________________________ на дуіли duel.
4. Мой прадЎдушка _____________________________________________ от рЌка cancer.
S19-4
" УпражнЎние 3 Write four sentences (two each) with both kinds of ‘before/after’ :
1.
2.
3.
4.
1. Vera was arrested on Tuesday. (Think about the 'subject' of this sentence.)
2. I often sleep during class.
3. How do you feel about rap music?
S19-5
РасскЌз: ВелЏкая ОтЎчественная войнЌ
The Great Patriotic War
ВелЏкая ОтЎчественная войнЌ The Great Patriotic War
1 Пђсле концЎрта мы с Лёвой и Сїзан _________________________________________.
2 Лёва был срЎднего________________________________________________, брюнЎт, не ђчень
3 красЏвый, но ђчень __________________________________________________. У негђ бѕло
4 прекрЌсное чѓвство їмора. Лёва __________________________________________________
5 во Владивостђке, а учЏлся в МосквЎ – _______________________________________. В кафЎ
6 он расскЌзывал нам о совЎтской ________________________________________, о ГУЛЂГе,
7 о(бо) всех ѓжасах стЌлинских лет.
8 — СЌра, ты ________________________________________________? КонЎчно, ты
9 знЌешь, что дочь СтЌлина когдЌ-то жилЌ в ПрЏнстоне.
10 — Да? ____________________________________________________________. ОнЌ
11 ужЎ умерлЌ?
12 — Не знЌю. ________________________________________, онЌ былЌ немнђго, - как
13 іто сказЌть?- чђкнутая. ОнЌ ___________________________________, в ПрЏнстоне, а потђм
14 _______________________ в СовЎтский Сђюз. ОнЌ жилЌ здесь не пђмню скђлько, а потђм
15 _____________________________ __________________________________________________
16 и уЎхала в Ђнглию.
17 Пђсле пЎрвого концЎрта мы все _____________________________________________,
18 в кафЎ. Лёва без концЌ ______________________________________________________. Мне
19 ђчень ______________________________________ егђ чѓвство їмора. Он смејлся нЌдо
20 всем, осђбенно над ______________________________________________.
21 Бѕло __________________________________________________. Все готђвились к
22 прЌзднику, ко Дню ПобЎды. До тогђ как я _________________________________________,
23 я не представлјла, какѓю вЌжную роль в ____________________________________________
РасскЌз: Часть ДевятнЌдцатая (Текст)-1

24 сыгрЌла ВторЌя мировЌя войнЌ (Џли, как ______________________________________ в
25 России, ВелЏкая ОтЎчественная войнЌ). КогдЌ ______________________________________
26 говорЏт «войнЌ», дЌже сегђдня все понимЌют, _______________________________________.
27 Никто не знЌет тђчно, но говорјт, что во врЎмя войнѕ погЏбло двЌдцать миллиђнов
28 человЎк. Лёвин _________________________________________________________________
29 и тётя со сторонѕ мЌтери погЏбли в лагерјх. Егђ дјдю арестовЌли ужЎ пђсле тогђ, как
30 кђнчилась войнЌ и он вернѓлся из ГермЌнии. _______________________________________!
31 Все, _________________________________, котђрые всегдЌ ______________________
32 ____________________________________ совЎтскую систЎму, ђчень серьёзно отнђсятся к
33 ітому ________________________________________. ДЌже Лёва, с егђ прекрЌсным
34 чѓвством їмора, _______________________________________ обо всём шутЏл, никогдЌ
35 ______________________________________________________.
36 _____________________________________________________________.
РасскЌз: Часть ДевятнЌдцатая (Текст)-2

Story − Part 19
СловЌрь
1 пђсле + Genitive after (+ Noun in Genitive)
пђсле того как after (+ Clause)
(We’ll explain the difference between these in the Grammar.)
4 чѓвство їмора sense of humor
6 ГУЛЂГ Gulag (ГлЌвное управлЎние исправЏтельно-трудовѕх лагерЎй – The Main
Agency of Corrective-Work Camps) Use this noun in the singular.
10 как іто сказЌть? how should I put it?
16 Ђнглия England
21 готђви+...ся // под- к + Dative get ready for (prepare oneself for)
22 День ПобЎды Victory Day – May 9 (Celebrating the victory over Germany in WWII.)
побЎда victory
23 до того как before (See grammar explanation.)
23 роль role (Figure out the gender from the context.)
24 игрЌй+// сыгрЌй+ play (a role) (Note that the vowel changes when a prefix is attached to form the
Perfective.)
24 мировђй world (The noun world is мир, which, as you know, also mean peace.)
25 ВелЏкая ОтЎчественная войнЌ The Great Patriotic War (In Russia they usually talk about the war between
Russia and Germany, which is ВелЏкая ОтЎчественная войнЌ. To refer to the
war involving other countries – the US, Japan, etc., they say ВторЌя мировЌя
войнЌ.)
велЏкий great (Пётр ВелЏкий – Peter the Great)
отЎчество fatherland
27 тђчный exact
тђчно
27 во врЎмя + Genitive during; in the time (of) (A phrasal preposition.)
27 погибЌй+ // погЏб[ну] + perish; die an unnatural death (More in Grammar.)
27 миллиђн million
28 человЎк After numbers ≥ 5, instead of людЎй, which is the Genitive Plural, the form
человЎк is used. Even though this looks exactly like the Nominative Singular,
it’s actually an old form of the Genitive Plural. We saw the exact same thing with
раз, which is the also both the Nominative Singular and the Genitive Plural.
29 лЌгерь (M) camp (Can be used to describe a summer camp, as well as a concentration camp.)
End-stressed in the Plural
29 арестђвывай+ // арестовЌ+ arrest (It may be to believe, but approximately 350,000 Russian soldiers who
were taken prisoner by the Germans were sent to the Gulag after returning to
Russia. Apparently Stalin felt that soldiers who did not die in battle could not be
trusted entirely. Nearly all officers were sent to camps.)
30 ГермЌния Germany (Recall that the language is немЎцкий!)
32 систЎма system (Note that it’s feminine!)
×
32 относи+...ся к + Dative relate to; feel about; have an attitude toward

ГраммЌтика: A. Mascline Irregular Nom Plural
Б. More Irregular Nom Plural
В. Чтобы + Infinitive
РасскЌз - Часть ДвадцЌтая: ГраммЌтика
S20.A Masculine Nominative Plural Nouns in stressed {Á}
There is a small, but important group of masculine nouns that have stressed {Á} for the nominative plural form
(instead of the normal {I}). They are:
Nominative Singular Nominative Plural in {Á}

вЎчер evening вечерЌ
гђлос voice голосЌ
гђрод city городЌ
год year годЌ (гђды is also found)
дом house домЌ
лес forest лесЌ
лЌгерь camp лагерј
пђезд train поездЌ
профЎссор professor профессорЌ
учЏтель teacher учителј
In fact, all forms of the plural, not just the nominative, are end-stressed for these nouns:
End-Stressed in Plural (With {Ђ} for Nominative)

ИменЏтельмый ВинЏтельный РодЏтельный Предлђжный ДЌтельный ТворЏтельный
городЌ городђв о городЌх городЌм городЌми
домЌ домђв о домЌх домЌм домЌми
годЌ годђв о годЌх годЌм годЌми
вечерЌ вечерђв о вечерЌх вечерЌм вечерЌми
поездЌ = ИменЏтельный поездђв о поездЌх поездЌм поездЌми
лесЌ лесђв о лесЌх лесЌм лесЌми
лагерј лагерЎй о лагерјх лагерјм лагерјми
голосЌ голосђв о голосЌх голосЌм голосЌми
профессорЌ профессорђв о профессорЌх профессорЌм профессорЌми
= РодЏтельный
учителј учителЎй об учителјх учителјм учителјми
Рассказ: Часть ДвадцЌтая (ГраммЌтика)-1

S20.Б Other Irregular Masculine Plural Nouns: in -ья
There are two other groups of masculine nouns with irregular plurals, both of which have their nominative plural
in -ья. One group has stressed -ьј, the other unstressed -ья. In the genitive plural those nouns in -ьј lose the
soft sign and end up with the ending -ей.1 Those in unstressed -ья keep the soft sign and add the {O}в ending
(spelled -ьев). (Note that nearly all are masculine people – and we know some people who are barely
indistinguishable from chairs.)
Nominative Plural in -ьј > Genitive Plural in -Ўй (No ь in Genitive!)

сын son сыновьј сыновЎй
друг friend друзьј друзЎй
муж husband мужьј мужЎй
Nominative Plural in -´ья > Genitive Plural in -´ьев (Keep ь in

Genitive)
брат brother брЌтья брЌтьев
стѓл chair стѓлья стѓльев
In the other cases, both types have ь.
Other Cases: All in -ьј- / -ья-

Предлђжный: о друзьјх о стѓльях
ДЌтельный: сыновьјм брЌтьям
ТворЏтельный: мужьјми брЌтьями
**Note: All forms of plural друзьј (сыновьј, мужьј) have a ь except the Genitive/Accusative**
Put the nouns into the correct form. Pay close attention to stress.
1. Мђи (professors) такЏе занѓды. 2. Что вы знЌете о егђ (brothers)?

3. У негђ мнђго (friends). 4. Говорјт, что (trains) в Япђнии ђчень чЏстые.
5. Я не завЏдую её бѕвшим (husbands). 6. Мы читЌли о стЌлинских (camps).
7. В СибЏри ђчень красЏвые (forests). 8. Нам нужнѕ дЎсять (chairs)
9. Кто написЌл ромЌн «(Brothers) КарамЌзовы»? 10. В какЏх (cities) РоссЏи вы ужЎ бѕли?
11. На ітой ѓлице ђчень красЏвые (houses). 12. У них ђчень протЏвные (voices).
1
We’ll leave unanswered the question as to whether this is the ∅ ending (similar to книг) or the -ей ending (similar to
дверЎй)
S20.В Чтобы + Infinitive: (In order) to...
Previously we saw чтобы used together with a Past Tense verb to indicate what one person wants (wanted)
another person to do:
Я хочѓ, чтобы ты сейчЌс же ушёл! I want you to leave right now!

Почемѓ ты не хотЎла, чтобы я её пригласЏл? Why didn’t you want me to invite her?
ДЏма хђчет, чтобы ты емѓ позвонЏла. Dima wants you to call him.
Чтобы can also be used with an Infinitive with the meaning in order to...; so as to. Note that quite often in
English in order (so as) is left out:
Чтобы говорЏть по-рѓсски без акцЎнта, нЌдо жить (In order) to speak Russian without an accent,
лет дЎсять в РоссЏи. (one) must live around ten years in Russia.
НЌдо кЌждый день занимЌться чтобы получЌть One must study every day (in order) to get good
хорђшие отмЎтки. grades,
Чтобы хорошђ спать, нЌдо пЎред сном почитЌть о (In order) to sleep well, (one/you) should read a
глагђлах движЎния. little about Verbs of Motion before going to bed.
ПереведЏте на рѓсский. All uses of чтобы are possible here.
1. My mother wants me to brush my teeth. 2. In order to become actor, one must brush (one’s)
hair every evening.
3. One must work in order to live. 4. They don’t want us to eat breakfast without them.
5. He doesn’t want her to cry. 6. To feel good, one must run every morning.

одевЌй+…ся // 1. ОнЌ встЌла, бѕстро одЎлась и 1. She got up, quickly got dressed, and left.
одЎн+…ся ушлЌ.
2. Why does it always take you so long to
2. Почемѓ ты всегдЌ так мЎдленно get dressed?
одевЌешься?
3. Hurry up and get dressed. We’re already
3. ОдЎнься бѕстро. Мы ужЎ late.
опЌздываем.
причёсывай+…ся // 4. Мој сестрЌ кЌждое ѓтро цЎлый час 4. My sister brushes her hair for an hour
×
причеса+…ся причёсывается. every morning.
5. Я принялЌ душ, одЎлась, 5. I took a shower, got dressed, combed my
причесЌлась и пошлЌ в hair, and took off for the university.
университЎт.
зуб 6. У негђ ђчень прямѕе и чЏстые 6. He has very straight and clean teeth.
зѓбы.
чЏсти+ // по- 7. He doesn’t brush his teeth every day.
7. Он не кЌждый день чЏстит зѓбы.
8. Masha smoked for around 20 years and
8. МЌша курЏла лет двЌдцать, и её her teeth turned (became) yellow.
зѓбы стЌли жёлтыми.
зЌвтрaкай+ // по- 9. Ты ужЎ позЌвтракал? 9. Have you had breakfast already?
10. ДавЌй бѕстро позЌвтракаем. 10. Let's grab a quick breakfast.
×
доходи+ // дойтЏ 11. Он дошёл до останђвки и сел на 11. He walked as far as the bus stop and sat
скамЎйку. down on a bench.
останђвка 12. Вы не знЌете, где здесь останђвка? 12. Do you know where the bus stop is
around here?
×
обмЌнывай+ // обману+ 13. Я емѓ не вЎрю. Он всех 13. I don't believe him. He deceives
обмЌнывает. everyone.
14. Тебј обманѓли. Этот самовЌр не 14. You were cheated. This samovar is not
старЏнный. antique.
чтобы + Infinitive 15. Чтобы получЌть хорђшие отмЎтки, 15. In order to get good grades, you have to
нЌдо занимЌться. study.
×
переходи+ // перейтЏ 16. Будь осторђжен, когдЌ ты 16. Be careful when you cross the street.
перехђдишь ѓлицу.
весёлый 17. НЏна всегдЌ такЌя весёлая! 17. Nina is always so cheerful!
18. Нам бѕло вЎсело у Лёвы. 18. We had a good time at Lyova’s place.
грѓбый 19. Я терпЎть не могѓ грѓбых людЎй. 19. I can't stand rude people.
20. Не будь такЏм грѓбым! 20. Don't be so rude.
больнЏца 21. Егђ увезлЏ в больнЏцу. 21. He was taken away to the hospital.
22. В ітой больнЏце все врачЏ дуракЏ. 22. All the doctors in this hospital are fools.
бђл(е)н, больнЌ, 23. Не беспокђй мої бЌбушку, онЌ 23. Don't bother my grandmother. She's very
больнѕ ђчень больнЌ. ill.

24. Я не могѓ сегђдня прийтЏ, я бђлен. 24. I can't come today. I'm sick.
сЎрдце 25. Ты дѓмаешь сЎрдцем, а не головђй. 25. You think with your heart and not your
head.
26. У негђ что-то с сЎрдцем. НЌдо
пойтЏ к врачѓ. 26. He has something wrong with his heart.
He should go to the doctor's.
назЌд 27. Мы познакђмились мЎсяц назЌд. 27. We met a month ago.
28. Всё бѕло лѓчше пятьдесјт лет 28. Everything was better 50 years ago.
назЌд.
инфЌркт 29. Мой дЎдушка ѓмер от инфЌркта. 29. My grandfather died of a heart attack.
30. У ВЎриной бЌбушки был инфЌркт 30. Vera's grandmother had a heart attack a
полторЌ мЎсяца назЌд. month and a half ago.
беспокђи+ // по- 31. Я не хотЎл бы вас беспокђить, но 31. I don't want to trouble you but I need
мне нужнѕ іти стѓлья. those chairs.
32. Мы не хотЏм тебј беспокђить 32. We don't want to trouble you with our
нЌшими проблЎмами. problems.
профессорЌ 33. Все профессорЌ в ПрЏнстоне 33. All the professors at Princeton are kooky.
чђкнутые.
34. I don't envy professors at Harvard.
34. Я не завЏдую профессорЌм в
ГЌрварде.
по коридђру 35. Он мЎдленно шёл по коридђру и 35. He slowly walked down the hall, carrying
нёс самовЌр. a samovar.
знакђмый 36. У тебј ђчень знакђмое лицђ. 36. You have a very familiar face.
37. КогдЌ я шёл по коридђру, я 37. As I was walking down the hall, I heard
услѕшал знакђмые гoлосЌ. familiar voices.
голосЌ 38. Мне не нрЌвятся их голосЌ. 38. I don't like their voices.
×
входи+ // войтЏ 39. Он вошёл в кђмнату и сел нЌ пол. 39. He walked into the room and sat on the
floor.
пЌдай+ // упад́+ в 40. КогдЌ я увЏдел её, я упЌл в 40. When I saw her, I fainted.
ђбморок ђбморок.
41. Lyuda faints about three times a week.
41. Лїда рЌза три в недЎлю пЌдает в
ђбморок.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7. реЌкция – reaction
" УпражнЎние 2 Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the plural noun
1. Все моЏ _______________________________________________ дуракЏ! (professors)
2. Вы знЌете егђ _______________________________________________? (brothers)
3. Вы читЌли ромЌн «ДвенЌдцать _________________________________________»? (chairs)
4. Я не завЏдую её ___________________________________________. (friends)
5. Нью-Йорк и ЧикЌго большЏе _________________________________________________. (cities)
S20-6
1. When he saw Sara, he almost fainted.
2. I bursh my teeth three times a day.
3. My grandmother had a heart attack six months ago. Thank goodness, now she's OK (she's in order).
обЏде+ offend
PRESENT PAST
я ______________________________________ он ______________________________________
вы ______________________________________ онЌ ______________________________________
онЏ ______________________________________ онЏ ______________________________________
IMPER ___________________________________ INF ______________________________________
S20-7
РасскЌз: А вдруг он менј обмЌнывал...
And what if he was deceiving me...
А вдруг он менј обмЌнывал... And what if he was deceiving me....

1 Љто всё произошло шестнЌдцатого мЌя. Я никогдЌ ______________________________
2 ітот день.
3 ШестнЌдцатого мЌя __________________________________________________________,
4 _____________________________, одЎлась, причесЌлась, почЏстила зѓбы и позЌвтракала.
5 Я вѕшла из общежЏтия, _____________________________________________________
6 (напрЌво), дошлЌ до останђвки, ___________________________________________________
7 и поЎхала в университЎт. КогдЌ _______________________________________, я дѓмала о
8 МЏте. Мђжет быть, он не такђй __________________________________________________,
9 какЏм я его представлјла. _________________________________________ моЏ родЏтели
10 бѕли прЌвы и мы ничегђ не знЌем _____________________________________________. А
11 вдруг он менј обмЌнывал и прђсто хђчет __________________________________________,
12 чтобы уЎхать из РоссЏи. ТепЎрь всё понјтно…. Нет, не мђжет быть.
13 Я вѕшла из автђбуса и стЌла переходЏть ѓлицу, когдЌ _____________________________
14 ______________________________________________________.
15 — ПривЎт, Лёвочка! ________________________________________________?
16 — У менј ______________________________________________________, но, кЌжется,
17 вы с МЏтей __________________________________________________________. Сїзан мне
18 рассказЌла об ітом.
19 — РЌньше ____________________________________________________________, такђй
20 весёлый, а ____________________________________________ он стал ђчень грѓбым.
21 Ничегђ не понимЌю.
22 — СЌра, мђжет быть, _________________________________________________________,
23 но ты знЌешь, что МЏтин отЎц в больнЏце? Он ђчень бђлен. У негђ что-то с сЎрдцем.
24 КонЎчно, ты знЌешь, ____________________________________________________ назЌд у
25 негђ был инфЌркт. КЌжется, у негђ мЎсяц назЌд _____________________________________
26 случЏлось с сЎрдцем.
27 — Нет, _________________________________________________________________.
28 МЏтя ни слђва не говорЏл мне об ітом. Почемѓ он іто скрывЌл от менј?
29 — НавЎрно, он не хотЎл тебј беспокђить _______________________________________.
РасскЌз: Часть ДвадцЌтая (Текст)-1

30 Я егђ хорошђ понимЌю.

31 Я звонЏла МЏте, ____________________________________________________________.
32 Все егђ профессорЌ _____________________________________________________________
33 ____________________________________________________.
34 _________________________________________________ я пришлЌ в общежЏтие.
35 ЧЎстно говорј, я ужЎ ____________________________________________________________.
36 КудЌ он исчЎз?
37 КогдЌ я шла по коридЏру, я ___________________________________________________
38 знакђмые голосЌ _______________________________________. _______________________,
39 кто-то____________________________________________ ссђрился.
40 Я вошлЌ в кђмнату и увЏдела всех – МЏтю, Рђберта, ЛЏнду и моЏх родЏтелей. Я
41 ____________________________________________ упЌла в ђбморок.

Story − Part 19
СловЌрь
There are quite a number of Verbs of Motion with prefixes, which we will discuss in a later lesson.
4 причёсывай+…ся // comb (brush) one’s hair

×
причеса+…ся
4 зуб tooth
чЏсти+ // по- brush one’s teeth
4 зЌвтрaкай+ // по- eat breakfast
зЌвтрак breakfast
×
6 доходи+ // дойтЏ reach (by foot); go as far as
6 останђв/ка (о) bus stop
×
11 обмЌнывай+ // обману+ deceive; trick (Shifting stress occurs in the Perfective Future, not the Past
× ×
Tense. This is similar to писа+, причеса+…ся)
12 чтобы + Infinitive in order to
×
13 переходи+ // перейтЏ cross (street)
20 весёлый cheerful; happy
20 грѓбый rude
23 больнЏца hospital
23 бђл(е)н, больнЌ, больнѕ sick (Short form adjective)
23 сЎрдце heart (Related to cardiac)
24 (томѓ) назЌд ago (Томѓ is optional, though a bit more bookish.)
25 инфЌркт heart attack
29 беспокђи+ // по- cause someone to worry; trouble; disturb (Note that this verb takes a direct object,
while беспои+...ся – with ся – does not. More on this later.)
32 профессорЌ (This is the Nominative Plural – See the grammar explanation.)
37 по коридђру down the hall (Note that this is a different meaning of по + Dative than we saw in
Мы Ўздили по Еврђпе We drove around/toured Europe)
38 знакђмый familiar
38 голосЌ (This is the Nominative Plural – See the grammar explanation.)
×
40 входи+ // войтЏ enter; walk into
41 пЌдай+ // упад́+ в ђбморок faint (Lit.: fall into a fainting spell)

ГраммЌтика: A. -ся (-сь)
Б. Сам
РасскЌз – ПослЎдняя Часть: ГраммЌтика
S21.A The Multifaceted World of -ся / -сь
First things first:
Verbs in -ся (-сь) are never followed by an Accusative Direct Object
The verbal particle -ся (-сь after vowels) has several meanings. The one absolute rule is that you never get a
direct object in Accusative following a verb in -ся.1 So, all -ся verbs are intransitive. (In case you forgot, a
transitive verb takes a direct object. hit, see, buy are transitive; ache, smile, travel are intransitive). Let’s look at
the various meanings of -ся:
1) Subject = Object: True Reflexive Verb – Он помѕлся He washed himself
When the action of the verb reflects back onto the subject (the subject performs the action on him/herself), -ся
indicates a reflexive verb:
Transitive Verbs True Reflexive Verbs (-ся)

Кђля помѕл сѕна. Кђля помѕлся.
Kolya washed (his) son. Kolya washed himself.
ЛЌра причесЌла дђчь. ЛЌра причесЌлась.

Lara brushed (her) daughter’s hair. Lara brushed her (own) hair..
БЌбушка одЎла внѓка. БЌбушка одЎлась.

Grandmother dressed (her) grandson. Grandmother got dressed.
For reasons that escape us, many textbooks refer to all -ся verbs as reflexive. It is true that all -ся verbs are
intransitive, but not all are reflexive.
1
To be perfectly honest, after the verb бој+...ся it is possible to find the Accusative: Я боїсь НатЌшу. The Genitive is also
correct: Я боїсь НатЌши.
Рассказ: ПослЎдняя Часть (ГраммЌтика)-1
2) Subjects = Objects: Reciprocal Verbs – ОнЏ поцеловЌлись They kissed (each other)
Some verbs with -ся have a reciprocal meaning, i.e., the action is not reflected back onto the subject, but rather
from one person to another. So, the verb целовЌ+...ся does not mean kiss oneself, but kiss each other. In many
cases the reciprocal meaning of -ся is equivalent to a transitive verb with друг дрѓга (but not always – it’s
complicated). By definition, reciprocal verbs must be plural.
Transitive Verbs Reciprocal Verbs

Я поцеловЌл её. Мы поцеловЌлись.
I kissed her. We kissed (each other).
КЏра встрЎтила менј. Мы встрЎтились.

Kira met me. We met (one another).
ОнЏ вЏдели друг дрѓга. ОнЏ чЌсто вЏдятся.

They saw each other. They often see each other.
Make the transitive verb a -ся verb. Keep the same subject.
1. ОнЌ мѕла сѕна. 2. Он её поцеловЌл.

3. Я встрЎтил их. 4. Я причесЌла мать.
5. МЌть одЎла дочь. 6. Мы их чЌсто вЏдим.

3) Object becomes Subject (sometimes): Урђк нЌчалсј The lesson began

In many cases when -ся is added to a transitive verb, the direct object (Accusative) of the transitive sentence
becomes the subject (Nominative) of the intransitive sentence. Make sure that the -ся verb agrees with the new
subject – and not the old subject of the transitive sentence:
Transitive Verbs Intransitive Verbs

Direct Object becomes Subject of -ся Verb
ПрофЎссор нЌчал урђк (ACC). Урђк (NOM) нЌчалсј.
The professor started the lesson. The lesson started.
ПрофЎссор кђнчил лЎкцию (ACC). ЛЎкция (NOM) кђнчилась.

The professor ended the lecture. The lecture ended.
Мы открѕли дверь (ACC). Дверь (NOM) открѕлась.

We opened the door. The door opened.
ОнЏ закрѕли окнђ (ACC). Окнђ (NOM) закрѕлось.

They closed the window. The window closed.
ХЏмия интересѓет СЌшу (ACC). СЌша (NOM) интересѓется

Chemistry interests Sasha. хЏмией.
Sasha is interested in chemistry.
Я сломЌл телевЏзор (ACC). ТелевЏзор (NOM) сломЌлся.

I broke the TV. The TV broke.
Он продЌл мне самовЌр (ACC). Здесь продаїтся самовЌры (NOM).

He sold me a samovar. Samovars are sold here.
In some cases the -ся verb is not the exact intransitive of the transitive verb. Sometimes the difference between
the two verbs is rather quirky (повернѓ+ vs. повернѓ+…ся, for example):
Subject of -ся Verb is not from Transitive non-ся Verb

Он вернѓл мне дЎньги. Мы вернѓлись домђй.
He returned the money to me. We returned home.
МЌша повернѓла напрЌво. МЌша повернѓлась.

Masha turned to the right. Masha turned around.
Turn the transitive verb into a -ся verb.
1. ПрофЎссор нЌчал урђк. 2. ВЌдик вернѓл кнЏгу в библиотЎку.

3. Егђ интересѓет рѓсская литератѓра. 4. ОнЌ кђнчила фильм.
5. Он открѕл дверь. 6. ОнЏ продаїт машЏны.
7. ОнЌ сломЌла вЌзу. 8. Мы закрѕли окнђ.

4) No clearly obvious meaning to -ся: Мы смејлись We laughed

For a number of verbs, it is hard to see precisely what meaning the -ся carries. Such verbs do not have a “non-ся”
counterpart (there’s no бој+, смеј+). We’ll call these “meaningless -ся” verbs. (The verbs themselves are not
meaningless, the -ся is.)
“Meaningless -ся” Verbs

Чегђ ты боЏшься?
What are you afraid of?
Мы не над тобђй смеёмся.

We’re not laughing at you.
Я тобђй восхищЌюсь.
I admire you. / I think you’re great.
Я занимЌюсь три часЌ

кЌждый день.2
I study three hours every day
5) Strange but true: Imperfective has -ся, Perfective doesn’t – Он ложЏлся / лёг He went to bed
We’ve had three pairs of verbs where the Imperfective has -ся, while the Perfective does not. (This goes to show
why it’s basically impossible to give a nice, neat definition of what -ся means – the Imperfective has the same
“meaning” as the Perfective, so how could the former have -ся and but not the latter? One of life’s mysteries.)
Imperfective: -ся Perfective: No -ся

Я обѕчно ложѓсь в час. ВчерЌ я леглЌ часЌ в четѕре.
I usually go to bed at 1:00. Last night I went to sleep around 4.
СадЏсь! Он сел на дивЌн.

Have a seat. He sat down on the sofa.
Станђвится хђлодно. Вдруг стЌло теплђ.

It’s getting cold. It got warm suddenly.
1. Vera used to go to bed at 1:00. 2. Yesterday Vera went to bed at 12:00.

3. What is he afraid of? 4. He greatly admires his father.
5. It’s getting interesting. 6. It got cold.
7. Whom are you laughing at? 8. He studies 12 hours a day.
9. He walked in and sat down on the floor. 10. Have a seat!
2
Technically, there does exist a verb занимЌй+ occupy, but занимЌй+...ся has really acquired a separate meaning.
S21.Б (By) Oneself: Сам, Самђ, СамЌ, СЌми
To express oneself, by oneself, use the Nounjective сам (самђ, самЌ, сЌми – note the very strange stress pattern,
where the Neuter and Feminine are end-stressed, while the Masculine and Plural are stem-stressed.). In effect,
сам adds emphasis, and is not required. Сам normally appears either directly following the subject or following
the verb phrase – though you shouldn’t be shocked to find it in other positions. For now, stick to the Nominative
Case (by far the most common).
Meanings of сам:
1) Emphatic – I myself / my (very) self (and no one else)
ОнЏ сЌми тебЎ іто сказЌли? Did they themselves tell you that?
Вы сЌми понимЌете, что іто бѕло невозмђжно. You yourself understand that it was impossible.
ПрезидЎнт сам мне позвонЏл. The president himself called me.
2) By oneself (without help of another)
Ты самЌ іто сдЎлала? Did you do it (by) yourself? (No one assisted you?)
Я не могѓ повЎрить, что он сам написЌл іто I can’t believe that he wrote the paper by himself.
сочинЎние.
Я всё сдЎлаю сам. I’ll do everything myself.
With inanimate subjects, there can be a “mysterious” quality to сам:
Дверь открѕлась самЌ. The door opened by itself.

Окнђ самђ закрѕлось. The window closed by itself.
РЌдио самђ автоматЏчески отключЌется. The radio turns itself off automatically.
Add the appropriate form of сам / самђ / самЌ / сЌми. Don’t worry if your word order differs
from the tape:
1. Я написЌл учЎбник. 2. ОнЏ вѕпили всё винђ.

3. Дверь открѕлась. 4. Компьїтер отключЏлся. turned off
5. ВЌся іто придѓмал. 6. ВЎра испеклЌ хлеб.
7. Мы знЌем, какђй он занѓда . 8. РомЌн нЌчалсј
9. Мы укрЌли все деньги из бЌнка. 10. Ікна закрылись.

S21.В Sample Sentence
происхђдит / 1. Что здесь происхђдит? 1. What's happening here?

произошлђ 2. КогдЌ іто всё произошлђ? 2. When did that all happen?
закЌнчивай+ // закђнчи+ 3. ПрофЎссор закђнчил урђк. 3. The professor ended the lesson.
4. Я закђнчил диссертЌцию недЎлю 4. I finished my dissertation a week ago.
назЌд.
кончЌй+...ся // 5. ВесЎнний семЎстр кончЌется в мЌе. 5. The spring semester ends in May.
кђнчи+...ся 6. Фильм кђнчится минѓт чЎрез 6. The film will end in around 20 minutes.
двЌдцать.
срЌзу 7. Я вошёл в кђмнату и срЌзу сел на 7. I walked into the room and immediately
дивЌн. sat down on the sofa.
8. Я пришёл домђй и срЌзу позвонЏл 8. I came home and immediately called the
в милЏцию. police.
при чём тут + 9. При чём тут родЏтельный падЎж? 9. What does the Genitive Case have to do
Nominative 10. При чём тут НЏна? with anything?
10. What does Nina have to do with
anything?
комѓ жЌлко, что 11. Мне жЌлко, что ты не смђжешь 11. I feel bad / It's a shame that you can't
прийтЏ. come.
12. ЖЌлко, что ты егђ не вЏдела. 12. It's too bad that you didn't see him.
весЎнний (soft!) 13. КакЏе у тебј плЌны на весЎнние 13. What are your plans for spring break?
канЏкулы? 14. The spring semester starts in February.
14. ВесЎнний семЎстр начинЌется в
февралЎ.
ромЌн 15. КЌжется, у них был ромЌн. 15. I think they had an affair.
16. У моЎй бЌбушки был ромЌн с 16. My grandmother had an affair with JFK.
Джђном КЎнниди.
начинЌй+...ся // 17. КогдЌ урђк начинЌется? 17. When does the class start?
{начн+´...ся / нача+...ся} 18. Фильм нЌчалсј минѓт дЎсять назЌд. 18. The film started around ten minutes ago.
нЌчалсј, началЌсь,
нЌчалЏсь
начЌться
сам -Ќ, -ђ, -и 19. Я сам ничегђ не могѓ сдЎлать. 19. I myself can't do anything.
20. Вы сЌми понимЌете, что іто бѕло 20. You yourself understand that it was
невозмђжно. impossible.
поворЌчивай+...ся // 21. Он повернѓлся и вѕшел из 21. He turned around and walked out of the
повернѓ+...ся (к комѓ) кђмнаты. room.
22. ПовернЏсь ко мне. Я хочѓ тебЎ 22. Turn around toward me. I want to show
что-то показЌть. you something.
{узнай+´ / узнавЌй+ } // 23. Я вчерЌ узнЌл, что мой отЎц 23. I found out yesterday that my father
узнЌй+ рабђтает в ЦРУ. works for the CIA.

24. Мы зЌвтра узнЌем, приЎдет ли 24. We'll find out tomorrow whether Masha
МЌша. is coming.
ситуЌция 25. Что ты знЌешь о ситуЌции в 25. What do you know about the situation in
ЮгослЌвии? Yugoslavia?
26. У менј ђчень непријтная ситуЌция 26. I’m having a unpleasant time with
с деньгЌми. money.
слђжный 27. Он зЌдал мне ђчень слђжный 27. He asked me a very complex question.
вопрђс.
во-пЎрвых 28. Во-пЎрвых, я вас плђхо знЌю… 28. First of all, I don’t know you very well…
29. Во-пЎрвых, мы живём не в дђме, а 29. First of all, we don’t live in a house, we
в квартЏре… live in an apartment…
невозмђжно 30. Невозмђжно не любЏть рѓсскую 30. It's impossible not to love Rusian
граммЌтику. grammar.
31. Егђ невозмђжно понјть. Он 31. It’s impossible to understand him. He
слЏшком бѕстро говорЏт. talks too fast.
бизнесмЎн 32. Мой дјдя – богЌтый бизнесмЎн. 32. My uncle is a rich businessman.
ЦРУ 33. ЦРУ в ВирджЏнии. 33. The CIA is in Virginia.
34. Пђсле ПрЏнстона я хочѓ рабђтать в 34. After Princeton, I want to work for the
ЦРУ. CIA.
шпиђн 35. Мой дЎдушка был шпиђном. 35. My grandfather was a spy.
36. Джеймс Бђнд – извЎстный 36. James Bond is a famous English spy.
англЏйский шпиђн.
тђлько что 37. Я тђлько что узнЌл от ВЎры, что вы 37. I just found out from Vera that you got
поженЏлись. Поздравлјю. married. Congratulations!
38. Он тђлько что ушёл. 38. He just left.
-шник 39. Егђ отЎц был кагебЎшник. 39. His father was a KGB agent.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. (2-3 sentences)
" УпражнЎние 2 Fill in the blanks with the correct form of a verb, paying attention to ±ся
1. Мы _____________________________________ дверь.
2. Дверь самЌ __________________________________________.
3. ПрофЎссор __________________________________________ урђк.
4. Урђк _______________________________________________ в два часЌ.
5. Я обѕчно _____________________________________________ go to sleep в два.
S21-8
6. ВчерЌ я ____________________________________________ в три. (same action as 5)
7. Я принялЌ душ, ____________________________________ и __________________________________.
8. Он ________________________________________ её в гѓбы.
9. ОнЏ дђлго ______________________________________________________. (same action as 8)
10. Я вѕшла из общежЏтия и ____________________________________ налЎво.
1. I myself just found out that my father is a spy and that my mother works for the CIA.
2. What does Masha have to do with it?
3. I turned away from (think!) Mitya and left the room.
×
служи+ serve (in the army)
PRESENT PAST
я ______________________________________ он ______________________________________
вы ______________________________________ онЌ ______________________________________
онЏ ______________________________________ онЏ ______________________________________
IMPER ___________________________________ INF ______________________________________
S21-9
РасскЌз: Что здесь происхђсдит?
What is going on here?
Что здесь происхђдит? What is going on here?

1 — Что здесь происхђдит? ___________________________________________________.
2 Рђберт, что ты здесь дЎлаешь? А, ты, ЛЏнда, ужЎ закђнчила_________________________? –
4 — СемЎстр кђнчился ____________________________________, и мы решЏли срЌзу
5 поЎхать сюдЌ, __________________________________________________________________,
6 – сказЌла ЛЏнда.
7 — Рђберт, скажЏ ________________________________, ты _______________________
8 _____________________________ с Джѓди? — спросЏла я.
9 — При чём тут Джѓди? СЌра, нам бѕло ђчень жЌлко, что ______________________
10 на свЌдьбе, – сказЌл Рђберт.
11 — На свЌдьбе? _________________________________________________________? —
13 — Мы с ЛЏндой поженЏлись ________________________________________________,
14 во врЎмя весЎнних канЏкул. РЌзве ты ничегђ не написЌла СЌре об этом?, – спросЏл Рђберт.
15 — СЌра, я тебј обмЌнывала. МЎжду Рђбертом и Джѓди __________________________
16 __________________________. Но мы с Рђбертом ____________________________________
17 _______________________________, и я прђсто не моглЌ написЌть тебЎ об ітом. Мне не
18 ____________________, __________________________________________, — сказЌла Линда.
19 — Кто из вас нЌчал пЎрвый ітот ромЌн, ты Џли он? — спросЏла я.
20 — НевЌжно, кто іто нЌчал. __________________________ — роман нЌчалсј сам, —
21 сказЌла ЛЏнда.
22 — Да, ну вас всех! Я бђльше не _________________________________________. Я вас
23 ненавЏжу!!, – накричЌла я на них. Рђберт с ЛЏндой ушлЏ.
24 _______________________________________________!
25 Потђм я повернѓлась к МЏте.
26 — МЏтя, как твой отЎц? Я тђлько что узнЌла от Лёвы, ___________________________
27 _____________________________. Почемѓ ты мне ничегђ не сказЌл об ітом?, – спросЏла я.
28 — СЌра, ситуЌция ђчень слђжная. Во-пЎрвых, СЌра, я тебј люблї и бѓду тебј
29 любЏть до концЌ ________________________________________________! – отвЎтил МЏтя.
РасскЌз: ПослЎдняя Часть (Текст)-1

30 — МЏтя, мој любђвь! Я хочѓ быть с тобђй всегдЌ! ______________________________

31 _____________________________________! – сказЌла я.
32 — СЌра, я _____________________________________________________________, но я
33 боїсь, что іто невозмђжно, – сказЌл МЏтя.
34 — Как это «невозмђжно»? Ѓсли мы лїбим друг дрѓга, ___________________________
35 _____________________________________, – сказЌла я.
36 — СпросЏ ___________________________________________, онЏ тебЎ всё скЌжут, –
37 сказЌл МЏтя.
38 — При чём тут моЏ родЏтели? Ничегђ не понимЌю, – сказЌла я и повернѓлась к отцѓ.
39 — СЌра, _____________________________________________________. ДЎло в том, что
40 я не прђсто бизнесмЎн. Я рабђтаю в ЦРУ. Мы ______________________________________
41 _______________________. Ѓсли вы с МЏтей пожЎнитесь,...ну, я дЌже ___________________
42 _______________________________________________, – сказЌл мой отЎц.
43 — А почемѓ? __________________________________________________________? –
44 сказЌла я. – Он не шпиђн.
45 Я ________________________________________________________________________.
46 — СЌра, дЎло в том, что сам я не шпиђн, но _____________________________________
47 в КГБ. Я сам тђлько что узнЌл, что твой отЎц ЦРУ-шник. Вот почемѓ мы ссђрились, СЌра.
48 _____________________________________________________, твой отЎц прав, невозмђжно,
49 чтобы мы ___________________ вмЎсте.
50 — Не мђжет быть! Твой отЎц профЎссор фЏзики. Я же ___________________________
51 _____________________________________ вЏдела егђ кабинЎт в университЎте, – сказЌла я.
52 — _____________________________________________ к немѓ пришлЏ и «попросЏли»
53 чтобы он им «помђг». ОтказЌть ітим лїдям _______________________________________ и
54 прђсто невозмђжно. Я дѓмаю, что ты самЌ понимЌешь. СЌра, __________________________.
55 До свидЌния, мој мЏлая.
56 МЏтя __________________________________________________________________,
57 повернѓлся и ушёл. Я егђ бђльше никогда не вЏдела.
58 Мы с родЏтелями уЎхали ________________________________________________.
59 ___________________________________________________________________________
60 __________________________________________________________________________ …

Story − Part 19
СловЌрь
1 происхђдит / произошлђ happen; occur; take place (Here we give the Present and Past Perfective, the
most common forms. This verb almost always appears in the 3rd person singular.)
2 закЌнчивай+ // закђнчи+ finish; complete (More in grammar explanation)
4 кончЌй+...ся // кђнчи+...ся (come to an) end (More in grammar explanation)
9 при чём тут + Nominative what does [Noun] have to do with anything here?
9 комѓ жЌлко, что Person feels sorry/regrets that...
11 весЎнний (soft!) adjective from веснЌ
19 ромЌн romance (In addition to novel)
20 начинЌй+...ся // {начн+´...ся / begin – Intransitive (More in grammar explanation)
нача+...ся}
20 сам -Ќ, -ђ, -и oneself (More in grammar explanation)
22 да, ну + Accusative the heck with Person
23 ненавЏде+ hate
25 поворЌчивай+...ся // 1) with к: turn towards Person
повернѓ+...ся (к комѓ)
2) without к: turn around
26 {узнай+´ / узнавЌй+ +} // узнЌй+ find out; learn; discover
28 ситуЌция situation
28 слђж/ный (e) complicated; complex
28 во-пЎрвых first of all; in the first place
30 любoвь´ (o) (Feminine) love
33 невозмђжно impossible
40 бизнесмЎн businessman
40 ЦРУ CIA (ЦентрЌльное РазведывЌтельное УправлЎние)
44 шпиђн spy
47 тђлько что just (recently)
47 -шник agentive suffix (Also: КГБ-шник)
49 невозмђжно чтобы + Past it’s impossible for (X to happen)

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SLA101 Fall Semester Schedule

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday

*Lessons 27 and 29 do not exist! (It’s a long story)

понедЎльник втђрник средЌ четвЎрг пјтница

Диалђг A. ПривЎт! Как делЌ? Hi! How’s it going?

Диалђг Б. Что слѕшно? What’s up?

Њра 6 НЏна, привЎт! Что слѕшно? Nina, hi! What’s up?

(Numbers following words and phrases below refer to lines in dialogue)

1.А Informal vs. Formal Forms of Address (Introduction)

1.Б Russian Has No Verb To Be in the Present Tense

1.В Russian to English: Fixed Expressions

) NOTE ON CHAPTER ONE:

ВЎра: 1 ЗдрЌвствуй, МЏша! Как дeлЌ? Hi, Misha! How’s it going?

2.А The Russian Аlphabet - Part I

 Listen and repeat:

RUSSIAN LETTER APPROXIMATE SOUND

Т/т t as in stop (with the tongue against the upper teeth)

TWO IMPORTANT NOTES:

 Listen and repeat (keeping in mind the above two notes):

 Listen and repeat:

RUSSIAN LETTER APPROXIMATE SOUND

Н/н n as in no (tongue against the upper teeth)

Р/р r as in run (but trilled)

С/с s as in set (also: с as in ice)

Х/х no exact English equivalent (roughly ch as is Bach or Scottish Loch)

 Listen and repeat:

Do Oral Exercise 1 in the Homework (page 2-6) now!

 Listen and repeat:

RUSSIAN LETTER APPROXIMATE SOUND

Д/д d as in day (with the tongue against upper teeth)

Ж/ж zh as in Zhivago (also: s as in pleasure)

 Listen and repeat:

Pronounced as [v] in the combinations -его / -ого at the end of a word:

Ё/ё (this letter is always stressed in the word)

RUSSIAN~STAR WARS CONNECTION?

Do Oral Exercise 2 in the Homework now!

 Exercise 1 Circle the word you hear:

1. нос сон сан сун

2. номЎнт мумЎнт мемЌнт момЎнт

3. мукЌ мѓка мокЌ мѓку

4. реЌтор ракЌта ракЎта ракЎту

5. нѓта нЌта нђту нђта

6. хѓнта хорвЌт кѓнта сѓнта

7. Ђва Ѓву Ѓва Іва

8. Марс Маркс Наркс Марх

9. усЌх осЎх усЎх усЌк

10. срок сѓрок сђрок сЌрак

 Exercise 2 Circle the word you hear:

1. ванЌн банѓн банЌн бамЌн

2. Оредђн Орегђн Урегђн Орегѓн

3. дђктор дђхтор дЌктор гђдтор

4. сЌбава забђва зЌбава забЌва

5. бампЏр вампЏр вампЎр вамрЏр

6. сигарЎта сидарЎта гигарЎта сигарЏта

7. ДомЎр Гомѓр ГомЎр ГумЎр

8. тёте тЎте тђто тёта

9. зЌзда жЌжда жЌжга жЎжда

10. Врѓклин Брђклин Брѓхлин Брѓклин

11. Платђн Рлатђн Плитђн Платѓн

12. зупнЌл жорнЎл журнЌл жупнЌл

13. бодЎма богЎма бохЎма вогЎма

14. Аризђна Аризѓна АризЎна Апизђна

15. БорЎс БорЌс ВорЏс БорЏс

Listen and repeat:

Listen and repeat (keeping in mind the above two notes):

Listen and repeat:

Listen and repeat:

Listen and repeat:

Listen and repeat:

Exercise 1 Circle the word you hear:

Exercise 2 Circle the word you hear:

1. атЌка _ 2. пeликЌн _

3. Толстђй _ 4. ЖенЎва _

5. хулигЌн _ 6. НЏксон _

7. ТeхЌс _ 8. баскетбђл _

9. момЎнт _ 10. AйдЌхо _

11. Брѓклин _ 12. тЎннис _

13. каравЌн _ 14. РембрЌндт _

15. зодиЌк _ 16. журнЌл _

17. Бетхђвен _ 18. спагЎтти _

19. Наполеђн _ 20. джаз _

Listen and repeat:

Listen and repeat:

Form questions and give answers:

Exercise 1 Circle the word you hear:

1. саксофђн 2. Мђцарт

3. прЏнтер 4. банЌн

5. грeйпфрѓт 6. цeмЎнт

7. шкђла 8. ріп-мѓзыка

9. экспЎрт 10. бюджЎт

11. Ђнглия 12. солдЌт

13. тeлeвЏзор 14. ресторЌн