ABSTRACT:

The technology used for wireless power transmission is known as witricity.

Wireless power transmission is not a new idea, Nikola Tesla proposed theories of wireless
power transmission in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Tesla's work was impressive, but it did
not immediately lead to wide spread practical methods for wireless power transmission.
Since then many researchers have developed several techniques for moving electricity over
long distances without wires. Some exist only as theories or prototypes, but others are
already in use. In 2006 researchers at Massachusetts Institute of Technology led by Marine
Soijacic discovered an efficient way to transfer power between coils separated by a few
meters. They have dubbed this technology as “witricity”. The physical phenomenon of long-
lifetime resonant electromagnetic states with localized slowly-evanescent field patterns used
to transfer energy efficiently over non-negligible distances like 8 times the radius of the coil,
even in the presence of extraneous environmental objects was experimentally demonstrated.

HISTORY OF WIRELESS POWER:

Wireless power transmission is not new for us. Various methods of

Transmitting power wirelessly have been known for centuries. In 1899, Sir Nikola
Tesla proposed a method to transmit energy over long distances wirelessly using
ElectroMagnetic radiation principle, but such radiation is excellent for wireless
transmission of Information, it is not feasible to Power transmission.

Directed radiation modes like Lasers or highly-directional antennas

can be efficiently used for energy transfer even for long distances but require
existence of an uninterruptible line-of-sight and a complicated tracking system in
the case of mobile objects and also not Eco friendly. So these procedures are
insufficient to Wireless power transmission.

Witricity is a new technology used for wireless power transmission. The

inventors of witricity are the researchers from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
This method is mainly based on the transmission of magnetic energy by taking
two Magnetically Resonant objects in Strongly Coupled regime. The source and
load are coupled to the coils which are magnetically resonant and transmit
energy in the magnetic form in strongly coupled regime. As they are in magnetic
resonance, there is no possibility of external disturbances.
NEED OF WITRICITY:
Now a days there is a Rapid development of autonomous electronics
like laptops, cell-phones, house-hold robots and all the above devices typically
rely on chemical energy storage(Battery) .As they are becoming daily needs to
present generation, Wireless energy transfer would be useful for many
applications as above and they need midrange energy.

If we adopt this witricity concept to these devices, we may eliminate the

problems caused by the batteries. We may use this by fixing on our room ceiling
to charge our devices wirelessly.

BASIC PRINCIPLE:

The basic concept behind Witricity-Wireless Electricity is Magnetic

Resonance. Two resonant objects of the same resonant frequency tend to
exchange energy efficiently, while dissipating relatively little energy in
extraneous off-resonant objects. In systems of coupled resonances, there is often
a general “Strongly Coupled” regime of operation. If one can operate in that
regime in a given system, the energy transfer is expected to be very efficient.
Midrange power transfer implemented in this way can be nearly omni directional
and efficient, irrespective of the geometry of the surrounding space, with low
interference and losses into environmental objects. The above considerations
apply irrespective of the physical nature of the resonances.

THEORETICAL MODEL FOR SELF RESONANT CIRCUITS:

The experimental realization of the scheme consists of two self-resonant coils.

One coil (source coil) is coupled inductively to an oscillating circuit, the other
(device coil) is inductively to a resistive load. Self resonant coils relay on the
interplay between distributed inductance to achieve resonance.

The two coils are made up of an electrically conducting wire of total length l and
cross sectional area a, wound into a helix of n turns, radius r & height h.
When turned on ,the sender coil emits electricity in the form of a magnetic field,
oscillating at a specific frequency in few MHz.

The receiver coil picks up the transmission which must also be resonating at
same frequency, while the rest of the environment is unaffected.

Energy not transferred to the devices is re-absorbed by the source coil.

Figure shows the schematic of the experimental setup. A is a single copper loop
of radius 25 cm that is part of the driving circuit, which outputs a sine wave with
frequency 9.9 MHz. S and D are respectively the source and device coils referred
to in the text. B is a loop of wire attached to the load (light bulb). The various
srepresent direct couplings between the objects indicated by the arrows. The
anglebetween coil Dand the loop A is adjusted to ensure that their direct
coupling is zero. Coils S and D are aligned coaxially. The direct couplings
between B and A and between B and S are negligible.

ANALYSIS:

Coil is resonant, the current and charge density profiles are /2 out of phase
from each other, meaning that the real part of one is maximum when the real part of the other
is zero. Equivalently, the energy contained in the coil is at certain points in time completely
due to the current, and at other points it is completely due to the charge. Using
electromagnetic theory, we can define an effective inductance L and an effective
capacitance C for each coil as follows:

(1)

(2)
where the spatial current J(r) and charge density (r) are obtained respectively from
the current and charge densities along the isolated coil, in conjunction with the geometry of
the object. As defined, L and C have the property that the energy U contained in the coil is
given by

(3)

With this relation and the equation of continuity, the resulting resonant frequency is f0 = 1/[2
(LC)1/2]. This coil can be treated as a standard oscillator in coupled-mode theory by
defining a(t)=[(L/2)1/2]I0(t) according to the coupled mode theory.

The power dissipated can be estimated by noting that the sinusoidal profile of the current
distribution implies that the spatial average of the peak current squared is |I0|2/2. For a coil
with n turns and made of a material with conductivity ,the standard formulas for ohmic (Ro)
and radiation (Rr) resistance can be modified accordingly:

(4)

The first term in Eq. 5 is a magnetic dipole radiation term (assuming r << 2 c/ , where c is
the speed of light); the second term is due to the electric dipole of the coil and is smaller than
the first term for our experimental parameters. The coupled-mode theory decay constant for
the coil is therefore =(Ro + Rr)/2L, and its quality factor is Q = /2 .

The coupling coefficient DS can be found from the power transferred from the source to the
device coil, assuming a steady-state solution in which currents and charge densities vary in
time as exp(i t):

(5)
Where M is the effective mutual inductance, is the scalar potential, A is the vector potential,
and the subscript S indicates that the electric field is due to the source. We then conclude from
standard coupled-mode theory arguments that DS = SD = = M/[2(LSLD1/2)]. When the
distance D between the centers of the coils is much larger than their characteristic size,
scales with the D–3 dependence characteristic of dipole-dipole coupling. Both and are
functions of the frequency, and / and the efficiency are maximized for a particular
value of f, which is in the range 1 to 50 MHz for typical parameters of interest. Thus an
appropriate frequency for a given coil size,plays a major role in optimizing the power transfer.

In order for the power transfer to be efficient, we design the system such that the rate of
energy transfer between the emitter and the receiver is greater than the rate of energy
dissipation.This way the device can capture the energy and use it for useful work before too
much of it get wasted away.

We determine the efficiency of transfer of energy taking place between the source coil and
the load by measuring the current at the midpoint of the self resonant coils with a current
probe.This gives a measurement of the current parameters Is and Id

Then the efficiency can be calculated PS,D = L|IS,D|2 and obtain the efficiency from = PW/
(PS + PD +PW)
ADVANTAGES:

• The main advantages of this system is that we can get electricity anywhere without
wires.

• The nature of power delivery is omni directional i.e. in every direction.

• Magnetic resonances are particularly suitable for everyday application because most
of the common materials do not interact with magnetic fields, so interactions with
environmental objects are suppressed even further.

• Significant decluttering of office space

• No need for meter rooms and electrical closets.

• Reduction of e-waste by eliminating the need for power cords

• Negative health implications - By the use of resonant coupling wave

lengths produced are far lower and thus make it harmless.

• Less costly - The components of transmitter and receivers are cheaper. So this system
is less costly.

DISADVANTAGES:
• Wireless power transmission can be possible only in few meters.

• Efficiency is only about 40%.

• Retrofitting old equipment or purchasing new equipment could become a very

expensive endeavor

• Possibility of “energy theft”. Wi Fi, someone can be using your internet or your
power.

As witricity is in development stage, lot of work is done for improving the

efficiency and distance between transmitter and receiver.

PRACTICALITY AND SAFETY:

• Witricity demonstration is still too recent, and too focused, to produce any definite
conclusions.
 • With the witricity method ,they anticipate transmitting power over distances about a
meter, which is much less than ideal but still very impressive.

• If the technology is improved and honed to a point where it can be “productized", it

stands to turn any number of industries on their respective ears.

• The MIT team said its discovery is different from all previous effort because it uses
“magnetically coupled resonance", which means it will not only be safe but it will be
fairly efficient.

APPLICATIONS:

Witricity has a bright future in providing wireless electricity. There are no

limitations in witricity power applications. Some of the potential applications are powering of
cell phones, laptops and other devices that normally run with the help of batteries or plugging
in wires. Witricity applications are expected to work on the gadgets that are in close
proximity to a source of wireless power, where in the gadgets charges automatically without
necessarily, having to get plugged in. By the use of witricity there is no need of batteries or
remembering to recharge batteries periodically. If a source is placed in each room to provide
power supply to the whole house

Witricity has many medical applications. It is used for providing electric power in
many commercially available medical implantable devices.

Another application of this technology includes transmission of information. It

would not interfere with radio waves and it is cheap and efficient.

CONCLUSION:

Wireless Electricity concept is a boon for devices which uses midrange energy.
The Power transfer is explained with the help of Magnetic resonance and Coupled mode
theory.

The power transfer is not visibly affected as humans and various everyday
objects, such as metals, wood, and electronic devices large and small, are placed between
the two coils—even in cases where they completely obstruct the line of sight between source
and device. External objects have a noticeable effect only when they are within a few
centimetres from either one of the coils. Some materials mostly just shift the resonant
frequency, which can in principle be easily corrected with a feedback circuit; other materials
lower Q when placed closer than a few centimetres from the coil, thereby lowering the
efficiency of the transfer.

Witricity is in development stage, lots of work is to be done to use it for

wireless power applications. Currently the project is looking for power transmission in the
range of 100w. Before the establishment of this technology the detailed study must be done to
check whether it cause any harm on any living beings.

REFERENCES:

An article published in the Science Magazine as “Wireless Power Transfer via Strongly
Coupled Magnetic Resonances” by Andre kurs, Science
317,83(2007);Dol:10.1126/science.1143254.

H. Haus , “Waves and Fields in Optoelectronics”, Prentice hall Publishers, Englewood.

http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice

A. Karalis, J. D. Joannopoulos, M. Solja i , Ann. Phys., 10.1016/j.aop.2007.04.017 (2007).

N. Tesla, U.S. patent 1,119,732 (1914).