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Detailed Engineering Design of Chargahawa River Bridge For evaluation
Calculation only.
VOLUMN-III
B. Design of Substructure
1.0 Design Data:
1.1. Materials and its Properties:
Concrete: M20
Reinforcement: Fe415
Design of Data:
Modular Ratio = 10.98
Neutral axis depth factor, n = (mσc)/( mσc+σst) = 0.268
Lever arm factor, j = (1-n/3) = 0.911
Moment of resistance coefficient, R = ½ x n x j x σc = 0.814
h3 = 1.45 m b3 = 0.25 m
h4 = 0.4 m b4 = 0.55 m
h5 = 3.00 m b5 = 0.9 m
h6 = 0.05 m b6 = 0.35 m
Cap overhang, b7 = 0.15 m
Fig. 21
Max. LL on abutment from right side = (11.4*18+11.4*16.8+6.8*12.5+6.8*9.5+6.8*6.5+6.8*3.5)/18
= 68.26 t
impact factor = 1.188
Max LL including Impact, PLL = 81.06 t
Moment due to eccentric load = 10.13 t-m
Fig. 22
Max. LL on abutment from right side = 70x(20-1.8)/20
= 63.70 t
impact factor = 1.10
Max LL including Impact, PLL = 70.07 t
Moment due to eccentric load = 8.76 t-m
Fig. 23
Max. LL on abutment from right side = 20+20x14.8/20
= 34.80 t
impact factor = 1.188
Max LL including Impact, PLL = 41.33 t
Moment due to eccentric load = 5.17 t-m
As per standard design practice, design of abutment would be carried out for case A, and checked
for case B, as given below.
M
Depth of section required = = 691 mm < 910 O.K.
Rb
Clear cover to reinforcement = 75 mm
Effective depth provided = 910 mm
M
=
σ st × j× d
M
Area of steel required for tension, Ast = = 16160 mm2
σ st × j× d
Provide 38 nos. of 25 mm φ bars giving area of steel = 18653
mm2 and spacing 182 mm c/c.
Provide 16 mm φ bars @ 150 mm c/c at the front side of the abutment, giving
area of steel, Ast = 9651 mm2. Provided nos of bars = 48
As per IRC:78-2000, clause 710.10.4 the two layers of mesh reinforcement, one at 20 mm from
top and the other at 100 mm from top of abutment cap each consisting of 8 mm φ bars @ 100 mm
c/c in both directions, shall be provided directly under the bearings.
Design of Backwall:
Horizontal force due to earth pressure = 0.5γs×(h3- h2) ×tan (45 -φ/2) =
2 2 o
0.47 t/m
Which acts at a distance from backwall base = 0.4998 m
Magnitude of surcharge, q = 2.304 t/m2
Horizontal force due to surcharge = q×(h3-h2)×tan2(45o-φ/2) = 0.95 t/m
Which acts at a distance from backwall base = 0.595 m
Self weight of backwall /m width = 0.714 t/m
Live load on back wall considering class AA loading = 10 t
This acts at a distance from backwall toe = 0.125 m
h1 = 1.65 m
h2 = 1.2 m
h3 = 1.30 m
h4 = 0.4 m
b1 = 2.25 m
Thickness of return wall assumed = 250 mm
Average value of earth pressure = 0.5γs×(h1/2+h2/2+1.2) ×tan (45 -φ/2)
2 2 o
= 1.84 t
Acting at a distance from wing wall bottom = 0.7125 m
Moment due to earth pressure = 3.68 t-m/m
Depth required = 178 mm < Provided O.K.
Effective depth provided = 194 mm
Area of steel required = 1369 mm2
Provide 16 mm f bars @ 150 mm c/c, giving area of steel, Ast = 1910
mm2. And provide 12 mm φ bars @ 150 mm c/c as distribution bar in vertical
direction. In the fillet at the joint provide nominal reinforcement of 10 mm φ bars @ 200 mm c/c.
The wing wall would be properly anchored to the abutment, backwall and cap.
Horizontal force acting on the stopper above pier cap @ 10% of vertical load= 7.94 t
Friction resistance = 11.92 t
However as additional factor of safety, assuming an extra lateral force in excess of frictional
resistance taking αR = 0.20 in worst case, Fs = 15.89 t
Difference = 3.97 t
CL of Bearing
4
HFL
MSL
2
LBL
h6 = 0.05 m
HFL above MSL, h7 = 3.28 m
HFL above min. bed level h8 = 5.15 m
MSL below min. bed level, h9 = -1.87 m
Top of foundation base below MSL, h10 = -0.73 m
Depth of pile cap, h11 = 1.1 m
b1 = 1.0 m
b3 = 0.25 m
b4 = 0.55 m
b5 = 0.9 m
b6 = 0.35 m
b7 = 0.15 m
b8 = 0.4 m
b9 = 3.5 m
b10 = 3.1 m
b11 = 1 m
b12 = 3.1 m
Foundation base length, b13 = 7.2 m
B. No LL + Buoyancy Condition
i) Due to abutment body
Load = 85.14 t
Lever arm = -0.13 m
Moment = -10.64 t-m
ii) Due to Backfill and approach slab
Load = 133.93 t
Lever arm = -2.1 m
Moment = -281.25 t-m
iii) Due to soil fill in front of abutment
Load = 0.00
Lever arm = 1.55
Moment = 0.00
Total moment due to abutment + soil filling DL = -291.89 t-m
Resulting Moments
Summary of loads
Case: I
Deducting the bearing capacity of pile cap as a open footing, vertical loads to be taken by piles
= 80.37 t
Loads on each pile due to vertical load = 5.02 t
Axial load on extreme pile due to moment = 12.62 t
Axial load on second row of pile due to moment = 4.02 t
Resultant compressive force on extreme pile = 21.67 t < 40.00 t O.K.
Resultant tensile force on extreme pile = 0.00 t < 40.00 t O.K.
Resultant compressive force on second row of pile= 17.34 t
Coefficient of friction between concrete and clay = 0.20
Friction resistance of cap = 0.00 t
Horizontal force on each pile = 11.17 t
Moment on each piles = 54.72 t-m
Design of piles:
Length of pile, L = 16 m
Diameter of pile, D = 0.7 m
L/D = 22.86 > 12 Hence the pile is designed as long column.
Least radious of gyration, r = 17.5 cm
Reduction coefficient for reduction of stress values is given as,
cr = (1.25-L/48B) = 0.774
Safe stress are,
Permissible direct compressive stress, σco = 3.87 N/mm2
Permissible flexural compressive stress, σco = 5.16 N/mm2
Permissible Flexural Tensile stress, σst = 154.76 Mpa (in steel)
Maximum compressive stress in concrete = 1.50 N/mm2 < 3.869 N/mm2
Case: C
Axial load on extreme pile due to moment = 27.49 t
Resultant compressive force = 65.07 t < 90.00 t O.K.
Resultant tensile force = 0.00 t < 90.00 t O.K.
Horizontal force on each piles = 6.18 t
Moment on each piles = 30.27 t-m
Pu/fckD2 = 0.100
From chart, Mu/fckD3 = 0.106
and Mu = 72.72 t-m
Working moment, M = 48.48 t-m > 30.27 t-m O.K.
Shear stress due to horizontal force = 0.16 N/mm2
Permissible shear strength of concrete = 0.56 N/mm2 O.K.
Lateral Reinforcement:
Lateral reinforcement should be 0.2% of the gross volume. Using dia. 10 mm ties,
we have the volume of one tie = 145577 mm3
If p be the pitch of the ties in mm, then
Volume of pile per pitch length = 384845 p
Hence equating, we get, p = 189 mm
Hence provide dia 10 mm ties at 160 mm c/c in the main body of the pile.