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Course Contents
Chapter 1 Overview
Page 2
Introduction
Handover is the most important part of mobility management .
There are
• Intra-frequency handovers,
• Inter-frequency handovers,
• Inter-system , a.k.a. Inter-Radio Access Technology (RAT),
handovers.
Page 3
Handover types
Intra-Frequency Handovers
Softer handover
Handover between two sectors of the same NodeB (handled by NodeB itself)
Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) occurs in both the UL and DL
Hard handover
Occurs when
• inter-RNC SHO is not possible (Iur not supported or Iur congestion)
• Some high speed data service is required/requested, e.g. HSPA
Decision procedure is the same as SHO (i.e. RNC controlled)
Causes temporary disconnection of the user
Page 4
Handover types
Inter-Frequency Handover
Can be intra-NodeB, intra-RNC, inter-RNC,
Decision algorithm is located in and performed by RNC.
Inter-RAT Handover
Handovers between GSM and WCDMA
Page 5
Comparison between Soft and Softer
Handovers
Page 6
Comparison between Soft and Hard
Handovers
The situation in hard handover. Cells are using the same frequency:
Page 7
Comparison between Soft and Hard
Handovers (cont.)
The situation in soft handover. Cells are using the same frequency:
Page 8
Comparison between Soft and Hard
Handovers (cont.)
Item Soft Handover Hard Handover
Page 10
Comparison between Soft and Hard
Handovers (cont.)
Controlling RNC (C-RNC): A role an RNC can take with respect to a specific
set of Node B's.
There is only one Controlling RNC for any Node B.
The Controlling RNC has the overall control of the logical resources of its
Node B's.
Page 11
Comparison between Soft and Hard
Handovers (cont.)
Serving RNC (S-RNC): A role an RNC can take with respect to a specific
connection between an UE and UTRAN.
There is one Serving RNC for each UE that has a connection to UTRAN.
The Serving RNC is in charge of the radio connection between a UE and the
UTRAN.
The Serving RNC terminates the Iu for this UE.
Page 12
Comparison between Soft and Hard
Handovers (cont.)
Drift RNC (D-RNC): A role an RNC can take with respect to a serving RNC.
It provides macro-diversity combining and splitting.
There could be more than one Drift RNC for a UE.
It performs transparent routing of data on Iub and Iur interfaces.
Page 13
Maximum Ratio Combination
Page 14
Frame Selection Combination
• Decodes the signal received by each cell individually and selects only
one of the correctly decoded blocks for further processing by higher
layers.
Page 15
Frame Selection Combination (cont.)
Page 16
Three Steps of Handover
Measurement Phase
Measurement control vs. Measurement report messages
Measurement execution and the
result processing
Mainly accomplished by UE
Page 17
Measurement Control vs. Message Report
Page 18
Measurement Control vs. Message Report
(cont.)
Intra-frequency soft(er) handover
Page 19
Measurement Control vs. Message Report
(cont.)
Hard handover (intra-frequency or inter-frequency)
Page 20
Course Contents
Chapter 1 Overview
Page 21
Chapter 2 Handover parameters
Page 22
Intra-frequency Measurement Events
Event 1A,A primary pilot channel enters the reporting range. When
the active set of UE is full, UE stops reporting 1A event;
Page 24
Measurement parameters (cont.)
The greater it is, the higher the soft handover relative threshold.
When equal to 0, only the best cell in the active set could impact
on the decision.
Page 25
Measurement parameters (cont.)
• Periodic Reporting,
• Event Reporting.
Metric to be measured:
• CPICH Ec/No,
• CPICH RSCP.
Page 26
Measurement parameters (cont.)
Page 27
Measurement parameters (cont.)
Page 28
Measurement parameters (cont.)
Page 29
Triggering of Event 1A
Event 1A,A primary pilot channel enters the reporting range. When
the active set of UE is full, UE stops reporting 1A event.
Page 30
Triggering of Event 1A (cont.)
• Active Set cells: Cells with which there is a radio link established
through soft(er) handover,
• Monitored Set cells: Neighbours of the cells in the active set. They
could be intra-frequency, inter-frequency and/or inter-system,
• Detected Set cells: Other cells than the above that are detected.
Measurement
quantity
P CPICH 1
Reporting
range
P CPICH 2
P CPICH 3 Time-to-trigger
Reporting Time
event 1A
Page 32
Event 1A from TEMS
Page 33
Triggering of Event 1B
Page 34
Event 1B Chart
Best cell
Best cell-Relative threshold
Page 35
Event 1B from TEMS
Page 36
Impact of Parameters for Events 1A and 1B
Report Range or Relative threshold
• Set values for Events 1A and 1B separately,
• 1A < 1B,which makes deleting RL is more difficult, and it can avoid
ping-pong handover,
• Usually 1A: 3dB; 1B: 6dB,
• Relative thresholds are set separately for CS and PS services!
Time to trigger
• Value for each event can be set separately,
• Usually, 1B>1A,which makes deleting RL is more difficult, and it can
avoid ping-pong handover,
• Usually, 1A: 320ms, 1B: 640ms.
Page 37
Triggering of Event 1C
Measurement
quantity
P CPICH 1
P CPICH 2
P CPICH 3
P CPICH 4
Page 39
Event 1C from TEMS
Page 40
Triggering of Event 1D
Page 41
Event 1D Chart
Measurement
quantity
P CPICH 1
P CPICH 2
P CPICH3
Reporting Time
event 1D
Page 42
Event 1D from TEMS
Page 43
Triggering of Event 1F
Event 1F,A primary pilot in the active set becomes worse than an
absolute threshold;
If there is no more primary pilot left in the active set, RNC may
decide for a blind handover of UE to an inter-frequency cell, if
available.
Page 44
Chapter 2 Handover parameters
Page 45
Inter-frequency handover overview
Inter-frequency handover can be triggered based on
Page 46
Inter-frequency Measurement Events
Page 47
Triggering of Event 2D
Event 2D,When the current signal quality is lower than the preset
threshold, the system enables compressed mode and starts inter-
frequency measurement
Page 48
Event 2D from TEMS
Page 49
After Event 2D
Page 50
After Event 2D (cont.)
Page 51
Compressed Mode
Page 52
Periodical Measurement
Page 53
Periodical Measurement (cont.)
Page 54
Triggering of Event 2F
Event 2F,When the current signal quality is higher than the preset
threshold, the system disables compressed mode and stops inter-
frequency measurement
Page 55
Event 2F from TEMS
Page 56
Triggering of Event 2B
Event 2B,When the current signal quality is lower than the preset
threshold and the signal quality of an inter-frequency neighbouring
cell is also higher than the preset threshold, the system triggers an
inter-frequency handover based on coverage.
Page 57
Triggering of Event 2C
Page 58
Chapter 2 Handover parameters
Page 59
Inter-system handover overview
Application scenario: WCDMA <-> GSM
Advantages
• For coverage, it can solve the problems from one system to another
system,
• For capacity, it can enhance the utilizing efficiency of equipments in
terms of load (GSM->WCDMA).
Disadvantages
Page 61
Inter-system handover overview (cont.)
If handover is based on coverage, then it is either periodical or
based on Event 3A reporting.
Page 62
Periodical Measurement
Page 63
Inter-system handover decision
Event reporting
Event 3C: The estimated quality value of the other system is higher
than an absolute threshold.
Page 64
Triggering of Event 2D
Event 2D,When the current signal quality is lower than the preset
threshold, the system enables compressed mode and starts
measuring inter-system cells:
Page 65
Event 2D from TEMS
Page 66
After Event 2D
Page 67
Triggering of Event 3A
Event 3A :The estimated quality value of the used UTRAN
frequency is lower than a certain threshold, and that of the other
system is higher than a certain threshold.
Page 68
Event 3A from TEMS
Page 69
Triggering of Event 3C
Event 3C : The estimated quality value of the other system is higher
than a absolute threshold.
Page 70
Course Contents
Chapter 1 Overview
Page 71
Chapter 3 Handover procedure
Page 72
Signaling Flow for Soft Handover (add RL)
Page 73
Signaling Flow for Soft Handover (del RL)
Page 74
Signaling Flow for Intra-frequency
Hard Handover
Target Source
UE NODEB SRNC
NODEB
1.RADIO LINK SETUP REQUEST
3.ALCAP establish
5. RADIO LINK
FAILURE INDICATION
7. RADIO LINK
DELETION REQUEST
8. RADIO LINK
DELETION RESPONSE
9.ALCAP release
Page 75
Chapter 3 Handover procedure
Page 76
Signaling Flow for Inter-frequency
Hard Handover (same RNC)
Target Source
UE NODEB SRNC
NODEB
1.RADIO LINK SETUP REQUEST
3.ALCAP established
5. RADIO LINK
FAILURE INDICATION
7. RADIO LINK
DELETION REQUEST
8. RADIO LINK
DELETION RESPONSE
9.ALCAP released
Page 77
Signaling Flow for Inter-frequency
Hard Handover (different RNC)
Page 78
Chapter 3 Handover procedure
Page 79
Signaling Flow for WCDMA to GSM
Handover in CS Domain
UE Node B SRNC CN MSC BSC
1. Relocation
Required 2. Prepare
Handover
3. Handover
Request
4. Handover
Request Ack
5. Prepare
6. Relocation Handover
Command Response
7. DCCH : Handover
from UTRAN Command
8. Handover
Detect
9. Handover Complete
10. Handover
Complete
12. Iu Release 11. Send
Command End
Signal
Request
13. Iu Release
Complete 14. Send End
Signal Response
Page 80
Signaling Flow for WCDMA to GSM
Handover in PS Domain
Page 81
GSM -> WCDMA Handover and Cell
Reselection
In Motorola BSS, GSM -> WCDMA Inter-RAT Handover and Cell-Reselection
functionalities are controlled by the features:
Page 82
GSM -> WCDMA Handover and Cell
Reselection (cont.)
GSM BSS Inter-RAT Handover feature enables a multi-RAT MS:
Page 83
GSM -> WCDMA Handover and Cell
Reselection (cont.)
FR 22879 Enhanced 2G-3G Handovers and Cell Reselection feature provides
a multi-RAT MS:
Page 84
GSM -> WCDMA Handover and Cell
Reselection (cont.)
On the other hand, MSC may trigger service-based handovers to WCDMA in
case requested service is not available in GSM.
Page 85
GSM -> WCDMA Handover and Cell
Reselection (cont.)
BSS-CELL Parameters
• qsearch_i: it controls the RXLEV of the serving cell in the idle mode, i.e.
BCCH level, below or above which measurements on WCDMA neighbour
cells are triggered. Page 86
GSM -> WCDMA Handover and Cell
Reselection (cont.)
BSS-CELL Parameters (cont.)
Page 87
GSM -> WCDMA Handover and Cell
Reselection (cont.)
BSS-CELL Parameters (cont.)
Page 88
GSM -> WCDMA Handover and Cell
Reselection (cont.)
BSS-CELL Parameters (cont.)
Page 89
GSM -> WCDMA Handover and Cell
Reselection (cont.)
BSS-CELL Parameters (cont.)
Page 91
GSM -> WCDMA Handover and Cell
Reselection (cont.)
When a multi-RAT MS is in idle mode, these parameters are broadcast from
BSS via System Information Type 2quater.
• 3G neighbor cells,
• qsearch_i,
• qsearch_c_initial,
• fdd_qoffset,
• fdd_rep_quant,
• fdd_multirat_reporting,
• fdd_qmin.
Page 92
GSM -> WCDMA Handover and Cell
Reselection (cont.)
Page 93
GSM -> WCDMA Handover and Cell
Reselection (cont.)
The concept of blind search in the idle mode enables BSS to broadcast
only WCDMA ARFCN information within the System Information Type
2quater message.
Page 94
GSM -> WCDMA Handover and Cell
Reselection (cont.)
In order for a reselection to a WCDMA cell,
• CPICH RSCP of this cell should be greater than the sum of receive level of
serving GSM cell and all of the six strongest GSM neighbor cells by a
margin of fdd_qoffset for 5 seconds.
• Ec/No value of WCDMA cell should be greater than or equal to the value
of fdd_qmin.
Page 95
GSM -> WCDMA Handover and Cell
Reselection (cont.)
While moving to circuit-dedicated mode, MS communicates its Inter-
RAT capabilities to BSS within Classmark Change and UMTS Classmark
Change messages.
Page 96
GSM -> WCDMA Handover and Cell
Reselection (cont.)
Upon reception of Classmark Change and UMTS Classmark
Change messages, BSS starts sending Measurement Information
messages to the MS.
values.
Page 97
GSM -> WCDMA Handover and Cell
Reselection (cont.)
Page 98
GSM -> WCDMA Handover and Cell
Reselection (cont.)
Upon reception of Measurement Information messages, measurements from
UTRAN neighbours are included in the list of MS measurements from 6 best
cells within Measurement Report and sent on the SACCH.
• RSCP, or
• Ec/No.
Page 99
GSM -> WCDMA Handover and Cell
Reselection (cont.)
Page 100
GSM -> WCDMA Handover and Cell
Reselection (cont.)
MS reported levels received within Measurement Report are averaged for
umts_ncell_avg_period.
Page 101
GSM -> WCDMA Handover and Cell
Reselection (cont.)
Statistics and counters
Page 102