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morize, derive it from conservation of mech. energy) - v = Special relativity: γ = 1/ 1 − vc2 , t0 = γt, l0 = l/γ, m =
el
= γm0 , p = mvγ. Energies: E = mc2 , E 2 − p2 c2 = m20 c4 ,
p
= GM (2/r − 1/a).
2
Sidereal period (orbital, prograde motion): (E - Earth’s Ekin = m0 c (γ − 1).
sid. period, S - planet’s synodical period) inferior (Mercury, Thermod.: pV = p nRT , U = f2 N kT (f - number of degrees of
p
Venus) resp. exterior (Mars, Jup. etc.) planets 1/P = freedom), vRM S = 3kT /m, vprob = 2kT /m.
= (1/E) + (1/S) resp. 1/P = (1/E) − (1/S). Optics: 1/f = (1/a) + (1/a0 ) (a - object distance, a0 - image
Sidereal period (rotation, prograde motion): 1/T = distance), sin α/ sin β = n2 /n1 ,interf. max. cond.: ∆ = kλ (∆
= (1/S) + (1/P ) (P - sid. orbital period, S - syn. rot. period). - path difference)
Retrograde motion would change signs, direction of Sun’s mo- Constants: c = 3 · 108 m, G = 6.673 · 10−11 N·m2 ·kg−2 ,
tion on the sky etc. - easy to derive (angular velocities). h = 6.626 · 10−34 J·s, k = 1.381 · 10−23 J·K−1 , σ = 5.67 ·
Earth + Moon: ae = 1.496 · 10 m, Re = 6.371 · 10 m, 10−8 W·m−2 ·K−4 , b = 2.9 · 10−3 m·K (Wien)
11 6
Me = 5.974 · 1024 kg, am = 3.844 · 108 m, Rm = 1.737 · 106 m, Approximations: (1 + x)n ≈ 1 + nx, sin x ≈ tg x ≈ x,
Mm = 7.348 · 1022 kg. cos x ≈ 1 − x2 /2, ln(1 + x) ≈ x.