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INDEX

Introduction 2

AC machines winding failure 3

AC 3-Phase Motor Protection 4

Current Transformer 5

Standby Diesel generator set 6

Generator Control panel 7

Contactors 8

Power transfering 8

Four Strock Diesel Engine 9

Injection Pump 10

Tappet clearance 11

Diesel engine’s posible Problems 12

Soundproofing 13

Passenger Elevator 14

Rope arangement methods 15

Lift motor 16

Governor 16

Ropes 17

Basic Logic Circuit of the Lift 17

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INTRODUCTION

The Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB), is the largest electricity company in Sri
Lanka. It controls all major functions of electricity generation, transmission, distribution and
retailing in Sri Lanka. It is one of the only two on-grid electricity companies in the country; the
other being Lanka Electricity Company.

CEB Opened in 1969, the company now has a total installed capacity of 2,684 MW, of which
approximately 1,290 MW is from thermal energy, and 1,207 MW is from hydroelectricity. Due to
low wind resource, rough terrain and poor road conditions in Sri Lanka, CEB owns only one 3 MW
wind farm in Hambantota, known as the Hambantota Wind Farm. The farm consists of five
turbines, measuring 600 KW each. CEB also manages numerous hydroelectric dams such as the
Victoria Dam, and power plants such as the Norocholai Coal Power Station.

Hydroelectricity is the main source of energy in Sri Lanka, taking a share of nearly 45% of the total
installed capacity in December 2009. Currently, ten large hydroelectric power stations are in
operation, all between 38 to 210 MW, with the Victoria Dam being the largest hydroelectric source,
Thermal power stations are the largest source of power in Sri Lanka, taking a share of 48% of the
total installed capacity.

Also CEB conduct some other electrical services too. We were trained last period in some of those
workshops. In CEB we are trained by under the Electrical Superintend (ES) in that workshop. In
first two weeks in our training period we were in Aniyakanda Central Workshop. There were two
main workshops there.one is electrical workshop, another is electrical workshop. In electrical
workshop duty is about AC and DC machine, rewinding, repairing and maintained.

After that period we trained two weeks at Power plant section – Kolonnawa. In there mainly we
studied about large diesel power plants and about four stock engines. Then we trained at General
hospital lift branch. This branch also conduct by CEB. In there we studied about passenger lifts and
there maintainces.

AC machines winding failure

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A single phased winding failure is the result of an open in one of the phases that supply power to
the motor. The open is usually caused by a bad fuse, bad connection ,a open contactor or a broken
power line.

• Thermal deterioration of insulation in one phase of the winding can result from unequal
voltage between phases. Unequal voltages usually are caused by unbalanced loads on the
power source, a poor connection at the motor terminal, or a high resistance contact. A one-
percent voltage unbalance can result in a six to ten percent current unbalance.

• Thermal deterioration of the insulation in all phases of the stator winding typically is
caused by load demands exceeding the rating of the motor Under-voltage and over-voltage
will result in the same type of insulation deterioration.

• Server thermal deterioration of the insulation in all phases of the motor normally is caused
by very high currents in the stator winding due to a locked rotor condition. It may also
occur as a result of excessive starts and reversals.

• Insulation failures like this usually are caused by voltage surges. Voltage surges are often
the result of switching power circuits, lightning strikes, capacitor discharges and solid-state
power devices.

AC 3-Phase Motor Protection

Types of faults occurring within the protected zone requiring immediate tripping and

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isolation of the motor are:

• faults between stator windings


• stator earth faults
• Ground faults and faults between phases

The simple differential protection scheme:

The currents entering and leaving the equipment to be protected are stepped down with the help of
Current transformer’s on either side. For normal condition, the currents transformed by the C.T
being equal in phase and magnitude just circulate on the secondary side and there is spill current in
the over current relay. The over current relay is wired to trip the two circuit breakers on either side
of the equipment to be protected. A differential relay (over current relay) responds to the vector
difference between two or more similar electrical quantities. Thus the simple differential relay is
stable during normal operating condition.

Similarly during external fault condition, there is no difference in phase or magnitude of


the entering and leaving current thus giving a zero spill current. Thus the simple differential relay
is stable for the external fault condition also.

Current Transformer

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A current transformer (CT) is used for measurement of electric currents. Current transformers,
together with voltage transformers (VT) (potential transformers (PT)), are known as instrument
transformers. When current in a circuit is too high to directly apply to measuring instruments, a
current transformer produces a reduced current accurately proportional to the current in the circuit,
which can be conveniently connected to measuring and recording instruments. A current
transformer also isolates the measuring instruments from what may be very high voltage in the
monitored circuit. Current transformers are commonly used in metering and protective relays in the
electrical power industry.

Like any other transformer, a current transformer has a primary winding, a magnetic core, and a
secondary winding. The alternating current flowing in the primary produces a magnetic field in the
core, which then induces a current in the secondary winding circuit. A primary objective of current
transformer design is to ensure that the primary and secondary circuits are efficiently coupled, so
that the secondary current bears an accurate relationship to the primary current.

The CT is typically described by its current ratio from primary to secondary. Often, multiple CTs
are installed as a "stack" for various uses. For example, protection devices and revenue metering
may use separate CTs to provide isolation between metering and protection circuits.

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Standby Diesel generator set

In CEB standby diesel power generator supplies for some government institutes and various
occations.They have from 2KW smallest generators up to 1Mw huge Generators.

The packaged combination of a diesel engine, a generator and various ancillary devices such as
base, canopy, sound attenuation, control systems, circuit breakers, jacket water heaters, starting
systems etc, is referred to as a generating set or a gen set for short.

Set sizes range from 8 to 30 kVA for homes, small shops & offices with the larger industrial
generators up to 2,000 kVA used for large office complexes, factories. A 2,000 kVA set can be
housed in a 40ft ISO container and be fully packaged and portable. Sizes up to about 5 MW are
used for small power stations and these may use from one to 20 units. In these larger sizes the
engine and generator are brought to site separately and assembled along with ancillary equipment

Diesel generators, sometimes as small as 250 kVA are widely used not only for emergency power,
but also many have a secondary function of feeding power to utility grids either during peak
periods, or periods when there is a shortage of large power generators.

Types of Diesel Engines


There are two classes of diesel engines: two-stroke and four-stroke. Most diesel engines generally
use the four-stroke cycle, with some larger engines operating on the two-stroke cycle. Normally,
banks of cylinders are used in multiples of two, though any number of cylinders can be used as
long as the load on the crankshaft is counterbalanced to prevent excessive vibration.
Generator sets produce either single or three phase power. Most homeowners require single phase
whereas industrial or commercial applications usually require three phase power. Diesel engine

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generators are recommended due to their longevity and lower operating costs. Modern diesel
engines are quiet and generally require much less maintenance than comparably sized gas (natural
gas or propane) units.

Generator Control panel features

• AUTOMATIC MAINS FAILURE


• ENGINE CONTROL
• GENERATOR PROTECTION
• BUILT IN ALARMS AND WARNING
• 3 PHASE MAIN VOLTAGE INPUTS
• 3 PHASE GENSET VOLTAGE INPUTS
• ENGINE OIL PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
• ENGINE COOLANT TEMP MEASUREMENT
• GENSET ACTIVE POWER MEASUREMENT
• GENSET POWER FACTOR MEASUREMENT
• PERIODIC MAINTENANCE REQUEST INDICATOR
• DAILY/WEEKLY/MONTHLY EXERCISER
• STATISTICAL COUNTER
• BATTERY BACKED-UP REAL TIME CLOCK
• FIELD ADJUSTABLE PARAMETERS
• LED DISPLAY

Power Transfering

For facilities with a standby power system and a single utility feed. The transfer switch senses
when utility power has been lost, sends a start signal to the standby generator and transfers the
load.High ampere rate contactors are used to make a contact lines

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Contactors

Electrical relays and contactors are indispensable items when considering of using control circuits
in electrical installation work.Relays are used for low current consuming control apparatus and the
usage of contactors may vary from a few Amperes to thousands of Amperes in practical usage.

Contactors are mainly used to control machinery which uses electric motors.It consists of a coil
which connects to a voltage source. Very often for Single phase Motors , 230V coils are used and
for Three phase motors, 415V coils are used . The contactor has three main NO contacts and lesser
power rated contacts named as Auxiliary Contacts [NO and NC]used for the control circuit. A
contact is a conducting metal part which completes or interrupt an electrical circuit.

Consideration is given here on few basic usages of contactors, which can be made used in many
similar electrical power control applications.

When current passes through the electromagnet, a magnetic field is produced, which attracts the
moving core of the contactor. The electromagnet coil draws more current initially, until its
inductance increases when the metal core enters the coil. The moving contact is propelled by the
moving core; the force developed by the electromagnet holds the moving and fixed contacts
together. When the contactor coil is de-energized, gravity or a spring returns the electromagnet core
to its initial position and opens the contacts.

For contactors energized with alternating current, a small part of the core is surrounded with a
shading coil, which slightly delays the magnetic flux in the core. The effect is to average out the
alternating pull of the magnetic field and so prevent the core from buzzing at twice line frequency.

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Four Strock Diesel Engine

Four-stroke cycle

• Intake stroke - On the intake or induction stroke of the piston , the piston descends from the
top of the cylinder to the bottom of the cylinder, reducing the pressure inside the cylinder.
A mixture of fuel and air is forced by atmospheric (or greater) pressure into the cylinder
through the intake port. The intake valve then close.

• Compression stroke-With both intake and exhaust valves closed, the piston returns to the
top of the cylinder compressing the fuel-air mixture. This is known as the compression
stroke.
• Power stroke- While the piston is close to Top Dead Center, the compressed air–fuel
mixture is ignited, usually by a spark plug (for a gasoline or Otto cycle engine) or by the
heat and pressure of compression (for a diesel cycle or compression ignition engine). The
resulting massive pressure from the combustion of the compressed fuel-air mixture drives
the piston back down toward bottom dead center with tremendous force. This is known as
the power stroke, which is the main source of the engine's torque and power.

• Exhaust stroke- During the exhaust stroke, the piston once again returns to top dead center
while the exhaust valve is open. This action evacuates the products of combustion from the
cylinder by pushing the spent fuel-air mixture through the exhaust valves.

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Injection pump

An Injection Pump is the device that pumps fuel into the cylinders of a diesel engine or less
typically, a gasoline engine. Traditionally, the pump is driven indirectly from the crankshaft by
gears, chains or a toothed belt (often the timing belt) that also drives the camshaft on overhead-
cam engines ( OHC ). It rotates at half crankshaft speed in a conventional four-stroke engine. Its
timing is such that the fuel is injected only very slightly before top dead centre of that cylinder's
compression stroke. It is also common for the pump belt on gasoline engines to be driven directly
from the camshaft.

Earlier diesel pumps used an in-line layout with a series of cam-operated injection cylinders in a
line, rather like a miniature inline engine. The pistons have a constant stroke volume, and injection
volume (ie, throttling) is controlled by rotating the cylinders against a cut-off port that aligns with a
helical slot in the cylinder. When all the cylinders are rotated at once, they simultaneously vary
their injection volume to produce more or less power from the engine. Inline pumps still find
favour on large multi-cylinder engines such as those on trucks, construction plant, static engines
and agricultural vehicles.

For use on cars and light trucks, the rotary pump or distributor pump was developed. It uses a
single injection cylinder driven from an axial cam plate, which injects into the individual fuel lines
via a rotary distribution valve. Later incarnations such as the Bosch VE pump vary the injection
timing with crank speed to allow greater power at high crank speeds, and smoother, more
economical running at slower revs. All injection pumps incorporate a governor to cut fuel supply if
the crank speed endangers the engine - the heavy moving parts of diesel engines do not tolerate
overspeeding well, and catastrophic damage can occur if they are over-revved

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Tappet clearance

A tappet in mechanical engineering is a projection which imparts a linear motion to some other
component within an assembly. Properly speaking, a tappet is the only part of a rocker arm that
makes contact with an intake or exhaust valve stem above the cylinder head of an internal
combustion engine. As the cam rotates, it creates both a sideways and a downward force on the
tappet. Without a tappet (and with the cam acting directly on the valve), the sideways force would
cause the valve stem to bend. With a tappet, the sideways force is transferred to the cylinder head
so only the downward force acts on the valve stem.

On most modern overhead cam engines, the camshaft is directly over the valves, as pictured. In
some other overhead cam engines, a rocker arm pivots on a fixed shaft while one projection of the
rocker-arm rides on a cam of the rotating camshaft. In both cases, this creates an oscillating linear
motion, opening the valve. The closing of the valve is typically accomplished by a compression
spring placed between the valve collet (or retainer) and the cylinder head above the combustion
chamber. In overhead valve engines, the camshaft is located near the crankshaft and motion of the
cam lobes is followed by cam followers (similar to tappets) and transferred up to the cylinder head
and the rocker arm assembly by means of long pushrods.

Traditionally, the nominal distance (clearance) between the tappet surface and the valve's contact
surface was maintained by means of an adjustment screw on the rocker arm. Today, this is typically
accomplished by introducing shims into the space between the cam follower (tappet) and cam to
create the necessary clearance, or by hydraulic adjusters.

Diesel engine’s posible Problems

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• Low compression - Low engine compression will result in insufficient heat being
generated to ignite the fuel and cause hard starting. This is more of a problem with older or
high mileage vehicles. To find out the compression perform a cold engine compression
test. Compression should be between 20 to 35 bars or 300 to 500 PSI. Anything below this
will cause starting problems.

• Insufficient fuel supply - This speaks for itself, not enough fuel in the tank or a problem
with supply pipes being cracked or bent. The fuel tank breather can sometimes be blocked
causing a vacuum in the tank which in turn draws the fuel back to the tank.

• Air intake restriction - This would be due to a dirty air cleaner, blocked pipes or a stuck
butterfly valve found on some vehicles. In addition, a faulty air flow sensor on the air
intake will cause problems running and excessive smoke.

• Black Smoke - This is due to a air to fuel ratio imbalance, either the fuel system is
delivering too much fuel into the engine or there is not enough clean air (oxygen ) a few
things to look for :

• Faulty injectors (injectors need attention at about 100.000 to 120 000 miles)
• Faulty injector pump
• Dirty air cleaner
• Turbocharger or intercooler faulty
• Problems within cylinder head, valves clogged up due to faulty EGR (exhaust gas recycling
unit

• White Smoke - Normally means that the fuel injected into the cylinder is not burning
correctly. The smoke will burn your eyes.

• Engine/pump timing out


• Fuel starvation to the pump causing the pumps timing not to operate correctly
• Low engine compression
• Water/petrol in the fuel

Sound proofing

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Sound proofing is any mechanism used to reduce the conduction of sound through a barrier or into
a soundproofed chamber. There are several different basic approaches to reducing sound;
increasing space in which the sound dissipates, using massive barriers to absorb the energy of the
sound waves, using dampening structures, or using active antinoise sound generators.

Dampening is the process by which sonic vibrations are converted into heat. This can be achieved
in several ways. For example, lead is both heavy and soft, with the softness allowing it to dampen
the noise rather than transmitting it through. Making a noise transfer through different layers of
material with different densities also helps dampen noise. This is the reason why open-celled foam
is such a good sound dampening substance; the sound waves are forced to travel through multiple
foam cells and foam cell walls as it passes through the foam piece. Improperly done, however,
dampening can make things worse — like the string holding chimes help them ring by isolating the
vibration instead of dampening it.

Passenger Elevator

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A lift is essentially a platform that is either pulled or pushed up by a mechanical means. A modern
day lift consists of a cab (also called a "cage" or "car") mounted on a platform within an enclosed
space called a shaft or sometimes a "hoistway". In the past, lift drive mechanisms were powered by
steam and water hydraulic pistons. In a "traction" lift, cars are pulled up by means of rolling steel
ropes over a deeply grooved pulley, commonly called a sheave in the industry. The weight of the
car is balanced with a counterweight. Sometimes two lifts always move synchronously in opposite
directions, and they are each other's counterweight.

Geared traction machines are driven by AC or DC electric motors. Geared machines use worm
gears to control mechanical movement of elevator cars by "rolling" steel hoist ropes over a drive
sheave which is attached to a gearbox driven by a high speed motor. These machines are generally
the best option for basement or overhead traction use for speeds up to 500 ft/min.

Mainly there are two type rope arrangements


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1 Lifting Drum arrangement

2 Traction Drum arrangement

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Lift Motor

Normally three phase induction motor use as a lift Drive unit. It has a High speed and low speed
function. We can change the side of rotation of the motor by changing two supply phases of three.

Supply contacts control using contactors and relays. In modern lift’s they use microprocessor
control system and power electronic circuits for controlling motor speed and direction.

Gavernor

Gavernor is very important part of a lift. This is use as a safety equipment. Governor can detect
over speed of a lift and it gives signal to motor and also mechanical break. There are two main
break system of a lift. One is electrical breaking , another is mechanical breaking. There is a
maximum speed recommended for a lift, if that speed exceeds,(If ropes Breaks,motor falier….)
gavernor detect the problem and car comes immidiantly stop. Modern lifts has a electronis sensors
to detect the speed of the lift.

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Elevator Ropes

No other application of steel wire ropes demands such close manufacturing tolerances and such
high quality in Materials as the elevator industry. No other industry demands such high safely
factors.These ropes are designed to satisfy most OEM specifications and are available for main
suspension, governor and compensating duties.

Basic Logic Circuit of the Lift

In passenger lift’s it want to good safety method. Therefore electric motor control unit want to
hoghly accepted signal for the motor running. There are various functions in lift..

• Lift Door sensers


• Position swiches
• Floor doors sensors
• Overload sensers
• Buffer sensors
• Emergency facts
• Rope condition sensors..ect

Controling system use a AND operating method. If one of any facts have a problem the lift is not
running.

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