Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A Thesis
Presented to
University of La Salette
By
PATSON P. OPIDO
May 2010
Chapter 1
Introduction
“Bright minds make bright futures!” Preparatory children nowadays are far
better than before they are more advanced in teaching and more capable of absorbing the
methods of learning that used with them. Modern teaching accompanied with modules
and analytical measures develop the preschooler’s memory retention that serves as the
foundation of their education. Kids today are more willing and not afraid to try to
The value of preschool is a hot topic these days. A small but growing number of
studies link enrollment in preschool or child care centers (which typically include a
tests. The early childhood stage is a permanent learning stage. Whatever they learn now,
they will take home. This preschool education is the provision of education for children
before the commencement of statutory education, usually between the ages of three and
The institutional arrangements for preschool education vary widely around the
world, as do the names applied to the institutions. The terms usually given to centers for
the care of infants—those in the first phase of childhood (about three months to three
years of age)—are infant school, day care, day nursery, and crèche—the term crèche
being used not only in French-speaking countries but also in such places as Scandinavia,
the United Kingdom, Poland, Russia, and Israel. For the second phase of early childhood,
other institutional names and arrangements exist, the most common being the “maternal
school” (école maternelle), or nursery school, and the kindergarten. Typically, the
maternal school (for ages three to four or five) precedes kindergarten (for ages four or
five to six), but in some countries—Italy, for instance—a child goes from the maternal
directly to the primary school. In Germany, in addition to the Kindergarten, there is the
Schulkindergarten (school kindergarten), which is for children of school age who are not
considered sufficiently mature and which therefore serves as a kind of preparatory school
for primary school. In the United States, kindergarten is considered a part of primary
education.
create. The framework includes structural (administration, class size, teacher-child ratio,
alignment (standards, curriculum, assessments) components that are associated with each
individual unique child that has both social and academic outcomes.
Effective preschool education can help make all children ready to learn the day
they start school and, more importantly, help close the enormous gap facing children in
poverty. Preschool gives our kids the strong foundation they need to be successful in
school and in life. Children who attend pre-kindergarten programs have bigger
vocabularies and increased math skills, know more letters and more letter-sound
associations, and are more familiar with words and book concepts, according to a number
of studies.
the year prior to kindergarten, typically at age four. On any given day, more than 5
And a preschool day is not just advanced babysitting for busy parents. Kids also
practice many key components of the school day, including the importance of routine.
That's key for early learners. Little kids have only a certain amount of what's called
'active working memory. If a large portion of their brain is figuring out what they're
going to do next, there's less room there to spend on learning. Result: Preschool has a
on the government alone to shoulder the task of educating people especially the poor. On
the contrary, the government itself is one of the problems in education by putting it in the
least priority and giving it a very low budget. Any private entities interested in helping
the poor people through education must implement its own program for education.
by the government. Especially those education programs intended for the poor people
must be in accordance with the national education system if only to become legitimate
students with preschool education I believe is highly influences the different factors that
affect the academic performance of the Filipino youth in their growing years.
As an educator, the researcher is faced with the fact that there is an imperative
in order to achieve efficiency and responsiveness to trends and challenges of the next
millennium. It is therefore the aim of this study to empower parents and positively
performance.
education largely and badly impacts on the national development. Thus, the governments
that really concern of national interest, sustainable development, and people rights
attempt to implement well-planned national education system, which could benefit each
not want to make real changes to develop education sector. Though the regime claims
acquire primary education. Children dropped out from schools for various reasons, but
the key reason is families' financial status. Even though legal context under existing laws
is prescribed for free primary education, there is neither clear legal protection mechanism
or monitoring body nor any attempt or action of public awareness to help implementing
Currently, the regime has laid down a four-year national education promotion
program and a 30-year long-term education plan. However, the government assistance of
student facilities such as hostels, scholarship funds, and modernized learning materials
are not materialized yet. The government authorities have ordered to do self-reliance
program in education, particularly in rural areas. It is assumable that the government has
less responsibility for free compulsory primary education in these regions. Since people
are suffering of social burdens and high commodities price, they could not well support
such programs. Other education rights such as student rights, rights of education and
academic freedom are entirely no practice under successive military regimes. Because of
abuses on these rights, education standard reaches the lowest point and is not sustained.
Though the regime opened all universities and institutes in July 2000, it has never
to international community; the numbers of graduate students, school buildings, and new
education. The regime has abused academic freedom and institutional freedom, and
should be compulsory and accessible freely to all in order to meet the main aims of all the
According to the World Bank, the government only spends 28 cents a year per
child in public schools.1 By the late 1990s, the regime's expenditure on civilian education
equaled only 1.2 % of the country’s Gross National Product - compared to 3.8% for
developing countries - and had declined 70% in real terms since 1990. Meanwhile, school
attendance has also dropped nationwide, primarily because of rising school fees. Schools
in some parts of the country have closed down due to lack of State funding. Children
drop out for several complex reasons, although the prime reason is based on families’
financial status. For example, most of the cases of school dropout in the primary levels
are strongly linking with economic factors. The high cost of tuition and school-related
fees are a major factor. School fees include enrollment, textbooks, exercise books, school
cleaning, examination papers, sports fees, in school tutoring fees and USDA membership.
year-olds in disadvantaged areas and opportunity for early peer socialization and learning
activities before starting elementary education. The former DECS organized a total of
1,428 classes with 40,780 pupils in the twenty provinces covered by the Social Reform
Agenda (SRA). A total of 638 pre-school teachers were trained in nine selected regions.
Instructional materials and supplies were distributed to classes under the Department
schools.
the Constitution (1987), which states that “the State shall protect and promote the right of
all citizens to quality education at all levels and shall take appropriate steps to make such
education accessible to all”, and the latter by Republic Act No. 6655 (Free Secondary
Education Act). Specific provisions on education upon which all decrees, policies,
regulations, and rules on education are based, are provided in the Constitution. These are
expressly stated by way of the constitutional mandate, Presidential decree, and other legal
provisions.
(a new constitution was adopted in 1987) for free and compulsory education, the demand
for education relevance and responsiveness to changing societal needs and the alarming
rate of increase in the country’s population have contributed to the problem of providing
education for all, a problem which becomes more serious each year. The Department of
Education, Culture and Sports (now the Department of Education, DepED) has attempted
to implement educational reforms, programmes and projects to address the key issues of
access and quality of basic education, relevance and efficiency of the education system.
However, many problems are besetting education in the Philippines. Among the school-
related causes are the unqualified and poorly trained teachers, inadequate facilities and
equipment, and lack of instructional materials (textbooks and teacher’s manuals). Non-
school factors include poverty, low educational attainment and illiteracy of parents, and
Pre-school education at the kindergarten level (age group 5-6 years) must aim to
develop children in all aspects (physical, social, emotional, and cognitive) so that they
will be better prepared to adjust and cope with life situations and the demands of formal
schooling; and to maximize the children’s potential through a variety of carefully selected
curriculum and a well-balanced programme of activities are necessary, although they may
vary according to each pre-school’s approach. Indoor and outdoor play is essential
whatever approach the pre-school follows. The language spoken by the child should be
valued. It is necessary that such language be used initially and until the children have
attained the facility and confidence in expressing themselves in English and Filipino. The
Theoretical Framework
stipulates that there are several different types or levels of learning. The significance of
these classifications is that each different type requires different types of instruction.
Gagne identifies five major categories of learning: verbal information, intellectual skills,
cognitive strategies, motor skills and attitudes. Different internal and external conditions
are necessary for each type of learning. For example, for cognitive strategies to be
new solutions to problems; to learn attitudes, the learner must be exposed to a creative
Gagne suggests that learning tasks for intellectual skills can be organized in a
that should be completed to facilitate learning at each level. Prerequisites are identified
These events should satisfy or provide the necessary conditions for learning and
serve as the basis for designing instruction and selecting appropriate media (Gagne,
Briggs & Wager, 1992). Different instruction is required for different learning outcomes.
Events of learning operate on the learner in ways that constitute the conditions of
learning. The specific operations that constitute instructional events are different for each
different type of learning outcome. Learning hierarchies define what intellectual skills are
psychologist Jean Piaget. Piaget’s theory, first published in 1952, grew out of decades of
opposed to the laboratory experiments of the behaviorists. Even though Piaget was
interested in how children reacted to their environment, he projected a more active role
for them than that suggested by learning theory. He envisioned a child’s knowledge as
composed of schemas, basic units of knowledge used to prepare past experience and
people assimilate new experiences by involving them to they already know. Conversely,
accommodation is what happens when the schema itself changes to accommodate new
equilibration.
At the center of Piaget’s theory is the principle that cognitive development occurs in
a series of four distinct, universal stages, each characterized by increasingly refined and
nonfigurative levels of thought. One of these stages is the Pre-operational stage (toddler
hood and early childhood). In this period, which has two sub-stages, intelligence is
demonstrated through the use of symbols, language use matures and memory and
cognitive development theory, meaning they are using their imagery and memory skills.
They should be conditioned to learning and memorizing and their outlook of the world is
usually very self-centered. Preschoolers have developed their social interactions skills,
such as playing and cooperating with other children in their own age. It is normal for
preschooler to test the restrictions of their cognitive abilities and they learn pessimistic
concepts and actions, such as talking back to adults, lying and bullying. Other cognitive
Conceptual Framework
This study is based on the systems concept which consists of three components:
The Input which is actually the load of the system consists of all things that enter
the system. In this research the Input refers to the profile of the respondents and the
The Process which transforms Input into Output is sometimes referred to as the
The Output of the system is the product or accomplishment of the system. In this
research the Output refers to the measures that could be applied in order to enhance the
school
performance
of
students
with
preschool
education
PROCESS
Measures that could be applied in order to enhance the grade school performance of
Questionnaires
Informal Interview
Analysis and
Interpretation
OUTPUT
Figure 2. Relationship of Variables
Statement of the Problem
This particular study was done to determine the Factors affecting grade school
a. Age
b. Educational Attainment
c. Family Income
d. Gender
2.0 What are the factors affecting the influence of enrolling their children to have
a. Family Income
b. Educational Attainment
d. School’s Reputation/Achievements
School’s Achievements
Definition of Terms
The following terms were used with the context of the study:
Educational Attainment. In this study, this refers to the level of education attained or
course. This also refers a term commonly used by statisticians to refer to the highest
Elementary School. In this study it refers to the stage after preschool education.
This also refers to an institution where children receive the first stage of
Family Income.In this study, this refers to the monthly income of the family which was
categorized into a) Php 10,000 below b) Php 10,000-Php 20,500 c) Php 20,501-
Php30,000 .
Preschool. In this study it refers to the toddlers aging 5-6 enrolled at Messiah’s Angel
Learning Center. This also refers to be generally considered appropriate for children
between three and five years of age, between the toddler and school stages. During this
stage of development, children learn and assimilate information rapidly, and express
interest and fascination in each new discovery (Merriam Webster Dictionary, 2004).
Performance. In this study this refers to the academic competence of the toddlers aging
This refers to how the student is performing well in class with different factors
Foreign Literature
order, and empowerment. Teachers are only facilitators and not the primary focus. Most
classes are large (25-30 kids), with a two- to three-year age span. Children are treated as
responsible individuals, cleaning up their own spills, cutting up raw fruit and veggies to
make their own snacks, going to the bathroom without assistance, and sweeping and
how much reading is taught there. The philosophy that underlies this book does not
support this measure, although it does support parents' belief that reading is important.
After reviewing a large body of research on how children become good readers, a panel
preschool language and literacy foundation is important for later reading success. That
foundation involves all kinds of experiences with stories, conversation, word play, books,
and other meaningful print (signs, notes, lists, directions, etc.). Its most important
Providing the range of experiences that will build a strong foundation is more important
in the long run than simply teaching children to recite the alphabet or to read simple
books.
As described by Mayo et.al (2005), a meaningful knowledge base is developed
through having many varied experiences with materials, places, and people. Vocabulary
building occurs through talking about those experiences. Oral language is developed
group discussions. Looking at books and having books read aloud to them also promote
sounds, playing with the sounds of words, and noticing what sound a word begins with.
Print awareness is developed as children notice the usefulness of print. This occurs as
they experiment with making notes and scribbling and as they find a word in a line of
print. Alphabet knowledge is developed as children recognize and name letters and name
Foreign Studies
educational achievement gap that persists between low-income and minority students, on
the one hand, and higher-income and non- minority students, on the other. Present school
reform efforts that seek to address this problem assume that establishing high curriculum
can close this gap. Many researchers and experienced educators question that such
reforms alone can close or significantly narrow the achievement gap. The achievement
gap has deep roots that begin before school entry. Studies show that the foundation for
literacy and other academic learning is laid down before age 5 (Nido, 2006).
Other studies demonstrate that high-quality preschool education can improve the
Growing evidence shows that preschool education benefits children who are not poor,
although the effects may not be as pronounced as they are for economically
prekindergarten educational programs for 3- and 4-year olds. Emerging research evidence
suggests that such universal programs have the potential for improving the school
readiness of low-income and minority children as well as of those from higher income
and non- minority families. An important element in the success of such state initiatives
appears to be high teacher education requirements, which other research has found to be a
strong predictor of high-quality environments for children, and equitable teacher salaries,
which help pre-kindergarten programs, recruit and retain talented teachers (Myrna et.al,
2007).
schooling eventually became a reality. Universality of access has not, however, resulted
in equal educational achievement, and schools still differ from one another in the quality
of the education they provide. The reference is to the well documented, persistent
As a group, that is to say, on average, students of higher SES fare better on indices of
educational achievement than do those from lower SES families (Galean, 2007).
African American, Hispanic, and other non-White groups who are over-
represented in the lower socioeconomic strata tend, as a group, to lag behind their White
local communities, the states, and the federal government for decades, as expressed in
such efforts as the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (Gormley, 2007).
Local Literature
Filipino families are stable. Divorce rates have increased since the 1960's, but
remain relatively low. In 1980 the number of divorces was 1.2 per thousand people, while
the comparable figure for the United States was 5.2 per thousand. Just 6 percent of all
There is a strong consensus regarding roles and the appropriate division of labor
within the family. A man's primary focus is the workplace, which often includes
extensive work related socializing with male colleagues during the evening hours. In
contrast, a woman's primary focus is her home and family, with particular attention to the
rearing of children. The family-centered role of women is reinforced by their relative lack
While most Filipino’s subscribe to the view that a woman's place is in the home
and that work should not interfere with her primary responsibilities to children and
husband, women nevertheless make up almost 40 percent of the labor force. More than
half of these women are married. Many mothers with small children work only part-time
so they can be at home when their children are not in school. The extra income generated
by mothers working outside of the home is often used to help meet the cost of their
In many white collar families, the father is a proverbial "guest" in his own house,
returning home most evenings after the children have gone to bed. Although fathers
provide children with certain role models and many take an active interest in education
matters, the task of attending to the child's upbringing and education is usually left to the
mother. Mothers take that responsibility seriously. Mothers and their children are
especially close. Filipino mothers seldom confront their preschool children. Rather, they
attempt to appease the child and foster an intimate, dependent relationship. The purpose
of this approach is to get the child to comply willingly with the mother's wishes and to
shape behavior gradually over the long term. Another goal of early training is to instill in
the child a deep sense of responsibility to the mother and family. This becomes an
Early childhood training includes attention to manners and proper social behavior
required outside of the home, but there is little actual exposure to group situations beyond
achievements of her children, and she expends great effort helping them. In addition,
woman's success and educational attainment depends in large part on how well her
children do in school. Filipino parents are strongly committed to early education, though
pre-elementary education in the Philippines is not a part of compulsory education nor is it
linked, like American kindergartens, to the formal school structure. Virtually all
preschools and daycare centers. Preschools, enroll children primarily between ages 3 and
5. They are in session approximately 5 hours per day. Daycare centers, are primarily for
the children of working mothers. They accept children from infancy through age 5 and
are in session 8 hours per day. In most other respects the two types of institutions are
(Villacruz, 2008).
centers, parents are assessed charges in accordance with their income. In addition to
income from tuition, pre-elementary institutions receive subsidies from all three levels of
government in varying amounts. The close nature of the mother-child relationship and the
strong cultural and parental commitment to education enable the mother to provide a
strong foundation for the child's entry into elementary school (Nieves, 2008).
Local studies
preschool programs have shown significant effects on young children's cognitive growth.
Such effects have been reported for small demonstration programs such as the carefully
controlled barangay early interventions and the Infant Health and Development Project
(Zabala, 2006). These effects have been shown to last through the elementary grades and
beyond. These include not only effects on reading achievement and literacy scores but
also on reduced rates of grade retention and of special education placement and higher
human capital increase a nation’s wealth and add vibrancy to its political and cultural life.
Perhaps the best-validated determinant of human capital is the amount of engaged time
that learners spend on age appropriate cognitive tasks. This concept has spawned the
learning during each school day, adding to the length of the school day and to the number
of school days per year, and increasing the fraction of students graduating from high
school, attending college, or starting school at an even younger age (thus, before
kindergarten).
performance in the early school grades (Sungyap, 2004). Evidence also suggests that
these programs can positively affect later high school graduation rates, labor force
scope, as are the studies showing only short-term effects; and two of the studies claiming
is well warranted that preschool programs can work, the main policy question is whether
they do in fact work when they are implemented at scale. That is, when the program’s
teachers whose knowledge and motivation may not match those of the program
developer’s own staff. In the language of medical research, the evidence for the efficacy
of preschool programs is stronger than the evidence for their effectiveness (Forcadela,
2006).
Past and current studies involving preschool education are particularly associated
with the effectiveness and ventures that enlighten the factors behind the reasons for such.
Such studies made way on describing the effectiveness of preschool towards the
Project found that kids who participated in the program had significantly better outcomes
than children who did not attend preschool. Participants were more likely to complete
high school and have higher monthly earnings and be married. They were less likely to
participants to a control group and found that students who attended the early care
program were 74% less likely to become teen mothers and could earn $3,750 more a year
in a school district preschool program found a 33% reduction in the rate of juvenile
arrests, a 40% reduction in grade retention, a 41% reduction in the need for special
and increased economic self-sufficiency, first for the parent and later for the child.
These realizations clarified and exposed the different researches that pursued the
effectiveness of preschool education and how it can help in the advancement of the
METHODOLOGY
This study made use of the descriptive-correlational method. This study describes
the profile of the respondents, and the establishment of relationship between factors
affecting grade school achievements and performance with their previous preschool
education. Descriptive statistics was used to explore the data collected regarding the
personal profile of respondents and made general observations about the data collected.
discusses the association of the factors affecting grade school achievements and
Manila. The subject of the study are mothers of preschoolers in which their children have
been enrolled with the same institution starting from nursery to preschool, 25-45 years of
age, and have been connected with Messiah’s Angel Learning Center from school years
2003-2009. 75 percent of the total qualified number of sample in the population will
beselected or 300 respondents will be chosen. Sample size will not be computed
This survey is a self-made survey questionnaire that will serve to determine the
factors affecting grade school achievements and performance with their previous
preschool education. The researcher incorporated into the survey questions investigating
the awareness of parents regarding the long term impact of pre-school education to their
children. The survey is divided into two parts. First part includes description of the socio-
demographic profile of respondents. The second part is composed of a set of close ended-
question to represent the different factors that affects the Performance in Elementary
School of those respondents who have had previous preschool education. Given the
Survey uses 5-point response choices Likert Scale, we can assume that agreement with
positively-worded items would represent the factors affecting predictive validity. The
questionnaire will go through validity tests where in measures to ensure its validity will
with experts for content and phase validity and pre-testing the questionnaire to a different
set of participants.
The researcher sets out to assess the factors affecting grade school achievements
and performance with their previous preschool education. The researcher would like to
mention how the locale of the study, Messiah’s Angel Learning Center started with the
formal utilization of the said program. This is grounded on the idea that no study and
institution. Messiah’s Angel Learning Center was built on May 2001, and has been
purposely built to accommodate preschoolers and expose them to the fun and creative
way of learning. The school started with 6 teachers and a principal, with 20 pre-school
students divided into two sections, with the efforts of the Board of Directors it expanded
and presently accommodates 60 pre-school students, divided into 6 sections with 2 highly
qualified teachers supervising each student. The schools adopted the modern concept of
Learning Center, has produced hundreds of academically competitive students among the
top elementary schools in España, Manila. For the purpose of producing more valid, non-
biased and non-discriminatory data, the researcher will choose to seek the aid/assistance
of a statistician coming from PUP graduate school. The said person will primarily be
questionnaires.
Descriptive statistics will be used to explore the data collected regarding the personal
profile of respondents and general observations were then done. The descriptive
quantitative analysis will be used to determine the factors affecting grade school
The following 5-point Likert-type scale was used in interpreting the responses on the
factors affecting grade school achievements and performance with their previous
preschool education
Table 1: Likert scale
Scale
Description
4.5 – 5.0
3.5 – 4.49
Highly Effective
2.5 – 3.49
Moderately Effective
1.5 – 2.49
Minimally Effective
1.0 – 1.49
Not Effective
This study will also utilize a correlative analysis using Pearson’s 2-tailed
analysis, which measured the English and Filipino questionnaire correlation and
Correlations
English
Filipino
english
Pearson Correlation
.916(**)
Sig. (2-tailed)
.000
144
144
filipino
Pearson Correlation
.916(**)
Sig. (2-tailed)
.000
144
144
The Weighted Mean will also be used to determine the factors affecting grade
school achievements and performance with their previous preschool education. With this,
proportion expressed either in decimal or fractional form that can be computed into a
percentage by multiplying the proportion by 100 and affixing the percentage symbol (%).
This was used as a descriptive analysis describing a part as a whole using the formula:
%=F/N x 100
Where;
%= Percentage distribution
F = Frequency Distribution
be readily assessed by grouping the data into different classes and then determining the
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test the significant differences when
the respondents are grouped according to age, educational attainment, family income and
elementary school. Analyses of variance are a collection of statistical models, and their
associated procedures, in which the observed variance is partitioned into components due
to different explanatory variables. In its simplest form ANOVA gives a statistical test of
whether the means of several groups are all equal, and therefore generalized. In this
study, in order to test the different responses of the department utilized in the locale,
:H0 :1 = :2 = . . . = :k
Thus, if the variance between groups exceeds what is expected in terms of the variance
Let F²W represent the variance within groups in the population. Let F²B denote the
variance between groups within the population. The null and alternative hypotheses may
:H0 s2 B# s2W
The variance within groups may be thought of as background noise. When the signal