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SYNOPSIS
Until well into the twentieth century, most devices developed for measuring
distance worked on the same principle. The measured distance is compared with a
standard unit of length. Other means are available. One of these is the measurement of
time taken by the sound wave to cover a certain distance. This sound normally lies
beyond human hearing. The ultrasonic sensor is used to measure the distance in digital
form and also automatically braking the vehicle when the obstacle closer to the vehicle.
ultrasonic sensor unit, IR sensor unit, Pneumatic breaking system. The Ultrasonic sensor
is used to detect the obstacle distance in LCD display. There is any obstacle in the path,
the IR sensor senses the obstacle and giving the control signal to the breaking system.
The low current drawn by the unit makes battery operation possible: ‘LO BAT’
reading on the LCD indicates when the battery needs to be replaced. The block diagram
of this meter is shown in figurer. This is having the four major parts of the meter
workplace rationalization and automation from old-fashioned timber works and coal
mines to modern machine shops and space robots. It is therefore important that
technicians and engineers should have a good knowledge of pneumatic system, air
INTRODUCTION
genuine project which is fully equipped and designed for Automobile vehicles. This
forms an integral part of best quality. This product underwent strenuous test in our
automation project.
essential part of the system although with changing demands on physical input as the
• Full automation.
• Semi automation.
etc., of these sources, pneumatics form an attractive medium for low cost automation.
The main advantages of all pneumatic systems are economy and simplicity. Automation
Less Maintenance
procedure by which the relationship between the measured variable and the converted
Care should be taken in the choice of sensory devices for particular tasks. The
operating characteristics of each device should be closely matched to the task for which it
is being utilized. Different sensors can be used in different ways to sense same
conditions and the same sensors can be used in different ways to sense different
conditions.
TYPES OF SENSOR:
natural sources, while active sensors detect reflected responses from objects which are
irradiated from artificially generated energy sources, such as radar. Each is divided
survey camera or a space camera, for example on board the Russian COSMOS satellite.
further into image plane scanning sensors, such as TV cameras and solid state scanners,
recorder such as a laser spectrometer and laser altimeter. An active, scanning and
imaging sensor is radar, for example synthetic aperture radar (SAR), which can produce
The most popular sensors used in remote sensing are the camera, solid state
scanner, such as the CCD (charge coupled device) images, the multi-spectral scanner and
Laser sensors have recently begun to be used more frequently for monitoring air
1. ULTRASONIC SENSOR:-
much lower. Ultrasonics or supersonics implies a range of frequencies above the audible
range. We, the human beings can listen to frequencies in the range between 20Hz to
20,000 Hz. Ultrasonics can currently be produced for frequencies as high as 10⁹ Hz.
Ultrasound is widely used in industry and as an important tool in the medical field.
which takes place in a rod of ferromagnetic material (such as iron or nickel) when placed
in a magnetic field parallel to its axis. The change in the length is a function of the
alternating in nature then the rod or tube placed in the field will contract and expand
alternately with the frequency which is twice the frequency of the applied magnetic field.
The figure shows an iron bar which is clamped at the middle and placed inside
two coaxial coils. By suitable choice of the value of the condenser C, high frequency
oscillation currents are set up in the circuit coil A. The high frequency current flowing in
coil results in a periodically varying magnetic field this produces alternate compression
and extension of the bar. An induced e.m.f. is now set up in coil B due to the alternate
current in coil A. This in turn produces a higher e.m.f. in coil B (inverse magnetostrictive
effect) thus reinforcing it. In this way, the coil A current ultimately rises to very large
amplitude with a frequency limited by the longitudinal frequency of the rod. If the
frequency of the circuit equals the frequency of vibration of the rod, then resonance takes
place and sound waves of maximum amplitude are produced, by varying the length of the
expansion between the opposite faces. This voltage appears due to the crystal lattice
voltage across the crystal. Conversely, application of an electric field may cause the
directly proportional to the electric field and changes sign when the field is reversed.
Piezoelectric effect is possible only in crystals that do not posses a centre of symmetry.
Detection of Ultrasonics:
Ultrasonic signals can be detected by thermal detectors, Kundts tube etc. A quartz
crystal may also be used for detection of ultrasound. Electric charges will then be
produced on the pair of faces that are perpendicular to the faces that catches the
Ultrasonics.
Characteristics of Ultrasonics:
(i) Ultrasonic signals exhibit very negligible diffraction due to their small λ
values. They can thus be transmitted over long distances without appreciable
attenuation or loss.
(ii) The speed of propagation of ultrasonic signals depends on their frequency, i.e.
are generated due to the reflection of the wave from the other end. The liquid
density thus changes from layer to layer along the propagation direction. A
plane diffraction grating can thus be formed which can diffract light.
Applications of Ultrasonics:
Ultrasonics are,
Ultrasonic in medicine.
SELECTION OF PNEUMATICS:
particularly for sequential or repetitive operations. Many factories and plants already
have a compressed air system, which is capable of providing both the power or energy
requirements and the control system (although equally pneumatic control systems may be
simplicity, the latter reducing maintenance to a low level. It can also have out
The pneumatic bearing press consists of the following components to fulfill the
2) SOLENOID VALVE
7) STAND
The control valve is used to control the flow direction is called cut off valve or
solenoid valve. This solenoid cut off valve is controlled by the intelligent control unit.
In our project cut of solenoid valve is used for flow direction of braking cylinder.
It is used to flow the air from air tank to the single acting cylinder.
Single acting cylinder is only capable of performing an operating medium in only one
direction. Single acting cylinders equipped with one inlet for the operating air pressure, can
moved on the piston return stoke single action cylinder requires only about half the air
APPLICATION:
• Industrial application
ADVANTAGES
Technical Data
Quantity : 2
Piston : EN – 8
Media : Air
Temperature : 0-80 º C
Technical Data:
Size : ¼”
Pressure : 0 to 8 kg / cm2
Media : Air
Type : 3/2
Applied Voltage : 230V A.C
Frequency : 50 Hz
Technical Data
Media : Air
Quantity : 1
4. Connectors
Technical data
Temperature : 0-100 º C
Material : Brass
5. Hoses
Technical date
Outer diameter : 6 mm = 6 x 10 ˉ ³m
Inner diameter : 3.5 mm = 3.5 x 10 ˉ ³m
IMPORTANT FEATURES
• Fast pick-up
• Good efficiency
• Battery low indication is provided in the LCD display for weak battery
replacement
ULTRASONIC
TRANSMITTER
CONTROL
POWER
SUPPLY UNIT
ULTRASONIC
RE
CEI
FLOW SOLINOID
CONTROL VALVE
VANVE
PNEUMATIC BRAKE
CYLINDER ANGEMENT
AIR TANK
(COMPRESSOR)
INTERNAL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ULTRASONIC DISTANCE METER:-
SENDER
CENTRAL
TIMING
RECEIVER
S R
CLOCK BISTABLE
17.05 kHz
CLK E
COUNTER LCD DISPLAY
APPLICATIONS
It is used to measure the distance between two blocks (bellow 6 meter).
Depth measurement.
Length Measurement.
Height Measurement.
Automobile Application
DISADVANTAGES