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Logarithmic function - Graph, properties, changing base, inequalities.

LOGARITHMIC. FUNCTION
If a, m are positive real numbers, a ,;: 1 and x is any real number such that aX= m then x is called logarithm of m to the base a. It is denoted by logsm, :. aX= m <=> x= logsm The function defined by f (x) and range is R. When base is 'e' then the logarithmic function is called natural logarithmic function and when base is 10, then it is called cOIIUIlon logarithmic function.

= log,

x, a> 0, a,;: 1 is called logarithmic function. Its domain is (0,

(0)

Graph of logarithmic functions

s= log,x, a >1
(i)

When 0 < x « 1; X= aY. That is, we have to choose those values of y for which 0 < aY< 1. Since a> I, y < 0 => y E (~oo, 0). Wheh x = 1, X= aY. We have to choose that value ofy for which x becomes t => y = o. When x > I,
X=

. (ii)'

Graph of I09aX, a > 1

(iii)

av.

We have which x > Since a > Y = log,x, X= aY

to choose those values of y for 1. 1, 0 < y < 00. 0<a < 1

(iv)

(v)

When' 0 < x < 1, we have to choose those values which 0 < av < 1. Since 0 < a < 1, y > O. When X > 1, we have to choose those values which av > 1. Since a < 1, y < O.

of

's

for

of y for

Graph

of log, x, O<a<1 y

Graph of log, Ix I: log, Ix I is' an even function. Hence its graph -will be symmetrical y-axis.

about the
x

Graph of I09alxl

Properties of Logarithmic Functions

i) ,
a1og,m

=m

ii)
iii)

log, 1= 0
log, a '= 1

iv)
v)

log,

Xl

+ log,

X2 = log, Xl X2
X2

loga Xl -loga log a

Xl

= log,

X
_1

X2

vi)

+ log,

X2

+ log,

Xn

log.

(Xl Xl"

•..

,Xn )

vii)
viii) ix)

log; .x" = n,loga X

log

x"

n = -loga
ill'
a

a log, b

= b:Og,

CHANGING THE BASE

Let logsa = X =>a = b-, log-a = y=> a = a, and logic = Z =>c = b-. Hence a = cY = (bz)y= b». Also a= b= = byz=>x=yz=>logsa = log-a logsc, In general logsa = log-a x logac X logsd x ": logsk. , log, a Also = logca=--, log, c log, a ' log,a =-=1,
Iog., a

and logs a

=--,

log; b

INEQUALITIES IN LOGARITHM
Let logap > logsq, Let us assume that .x = logap ~ p and y = logsq ~ q = ar. Let x > y. If a > 1then a= > aY~ p > q. If 0 < a < 1, aX < av ~ p < q. • • • • •. • •
=

aX

Ifa > 1, p > 1, then logsp > O. If 0< a « 1, p>l~ logsp x O. If a> 1, 0 < P < 1 ':0:> logsp < ~. If p > a > 1~ logsp > 1. If a > p > 1 => 0 < logap < 1. If 0 < a < p < 1::::>0 < logsp« 1. If 0 < p < a < 1 ~ logsp > 1.

The valueof
(A) 4 (C) 6

(O.16tg2.5[~+312+':""'] (O.I6YOg25[k+r·
25

is equal to
(B) 5
(D) 7

Solution:

(A). Let A =
=

oo ]

(0.4 )210g

1 = (_25 )lO.g2'5(~)2 = (._5 )-lOg512(~J2

2

= (2

)lOg5/2

'

= 4.

Ifln2.
(A) 4 (C) 6

logn625

= logmlfl.Jn

If), then the value ofb is

(B)'5 (D) 7

Solution:

(B). W,ehave In2. logu54 = IOg1024. nl0 l => 4 In2. logsf = 4Iog102.Inl0 ~ In2. IOgb5=-. -. => IOgb5= I=> b

InIO

ln2

lnl0

= 5.

If log, (logs
(A) 5

(,Jx

+5 +

Fx)) = 0, then

xisequal

to
(B) 6

(C) 4

(D) none of these

Solution:

(C). From the given equation, logs (-JX +5 => -Jx +5 + --Ix = 5 or .Jx + 5 = 5 ---Ix => x + 5 = 25 + x - 10-£ or -£ = 2 => x
=

+.fx) = 7

=1=

logs'5

4.

Given Iogroo Ix + y I =
(A) 10
(C) 30

.!. and 2

Iogro y - logro

Ix I = IOgloo
(B) 20
(D)

4, then y is equal to

none of these

Solution:

1 (B). From logioo I x + y I = - , we get 2 I x + y I = 100112= 10.

From logro y

logic Ix I = Iogroo 4

...... (1) IOglO we have 2,

=> x2 + y2 + 2xy = 100 or 5x2 + 4x I x I = 100 => x

I x]

_1_ = 2 =>

y2

= 4x2

= -10
3

for x > 0 => y = for x < 0 => y

-20
= 20.
3

and x

= -10

Exercise

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)'

B A C A

FORMULAE AND'CONCEPTS 1.
2,

AT A GLANCE

When base is e, then logarithmic function 'is called natural logarithmic function and when base is 10, then it is called common logarithmic function.
i)

a1og•m

= ill

ii)

log, 1 = 0

iii)
iv)
v)

log, a = 1

vi)

vii)
viii) ix)

log

.
m

x" = -loga x
in

11

3.

Iog a
c

=--

log, a log, C

4.

~ p > q if a> 1 p<qifO<a<l

1.

The value
(A) log 2 (C) 1

of 3log-

81 80

+ 5log -

25.

24

+ 7 log -

16 .

15

IS

(B) log 3 (D) 0

Sol.

(A). Given

expression = 3Uog34 -log24_ log5) + 5[2log5

- log3 - 3 log2) + 7(4log2

-log5

-log3)

= log2.

2.

The value
(A) 1

OflOg34 log45 lOg56 logs? lOg78 logs9 is

(B)'2.

(C) 3 Sol.
(B). lOg34log45 =log35 logsf loge? = Iogs? log781ogs9 = l0g79 :. given expression = log351og571og79

CD) 4

== log39::: 2. 1 + abc is equal to

3.

If a = log2412, b = log3624 and c = log4s36, then

W2~
(C) 2bc

~2~
(D) 0

Sol.

(C). 1 + abc = 1+ log2412 log3624 log4836 = 1 + log4s12 = log4s48 + log4812 = lOg4S(48 x 12) = lbg48(24)2 = 2log4824 = 21og4836 lOg3624 = 2bc.

4.

If log, (

a;

b)

= k(lOge

+ loge b), then relation

between
(B) a =-~

a and b will be

(A) a= b

2
3

(C)2a

=b

(D) a

=~

Sol.

(A). loge

(a;

b ) = i(lOge

a+

loge b)

=> a+b =J;.b

2

=> a + b -2J;.b =0

(Fa-Jbr =>Fa=Jb
=> a = b.

=0

5.

Iflog72

=m,then

log4928 is equal to
(B) 1

(A) 2(1 + 2m)

(C)_2_

+2m
2

1+2m

(D) 1+ m

Sol.

(B). logrZ = m log4928 =. log7+1og4 21og7

=

-+-log7
2 1

2.

= -+log7

1-

=-+m=--.

2m+l 2

6.

If logx : logy: logz

(A) xt
. yz

(C)xfx

yJi

. ZX

=1

= (y -

z) : (z

- x) :

(x - y), then
(B) XX
yy Zz

=1

zJZ =1

(D) none of these

Sol.

(B). logx = logy= logz =k y-z z-x x-y :. xlogx + ylogy + zlogz = k[x(y - z) + y(z - x) + z{x - y)] = 0 log XX + log yY+ log Zz = 0 => XX . yY. Zz = 1. If Iogaf = a and log56 = b, thenloga2
(A)_I_

7.

is equal to
(B) _1_

2a +1
(C)

2b + 1
1 (D)

2ab +

1 2ab-1

Sol.

(D). 4a = 5 5b = 6 :. (4a)b = 6 => 22ab= 21.3 22ab-1= 3 (2ab - 1) log22 = log23 . :. loga2 = --1 2ab -1

8,

log ab - log I b I = (A) log a (C) -log a

log I a] (D) none of these

(B)

Sol. 9.

(Bj.Tog ab= Iog lb ] =loglabl-Ioglbl=loglal. Which is the correct order for a given number ccin increasing order
(A) logsc., Iogao, log;«, Iogiocc (B) logroo., Iogao., Icg,«, Iogioo;

(Cllogiocc, Ioge«, logzc, Iogso. , .

(D) logac, log;«, logzx, logroo; .

Sol.

(B). 10,3, e, 2 are in decreasing Iogroo; > logao; > Iog,« > logs a.

order

10.

If logsa , log,x =2, the x is equal to (A) 125 (C) 25 (C). logsa logsx ~ logsx = 2· ~X= 25. x log
(A) (C)
x

(B) (D)

a2 none of these

Sol.,

=2

11.

a-x log

z.

Isequa 1 to
(B) y (D)

x z Given expression = x10gxz= z.

none of these

Sol. 12.

(C).

The number of solutions OflOg2(X+ 5) = 6 - x is W2 ~1 (C) 3 (D) none of these

(B). log2(x + 5) = 6 - x

Sol.

~ 26-x·=.x + 5 On solving, x. = 3 is the solution. 13. Iflogl03 = 0.477, the number of digits in 34 is (A) IS' (C) 20
(l

(B) (D)

19 21

Sol.

(C). Let x = 340 logx = 40log3 = 40 x 0.477 = 19.080 Characteristic = 19 :. number of digits in 340= 20.

14 .

. '1 1 1 Th e sum 0f t h e senes .-.-+ -+ -+ ..... upto n terms 10g2a 10g4a 10g8a
(A)

IS

n(n+l)l ---'--~ 2
(n + 1) 2

oga2

n (B) ,-- loga2

2

(C) --loga2
I

(D)

n(n+l)(2n+l) . 6

loga2

Sol.

(A). The given expression can be written as loga2 + 10gA + logaS + .... upto n terms == loga2 + 2 10ga2 + 3 loga2 + .... n loga2 n(n+l) == 10ga2 [1+ 2 + ... n] == log. 2 .
2

15.

The value of '1' satisfying (A) 30 (C) 32

logFs b

=3

is (B) 31 (D) 33

Sol.

(C). We have 2 -log2 3 10 b =3

log.J8 b = 3

10 :::::::> 3f2 b = 3 log2

:::::::> Iogsb = 5

:::::::>= 25. b 16. . The value

(A) 4

of x, satisfying

loga(1 + lOgbl1 + log-Cl + logpx)})

(B) 3

= 0, is

(C)2

(D) 1 yields 1+ IOgb{1+ logc(1 + logpX)} =1

Sol.

(D). The given equation

:::::::>'logb{1 loga l + logsxl] = 0 + :::::::> + logc(1 + logsx) = 1 1 :::::::> log-Cl + logsx) = 0 :::::::> + logsx = 1 1 :::::::>. logpx='O :::::::>= 1. x 17. For 0 < x < 1, the value (A) log(l-x)
(C) logx

of.log(l

+ x) + log(l + x2) + .... to 00 is (B) '-log(l-x)

(D) ~ logx

Sol.

= log [(1 + x) (1 + x2) .. :.. to 2 + x3 + .... tow] , = log[ 1+ x + x

(B). The given expression = log(_1

00]

I-x

= -log(l 18. The value

(A) 2

- x). of x satisfying 184x-3 =

(54.J2)3X-4

is
(B) 6 (D) 4

(C) 3

Sol.

(B). Here Taking :::::::> (4x-

184x-3 =

(54.J2)3X-4 .
J2

log on both sides, we get

(4x - 3) log 18 = (3x - 4) log54 3 :::::::> - 3) = (3x - 4). (4x 2 :::::::> 6. x=

3) log18 = (3x - 4) log(18)3/2

19.

If (3.7Y =(0.037Y
(A) 2/3 (C)

=1000

. then find the value

11 of - --

1/3

(B) 3/2 (D) '1;2

Sol:

(A). (3. 7f

= 1000 =>
1

= logj,
Y 1

103

= 3 logo 3710 = -[loglo

3 3 1 . 0.037]

(0.037y
1 1

= 1000 =>
3 og0.3710 ( -. 3.7) 0.037

= logo.037103 = 3 logo 03710

I
37 -loglo 2 10 = ~ 3

- -- = 1
x y

3 og0037 10 3 10

=
20.

1 -loglo 3

= -1 [ Iog.,

2J = -loglo 2

The value of log., 3 lies in the interval

(A) (114, 1/2) (C) (1/3, 112)

(B) (2/3, 1) (D) (112, 1)

Sol:

(C).

We know 32 < 20 < 33 => log, 32 -c log, 20 « log, 33 => 2 -c Iog, 20 <3 => - > log2o 3 >2 I 1 3

=> log., 3 lies in (113, 112)

1.

--+--+-.-+ Iog , n log , n log, n

(A) (C)

+ Isequ log43 n

al

to
(B) 1

logn loge 43 !) log43! n

.(D)

log 43!n none of these

2.

logz)3144 is equal to
(A) 4, (C) 6(B) 5 (D) 7

3.

logsa log-b log,c is equal to

(A)

(B) 1 (D)

(C) log, abc 4.

0 ,

10

log_tan 1 log tan2°, log tan3° _.. log tan89° is (A) 1 (B) 0 (C) 2 (D) none of these lcgro tan1 ~ +log10 tan 2 +._. logiotan 89 is + (A) tanl° (B) tan 45
0 0

5_

0 -

(C) 0

(D)

00

6.

log , log2logFs 625 is equal to

(A) (C)

log23 log32

(B) 1 (D)

7.

log, (log2 (log)3 81

(A) 2 (C) -3

))is equ~

to
(B) 1
(D)

none of these

8.

xldgy -logz

. ylogz -logx . zlogx "Togy

is equal to
(B)

(A)

logx loga (10gb a) ( -)_

logy

(C) 0

CD) 1
log, log, b
IS

9.

The value of logsb (C) -logab

(A)

(B) logsa (D) none of these lny ln z

c-a a-b

10.

lnx For--

b-c (A) 1 (C) 0

= _. - = --,

xyz

IS

equal to
(B) (D)

abc none of these

fllTJEE Ltd., ICES House, 29 -A, Kalu Sarai, Sarvaoriva Vihar, New

nplhi - llMl1" -nk· ')"~, WAn

11.

log a If-b-c
(A) 0 (C) 1

= --

Iog b c-a

= --

loge. a-c

, then

. ab+c . bc+a . ea+b IS equal

to

(B) abe (D) none of these

12.

. If log.d.O (A) 1
(C) 9

x, log220 :=:: y and log58

= z,

then

1 -x+l

1 1. + -' - + -y+l z+1 (B) 3

(D)

IS

equal

to

13.

The number
(A) 3 (C) 2

of solutions

of log, (x - 1) = logs (x - 3) is
(B) 1 (D) 0

14.

If 4 Iog , (A) 2
(C) 9

+ 91og2 4 == 1 Ologx

83 ,

then x is equal to (B) 10 (D) none ofthese

15.

The value (A) x = 0 (C) x = 2

of x, satisfYi~g341og9(X+l) = 2210g

;x

+3,

is (B) x == 1 CD) x = 3

16.

The number logs? is (A) rational number (C) a prime number Ifa = logl/2 .)0.125
(A) a = 0

(B) irrational

number

(D) an integer

17.

, then
(B) a> 0

(C) a < 0

(D)a= 1

18.

Ifa=

logll2 .)0.12J

and b = leg, (J241 24 -

JU)
17

then (B) a < 0; h < 0 . (D)a<O,b>O

(A) a > 0, b > 0 (C)a>O, bcO 19.

If logo.six - 1) < logo.osfx - 1); then x will lie in the interval

(A) (2, co) (B) (1, 2)

(C) (-2, -1) 20. The value (A) :::: 2 (C) == 2 of

(D) none ofthese

I logs a

+ logsb

I where

a and b are positive numbers / (B) :::;2 (D) none of these

is always

1.

If a > 0, c > 0, b = a::j:.1, C::j:. 1, ac « 1 and n > 0, then the value of log, n -logbn. al --=-----=--=----IS equ to log., n -loge n log a n_ log ,» (C) log-a
(A) (B) (D)

FaZ ,

logn a lognc none of these

,_1_ are in 1 +lnz ..

2.

If x » 1, y > 1, z> 1 are in G.P, then

(A)

1+In x

1,

1 l+lny
(B)

AP

G.P

(C) H.P

(D) none of these

3.

If a, b, c are in G.P., then log,x, logsx, log-x are in

(A)

AP.

(C) H.P.

(B) G.P. (D) none of these

=2,

4.

If

log(x +1) .• Iog x

. . then x IS equal to (B) 1

(D) none

(A) 2
(C)

.Z

1+$

of these

5.

Solution of lOg8(:2 ) + (logg x

(A) 3 (C) 5

t= 3 is
(B) 4 .(D)

none of these

6. .

Values ofx satisfying the equation

. 1.
(A) (C)

(B) (D) ..

3 1 5
X

7.

If'logx+2
(A) 2 (C) 4

+ log2 X + 2

?_, then x is
2
(B) 3

(D) 5

8.

If'Iog- log,
(A) 3 (C) 5

(.Jx + 5 + Fx) = 0 , then x is

2

9.

Solution of ( x +6
(A) (C)

(B) 4
(D) 6
x,

= (5x)

10 x g3

is (B)-1, 2,-3 (D) none of these

1,2,3 1,2

10.

Solution
(A) 3 (C) 7

of )lOg2 (X4)

+ 41og4 ~

.; 2 is (B) 2
(D) 9

11.

The value loglO (98 +

(A).-3 (C)-5

of x, satisfYing

Jx

the equation
= 2 is'

_x

12x +36)

-4 CD) - 6
(B)

12.

The values of x, satisfying the equation 210gx a + logax a + 31oga2x a = 0 are

(A) a-2, a-1 (C)

for

\::j

a> 0
(B)

a-3,a-1
of x, satisfying the equation 6 . 5

(D) a-4'3,

a-1I2, a-1 a-1I2

_

13.

Value

-a log,x.IOg'03.log,5

IOgIO(~)'
10

= 9log,oox+log2 is 4

(A) 50 (C) 150

(B) 100 (D) 200 =1000

14.

If5

=(O.sy

*en.!_-.!_~
'. x y (B) 112 (D) 114

(C) 1/3

(A) 1

(A) logalb a b

(B) logab-

(C) log, a
16. The value of x, satisfying the inequality (A) 1 < x < 8 -(C) x > 8 ·11 The value of --. +-is Iog , 1[ log41[
(A) 2

b (D) 10gb!. ab

logo.3(x2 + 8) > logo.39x, lies in (B) 8 < x < 13 (D) none these

17.

(B) less than

(C) more than 18. If x

(C)

(D) none

of these

= log?
x>y

11 and y

= logs

5 then
(B)

(A) x = y

x <y

(D) None

19.

The number

of solutions

of logcosecxsin x> 0 is

WO
(C) 2

~1
(D) 00

20.

'If log, (X2 - 5x

+ 8) > 1 then x lies in the interval

(B) (-00, 1) u (1, (0)

(A) (-00, 2) u (3, (0)

(C) (-00, 2)u (2, (0)

(D) (1, 2)

1. 4_ 7_ io. 13_ 16_ 19_

B B B

2_ 5_ 8_ 11_ 14_ 17_ 20_

A
B D

3_ 6_ 9_ 12_ 15_ 18_

B B

e
A
B

A
B B

e
B B

1. 4_ 7_ io. 13_ 16_ 19_

A
B

2_ 5_ 8_ II. 14_ 17_ 20_

e
D
B B

3_ 6_ 9_ 12_ 15_ 18_

e
B

A
B B

A D

e e
A

A A