c
 


c
V

 

There is a growing recognition worldwide that small and medium

enterprises (SMEs) have an important role to play in the present context
given their greater resource-use efficiency, capacity for employment
generation, technological innovation, promoting inter-sectoral linkages,
raising exports and developing entrepreneurial skills. Their locational
flexibility is an important advantage in reducing regional imbalances. The
future of SMEs is of major policy concern given their strategic importance
in any discussion of reshaping the industrial sector. This is more so in the
case of India, which has one of the longest histories of government support
to the small-scale industrial sector since independence compared to most
developing countries.

 
  





In accordance with the provision of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises

Development (MSMED) Act, 2006 the Micro, Small and Medium
Enterprises (MSME) are classified in two Classes:

(a)  
 


- The enterprises engaged in the
manufacture or production of goods pertaining to any industry specified in
the first schedule to the industries (Development and regulation) Act,
1951). The Manufacturing Enterprise are 

 

 



 

 


(b) 




: The enterprises engaged in providing or rendering
of services and are 

 

 



 


.
 The limit for investment in plant and machinery / equipment for
manufacturing / service enterprises, as notified, vide S.O. 1642(E) dtd.29-
09-2006 are as under:

 
 






 V 



 



Micro Does not exceed twenty five lakh

Enterprises rupees

Small More than twenty five lakh rupees

Enterprises but does not exceed five crore
rupees

Medium More than five crore rupees but

Enterprises does not exceed ten crore rupees










 V 



 




Micro Does not exceed ten lakh rupees:

Enterprises

Small More than ten lakh rupees but does

Enterprises not exceed two crore rupees

Medium More than two crore rupees but

Enterprises does not exceed five core rupees

 


V

V 
 


 



 

 









 
 
 



 

  
 
 
 
 
V

  







 




 
 
 
 






  
 

Small and medium enterprises, both in size and shape, are not uniform
across the globe. This asymmetry comes in the way of any effort of their
integration. The way they are defined depends on the stage of economic
development and the broad policy purposes for which the definition is
used. According to a World Bank study, there are said to be more than 60
definitions of small and medium industries used in 75 countries surveyed
(cited in Kim Seung Jin and Suh Jang-Won, 1992, 9). The most commonly
used definitions relate to either size of employment and/or quantum of
capital investment /fixed assets. As the process of economic development
leads to changes in industrial sector shares in GDP and the contribution of
sub-sectors within industry, the definition is extended to include not only
manufacturing industries but all enterprises which fall within or below the
defined cut-off point. In the ASEAN countries in general, the definition is
restricted to SMIs in the manufacturing sector only, whereas in the OECD
group, the definition is broadened to include all Small and Medium
Enterprises.

In India, small-scale industries (SSIs) were given due importance in the

process of industrialization as far back as 1951 when post-independence
economic planning was initiated. The Industries Development and
Regulation Act legislated by the Centre in that year, became the framework
for the small-scale industrial sector's development. The Act determined
licensing policies for the sector and the reservation of products, among
several other important provisions. The definition of small-scale industries
is mainly in terms of investment ceilings which have changed over the
years to keep pace with economic development. Though employment and
turnover are also used to define small industries, as these indicators are
implicit in the requirement for registration under the Factories Act, the core
definition of SSIs in India remains based on investment limits - "historical
costs of plant and machinery."
Therefore, the contribution of SME sector to the GDP in different countries
is not on comparable parameters. Still, in both developed and developing
economies, they were accorded special status, specific dispensations and
particular attention. Although the broad canvas of "enterprise" suggests
that we look at the contribution of both industry and trade, more
particularly exports, in the growth of GDP, lack of separate data on SME's
contribution in the developed economies like the US, Canada, Japan and
Germany restricted the scope of this paper to having a look at some policy
interventions in ASEAN and OECD economies.

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V
Small-scale industries in India could not progress satisfactorily due to various
problems that they are confronted with while running enterprises. In spite of
having huge potentialities, the major problems, small industries face are given
below.

º






The success of a small enterprise revolves around the entrepreneur and its
employees, provided the employees are skilled and efficient. Because inefficient
human factor and unskilled manpower create innumerable problems for the
survival of small industries. Non-availability of adequate skilled manpower in the
rural sector poses problem to small-scale industries.


 
 





Adequate and timely supply of credit facilities is an important problem faced by

small-scale industries. This is partly due to scarcity of capital and partly due to
weak creditworthiness of the small units in the country.









Small units face severe problems in procuring the raw materials whether they use
locally available raw materials or imported raw materials. The problems arise due
to faulty and irregular supply of raw materials. Non-availability of sufficient
quantity of raw materials, sometimes poor quality of raw materials, increased cost
of raw materials, foreign exchange crisis and above all lack of knowledge of
entrepreneurs regarding government policy are other few hindrances for small-
scale sector.









Another important problem faced by small-scale units is the absence of organised

marketing system. In the absence of organised marketing, their products compare
unfavourably with the quality of the product of large- scale units. They also fail to
get adequate information about consumer's choice, taste and preferences of the
type of product. The above problems do not allow them to stay in the market.

è






Small-scale units are striving hard to employ modern machineries and equipment
in their process of production in order to compete with large industries. Most of the
small units employ outdated and traditional technology and equipment. Lack of
appropriate technology and equipment create a major stumbling block for the
growth of small-scale industries.




 
 


Indian economy is characterized by inadequate infrastructure which is a major

problems for small units to grow. Most of the small units and industrial estates
found in towns and cities are having one or more problems like lack of of power
supply, water and drainage problem, poor roads, raw materials and marketing
problem.

Thus absence of adequate infrastructure adversely affect the quality, quantity and
production schedule of the enterprises which ultimately results in under-utilization
of capacity.

!
"

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Small-scale units find it very difficult to compete with the product of large-scale
units and imported articles which are comparatively very cheap and of better
quality than small units product.

$
%



Besides the above problems, small-scale units have been of constrained by a

number of other problems also. They include poor project planning, managerial
inadequacies, old and orthodox designs, high degree of obsolescence and huge
number of bogus concerns. Due to all these problems the development of small-
scale industries could not reach a prestigious stage.


 V

Sickness in the industrial units is not a new phenomenon as is evident in
the developing countries. Even in the industrially advanced countries of
the world, varying degrees of sickness are found to occur. An industrial
unit may face a number of odds during its implementation and operation
stage because of a number of factors in the environment ² internal and
external. If the problems perpetuate & does not permit the unit to pursue
the normal course of operations leading to reasonable utilization of
capacity, generation of surplus, debt servicing, etc, it can be presumed that
some kind of sickness has engulfed the unit and if this trend grows
unchecked, it would adversely affect production and employment in the
country besides other socio-economic repercussions. However, it is also
recognised that in a market economy, the survival of the fittest and
weeding out of inefficient industrial units is a natural outcome which is
considered useful as well. Because the exit of the non-competitive and loss-
incurring units should not pose difficulty to any society. But sickness
assuming an epidemic shape creates concerns to the policy makers and
stakeholders. Experience suggests that small scale industries are more
prone to sickness as compared to medium and large scale industries. In this
context, sickness in small industry should not be left only to the market
forces. Creation of objective conditions and enabling environment through
suitable policy support are essential for sustained growth of the small
industry sector in the developing economies. It is, therefore, imperative to
diagnose the causes of sickness so that preventive measures are suggested.
Even if a small unit turns sick despite taking all possible precautionary
measures, efforts should be made to find out the possibility of its revival.
This warrants appropriate package of restructuring and rehabilitation
strategies. If the unit·s survival is still under threat, it should be better
allowed to die a natural death
Though the Small Scale industries in India have been growing constantly
over the years there has been a gradual increase in the incidence of sickness
in Small Scale Industries.
 The definition of sick industries has been undergoing changes. The
Reserve Bank of India (RBI) was instrumental in appointing commities
from time to time to look into the issues of sickness affecting the sector. The
latest definition of sickness given by the working group on rehabilitation of
sick units set up by the RBI ( Kohli comittee) is given below:-

´ A small scale industrial is considered sick when

(a)| If any of the borrowal accounts of the unit remains

substandard for more than six months, i.e., the principal or
interest, in respect of any of its borrowal accounts has remained
overdue for a period of exceding one year will remain
unchanged even if the present period for classification of an
account as an substandard is reduced in due course;
OR
îb)| There is erosion in the net worth due to accumulated losses to the
extent of 50 percent of its net worth during the previous accounting
year, and
îc)| The unit has been in commercial production for atleast two years.´

V 


 
|Government has recognized the important role of

entrepreneurs in the industrial development of the country, especially
through the small scale industries (SSIs). SSIs are essential for Indian
economy in terms of employment generation, foreign exchange earnings,
its share in industrial output, and contribution to national income. The
government of India and state governments provides a number of
special facilities and incentives. The incentives not only motivate
entrepreneurs to set up industries in the small scale sector, but also
strengthen the entrepreneurial base in the economy. The new
entrepreneurs face a number of problems on account of inadequate
infrastructure facilities and other support services.
The government offers a package of services through its specialized
institutions and motivates entrepreneurs to take advantage of the various
facilities and establish enterprises and flourish. This package includes
assistance in obtaining finance, help in marketing, technical guidance,
training, and technology up gradation etc. It is hoped that institutional
incentives would play a key role in the promotion of small enterprises and
ensure their self-sustained growth.

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