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Chapter 1 - Peopling

the Earth
Section 1 – Human Origins in Africa
Section 2 – Human Try to Control Nature
Section 3 - Civilization
Section 1 – Human Origins in Africa

By Jose Rosario
Page 2
Walking With Caveman
Human Evolution
Human Foot Print
Lucy’s Bones
A. Written records only covered the last 5,000
years, so Archaeologists use special skills & tools to
look beyond.
1. We know that during the Stone Age humans made
stone tools, used fire & learned to speak.
2. The Stone Age is divided in two:
a. Paleolithic Age, or Old Stone Age, (2.5 million years
ago - 8000 B.C.)
b. Neolithic Age, or New Stone Age, (8000 B.C. to 3000
B.C.)
3. The Old Stone Age overlapped the Ice Age, glaciers
covered much of the Earth.
4. But, 10,000 years ago, the Ice Age was over & glaciers
grew smaller.
Archeologists Look for Artifacts
C. In East Africa, archaeologists found the fossils of a
Homo-Habilis or “man of skill” that live 2.5 million
years ago.
1. Some 1.6 million years ago Homo-erectus used tools for special
purposes marking the 1st use of technology.
2. With technology allowed them to dig, cut, scrape, used fire.
3. Scientists believe that Homo-erectus developed into humans, or
Homo sapiens.
4. Neanderthals appeared 200,000 years ago, lived in caves or
built shelters, & held religious beliefs. But 30,000 years ago,
they disappeared.
5. The Cro-Magnons appeared, similar to modern man. He
hunted large animals, had better speaking skills than
Neanderthals.
The North
America glacier
almost covered
the entire
continent.
Homo
Early Human
Habilis

Homo
Sapiens
HOMO
Homo Sapien Homo HEIDELBERGENSIS
Erectus PARANTHROPUS HOMO
NEANDERTHALENSIS
BOISEI
Homo Habilis

Homo
Floresiensis
Modern Man
Section 2 - Human Try to
Control Nature
By Jose Rosario
Page 6
Civilization
A. For thousands of years, human had two concerns:
finding food & protecting themselves.
1. They used fire, built shelters, made clothes, & developed
spoken language.
2. In the early Old Stone Age, humans were nomads.
3. They found food by hunting & gathering nuts, berries, &
roots, & used tools— made out off stone, bone, & wood.
a. They made knives, hooks, & bone needles.
b. Thousands of years ago, Stone Age artists mixed
charcoal, mud, & animal blood to make paint, to draw
pictures of animals on cave walls.
c. They lived in small groups of 25 to 70 people.
4. Early humans were seasonal hunters.
Catal Huyuk
Catal Huyuk
Stone Age Village
B. The agricultural revolution that occurred during the
Neolithic period, (slash-and-burn farming)
1. They also began to raise animals (horses, dogs, goats, & pigs).
2. Archaeologists believe that people in northeastern Iraq, or
Jarmo, began farming & raising animals about 9,000 years ago.
Simultaneously farming took hold in other spots around the
world.
3. The village of Catal Huyuk (in Turkey) near a river, they grew
wheat, barley, & peas, & raised sheep & cattle, & made clay
pottery, & worked as weavers & artists
4. This village had a religion, too.
5. Early farming villagers had problems: drought, floods & fires &
diseases spreading.
6. Villages grew into cities, people used irrigation to bring water,
invented the wheel for carts & the sail for boats.
Section 3 - Civilization

By José Rosario
Page 8
Mesopotamia
A. Life became more complex as the villages began
to grow.
1. People were divided into social classes:
a. Some people had more wealth & power than others.
b. They began to worship gods & goddesses for protection
their crops & increase their harvests.
c. One of the first civilizations arose in Sumer. It was in
Mesopotamia, between the Tigris & Euphrates rivers in
Iraq.
2. A civilization has advanced cities that contain many people &
serve as centers for trade.
3. They have specialized workers or skilled workers who make
goods by hand or artisans.
4. Civilizations have complex institutions (Government, organized
religion, & an economy)
Cuneiform
B. Sumer had all the features of a civilization.
1. It kept records: laws, debts, & payments-- these created the
need for writing for Scribes or people who write & keep
records.
a. Cuneiform, which means “wedge shaped,” was a form of writing
invented in Sumer.
2. Sumerians improved technology, they made a metal called
bronze, which started Bronze Age or time when people
began using bronze tools & weapons.
3. One of the early cities of Sumer was named Ur.
a. A walled city built of mud dried into bricks, Ur held about 30,000
people. They carried water to the fields.
b. Its social classes included rulers & priests, traders, craft workers, &
artists.
4. Ur’s temple or ziggurat, was a pyramid shaped structure
where Priests there led the city’s religious life.
Sumerian City of Ur
Mesopotamia
or land
between
rivers

Tigris River

Euphrates River

The first city


Ever.
The City of Ur

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