Formulary For Veterinaries

Veterinary Formulary CONTENT Acknowledgements ....................................................................iv Introduction.................................................................................vi General Guidance.......................................................................ix 1.Anti-infective.............................................................................1 1.1.Antibacterial Drugs .............................................................1 1.1.1.Penicillins......................................................................1 1.1.2.
Other Antibacterials...................................................15 1.1.3. Compound Antibacterial Preparations ..............................................................................................70 1.2. Antifungals........................................................................74 1.3. Antiprotozoal Drugs..........................................................77 1.3.1. Anticoccidial drugs....................................................78 1.3.2. Trypanocides and Others............................................82 1.3.3. Combination...............................................................86 1.4. Anthelmintic Drugs...........................................................88 1.4.1. Benzimidazoles.........................................................89 1.4. 2. Imidazothiazole.........................................................95 1.4.3. Microcyclic Lactones.................................................97 1.4.4. Other Anthelmintic Drugs........................................100 1.4.5. Combined Anthelmintics.........................................103 2.Acaricides and Insecticides .................................................107 2.1.Organophosphates and Chlorides.....................................109 2.2. Carbamate........................................................................113 2.3. Pyrethrines and pyrethroids.............................................114 2.4. Others..............................................................................118 3.Gastrointestinal Drugs..........................................................119 3.1. Antidiarrheal Drugs.........................................................119 3.1.1.Adsorbents.................................................................120 3.1.2.Drugs used in the treatment of chronic diarrhea.......121 3.2. Drugs used in the Treatment of Bloat.............................121 i
Veterinary Formulary 3.3. Laxatives.........................................................................124 3.3.1. Lubricant laxatives...................................................124 3.3.2. Bulk-forming Laxatives...........................................125 3.3.3. Osmotic Laxatives....................................................126 4. Cardiovascular Drugs..........................................................127 4.1. Diuretics..........................................................................127 4.1.1. Thiazides..................................................................128 4.1.2. Loop diuretics...........................................................129 4.1.3. Osmotic Diuretics.....................................................131 5. Central Nervous System Drugs........................................132 5.1. Analgesics/Antipyretics..................................................132 5.1.1 Opioid Analgesics ....................................................132 5.1.2. Non-opioid Analgesics.............................................135 5.2. Sedatives.........................................................................140 6. Drugs used in anaesthesia....................................................144 6.1. General Anaesthetics.......................................................144 6.1.1. Antimuscarinic Pre-anaesthetic Medication.............145 6.1.2. Injectable Anaesthetics.............................................147 6.1.3. Inhalational Anaesthetics.........................................150 6.2. Local Anaesthetics..........................................................153 7. Drugs used in Endocrine disorders....................................155 7.1. Drugs used to promote Gonadal function.......................156 7.2. Myometrial Stimulants ...................................................158 7.3 Sex Hormones..................................................................160 7.3.1. Oestrogens................................................................160 7.3.2. Androgens................................................................162 7.3.3. Progestogens............................................................163 7.4. Prostaglandins.................................................................165 8. Blood products and drugs affecting the blood ..................167 8.1. Anticoagulants.................................................................167 8.1.1. Parenteral Anticoagulants........................................168 8.1.2. Oral anticoagulant....................................................169 ii
Veterinary Formulary 8.2. Haemostatics...................................................................170 9.Vitamins.................................................................................170 9.1.Water soluble Vitamins....................................................171 9.2. Fat Soluble Vitamins.......................................................175 10.Anti-inflammatory Drugs ..................................................176 10.1.Corticosteroids...............................................................176 11. Disinfectants and Antiseptics............................................180 12.Antidotes and other substances used in poisoning...........186 13.Immunological Preparations..............................................188
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Veterinary Formulary
Acknowledgements
The Drug Administration and Control Authority is grateful to individuals and organizations for their valuable contributions for the preparation of the final version of the formulary for veterinary drugs. The Authority would like to give special acknowledgement to the following professionals and their institions for their contibtions during the consultative workshop held to finalize the draft formulary. Dr.Tadesse Balcha Dr. Emiru Zewdie Dr. Bojia Enderbu Dr. Taye Yirgu Ato Abiy Habtewolde Dr.Tesfu Kassa Dr. H/mariam Lemecha Dr. G/giorgis Ashebir Dr. Temima Nuri Dr.Tsehay Melesse Dr.Martha Yami - Veterinarian - Veterinarian - Veterinarian - Veterinarian - Pharmacologist - Veterinarian - Veterinarian - Veterinarian - Veterinarian - Veterinarian - Veterinarian
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Dr.Asseged Bogale Dr.Tadesse Getahun Dr. Anwar Nuru W/o Lidya Asrat Dr. Mulugeta Yebege-eshet Dr. Zewdu Belay Dr. Ataklti Negash Dr. Kassaye Adugna Dr. Tesfu Kassa - Veterinarian - Veterinarian - Veterinarian -Pharmacologist -Veterinarian -Veterinarian -Veterinarian -Veterinarian -Veterinarian
Introduction
Ethiopia is a leading country in the number of animal population in the African continent. However, the output in terms of contributions to the improvement of the livelihood of animal owners and for the growth of the national economy is at a lower stage compared to the vast resource on hand. Poor Animal health service and inadequate supply of drugs are among the main contributing factors for the poor utilization of the resources. The provision of quality animal health-care necessitates the availability of safe, effective and affordable drugs of the required quality, in adequate quantity at all times, and presented, dispensed and used rationally. Subject to many underlying factors the widely spread irrational use of veterinary drugs needs to be tackled through various interventions, including the introduction of guidances on the use of drugs. Formulary for veterinary drugs is believed to be one of the key guiding instruments for the facilitation of the promotion of rational use. In line with this the formulary for veterinary drugs has been prepared based upon guiding principles, including emphasis on major Animal diseases in Ethiopia, the veterinary drugs list and the level of animal health services in Ethiopia.
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In process of the development of the formulary an effort has been made to incorporate uptodate information on each drug, extracted from standard reference books, manuals and other sources. Contributions of competent professionals have also been sought through facilitation of their participation in the process in various ways, including seeking comments on the drafts. The comments given during the consultative workshop have also been included in this final version of the formulary. The formulary is envisaged to serve as a quick reference in understanding the properties of drugs and detailed information regarding each drug for the professionals involved in animal health care, prescribing and dispensing of veterinary drugs. The formulary is designed based on pharmaco-therapeutic classification of drugs so as to help users relate the pharmacological action of a drug to the condition/s it is recommended for. The formulary contains comprehensive information for every pharmaco-therapeutic class of drugs and an insight on indication, contraindication, side-effects, dose and administration, withdrawal period and storage conditions of each drug. The general guidance portion of the formulary provides information on the safe and appropriate use of drugs. Details of more than 235 drugs in their 350 dosages forms are included in this edition.
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The Drug Administration and Control Authority of Ethiopia will constantly review the formulary and shall make efforts to follow the progress in the field as well as the approval of new veterinary drugs to be used in Ethiopia, to regulary update the formulary.
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General Guidance
The general principle of prescribing for animals is that no medicinal product should be administered to a patient unless specifically indicated. In all cases the benefit of administering the drugs should be considered in relation to the risks involved, particularly in foodproducing animals. The choice of drug to treat a specific condition is dependent on the sensitivity of the micro-organisms requiring treatment in the case of infectious conditions, the influence of secondary infections, management factors, consideration of any possible drug interactions, and available routes of administration.
Administration and owner compliance

Ease of administration must be assigned a high priority when prescribing medicinal products to be given by the owner. Failure to comply with dose recommendations can often account for an apparently poor response to therapy or toxic effects. It is the responsibility of the veterinary surgeon to prescribe medicinal products that the owner can readily administer to the animal at convenient intervals and to provide an explanation of the treatment given. In veterinary medicine, drugs are available in many different formulations. For oral administration, it is important of ascertain whether the drug should be given before, with, or after food.
Preparations available for direct oral administration consist of tablets (including oval boluses used for cattle), capsules, oral ix
paste, oral solution (drench), and modified release (sustained-release) ruminal boluses. Ruminal boluses should not be given to ruminants less than 100 kg body-weight or those that do not have a functional rumen. It is important that drug dosage calculations are carefully checked for treatment administered via the drinking water or feed. It is advisable to establish if other drugs are included in the diet before medicating the drinking water or feed to avoid the possibility of adverse drug interactions. Doses. The doses stated in The Veterinary Formulary are intended for general guidance only and represent, unless otherwise stated, the usual range of doses that are generally regarded as suitable for the species indicated. Doses are given in amounts per kilogram body-weight wherever possible. Doses of drugs to be administered in the drinking water or feed are usually expressed as amount per 100 litres of drinking water or per tonne of feed. All doses are for administration by mouth, unless otherwise stated. For the purposes of The Veterinary formulary 'small animals' are considered to be dogs and cats; 'large animals' to be horses, cattle, sheep, and pigs. Withdrawal periods. The withdrawal period is the time interval after cessation of treatment and before the animal or any of its products can be used as human food. With increasing human public awareness of the use of drugs such as hormones and antimicrobials in animals that may enter in the human food chain, it is essential that veterinarian play an
active part in ensuring that drugs are administered according to x
their directions and that withdrawal periods are strictly followed. In the The Veterinary Formulary withdrawal periods are given in days wherever possible.
Prescribing for Horses, Cattle, Sheep, Goats, and Pigs

Cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and in some countries horses, constitute foodproducing animals providing meat, milk, or both for human consumption. Therefore the use of drugs and medicines in these species may be restricted, for example, chloramphenicol use is limited because possible residues in human food may lead to bacterial resistance and aplastic anaemia in humans. Withdrawal periods for milk and meat stated by the manufacturer should be adhered to. Drugs may be prescribed as group medication for administration in the feed or drinking water or for individual animal treatment. For parenteral administration in these species, injection may be given subcutaneously intramuscularly, or intravenously, or by intraperitoneal injection in lambs. Medication may be given by direct injection into the rumen. Not more than 20 ml should be administered at any one site if given by intramuscular injection. Horses are particularly sensitive to components of parenteral preparations. Oil-based formulations or unbuffered solutions or suspensions may cause irritation and tissue damage at the site of injection. Ruminal boluses that provide continuous or pulsatile
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release of a drug over a prolonged period have been developed for use in cattle and sheep for the delivery of anthelmintics and trace elements. There is wide variation in drug absorption and metabolism among these species. Absorption from the gastro-intestinal tract in ruminant species is influenced by the volume and pH of the ruminal contents and whether the drug is subject to metabolism by ruminal microorganisms. Pigs are monogastric animals and absorption takes place mainly from the small intestine. In horses, an orally administered drug may be partly absorbed from the small intestine with further absorption occurring 8 to 12 hours later from the large intestine. Absorption of some drugs administered in the feed or after feeding can be delayed for several hours because unabsorbed drug may be conveyed to the large intestine where further absorption takes place. Drugs that are extensively metabolised by hepatic microsomal oxidative reactions are, in general, metabolised more rapidly in ruminant animals and horses than in pigs. Phenylbutazone is a notable exception in that the half-life of this drug in cattle is many times longer than in horses. The dose of xylazine administered to cattle is one-fifth of that used in horses. The half-life of some drugs that are eliminated mainly by hepatic metabolism is shorter, by about 2-fold, in goats than in sheep. In pigs, the defect in sulphate conjugation is compensated for by alternative metabolic pathways such as glucuronide synthesis.
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Orally administered penicillins or broad-spectrum antimicrobials may disturb bacterial fermentation in the caecum and colon in adult horses, and in the rumen in animals with a functional rumen resulting in severe digestive disturbances or drug inactivation. Following oral antibacterial administration in ruminants, the ruminal microflora should be reestablished by cud transfer or administration of a proprietary preparation. An alternative is to ensure that drugs are delivered directly into the abomasum via the oesophageal groove mechanism. This can be achieved by adding the medicant to the milk of pre-weaned ruminants. In adult sheep, prior administration of copper sulphate produces groove closure. In cattle, oral administration of 60 ml of sodium bicarbonate 10% is effective in achieving groove closure. Oesophageal groove closure may however be counterproductive. Spontaneous closure in some individuals given oral benzimidazoles can result in a proportion of the drug being transferred into the abomasum, thus reducing the efficacy of the drug. Tetracyclines may cause severe enterocolitis in horses exposed to stress. In cattle, rapid intravenous injection of tetracyclines may cause cardiovascular collaps due to chelation of calcium in heart muscle, with consequent vasodilatation and myocardial depression. With the exception of oral administration of erythromycin estolate in conjunction with rifampicin for the treatment of pneumonia caused by Rhodococcus equi in foals, the use of lincosamide and macrolide antibacterials should be avoided in horses.
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Phenothiazines such as acepromazine should be used with caution in male horses because these drugs may cause paralysis of the retractor penis muscle. The hypotensive effect of acepromazine makes its use in horses with colic questionable. Acepromazine causes reduction in packed cell volume, which is attributed to splenic sequestration of red blood cells. This may lead to misinterpretation of laboratory diagnostic data.
Prescribing for Dogs and Cats

Although the absorption and excretion of many drugs are similar in dogs and cats, there are aspects of drug metabolism in which the species differ markedly. These factors should be taken into account when prescribing for dogs and cats. Ideally both dogs and cats should be weighed before being medicated. Drug absorption from the gastro-intestinal tract and from parenteral injection sites is related to drug formulation, and is generally similar in dogs and cats. While drug formulation and feeding in conjunction with oral dosing may cause variation in bioavailability, incomplete systemic availability can also be attributed to the physicochemical properties of the drug and the 'first-pass' effect. The rate of drug absorption from the gastro-intestinal tract is determined by the rate of gastric emptying because the small intestine is the principal site of drug absorption. The rate of percutaneous absorption of highly lipid-soluble drugs may be more rapid in cats.
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Renal excretion of drugs is similar in dogs and cats. Drugs that are eliminated unchanged in the urine may be administered at the same dose per kilogram body-weight for both species. There are many dog breeds and, as a general rule, for larger breeds calculation of the total dose should be based at the lower end of the recommended range. In dogs, the acetylation process for aromatic amines such as sulphonamides is absent. This does not decrease the overall rate of drug elimination because alternative metabolic pathways compensate; acidic urine favours sulphonamide reabsorption and increase half-life. NSAIDs such as aspirin and flunixin may cause gastric ulceration, particularly at high doses. These are potent drugs and patients may show individual susceptibilities to toxic effects. Tetracycline antibacterials may cause staining of the teeth in offspring if given in pregnancy. A similar effect may occur if tetracyclines are administered potentiated to puppies. Sulphonamides may cause and an sulphasalazine, immune-mediated administered systemically, may cause keratoconjunctivitis sicca and sulphonamides polyarthritis particularly in Dobermanns. Phenothiazines such as acepromazine should be used with caution in brachycephalic breeds because spontaneous fainting may be precipitated. The unusual sensitivity of the blood-brain barrier, the release of gammaaminobutyric acid in the CNS, or both. Barbiturates such as thiopentone may have prolonged action in coursing hounds due to limited
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redistribution of the drug into fatty tissue or decreased plasma-protein binding. There are specific problems related to drug use in cats. The cat has a relative deficiency in hepatic microsomal glucuronyl transferase activity and therefore drugs that are metabolised by this pathway will usually be eliminated at a slower rate. Organophosphorus compounds, aspirin, chloramphenicol, paracetamol, phenytoin, and griseofulvin may be toxic unless the appropriate dosage regimen is applied and should be used with caution. Antiseptics and disinfectants such as iodine and its derivatives, benzyl benzoate, and phenols and cresol and particularly toxic to cats due to increased drug ingestion because of the animals grooming habits together with slow drug metabolism. Opioid analgesics including morphine, butorphanol, pethidine, and pethidine derivatives such as diphenoxylate hydrochloride may cause violent excitatory activity with overdose. Phenothiazine such as acepromazine may cause paradoxical excitement in some cats. Xylazine may cause emesis in dogs and cats and may be used therapeutically for this purpose. High dose of aminoglycoside antibacterials such as gentamicin, streptomycin, and neomycin are particularly toxic in cats, causing ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, or both.
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Prescribing for Birds

Poultry
Poultry are farmed domestic birds, which include chickens, ducks, geese, and turkeys. Preparations that are licensed for poultry may not be suitable or safe for use in all species. When investigating a disease problem, management procedures should be examined before medicating the flock. An undesirable environment can nullify the benefits of medication, may be the cause of illness, and should be corrected at the same time as instigating any medication. In some circumstances it may be more economical to slaughter the flock earlier than planned because the cost of treatment would be excessive. Administration of drugs in the drinking water is usually preferable because domestic poultry will drink when they will not eat. However, fluid intake by the birds may vary due to the weather, to the ease of access or hygiene of drinking water dispensers ('drinkers'), or to the unpalatability of the medicated water. Care must be taken that the medication does not block the water system. Hygiene problems may arise as a result of poor mixing and preparation, or from fungal proliferation with some dextrose carriers. Drinker lines should be
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sanitised before drug incorporation, and should be cleaned regularly as part of the routine terminal house disinfection. Alternatively, the feed may be medicated. This is convenient for the farmer but it may take time getting feed mixed at the mill and mills may find making special mixes uneconomical. Absorption of the drug may be unpredictable because of binding to feed ingredients. Some birds may have a reduced feed intake and may require adjustment of the drug concentration in their feed. Treatment by injection is the most predictable method of drug administration but is only practicable where there are sufficient staffs available and the birds are of high monetary value. Intramuscular injection is usually given into thigh or breast muscle in adult birds. Intramuscular vaccinations are given into the thigh or neck muscle in day-old chicks. Aseptic procedures must be strictly adhered to. Many antibacterials are licensed for use in poultry for the treatment of enteric and respiratory disease. Coccidiosis, mainly caused by Eimeria spp., is a common infection in poultry flocks and medication is usually administered prophylactically to control the disease. Erythromycin and sulphonamides have also been reported to cause toxic effects when administered with monensin. Some drugs, such as clopidol, should not be used in layer hens because of possible drug residues in eggs intended for human consumption.
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Infection with gapeworm, Syngamus trachea, and intestinal nematodes such as Capillaria, Heterakis, and Ascaridia may be treated with licensed preparations including fenbendazole, flubendazole, and mebendazole. Lice, mites, and fleas may affect poultry and preparations licensed for treatment include cypermethrin .
Prescribing for Fish

Fish are farmed as food-producing animals and also kept by enthusiasts as a hobby. Species kept by enthusiasts may be divided into cold-water and tropical fish. Cold-water fish kept include goldfish in aquaria, Japanese koi carp inn ponds, and occasionally temperate marine fish caught off the coast. Tropical fish may be fresh water or marine. Preventive medicine is extremely important for fish health. Fish live in a 'bacterial soup' and poor water quality or frank infection may quickly lead to an acute cascade of disease within a cage, pond, or tank. Maintenance of good water quality, adequate feeding but not overfeeding, long quarantine, and generous stocking densities will aid the production and maintenance of healthy fish.
Bacterial Infections
The majority of bacterial infections affecting fish are caused by Gramnegative organisms such as Aeromonas, Vibrio, and Pseudomonas Spp., which cause furunculosis, septicaemia, and ulcer disease. Yersinia ruckeri infection causes enteric redmouth disease. Bacteria resistance to
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antibacterials is becoming a common problem in the fish industry. Vaccines are available for the control of some fish diseases.
Farmed Fish
Antibacterials are usually formulated as in feed medications for farmed fish. The drugs are combined with food by admixture with fish oil, corn oil, or gelatin, or dusted onto the pelleted feed. Fish should be starved for 12 to 24 hours before treatment because in-feed medication may be unpalatable. Adequate oxygenation should always be provided in treatment tanks. Antibacterial preparations that are licensed for use in fish include amoxycillin, co-trimazene, oxolinic acid, and oxytetracycline. usual treatment course is 7 to 10 days. When administering antibacterial to farmed fish, the appropriate withdrawal periods must be observed. Fish are poikilothermic and their basal metabolic rate varies with water temperature. Therefore withdrawal periods, stated in degree days, vary with ambient water temperature. For example 400 degree day is 20 days at a water temperature of 20o C or 40 days at 10 o C. The standard withdrawal period for fish is 500 o days unless otherwise stated by the manufacturer. In general, treatment with in-water antibacterials or methylene blue should not be carried out in tanks with biological filters. Although some drugs are claimed not to disturb biological filters, may do so The
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according to the dose used. It is preferable to administer the treatment in a quarantine tank without filtration but with appropriate monitoring of water quality or water changes.
Amoxycillin Trihydrate Indications. Amoxycillin-sensitive infections Dose. Fish: by addition to feed, 40-80 mg/kg body-weight daily Withdrawal Periods. Fish: slaughter 50odays Co-trimazine
Preparations of trimethoprim 1 part and sulphadiazine 5 parts
Indication. Co-trimazine-sensitive Infections Dose. Expressed as trimethoprim + sulphadiazine

Fish: by addition to feed, 30 mg/kg body weight daily Withdrawal Periods. Fish: slaughter 400o days
Oxytetracycline Indication. Oxytetracycline-sensitive infections Warning. Chelated hard water (not applicable for in-feed medication) Dose. Fish: by addition to feed, 75 mg/kg body-weight daily Withdrawal Periods. Fish: slaughter 4000 days
Parasitic and fungal infections
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Parasitic and fungal infections affecting farmed and ornamental fish are usually treated by in-water medication. The common protozoa infections include white spot caused by Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, slime disease due to Chilodonella, Costia (Ichthyobodo), and Trichodina, velvet disease caused by Oodinium spp., and fin rot caused by traumatic injury and secondary Epistylis infection. Other ectoparasites causing lesions include flukes such as Gyrodactylus, which attach onto the skin and Dactylogyrus, which affect the gills, and the anchor worm Lernaea. The nematode Camallanus may infect freshwater topical fish. Saprolegnia is a common fungal infection in fish; it is usually a secondary infection. Fish should be starved before any topical treatment because this reduces the metabolic rate of the fish and the organic loading of water from food and faeces, which increases the oxygen demand. Initially only a few fish in a group, as a representative sample, should be treated. After observing these fish for good recovery over a few hours, the remaining fish can be treated similarly. Adequate oxygenation should always be provided in treatment tanks. Temporary treatment tanks may not be available for topical fish and capture and handling may be excessively stressful. Therefore when treating ornamental fish, treatment should always begin at the lower end of a dose range, increasing as necessary. When treating small fish or fish in soft water use low doses. Chemicals or drugs are added to the water, which is used as a bath, a flush, or a dip. To prepare a bath, a low concentration of drug is added
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to the water and the fish are placed in the solution for 30 to 60 minutes, or longer for prolonged immersion. When given as a flush, a higher concentration of drug is added to the water which is then flushed through with fresh incoming water. This usually means the fish remain in contact with the drug for 15 to 20 minutes. In a dip, a very concentrated solution of the drug is prepared and fish are netted into the solution for 30 to 60 seconds and then replaced in their original tank. The organophosphorus pesticide dichlorovos is used for the treatment of salmon infected by the sea lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis and Caligus elongatus, before the stage at which serious skin damage is evident. Vigorous water aeration should be provided when using this drug. Gasping and rolling are signs of toxicity and asphyxiation of the fish. Goldsinney wrasse have been used, as an alternative to chemical treatment, to control sea louse infection on salmon.
Dichlorvos Indications. Sea lice infestation Warnings. Care with concurrent treatment with co-trimazine Withdrawal period. Fish: by bath, 2 mg/litre for 30-60 minutes Formaldehyde is a general ectoparsiticide and is also used for fluke
infections due to Gyrodactylus and resistant Chilodonella infections.
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The dose of formaldehyde should be adjusted according to the pH; low doses should be used at low pH and higher doses used at high pH.
Iodine compounds are used for disinfection of fish eggs and also for
direct application to lesions. These compounds are toxic to newly hatched fish. Benzalkonium chloride is used as a general antibacterial. It acts as a surfactant, removing excess mucus and slime containing parasites and bacteria from the fish. Benzalkonium tends to be more toxic in soft water and lower doses should then be used. It is less toxic in hard water.
Copper sulphate is used for velvet disease but is potentially toxic in

fresh water. It is inadvisable to use this compound where other treatments are available. The dose of copper in fresh water depend on the water hardness. It should be used with caution if the calcium carbonates level in the water is less than 50 mg/litre such as in soft water.
Potassium permanganate is toxic in water of high pH because

manganese dioxide may precipitate onto the gills. Potassium permanganate acts by liberating oxygen and has been used in situation of intensive fish stocking in earth ponds where emergency aeration in need. This oxidizing effect is potentially dangerous and use of this chemical should be restricted to specialists.
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Veterinary Formulary Benzalkonium chloride Indication. External bacterial infections, in particular bacterial gill
disease; disinfection
Warning. Toxicity is increased in soft water; appropriate blend of

chain lengths is important
Dose. By bath, 10 mg/litre for 5-10 minutes, 5 mg/litre for 30 minute,

2 mg/litre for 60 minute, 1 mg/litre for several hours. By prolonged immersion, 0.1-0.5 mg/litre have been used in domestic ponds
Iodine compounds Indications. Disinfection of fish eggs; cleaning wounds Warnings. Toxic to unfertilised ova and live fish Dose. Eggs: by bath, 10 ml/litre for 10 minutes. Rinse ova thoroughly
in clean water
Potassium permanganate Indications.

oxygenation Ectoparasitic and fungal infections, emergency
Warning. See notes above Dose. Treatment. By bath, 5 mg/litre for 1 hour. By dip, 10 mg/litre for
10-40 seconds Emergency aeration. By permanent bath, 2 mg/litre or 3-4 mg/litre if a high organic load present
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Sodium chloride Indications. Fungal and ectoparasitic infections in freshwater fish;

osmotic support for stressed or diseased freshwater fish
Dose. By bath, 10-15 g /litre for 20 minute
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1.Anti-infective
1.1.Antibacterial Drugs 1.1.1.Penicillins 1.1.1.1. Narrow-Spectrum penicillins 1.1.1.2. Beta-lactamase resistant penicillins 1.1.1.3. Broad-spectrum penicillins
General Properties
Penicillins are poorly soluble, weak organic acids that are administered parenterally either as suspensions in water or oil, or as water-soluble salts. The trihydrate forms of the semisynthetic penicillins have greater aqueous solubility than the parent compounds and are usually preferred for both parenteral and oral use. The penicillins are somewhat unstable, being sensitive to heat, light, extremes in pH, heavy metals, and oxidizing and reducing agents. Also, they often deteriorate in aqueous solution and thus require reconstitution with diluents just before injection.
Penicillins contain a -lactam nucleus that when cleaved by a lactamase enzyme (penicillinase) produces penicilloic acid derivatives that are inactive but which may act as the antigenic determinants for penicillin hypersensitivity. -Lactamases are produced by gram-positive organisms (Staphylococcus aureus, S epidermidis), and five of the six types of -lactamases are produced by gram-negative organisms.
Antibacterial Spectra
Penicillin G and its oral congeners (eg, penicillin V) are active against both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive bacteria and, with a few exceptions (Haemophilus and Neisseria spp and strains of Bacteroides other than B fragilis), are inactive against gram-negative organisms at usual concentrations. Organisms usually sensitive in vitro to penicillin G include streptococci, penicillin-sensitive staphylococci, Corynebacterium pyogenes , Clostridium spp , Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae , Actinomyces ovis , Leptospira canicola , Bacillus anthracis , Fusiformis nodosus , and Nocardia spp . The semisynthetic -lactamresistance penicillins, such as oxacillin, cloxacillin, floxacillin and nafcillin, have spectra similar to those noted but also include many of the -lactam producing strain of staphylococci (especially S. aureus and S. epidermidis).
Side-effects and Toxicity 2
Organ toxicity is rare. Hypersensitivity reactions do occur (particularly in cattle) skin reactions, angioedema, drug fever, serum sickness, vasculitis, eosinophilia, and anaphylaxis are common manifestations. Cross-sensitivity between penicillins is well recognized. Intrathecal administration may result in convulsions. Potassium penicillin G should be administered intravenously with some caution, especially if hyperkalemia is present. The sodium salt of penicillin G may also contribute to the sodium load in congestive heart failure.
Drug interactions
Displacement of penicillins from plasma-protein binding sites and delayed tubular secretion occurs when drugs such as salicylates, phenylbutazone, sulfonamides, and other weak acids are administered concurrently. Gut-active penicillins potentiate the action of anticoagulants by depressing vitamin K production by gut flora. Absorption of ampicilin is impaired by the presence of food. Ampicillin and penicilin G are incompatible with many other drugs and solutions and should not be mixed.
1.1.1.1. Narrow-spectrum penicillins

This group includes naturally occurring penicillin G (benzyl penicillin) in its various forms and a few biosynthetic acid-stable penicillins intended for oral use (penicillin V). Penicillins in this class are active against many gram-positive and a limited number of gram-negative
bacteria, but they are susceptiable to -lactamase (penicillinase) hydrolysis.
Benzylpenicillin, also known as penicillin G, was the first of the

penicillins, and remains an important and useful antibacterial. Benzyl penicillin is inactivated by gastric acid and so not administered oral. It is available as a range of salts that differ in their solubility and hence their duration of action.
Procaine Penicillin is slightly soluble. Following parentral

administration, it forms depot which slowly releases free benzyl penicillin into the circulation, maintaining effective concentration against the more susceptible microorganisms for up to 24 hours.
Benzathine Penicillin is a very slightly soluble salt, which has a

prolonged action after intramuscular injection although plasma concentrations produced are low.
Benzylpenicillin (Penicillin G)
Powder for injection, 4,800 IU
Indications. Penicillin G is indicated in the treatment of blackleg

caused by susceptible organisms such as Clostridium chauvoei in cattle and sheep. It is also used in Erysipela infections caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathia, (insidiosa) in pigs. Bacterial rhinitis or pharyngitis caused by susceptible organisms such as Actinomyces
pyogenes. Bacterial pneumonia caused by susceptible organisms in cattle, sheep. Actinomycosis, septic arthritis caused by susceptible bacteria in cattle, horses, pigs, and sheep. Leptospirosis in cattle, dogs, horses, and pigs. Used in malignant edema caused by susceptible Clostridium septicum in cattle. Metritis caused by susceptible organisms in cattle, horses, pigs, and sheep. Pyelonephritis caused by susceptible organisms such as Corynebacterium renale in cattle. Skin and soft tissue infections caused by susceptible organisms, including those associated with calf diphtheria, foot rot, the umbilicus, and wounds. Clostridium tetani in cats, cattle, dogs, horses, and pigs in conjunction with tetanus antitoxin and supportive therapy.
Contraindication.Penicillin
hypersensitivity;
should
not
be
administered by intrathecal injection
Side- effects. Drug interactions. See notes under section 1.1.1 Warning. Occasional skin sensitization in operator Dose. Cattle: by intramuscular injection, 12, 500-25,000 units/kg Cats and dogs: Intravenous or intramuscular, 20,000 to 40,000
unit/kg every six to eight hours. Horses: Intravenous or intramuscular, 20,000 units /kg every six to eight hours.
Withdrawal period. Cattle: discontinue use at least 5 days before

slaughtering for human use. Milk is normally withheld from human use during intramammary treatment
Veterinary Formulary Storage. Prior to reconstitution, store below 40 C (104 F), preferably
between 15 and 30 C (59 and 86 F), unless otherwise specified by manufacturer.
Procaine Penicillin G (Procaine Benzylpenicillin)

Injection, 300,000 IU/ml, 4,000,000 IU/ml Intra-mammary suspension, 300,000 IU/ml
Indications. Contraindications. Side-effects. Warnings.Drug interactions. See notes under section 1.1.1 and under
benzylpenicillin.
Dose. Cats and dogs: by Intramuscular injection, 20,000 to 40,000

units /kg every twelve to twenty-four hours. Cattle, pigs, sheep: by Intramuscular injection, 24,000 to 66,000 units/kg every twenty-four hours Horses: by Intramuscular injection, 20,000 units /kg every twelve to twenty-four hours
Note: Penicillin G procaine should not be administered subcutaneously at high doses because doing so produces significant local inflammation and hemorrhage, as well as medication deposits that can contribute to residue problems. The maximum dose per injection site of penicillin G procaine should be 3,000,000 Units (10 mL); injection sites should be different for each succeeding treatment. Penicillin G procaine should never be administered intravenously.
Withdrawal periods. Cattle: slaughter 4 days, milk 3 days. Sheep:

slaughter 8 days. Calves: slaughter 7 days. Pigs: slaughter 5 days
Veterinary Formulary Storage. Store between 2 and 8 C (36 and 46 F). Protect from
freezing.
Bezanthine Penicillin G and Procaine Penicillin G

Injection, 150,000IU +150,000IU/ml, 200,000IU+112,500IU/ml, 112,500IU +150,000IU/ml
Indications.Contraindication.Side-effects.Drug-interactions.
See notes under section 1.1.1 and under benzylpenicillin
Dose. Expresses for a suspension containing benzathine penicillin

150,000 IU + 150,000IU/ml Horse, cattle, sheep, goat, pigs: by intramuscular injection, 0.04 ml/kg, repeat after 3-4 days Dogs, cats: by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection, 0.1 ml/kg repeat after 3-4 days
Withdrawal periods. Cattle: slaughter 14 days, milk 3 days. Sheep:

slaughter 14 days. Pigs: slaughter 10 days
Storage. Store between 2 and 8 C (36 and 46 F). Protect from

freezing.
1.1.1.2. Beta-lactamase Resistant Penicillins

This group, through substitution on the penicillin nucleus (6aminopenicillanic acid [6-APA]), is refractory to a greater or lesser degree to the effects of various -lactamase enzymes produced by
resistant gram-positive organisms, particularly Staphylococcus aureus. However, penicillins in this class are not as active against many grampositive bacteria as penicillin G and are inactive against almost all gram-negative bacteria. Acid-stable members of this group (that are used per oral) include oxacillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, and flucloxacillin.
Cloxacillin
Intra-mammary Suspension, 500mg/dose, 625mg/dose
Indications. Bovine mastitis in lactating cows due to Streptococcus

agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus
Contraindication. Not recommended for food producing animals,

penicillin hypersensitivity reaction
Side-effects. See notes under section 1.1.1 and under benzylpenicillin Dose. By intramammary infusion, at last milking of lactation, milk out
cow, Infuse 1 syringe into each quarter every 12 hours for a total of three doses
Cloxacillin Benzathine
Intra -mammary Suspension, 200mg/dose Eye ointment, 835mg/5g
Veterinary Formulary Indication. Bacterial eye infections, bovine mastitis in dry cow due to
Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus
Contraindications. Side-effects. See notes under section 1.1.1 and

under benzylpenicillin
Dose.Cattle: by intramammary infusion, at last milking of lactation,

milk out cow, infuse 1 syringe into each quarter Sheep: by intramammary infusion, one doses per udder half at weaning Eye ointment, for cattle, horses, sheep, dogs, cats: apply as a single dose; repeat after 2-3 days if required
Withdrawal period. Intramammary suspension, cattle: slaughter 7

days, milk 2.5 days.
Flucloxacillin
Capsule (as sodium salt) 250mg, 500mg Oral Solution, 25mg/ml
Indication. Penicillin resistant staphylococci Contraindications. Side-effects. See notes under section 1.1.1 and
Dose. Dogs, cats: 15 mg/kg four times daily
1.1.1.3. Broad-spectrum Penicillins

Penicillins in this class are derived semisynthetically and are active against many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. However, they are readily destroyed by the -lactamase (produced by many bacteria). Many members of the group are acid stable and are administered per oral or parentrally. Of those used in veterinary medicine, ampicillin and amoxicillin are the best known.
They have activity against penicillin-sensitive gram-positive bacteria as well as some gram-negative bacteria. Ampicillin is effective against alpha- and beta-hemolytic streptococci, including Streptococcus equi, nonpenicillinase-producing Staphylococcus species, some Bacillus anthracis, and most strains of Clostridia. Ampicillin is also effective against gram-negative bacteria, including many strains of Escherichia coli (E. coli), Salmonella, and Pasteurella multocida. Amoxicillin has the same spectrum of activity as ampicillin, but has slightly better activity against some gram-negative bacteria, including E. coli, and Salmonella species. Most anaerobic bacteria, except betalactamase-producing strains of Bacteroides, are sensitive to amoxicillin. The broad-spectrum penicillins are subject to destruction by betalactamases and therefore are not effective against some bacteria that
10
produce these enzymes. Most strains of Klebsiella, Proteus, and Pseudomonas are resistant. Clavulanic acid has no significant antibacterial activity, but is a potent beta-lactamase inhibitor. Therefore it's inclusion in the preparations of amoxicillin renders the combination active against most strains of Staph. aureus, some E.coli spp., as well as Bacteroides and Klebsilla spp.
Side-effects
All species; hypersensitivity reactions, specifically acute anaphylaxis. Calves; diarrhea and malabsorption. Horses; diarrhea, injection site reaction (mild to moderate heat, pain, or swelling) with ampicillin trihydrate. Cats and dogs; anorexia, diarrhea, vomiting.
Amoxicillin
Powder, 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.5%, 20%, 70%, 75% Tablet, 200mg, 400mg Injection, 100mg/ml, 150mg/ml Oral Suspension, 5%, 10%, 15% Ointment, 40mg/5g
Indications. Parenteral amoxicillin is indicated in the treatment of

acute necrotic pododermatitis caused by susceptible Fusobacterium necrophorum. Amoxicillin is also indicated in the treatment of bacterial gastrointestinal tract infections, genitourinary tract infections, including
11
cystitis and urethritis, pneumonia caused by susceptible organisms in cats and dogs; tonsillitis, tracheobronchitis, and upper respiratory tract infections caused by susceptible organisms and soft tissue infections and wounds caused by susceptible organisms
Contraindications. Side-effects. See notes under section 1.1.1.3 and

under benzyl penicillin
Dose. Oral suspension, tablet: cats and dogs: oral, 10 to 22 mg /kg

every eight, twelve, or twenty-four hours
Note: Although the efficacy has not been established, amoxicillin is used in the treatment of leptospirosis in dogs at an intravenous or oral dose of 22 mg per kg of body weight every six to eight hours.
Injectable suspension, cats and dogs: Intramuscular or subcutaneous, 11 to 22 mg/kg every eight, twelve, or twenty-four hours. Cattle: Intramuscular or subcutaneous, 6.6 to 22 mg /kg every eight, twelve, or twenty-four hours.
Withdrawal periods. Calves: slaughter 10 days. Sheep: slaughter

21days. Pigs: slaughter 21 days. Cattle: slaughter 21 days, milk 7 days. Poultry: slaughter 1 days, should not be used in layer hens
Storage. Store below 40 C (104 F), preferably between 15 and 30 C

(59 and 86 F), unless otherwise specified by manufacturer.
Ampicillin
Injection, 150mg/ml, 200mg/ml, 300mg/ml Powder, 10%, 20%, 75%
12
Capsule, 250mg Tablet, 50mg, 125mg, 500mg
Indications. Parenteral ampicillin is indicated for the treatment of

respiratory tract infections caused by susceptible organisms, including some bacterial pneumonias associated with shipping fever complex in calves. Parenteral ampicillin may be used in the treatment of strangles caused by susceptible Streptococcus equi.
Contraindication. Side-effect. See notes under section 1.1.1.3 and

under benzyl penicillin
Dose. Ampicillin capsules; cats: oral, 10 to 20 mg / kg every eight to

twenty four hours. Dogs: oral, 20 to 40 mg / kg every eight to twelve hours. Ampicillin for injectable suspension; cats: Intramuscular or subcutaneous, 10 to 20 mg /kg every twelve to twenty-four hours. Dogs: Intramuscular or subcutaneous, 10 to 50 mg/kg every twelve hours. Cattle and calves, including non-ruminating calves: Intramuscular, 4.4 to 11 mg /kg every twenty-four hours. Horses: Intramuscular or intravenous, 10 to 20 mg (free acid) / kg every six to eight hours Storage. Store below 40 C (104 F), preferably between 15 and 30 C (59 and 86 F), unless otherwise specified by manufacturer Withdrawal periods. Calves: slaughter 14 days. Sheep: slaughter 21days. Pigs: slaughter 28 days. Cattle: slaughter 21 days, milk 1 day
13
Veterinary Formulary Amoxycillin and Clavulanic acid

Tablet, 40mg+10mg Injection, 140mg+35mg/ml
Indication.Amoxicillin-sensitive infections including beta-lactamaseproducing microorganisms
Contraindications.Side-effects. See notes under section 1.1.1.3 and

Dose. Expressed as amoxycillin

Cattles: by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection, 7 mg/kg daily Calves: oral, 5-10 mg/kg twice daily Dogs, cats: oral, 10-20 mg/kg twice daily: by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection, 7 mg/kg
Withdrawal periods. Calves: slaughter 4 days. Cattle: slaughter 14

days, milk 1 day
Ampicillin and Cloxacillin

Intra-mammary suspension, 75 mg + 200 mg/dose, 300 mg + 600 mg/dose, Injection, 1 g + 1 g /100 ml, 1.5 g + 1.5 g/100 ml 9.5 g + 4.8 g/100 ml
Indications.Contraindications.Side-effects.
section 1.1.1.3 and under benzylpenicillin
See
notes
under
14
Ampicillin and Cloxacillin Benzathine

Intra-mammary suspensions 250 mg + 500 mg/dose, 200 mg + 500 mg/dose, 300 mg + 600 mg/dose
Indications. Bovine mastitis Contraindications. Not to be used in lactating cows. Do not use
within 45 days of calving. Do not use in cows known to be hypersensitive to the active ingredients.
Side-effects.
benzylpenicillin
See
notes
under
section
1.1.1.3
and
under
Storage. Do not store above 250c
Ampicillin and Dicloxacillin

Intra-mammary suspensions, 190mg +190mg/dose
Indications. Contraindications. Side-effects. See notes under

section 1.1.1.3
1.1.2. Other Antibacterials 1.1.2.1.Cephalosporins
General Properties
The physical and chemical properties of the cephalosporins are similar to those of the penicillins, although the cephalosporins are somewhat
15
more stable to pH and temperature changes. They are used either as the free base form for oral administration (if acid stable) or as sodium salts in aqueous solution for parenteral delivery. Cephalosporins also contain a -lactam nucleus that is susceptible to -lactamase (cephalosporinase) hydrolysis. The cephalosporins are similar to the penicillins in several respects and also share many pharmacologic features as a group.
Classes
The early cephalosporins differed mainly with respect to
pharmacokinetic characteristics; the newer generations have much broader ranges of activity, and the modern classification of the group is based mainly on antibacterial spectra.
First-generation Cephalosporins
This group includes cephalothin, cephaloridine, cephapirin, cefazolin, cephalexin, cephradine, and cefadroxil. Cephalosporins in this group are usually quite active against many gram-positive bacteria but are only moderately active against gram-negative organisms. They are relatively susceptible to -lactamases (cephalosporinases) and are not as effective against anaerobes as are the penicillins.
Second-generation Cephalosporins
16
This group includes cefamandole, cefoxitin (a cephamycin), cefotiam, cefachlor, cefuroxime, and ceforanide. These agents are generally active against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Moreover, they are relatively resistant to -lactamase. They are ineffective against enterococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Actinobacter spp, and many obligate anaerobes.
Third-generation Cephalosporins
This group includes ceftiofur, ceftriaxone, cefsulodin, cefotaxime, cefoperazone, moxalactam (not a true cephalosporin), and several others. Typically, these have only moderate activity against grampositive bacteria but are active against a wide variety of gram-negative bacteria, including in certain instances Pseudomonas spp, Proteus vulgaris, Enterobacter spp, and Citrobacter spp. They are usually highly resistant to -lactamase enzymes. Third-generation cephalosporins are often able to penetrate the blood-brain barrier and are frequently indicated in bacterial meningitis caused by susceptible pathogens. Ceftiofur has been specifically approved for use in cattle with bronchopneumonia, especially if caused by Pasteurella haemolytica or P. multocida .
Side-effects
The cephalosporins are relatively nontoxic. Although they may be nephrotoxic in some species . Intramuscular injections can be painful, and repeated intravenous administration may lead to local phlebitis.
17
Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea may occasionally occur.
Hypersensitivity reactions of several forms have been seen, particularly in animals with a history of acute penicillin allergy. Superinfection may arise with the use of cephalosporins, and Pseudomonas or Candida spp are likely opportunistic pathogens. These drugs should be used with caution in animals with renal disease. Chronic administration may lead to anemia in cats.
Drug-interactions
Potential pharmacokinetic interactions are similar to those of the penicillin group. Aminoglycosides may enhance cephalosporin nephrotoxicity, but there is some doubt about this particular interaction. Furosemide and ethacrynic acid, however, do appear to potentiate the nephrotoxic action of cephalosporin.
Cephapirin
Intrammary suspension, 0.261 g/dose, 0.39 g/dose
Indication. For lactating cow only. For bovine mastitis Side-effects. See notes above Contraindications. Hypersensitivity to cephlosporins or penicillins Dose. By intramammary infusion, at last milking of lactation, milk out
cow, Infuse 1 syringe into each quarter every 12 hours
Drug interactions. See notes under section 1.1.2.1 Strorage. Store at room temperature; avoid excessive heat
18
Cephalexin
Powder for injection, 18 %
Indications. Side -effects. See notes above Contraindications. See notes under section 1.1.2.1 and
under cephapirin
Warning. Reduce dose in renal impairment Drug interactions. See notes under section 1.1.2.1 Dose. Cattle: by intramuscular injection, 7 mg/kg once daily
Sheep, pigs: by intramuscular injection, 10mg/kg once daily Dogs, cats: by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection, 10 mg/kg once daily
Withdrawal period. Cattle:
slaughter 4 days, milk withdrawal
period nil. Sheep: slaughter 3 days. Pigs: slaughter 3 days Storage. Store below 40 C (104 F), preferably between 15 and 30 C (59 and 86 F), unless otherwise specified by manufacturer. Store in a tight container.
1.1.2.2. Tetracyclines General Properties

The tetracyclines are stable as dry powders but not in aqueous solution, particularly at higher pH ranges (7-8.5). Tetracyclines form poorly
19
soluble chelates with bivalent and trivalent cations, particularly calcium, magnesium, aluminum, and iron. Doxycycline is more lipophilic than the older tetracyclines and has a number of advantages. Absorption of orally administered doxycycline is better and is less affected by milk and calcium salts. Doxycycline also penetrates better into several body compartment, notably the brain and cerebrospinal fluid .It enters the gastrointestinal tract through the bile and is particularly liable to produce enterocolitis in the horse.
20
Veterinary Formulary Antimicrobial Spectra

All tetracyclines are about equally active and typically have about the same broad spectrum, which comprises both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gramnegative Strains Serratia, of bacteria, mycoplasmas, rickettsiae, Proteus, spp chlamydiae, and even some protozoa (amebae). Pseudomonas and aeruginosa, Klebsiella, Corynebacterium
frequently are resistant, as are many pathogenic E coli isolates. Even though there is general crossresistance among tetracyclines and doxycycline usually are more effective against staphylococci.
Therapeutic Indication
The tetracyclines are used to treat both systemic and local infections. General organ infections include bronchopneumonia, bacterial enteritis, urinary tract infections, cholangitis, metritis, mastitis, prostatitis, and pyodermatitis. Specific conditions include infectious keratoconjunctivitis in cattle (pinkeye), chlamydiosis, heartwater, anaplasmosis, actinomycosis ehrlichiosis, nocardiosis,actinobacillosis, (especially doxycycline), eperythrozoonosis, and haemobartonellosis. Doxycycline is often effective to a somewhat lesser degree against resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus.
21
In addition to antimicrboal chemotherpy, the tetracyclines are used for other purpose. As additive in animal feeds, they serve as growth promoters. Because of the affinity of tetracyclines for bones, teeth, and necrotic tissue, they can be used to delineate tumors by florescence.
Side-effects and Toxicity

Because several diverse effects may result from the administration of the tetracyclines, caution should be exercised. Superinfection by nonsusceptible pathogens such as fungi, yeasts, and resistant bacteria is always a possibility when broad-spectrum antibiotics are used. This may lead to GI disturbances after either oral or parenteral administration or to persistent infection when they are applied topically (eg, in the ear). Severe and even fatal diarrhea can occur in horses receiving tetracyclines, especially if they are severely stressed or critically ill. High doses administered oral to ruminants seriously disrupts microfloral activity in the ruminoreticulum, eventually producing stasis. Elimination of the gut flora in monogastric animals reduces the synthesis and availability of the B vitamins and vitamin K from the large intestine. With prolonged therapy, vitamin supplementation is a useful precaution.
22
Tetracyclines chelate calcium in teeth and bones; they become incorporated into these structures, inhibit calcification (eg, hypoplastic dental enamel), and cause yellowish then brownish discoloration. At
extremely high concentrations, the healing process in fractured bones is impaired.

Rapid IV injection of a tetracycline can produce hypotension and sudden collapse. This appears to be related to the ability of the tetracyclines to chelate ionized calcium, although a depressant effect by the propylene glycol carrier itself may also be involved. This effect can be avoided by slow infusion of the drug (>5 min) or by pretreatment with IV calcium gluconate. The combined use of glucocorticoids and tetracyclines often leads to a significant weight loss, particularly in anorectic animals. Hepatotoxic effects due to large doses of tetracyclines have been reported in pregnant animals. The mortality rate is high. The tetracyclines are also potentially nephrotoxic and are
contraindicated (except for doxycycline) in renal insufficiency. Fatal renal failure has been reported in septicemic and endotoxemic cattle given high doses of oxytetracycline. The administration of expired tetracycline products may lead to acute tubular nephrosis.
23
Swelling, necrosis, and yellow discoloration at the injection site almost inevitably occur. Hypersensitivity reactions do occur; for example, cats may show a drug fever reaction often accompanied by vomiting, diarrhea, depression, inappetence, and eosinophilia. The tetracyclines can inhibit white blood cell chemotaxis and phagocytosis when present in high concentrations at sites of infection. This clearly hinders normal host defense mechanisms. The addition of glucocorticoids to the therapeutic regimen would impair immunocompetence even further.
Drug Interactions
The absorption of tetracyclines from the GI tract is decreased by milk and milk products (less so for doxycycline and minocycline), antacids, kaolin, and iron preparations. Tetracyclines gradually lose activity when diluted in infusion fluids and exposed to ultraviolet light. Vitamins of the B-complex group, especially riboflavin, hasten this loss of activity in infusion fluids. Tetracyclines also bind to the calcium ions in Ringer's solution. Methoxyflurane anesthesia combined with tetracycline therapy may be nephrotoxic. Microsomal enzyme inducers such as phenobarbital and phenytoin shorten the plasma half-lives of doxycycline. Except for doxycycline, the presence of food can substantially delay the absorption of tetracyclines from the GI tract. The tetracyclines are less active in
24
alkaline urine, and urine acidification can increase their antimicrobial efficacy.
Chlortetracycline
Powder, 10%, 20%, Spray, 2.8%, Bolus, 1g
Indications. Drug interactions .See notes under section 1.1.2.2 Contraindications. Renal impairment; last 2-3 weeks of gestation in
pregnant animals and up to 4 weeks of age in neonates
Side-effects. May cause vomiting, diarrhoea. See notes under section

1.1.2.2
Dose. Calves: 10-20 mg/kg daily

Pigs: 10-20 mg/kg body-weight daily; 400-600 g/tone feed Poultry: 20-60 mg/kg body-weight; 300-400g/ tone feed
Withdrawal periods. Calves: slaughter 25 days. 350: slaughter 10 days. Poultry: slaughter 3 day Oxytetracycline
Injection, 5 %, 10 %, 12 %, 20 %, 30 %, Powder, 5 %, 10 %, 20 %, 25 %, 50 %, Bolus, 50 mg, 100 mg, 250 mg, 500 mg, 1 g, Spray 5 %, Intra-uterine solution, 100 mg/ml, Intra-mammary suspension, 500 mg/dose, Pessary, 0.5 g
25
Veterinary Formulary Indications. Side-effects. Drug interactions. See notes under

section 1.1.2.2 and under chlorotetracycline
Contraindications. Avoid subcutaneous injection in horses. Some

manufacturer recommended that intravenous injection in dogs should be avoided
Dose.Horses: by intramuscular or intravenous injection, 2-10 mg/kg

daily Cattle, sheep, goats, pigs: by subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intravenous injection, 2-10 mg/kg daily; by depot intramuscular injection, 20 mg/kg, repeat after 2-4 days Calves, pigs: oral, 10-20 mg/kg twice daily Dogs, cats: oral, 25 mg/kg twice daily; by subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intravenous injection, 2-10 mg/kg daily Poultry: 6-25 g/100 liters drinking water
Withdrawal periods. Calves, pigs: slaughter 21 days. Cattle:

slaughter 21 days, milk 7 days. Poultry: slaughter 7 day, egg 1 day. Sheep: slaughter 10 day
Doxycycline Powder, 10 %, 20 % Indications. Lyme disease, Chlamydia, Rocky Mountain spotted fever
and bacterial infections caused by susceptible organisms. See also notes above
Contraindications. Side-effects. Drug interactions. See notes

under section 1.1.2.2
26
Veterinary Formulary Dose. Dogs, cats: oral or parenteral, 5-10mg/kg twice daily Chlortetracycline and Benzocaine
Topical Powder, 2 % + 1 %
Indications.Contraindications.Side-effects.Drug interactions. .
See notes under section 1.1.2.2
Oxytetracycline and Lidocain Hydrochloride

Injection, 5 g + 0.1g/100 ml
Indications.Contraindications.Side-effects.Drug-interactions.
Oxytetracycline and Genitian Violet

Spray, 25 mg + 5 mg/ml
Indications. External skin, teat, hoof and paw infections, caused by

oxytetracycline and gentian violet sensitive micro-organisms, like Bordetella, Campylobacter, Chlamydia,E. coli, Haemophilus, Mycoplasma, Pasteurella, Rickettsia, Salmonella, Staphylococcus and Streptococcus spp. in calves, cattle, goats, sheep and swine. Contraindication.Hypersensitivity to tetracyclines,administration to animals with a serious impaired renal and/or liver function.
Side-effects. See notes under section 1.1.2.2 Drug interactions. Penicillines, cephalosporines, quinolones and
cycloserine
27
Veterinary Formulary Dose. Spray one or two times a day from a distance of 15 - 20 cm Caution. Do not spray in or around the eyes. Do not incinerate or
puncture the spray can. Do not expose to temperatures above 50C0
Tetracycline
Tablet, 250 mg Powder for oral solution, 20 %, 25 %, 50 % Bolus, 500 mg
Indication. Contraindication. Side-effect. Drug interactions. .

Dose. Pigs; 40 mg/kg daily. Poultry; 60mg/kg daily

Oral soulble powder, for addition to drinking water, for pigs and calves: 22mg/kg daily for three to five days Oral soluble powder, for addition to drinking water, for chicken; 55 mg/kg daily for three to five days
Withdrawal periods. Pigs: slaughter 5 days. Poultry: slaughter 2

day, egg 2 days
Storage.Store at room temperature 15 to 300c
28
1.1.2.3. Aminoglycosides
Aminoglycosides are utilized primarily in the treatment of infections caused by aerobic gram-negative organisms. They are not active against anaerobic organisms. In addition to their strength in the treatment of gram-negative pathogens, aminoglycosides can be effective against some gram-positive organisms, such as Staphylococcus aureus, some mycobacteria some mycoplasma strains, and some spirochetes. They are sometimes administered concurrently with other antibacterials for a possible synergistic effect. However, the use of aminoglycosides in the treatment of infection in animals has been tempered by toxicity considerations in the animal treated. Often, systemic use is limited to the treatment of serious gram-negative infections resistant to less toxic medications. Also, local environment at the therapeutic site can affect the efficacy of these drugs, acidic or purulent conditions can hamper their effect, and the presence of cations (calcium or magnesium ions, for example) can decrease antibacterial effect. Streptomycin is active against mycobacteria, leptospira, Francisella tularensis, and Yersinia pestis, but only some mycoplasma, gramnegative organisms, and staphylococcus species. Dihydrostreptomycin is chemically very similar to streptomycin.
29
Neomycin has been effective against many gram-negative organisms and Staphylococcus aureus. However, the use of neomycin is limited by a relatively high risk of toxicity with systemic use; it is not available for parenteral administration. The spectrum of activity of kanamycin primarily, focuses on gramnegative organisms and a few gram-positive organisms. The prevalence of resistance of some pathogens, including Escherichia coli and Salmonella species, to kanamycin is higher than to gentamicin, and this has limited the use of kanamycin. Gentamicin has been widely used in the treatment of gram-negative organisms and some gram-positive organisms. As with other aminoglycosides, its use is limited by risk of toxicity. In vitro tests have shown gentamicin to be active against Salmonella arizonae (Arizona hinshawii), Enterobacter aerogenes, E. coli, Klebsiella species, Neisseria, most indole-positive and some indole-negative Proteus species, some Pasteurella multocida, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella, Serratia marcescens, Shigella, Staphylococcus species, including Staphylococcus intermedius, and some Streptococcus species.
30
Veterinary Formulary Side-effects and Toxicity

Ototoxicity, neuromuscular blockage, and nephrotoxicity are reported most frequently; these effects may vary with the aminoglycosides and dose or interval used, but all members of the group are potentially toxic. Nephrotoxicity is of major concern and may result in renal failure due to acute tubular necrosis with secondary interstitial damage. Aminoglycosides may impair neuromuscular transmission and so are not given to animals with myasthenia gravis. These drugs are well absorbed from the peritoneal cavity and instillation during surgery may result in drugs over dose and transient respiratory paralysis.
31
Veterinary Formulary Drug Interactions

Enhanced nephrotoxicity may become evident with concurrent administration of aminoglycosides and other potentially nephrotoxic agents. Neuromuscular blockade is more likely when aminoglycosides are administered at the same time as skeletal muscle relaxants and gas anesthetics. Aminoglycoside ototoxicity is enhanced by the loop-acting diuretics, especially furosemide. Cardiovascular depression may be aggravated by aminoglycosides when administered to animals under halothane anesthesia. High concentrations of carbenicillin, ticarcillin, and piperacillin inactivate aminoglycosides both in vitro and in vivo in the presence of renal failure.
Streptomycin Sulphate
Injection, 200 mg/ml, 250 mg/ml, 72 g/100 g
Indication. Contraindications. Side-effect. See notes above Dose. Horses, cattle, sheep, goats: by intramuscular injection, 10
mg/kg daily. Dogs, cats: by intramuscular injection, 25 mg/kg daily
Drug interactions. Calcium gluconate, heparin sodium, sodium

bicarbonate intravenous infusion, tylosin and see also notes above
32
Veterinary Formulary Withdrawal periods. Cattle: slaughter 21 days, milk 2 days. Sheep,
goats: slaughter 21 days, should not be used in sheep, goats producing milk for human consumption
Dihydrostreptomycin and Streptomycin

Injection, 150 mg + 150 mg/ml, 2 million IU + 250 mg/ml
Indications.Contraindications. Side-effects. Drug interactions.

See notes above
Dose. Horses, cattle, sheep, and goats: by intramuscular injection,

0.03 ml/kg daily Dogs, cats: by intramuscular injection, 0.08 ml/kg daily
Withdrawal periods. Cattle: slaughter 21 days, milk 2 days. Sheep,

goats: slaughter 21 days, should not be used in sheep and goats producing milk for human consumption
Gentamicin Sulfate
Injection, 40 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, Powder, 10% Intra-mammary suspension, 100 mg/dose, 170 mg/dose
Indication.Contraindication.Side-effect.Drug interactions. See

notes under section 1.1.2.3
Dose. Cats: Intramuscular, intravenous, or subcutaneous, 3 mg / kg

every eight hours. Once daily dosing: Intramuscular, intravenous, or subcutaneous, 5 to 8 mg /kg every twenty-four hours
33
Dogs: Intramuscular or subcutaneous, 4.4 mg /kg every eight hours. Once daily dosing: Intramuscular or subcutaneous, 10 to 15 mg / kg every twenty-four hours Piglets, 1 to 3 day old: intramuscular, 5 mg as a single total dose Chickens, 1 day old: Subcutaneous, 0.2 mg as a total single dose Horses: Intrauterine, 2 to 2.5 g a day for three to five days during estrus. Gentamicin powder for oral solution: Piglets: oral, 25 mg per gallon of water (approximately 1.1 mg/kg), administered as the sole source of drinking water for three consecutive days. pigs: oral, 50 mg per gallon of water (approximately 2.2 mg /kg), administered as the sole source of drinking water for three consecutive days .
Withdrawal period. Chicks: slaughter 35 days. Piglets: slaughter 40

days

(59 and 86 F), unless otherwise specified by manufacturer. Protect from freezing
Kanamycin
Spray, 2.4 mg/ml
Indication. Contraindication. Side-effects. Drug interactions.

See notes above
34
Veterinary Formulary Neomycin Sulphate

Powder, 20 %, 30 %, 49%, 70 % 100 % Eye drop, 0.5 % w/v
Indication.Contraindication.Side-effects. Drug interactions.

See notes above
Dose.Powder for oral solution: cattle, goats, horses, pigs, and sheep:
oral, 22 mg /kg a day for fourteen days, administered in the only source of drinking water. Chicken: 11 mg/kg; 12.5g/100 liter drinking water Dogs, cat: 11 mg/kg daily in divided doses Bacterial eye infections: dogs: apply 2-4 times daily
Note: For many of these products, individual animal treatment is also possible by dividing the daily dose and administering as a drench with milk or water or by mixing in an individual animals only water supply. Consult manufacturers product labeling for specific dosing directions.
Withdrawal periods. Pigs: slaughter 14 days. Chickens: slaughter

14 days
Drug interactions. Phenylmethyl penicillin, warfarin Storage. Store below 40 C (104 F), preferably between 15 and 30 C
1.1.2.4. Macrolides Antibacterial Spectra

Macrolides are considered bacteriostatic at therapeutic concentrations but they can be slowly bactericidal, especially against streptococcal
35
bacteria; their bactericidal action is described as time-dependent. The antimicrobial action of some macrolides is enhanced by a high pH and suppressed by low pH, making them less effective in abscesses, necrotic tissue, or acidic urine. Erythromycin is an antibiotic with activity primarily against grampositive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species, including many that are resistant to penicillins by means of betalactamase production. Erythromycin is also active against mycoplasma and some gram-negative bacteria, including Campylobacter and Pasteurella species. It has activity against some anaerobes, but Bacteroides fragilis is usually resistant. Some strains of Actinomyces and Chlamydia are inhibited by erythromycin. Most Pseudomonas, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella strains are resistant to erythromycin. Cross-resistance to the other macrolides can also occur. Tylosin has a spectrum of activity similar to that of erythromycin but is more active than erythromycin against certain mycoplasmas. Lincomycin is effective against grampositive bacteria, anaerobs, and Mycoplasma but has little activity against gram-negative oraganisms.
Side-effect and toxicity

All species; allergic reactions. Cats, cattle and dogs, Pain and/or swelling at the site of injection with subcutaneous administration. Gastrointestinal effects (anorexia, diarrhea, vomiting) particularly with
36
erythromycin. Cattle, diarrhea associated with oral erythromycin dosage forms. Horses; diarrhea, severe with erythromycin; considered more likely in adult horses. Pigs; diarrhea, erythema, and pruritis with tylosin. Edema, rectal, and partial anal prolapse with erythromycin and tylosin
Drug interactions
Theophillin, warfarin, Beta-adrenergic antagonists, such as propranolol, chloramphenicol or lincosamides or macrolide antibiotics, epinephrine, phenobarbital
Erythromycin
Powder, 5%, 20%, 30% Intra-mammary suspension, 300 mg/dose
Indication. Side-effect. Drug interactions. See notes under section

1.1.2.4
Dose.Powder for oral solution; chronic respiratory disease;

chickens:oral, 500 mg per gallon of water, administered as the only source of drinking water every twenty-four hours for five days. Coryza, infectious; chickens:oral, 500 mg per gallon of water, administered as the only source of drinking water for seven days.
Withdrawal period. Chickens: slaughter 1 day Storage. Store below 40 C (104 F), preferably between 15 and 30 C
37
Veterinary Formulary Tylosin

Powder, 10 %, 20 %, 50 % Tablet, 200 mg Injection. 50 mg/ml, 150 mg/ml, 200 mg/ml, 220 mg/ml
Indication Side-effect. Drug interactions. See notes under section

1.1.2.4
Dose. Powder for oral solution; Dysentery; Pigs: oral, 250 mg per
gallon of water, as the only source of drinking water for three to ten days Respiratory disease, chronic; chickens: oral, 2g (base) per gallon (approximately, 110 mg /kg a day) as the only source of drinking water for three to five days Injection; Pigs: Intramuscular, 8.8 mg /kg every twelve hours Cattle: Intramuscular, 17.6 mg / kg every twenty-four hours Cats, dogs: 6.6 to 11 mg /kg every twelve to twenty-four hours
Withdrawal periods. Cattle: slaughter 7 days, milk 4 days. Calves:

slaughter 14 days. Pigs: slaughter withdrawal periods nil Storage. Store below 40 C (104 F), preferably between 15 and 30 C (59 and 86 F), unless otherwise specified by manufacturer
Spiramycin
Injection, 150,000,000 IU
Indication.To improve growth-rate and feed conversion efficiency
38
Veterinary Formulary Contraindication.Do not use simultaneously with other antibacterial

growth promoters
Side-effect. Drug interaction. See notes under section 1.1.2.4 Dose. Calves, lambs, kids:(up to 6 weeks of age) 5.50 g/ tone feed;
(16-24 weeks of age) 5-20 g/tone feed, by addition to milk replacer, (up to 12 weeks of age) 5-80 g/tone
Lincomycin Hydrochloride
Powder, 50 % Injection, 113.4 mg/ml
Indication.It is effective against gram-positive bacteria, anaerobes,

and Mycoplasma.
Contraindications. Horses, rabbits, and rodents; hepatic impairment Dose. Pigs: 3.3 g/100 little drinking water; 44-220 g/tone feed; by
intramuscular injection, 4.5-11.0 mg/kg daily Dogs, cats: by intramuscular injection, 22mg/kg daily; by slow intravenous injection, 11-22 mg/kg 1-2 times daily.
Drug interaction. Kaolin mixture, muscle relaxants, neostigmine
39
Veterinary Formulary 1.1.2.5. Chloramphenicol Antimicrobial Spectrum

Chloramphenicol is a broad-spectrum antibiotic shown to have specific activity against a wide variety of organisms that are the causative agents of several disease conditions in domestic animals. Such organisms include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Brucella bronchoseptica, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Aerobacter aerogenes, Corynebacterium renale, Salmonella species, Pseudomonas species, Shigella species, Neisseria catarrhalis, anaerobic bacteria, and many rickettsiae. The species treated with chloramphenicol include dogs, cats, and horses.
Therapeutic indications
Chloramphenicol is used to treat both systemic and local
infections.Chronic respiratory infections, bacterial meningoencephalitis, brain abscesses, ophthalmitis and intraocular infections, pododermatitis, dermal infections, and otitis externa are types of bacterial infections that are often responsive to chloramphenicol. Salmonellosis and Bacteroides sepsis are fairly specific indications. Urinary tract infections are often successfully treated with chloramphenicol, notwithstanding the fairly low concentration of active antibiotic present in the urine. Hematogenous delivery of chloramphenicol to the site of infection may play a role in these cases.
40
Veterinary Formulary Side-effect

A form of aplastic anemia, apparently a type of hypersensitivity reaction to chloramphenicol, has been recognized in dogs and cats. GI disturbances can occur in all nonruminant animals treated with oral chloramphenicol. Use in neonatal calves leads to a malabsorption
syndrome associated with ultrastructural and functional changes

of the small intestinal enterocytes. Anorexia and depression have been seen in cats treated for less than weeks. Because chloramphenicol can suppress anamnestic immune responses, animals should not be vaccinated while being treated with this antibiotic. Because of its ability to inhibit protein synthesis, excessive topical application on wounds may delay healing.
Drug interaction
The bacteriostatic action of chloramphenicol may inhibit the bactericidal action of beta-lactam antibacterials and these drugs should not therefore be used concurrently. Chloramphenicol may inhibit metabolism of certain barbiturates and hence greatly prolong pentobarbitone anaesthesia.
Chloramphenicol
Oral powder, 25 % Tablet, 100 mg, 250 mg Oral suspension, 25 mg/ml
41
Injection, 100 mg/ml, 150 mg/ml, 200 mg/ml
Indication. See notes under section 1.1.2.5 Contraindication. Animal with impaired liver function Side-effect. Depression, bone marrow hypoplasia, pancytapenia. See
notes under section 1.1.2.5
Dose. Oral suspension: dogs: oral, 45 to 60 mg /kg every eight hours.

Cats: Oral, 13 to 20 mg /kg every twelve hours
Note: The oral dose for cats is based on the best information available, which may, however, underestimate the dose needed in some cases. Doses of 25 to 50 mg every twelve hours have been recommended, and may be necessary for some infections, but could increase the risk of side effects. Chloramphenicol
tablet: dogs: oral, 45 to 60 mg /kg every eight hours. Cats: oral, 13 to 20 mg /kg every twelve hours Horses: oral, 45 to 60 mg /kg every eight hours Dog: by intramuscular or intravenous injection, 11 to 33 mg/kg evey six hours Cats: by subcutaneous, intramuscular injection, 50 mg/kg 1-2 times daily
Drug interactions. See notes under section 1.1.2.5 Withdrawal period. Cattle: slaughter 28 days, should not be used in
cattle producing milk for human consmption or manufacturing purpose. Pigs: slaughter 10 days
Storage.Store below 40 C (104 F), preferably between 15 and 30 C

(59 and 86 F), unless otherwise specified by manufacturer. Store in a tight container.
42
Veterinary Formulary Thiamphenicol

Injection, 250 mg/ml Oral solution, 200 mg/ml
Powder, 20 % Indication.It has antibacterial spectrum similar to that of

Chloramphenicol.
Drug interactions. Barbiturates, phenytoin, sulphonylureas,warfarin
1.1.2.5. Quinolones Antimicrobial Spectrum

The quinolones have been available for some years. In general, the fluoroquinolones are active against enteric gram-negative bacilli and cocci (E-coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp. etc.) and other gramnegative organisms such as Salmonella spp. Yersenia spp, Aeromonas spp, Proteus spp, and Pseudomonas aeroginasa. They are also active against gram-positive organisms such as Staphylococcus Hemophillus spp, Neisseria spp, and Campylobacter spp. Quinolons have shown variable activity against most strain of Streptococcus, including Streptococcus pyogenes, Hemolytic streptococci groups B, C, F and G, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Enterococcus faecalis.
43
Veterinary Formulary Therapeutic indications

Quinolones are indicated for the treatment of local and systemic infections caused by susceptible microorganisms, particularly against deep-seated infections and intracellular pathogens. Therapeutic success has been obtained in respiratory, intestinal, urinary, and skin infections, as well as in bacterial prostatitis.
Side-effect
Quinolones tends to be neurotoxic, and convulsions can occur at high doses. Hemolytic anemia has also been seen. Administering large doses of quinolones for any length of time during pregnancy has resulted in embryonic loss and maternotoxicity. Because high-prolonged dosages in growing dogs have produced cartilaginous erosions leading to permanent lameness, excessive use of quinolones should be avoided in immature animals. Quinolone administration in horses has not yet been extensively studied, but there is some indication that damage to the cartilage in weight-bearing joints may occur.
Interactions
The likelihood of interactions has not yet been clearly established. Antacids probably interfere with the GI absorption of this group of drugs. It also seems that nitrofurantoin impairs the efficacy of quinolones if used concurrently for urinary tract infections. Quinolones do inhibit the biotransformation of theophylline, leading to prolonged and potentially toxic plasma levels. A synergistic effect of quinolones
44
with the -lactams, aminoglycosides, clindamycin, and metronidazole has been demonstrated in vitro.
Enrofloxacin
Oral solution, 2.5 %, 10 %, 25 %, Tablet, 50 mg, Intra-mammary suspension, 4 g/dose, Injection, 5%, 10%, 20%, Powder, 20%
Indication.Gastrointestinal infections, respiratory infections and

urinary tract infections like caused by enrofloxacin E. coli, sensitive microorganisms, Campylobacter, Haemophilus,
Mycoplasma, Pasteurella and Salmonella spp.
Contraindication .To young animals still in their bone-growth stages

of development. Hypersensitivity to enrofloxacin. Administration to animals with a serious impaired liver and/or renal function.
Side-effects. Arthropathy in immature dogs, anorexia, vomiting,

diarrhea.
Dose. Cats: oral, 5 mg /kg a day. The dose may be administered as a

single daily dose or divided into two equal doses administered every twelve hours, Intramuscular injection; 2.5 mg/kg every twelve hours,Intravenous injection, 5 mg /kg a day. The dose may be administered as a single daily dose or divided into two equal doses administered every 12 hours.
45
Dog: oral, 5 to 20 mg /kg a day. The dose may be administered as a single daily dose or divided into two equal doses administered every
twelve hours;Intramuscular injection, 2.5 mg /kg every twelve

hours ,Intravenous injection, 20 mg / kg a day. The dose may be administered as a single daily dose or divided into two equal doses administered every twelve hours. Cattle: subcutaneous, 7.5 to 12.5 mg / kg a single dose or 2.5 to 5 mg / kg every twenty-four hours for three to five days. Oral solution: chickens: 1 litre per 1500-2000 litre drinking water for 3-5 days. Swine: 1 litre per 1000-3000 litre drinking water for 3-5 days
Drug interaction. Tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, macrolides and

lincosamides. See notes under section 1.1.2.5
Withdrawal period. Chicken: slaughter 2 days. Cattle: slaughter 28

days

(59 and 86 F), unless otherwise specified by manufacturer. Store in a tight container.
Norfloxacin
Oral solution, 100 mg /ml, 200 mg/ml Injection, 50 mg/ml
Indication.Gastrointestinal, respiratory and urinary tract infections

caused by norfloxacin sensitive micro-organisms, like Campylobacter,
46
E. coli, Haemophilus, Mycoplasma, Pasteurella and Salmonella spp., in calves, goats, poultry, sheep and swine
Contraindication. In pregnant animals, administration to animals

with a serious impaired liver and/or renal function. Side- effect. Arthropathy, teratogenic, see also notes above
Dose. Oral: Calves, goats and sheep: 10 ml per 75-150 kg body

weight for 3-5 days. Chickens: 1 litre per 1500-4000 litre drinking water for 3-5 days. Swine: 1 litre per 1000-3000 litre drinking water for 3-5 days
Withdrawal period. Calves, goats, sheep and swine: slaughter 8

days. Chickens: slaughter 12 days.
Drug interaction. Tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, macrolides and

lincosamides and .See notes under section 1.1.2.5
Flumequin
Oral suspension, 4 mg/ml, 100mg/5ml, 100mg/ml, 200mg/ml,
Powder, 10%, 20%, 50%,

Injection, 5%
Indications.Gastrointestinal, respiratory and urinary tract infections

caused by flumequin sensitive micro-organisms, like Campylobacter, E. coli, Haemophilus, Pasteurella and Salmonella spp., in chickens and swine
Contraindications.Hypersensitivityto flumequine.Administration to
animals with a serious impaired liver and/or renal function.
47
Veterinary Formulary Side-effects. Hypersensitivity reactions Dose. For oral administration; chickens: 1 litre per 1500 - 2000 litre
drinking water for 3-5 days Swine: 1 litre per 1000 - 1500 litre drinking water for 3-5 days
Withdrawal period. Swine: slaughter 8 days. Chickens: slaughter 3

days
Drug Interaction.See notes above
1.1.2.6. Sulphonamides and Potentiated Sulphonamides Sulphonamides Antimicrobial Spectrum

Different sulfonamides may show quantitative but not necessarily qualitative differences in antimicrobial activity. Sulfonamides inhibit both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, a few Chlamydia , Nocardia , and Actinomyces spp , and some protozoa such as Coccidia and Toxoplasma spp . More active sulfonamides may include several species of Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Salmonella, Pasteurella, and even Escherichia coli in their spectra.Strains of Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Proteus, Clostridium, and Leptospira spp are most often highly resistant, as are rickettsiae.
48
Veterinary Formulary Therapeutic Indications

The sulfonamides are commonly used to treat or prevent acute systemic or local infections. Disease syndromes treated with sulfonamides include actinobacillosis, coccidiosis, mastitis, metritis, colibacillosis, pododermatitis, polyarthritis, respiratory infections, and toxoplasmosis. Sulfonamides are more effective when administered early in the course of a disease. Chronic infections, particularly with large amounts of exudate or tissue debris present, often are not responsive. In severe infections, the initial dose should be administered intravenously to reduce the lag time between dose and effect. In many instances, the initial dose should be double the maintenance dose. Adequate drinking water should be available at all times, and urine output monitored. Concurrent administration of urinary alkalinizers prevents crystalluria. A course of treatment should not exceed 7 days under usual circumstances. If a favorable response is seen within 72 hours, treatment should be continued for 48 hours after remission to prevent relapse and the emergence of resistance. The ability to mount an immune response must be intact for successful sulfonamide therapy.
Side-effect and Toxicity

Adverse reactions to sulfonamides may be due to hypersensitivity or direct toxic effects. Possible hypersensitivity reactions include urticaria, angioedema, anaphylaxis, skin rashes, drug fever, polyarthritis, hemolytic anemia, and agranulocytosis. Crystalluria with hematuria,
49
Veterinary Formulary and even tubular obstruction, can occur but is not common in veterinary medicine. Sulfonamides with prolonged plasma halflives and high solubilities tend not to cause crystalluria, particularly if water intake is high and the urine is alkaline. GI disturbances, in addition to nausea and vomiting, may occur when sulfonamide levels are sufficiently high in the tract to disturb normal microfloral balance and vitamin B synthesis. The sodium salts are alkaline hence irritate by intramuscular injection and are often given intravenously. Sulphonamides are well absorbed following oral administration. They diffuse well in to body tissues and partly inactivated in the liver, mainly by acetylation. The acetylated derivatives are relatively insoluble in uric acid and so may precipitate in the renal tubules of carnivores leading to crystalluria and renal failure. Prolonged administration of certain sulphonamides may cause keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eyes in dogs).
Drug interactions
Sulfonamide solutions are incompatible with calcium- or other polyionic-containing fluids as well as many other preparations. Sulfonamides may be displaced from their plasma-protein-binding sites by other acidic drugs with higher binding affinities. Antacids tend to inhibit the GI absorption of sulfonamides. Alkalinization of the urine promotes sulfonamide excretion, and urinary acidification increases the
50
risk of crystalluria. Some sulfonamides act as microsomal enzyme inhibitors, which may lead to toxic manifestations of concurrently administered drugs such as phenytoin.
Sulphadimidine Sodium
Injection, 330 mg/ml, 333 mg/ml, 160 mg/ml, Bolus, 5 g, Powder, 8 %, 10%, 16 %, 20 %, 25%, 30%,
Indication.See notes under section 1.1.2.6 Contraindications.Renal or hepatic impairment Side-effect. Transient irritation at injection site. See notes under
section 1.1.2.6
Dose.Cattle: by subcutaneous or intravenous (preferred), injection,

initial dose 100-200 mg/kg then 50-100 mg/kg daily Calves: oral or by subcutaneous injection, initial dose 100-200 mg/kg then 50-100 mg/kg daily Sheep: by subcutaneous or intravenous (preferred) injection, initial dose 100-200 mg/kg then 50-100 mg/kg daily Pigs: by subcutaneous or intravenous (preferred) injection, initial dose 100-200 mg/kg then 50-100 mg/kg daily.
Drug interaction. Thiopentone sodium, warfarin. . See notes under

section 1.1.2.6
51
Veterinary Formulary Withdrawal periods. Cattle: slaughter 21 days, should not be used
in cattle milk for human consumption. Sheep, pigs, calves: slaughter 7 days.
Storage.Store below 40 C (104 F), preferably between 15 and 30 C

(59 and 86F), unless otherwise specified by manufacturer. Protect from light. Protect from freezing
Sulphamethoxypyridazine
Injection, 250 mg/ml
Indications.Contraindications.Side-effects.See
section 1.1.2.6 and sulphadimidine
notes
under
Dose.Cattle, sheep: by subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal,

or intravenous injection, 20 mg/kg daily
Drug interaction. See notes under section 1.1.2.6 and sulphadimidine Withdrawal periods. Cattle: slaughter 21 days, milk 2 days. Sheep:
slaughter 7 days.

Sulphaclozan sodium
Powder, 30 %, 60%
Indications. Contraindications. Side- effects . See notes under

section 1.1.2.6
52
Veterinary Formulary Drug interaction. See notes under section 1.1.2.6
Sulphachlorpyridazine
Powder, 30 %
Indications. Contraindications. Side-effects.

section 1.1.2.6
See notes under
Dose. Enteritis (diarrhea associated with E. coli); Calves, less than 1

month of age: oral, 33 to 49.5 mg/kg every twelve hours Pigs: oral, 22 to 38.5 mg/kg, administered as a drench every twelve hours or 44 to 77 mg/kg a day administered as the only source of drinking water
Drug interaction. See notes under section Withdrawal period. Calves: slaughter 7 days. Pigs: slaughter 4 days Storage. Store below 40 C (104 F), preferably between 15 and 30 C
(59 and 86 F), unless otherwise specified by manufacturer
Sulphadimethoxine
Injection, 33.3g/100 ml, Powder, 25 %
Indications. Side-effects. Contraindications. See notes under

section 1.1.2.6
Dose. Soluble powder; Bacterial pneumonia, Calf diphtheria, necrotic

pododermatitis- calves and cattle :Oral, 55 mg / kg as an initial dose, followed by 27.5 mg / kg every twenty-four hours for four days
53
Coccidiosis or fowl cholera; chickens, broiler and replacement: oral, 1892 mg per gallon of water (0.05%), administered as the only source of drinking water for six days Injection; Bacterial respiratory infections, cystitis, skin and soft tissue infections: cats and dogs: by Intravenous or subcutaneous injection, 55mg /kg as an initial dose, followed by 27.5 mg /kg of every twentyfour hours Enteritis associated with Coccidiosis or Salmonella dogs: Intravenous or subcutaneous, 55mg/kg as an initial dose, followed by 27.5 mg /kg every twenty-four hours.
Note: Intramuscular injection can cause local pain and inflammation and result in lower serum concentrations of sulphadimethoxine
Drug interaction. See notes above and under sulpadimidin Withdrawal period. Cattle: slaughter 5 days; milk 60 hours Storage. Store below 40 C (104 F), preferably between 15 and 30 C
Sulphamerazine
Powder, 16 %, 20 %, 25 %, 30 %
Indications. Contraindications. Side-effects. See notes under

section 1.1.2.6
Drug interaction. See notes under sulphadimidine
54
Veterinary Formulary Sulphamethazine

Powder, 16 %, 20 %, 25 %, 30 %
Indications.Side-effect.
See
notes
under
section
1.1.2.6
Contraindication. Don't give to egg laying hens Dose. Calf diphtheria or necrotic pododermatitis; cattle: oral, 237.6
mg/kg as an initial dose, followed by 118.8 mg/kg every twenty-four hours for three days administered as an individual animal drench or in the only source of drinking water. Coccidiosis; chickens: oral, 128 to 187 mg / kg a day for two days, followed by 64 to 93.5 mg /kg for four days, administered in the only source of drinking water. Enteritis, bacterial: or pneumonia, bacterial; cattle and pigs: oral, 237.6 mg /kg as an initial dose, followed by 118.8 mg /kg every twenty four hours for three days, administered as an individual animal drench or in the only source of drinking water. Fowl cholera, acute: or Pullorum disease; chickens: oral, 128 to 187 mg /kg a day for six days, administered in the only source of drinking water. Infectious coryza; chickens: oral, 128 to 187mg/kg of body weight a day for two days, administered in the only source of drinking water
Drug interaction. See notes under sulphadimidine Withdrawal period. Calves, cattle, chickens: slaughter 10 days.
Pigs: slaughter 15 days

55
Veterinary Formulary Potentiated Sulphonamides

The combined and synergistic activities of the two agents in each type of potentiated sulphonamide produce antibacterial activity against a wide range of infections caused by gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, some protozoa, and some anaerobes under certain conditions. The minimum inhibitory concentrations against specific susceptible bacteria for each antibiotic are generally lowered when the antibiotics are administered in the potentiated sulphonamide combination. The resistance developed to the potentiated sulphonamides is lower than that to each individual agent; this is an important benefit because of the common resistance to sulphonamides and rapid development of resistance to diaminopyrimidines when used alone. Cross-resistance between sulphonamides is considered complete and often occurs between pyrimidines.
Antibacterial Spectrum
Potentiated sulphonamides are active against gram-negative and grampositive organisms, including Actinomyces, Bordetella, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Fusobacterium, Haemophilus, Klebsiella, Pasteurella, Proteus, Salmonella, Shigella, and Campylobacter spp, as well as Escherichia coli, streptococci, and staphylococci. Some streptococcal strains are only moderately sensitive, as are Brucella, Erysipelothrix, Nocardia, and Moraxella spp. The antibacterial spectrum does not include Pseudomonas or Mycobacterium spp.
56
Veterinary Formulary Side-effects

All species; crystallization in the urinary tract; hypersensitivity, specifically anaphylaxis. Note: crystallization of sulfonamides is theoretically possible with administration of potentiated sulfonamides; however, the lower doses of sulfonamide used in the potentiated sulfonamide combination makes crystallization less likely to occur than with sulfonamide administered alone. Sulfonamides can crystallize in the kidneys or urine in animals with aciduria, with high doses of sulfonamide, or with dehydration. The amount of drug in the acetylated metabolite form also can affect solubility. Because dogs do not produce acetylated metabolites, they may be less susceptible to this adverse effect. Crystallization also can be minimized in susceptible animals by maintaining a high urine flow and, if necessary, alkalinizing the urine. Dogs: anemia, hemolytic; anemia, nonregenerative; anorexia; cutaneous drug eruption, including erythema multiforme, perforating folliculitis, and pustular dermatitides; diarrhea; facial swelling; fever; hepatitis; hypothyroidism; idiosyncratic toxicosis (blood dyscrasias, including anemia, leukopenia, or thrombocytopenia; fever; focal retinitis; lymphadenopathy; nonseptic polyarthritis; polymyositis; skin rash); keratoconjunctivitis sicca; neurologic disorders (aggression, ataxia, behavioral changes, hyperexcitability, seizures); polyarthritis ; polydipsia/polyuria; thrombocytopenia one case reported without other blood lines affected; urticaria ; vomiting .
57
Veterinary Formulary Sulphachlopyridazine and Trimethoprim

Powder, 10 % + 2 %, Injection, 200 mg + 40 mg/ml
Indications.See notes under section Contraindications.Side-effects.See

sulphonamides notes above and under
Dose. Expression as sulphachlorpyridazine and trimethoprim

Calves, pigs, and poultry: by addition to drinking water or feed, 24 mg/kg
Drug interaction. Detomidine, halothane. See also notes under

sulphonamide
Withdrawal periods. Calves: slaughter 5 days

Pigs: slaughter 3 days, chickens: slaughter 1 day, egg 6 days
Sulphadoxine and Trimethoprim

Tablet, 100 mg + 20 mg, 250 mg + 50 mg, 400 mg + 80 mg Injection, 200 mg + 40 mg/ml, 400 mg + 80 mg/ml Oral suspension, 50 mg + 10 mg/ml, 400 mg + 80 mg/ml Premix, 250 g Powder, 10 % + 2 % Paste, 13 g + 2.6 g
Indications.Caution. See notes above and under sulphonamide Contraindications.Side-effects.See

58
Veterinary Formulary Dose. Bacterial enteritis, bacterial pneumonia or colibacillosis; Cattle

and pigs: intramuscular or slow intravenous, 13.3mg of sulphadoxine and 2.7mg of trimethoprim /kg, every twenty-four hours for five days. Bacteria arthritis, mastitis, or metritis; pigs: intramuscular or slow intravenous injection, 13.3mg of sulphadoxine and 2.7 mg of trimetoprim /kg, every twenty-four hours for five days Pododermititis or septicemia; cattle: intramuscular or slow intravenous, 13.3 mg of sulphadoxine and 2.7 mg of trimethoprim /kg, every twenty-four hours for five days
Drug interaction. Detomidine, halothane. See notes under

sulphonamide
Withdrawal periods. Cattle: slaughter 10 days, milk 4 days. Pigs:

slaughter 10 days.
Storage. At room temperature (15-400C) protect from freezing
Sulphaquinoxaline and Trimethoprim

Granules, 50 % + 16.5 %
Indications. See notes above Contraindications.Side-effects.See notes above and under sulphonamide Dose. Expressed as sulphaquinoxaline + trimethoprim
Poultry: by addition to drinking water or feed 30 mg/kg body-weights
Drug interaction . Detomidine, halothane. See also notes under

sulphonamide
59
Veterinary Formulary Withdrawal periods. Chicken: slaughter 7 days, shouldn't be used in

layer hens
Sulphadimethoxine and Baquiloprim

Tablet, 50 mg + 10 mg, 500 mg + 100 mg Injection, 100 mg + 20 mg/ml Powder, 7.2 % + 0.8 %
Indications. See notes above Contraindications.Side-effects.See notes above and under

sulphonamides
Dose. Oral or subcutaneous injection, 30 mg/kg Drug interactions. Detomidine, halothane. See also notes under
sulphonamide
Sulphadimidine and Baquiloprim

Tablet, 1200 mg +800mg Bolus, 7.2g +800mg notes above and under Injection, 41.7mg + 33.3mg/ml, 134.9 mg + 33.3mg/ml
Indications.Contraindications.See
sulphonamides
Dose. Expressed as baquiloprim + total sulphadimidine

Cattle: oral, (all age) to 80 mg/kg, repeat after a days if required; (more than 500 mg body weight) 80-160 mg/kg as a single dose by
60
intramuscular or intravenous injection, (all ages) 10 mg/kg daily; (up to 200 kg body weight) 20 mg/kg on alternate days. Pigs: by intramuscular injection, (all ages) 10 mg/kg daily; (up to 100 kg body-weight) 20 mg/kg on alternate days.
Drug interactions. Detomidine, halothane. See also notes under

sulphonamide
Withdrawal periods. Cattle: slaughter 28 days; milk from treated

animals shouldn't be used for human consumption. Pigs: slaughter 28 days.
Sulphadiazine and Trimethoprim (Co-trimazine)

Tablet, 100 mg + 20 mg, 400 mg + 80 mg Injection, 200 mg + 40 mg/ml, 400 mg + 80 mg/ml Oral suspension, 50 mg + 10 mg/ml, mg/ml, 400 mg + 80 mg/ml Bolus, 1000 mg + 200 mg Powder, 500 mg + 50 mg/g, 400 g + 80g/kg, 33.33 g + 6.67 g/100g Granules, 2.5 g + 12.5 g Paste, 333 mg + 67 mg/g 12.5 % + 2.5 %, 45.5 mg + 9.1
Indications. See notes above Contraindications.Side-effects.See

Dose. Oral paste; respiratory tract infections, skin and soft tissue
infections, strangles, urogenital infections or (Perioperative infections);
61
horses: oral, 25 mg of sulfadiazine and 5 mg of trimethoprim / kg every twenty-four hours Oral powder; horses: oral, 25 mg of sulfadiazine and 5 mg of trimethoprim/kg every twenty-four hours Oral suspension; colibacillosis or enteritis, bacterial: piglets: Oral, 22.8 mg of sulfadiazine and 4.6 mg of trimethoprim / kg every twenty-four hours Tablets; gastrointestinal tract infections, respiratory tract infections; or skin and soft tissue infections; dogs and cats: oral, 12.5 mg of sulfadiazine and 2.5 mg of trimethoprim / kg every twelve hours or, less commonly, 25mg of sulfadiazine and 5 mg of trimethoprim / kg every twenty-four hours.
Note: Only intact tablets should be administered to cats, to avoid excessive salivation caused by contact of the medication with oral mucosa.
Urinary tract infections; dogs: oral, 12.5 mg of sulfadiazine and 2.5 mg of trimethoprim/kg every twelve hours or, less commonly, 25 mg of sulfadiazine and 5 mg of trimethoprim/kg every twenty-four hours Injection; Respiratory tract infections; or Skin and soft tissue infections; gastrointestinal tract infections; cats and dogs: Subcutaneous, 12.5 mg of sulfadiazine and 2.5mg of trimethoprim/kg every twelve hours or, less commonly, 25 mg of sulfadiazine and 5 mg of trimethoprim /kg every twenty-four hours. Horses: strangles; or urogenital tract infections; Intramuscular or intravenous, 20 mg of sulfadiazine and 4 mg of trimethoprim / kg, every twenty-four hours.
62
Veterinary Formulary Drug interaction. Detomidine, halothane. See also notes under
sulphonamide
Withdrawal periods. Calves: slaughter 28 days; shouldn't be used in

lactating cattle. Pigs: slaughter 28 days. Piglet: slaughter 28 days. Poultry: slaughter 5 days; shouldn't be used in layer hens Storage. Store below 40 C (104 F), preferably between 15 and 30 C (59 and 86 F), in a tight container, unless otherwise specified by the manufacturer. Protect from light
Sulphamethoxazole and Trimethoprim (Co-trimoxazole)

Tablet, 400 mg + 80 mg, 1.25 g + 0.25 g Oral suspension, 40 mg + 8 mg/ml, 80 mg +20 g/100 ml, 88 mg + 20 mg/ml, 100 mg + 20 mg/ml Injection, 200 mg + 40 mg/ml

Dose. Dogs, horses: oral suspension, tablet; an oral dose of 25 mg of

sulfamethoxazole and 5 mg of trimethoprim / kg every twelve hours for two to four weeks Foals, horses: Injection; slow intravenous dose of 12.5 mg of
sulfamethoxazole and 2.5 mg of trimethoprim/kg every twelve hours
63
Veterinary Formulary Drug interaction. Detomidine,halothane. See also notes under

sulphonamide

(59 and 86 F), unless otherwise specified by the manufacturer. Store in a well-closed, light-resistant container.
Sulphadimidine, Trimethoprim and Atropine Sulfate

Oral solution, 100 mg + 20 mg + 20 mcg
Indications. See notes above Contraindications.Side-effects. See notes above and under
sulphonamides

sulphonamide
Sulphamerazine, Sulfadiazine, Sulfathiazole and Trimethoprim

Injection, 100 mg + 60 mg + 40 mg + 40 mg/ml


sulphonamide
64
Veterinary Formulary Sulphaquinoxaline and Pyrimethamine

Oral solution, 50 mg + 15 mg/ml

Dose. Coccidiosis (Prophylaxis and treatment); chickens: oral, 14.7

mg of pyrimethamine and 48.8 mg of sulphaquinoxaline per litre of water, administered as the only source of drinking water for two days. Treatment is stopped for three days and then repeated as necessary to control infection. For existing infection, treatment should be repeated until symptoms of disease have disappeared.
Drug interaction. See under sulphachlopyridazine and trimethoprim Withdrawal periods. Chickens: slaughter 4 days. Storage. Store below 230C, unless otherwise specified by the
manufacturer. Protect from freezing.
Sulphadimidine, Sulphadiazine and Sulphathiazole

Powder, 125 mg+ 125 mg + 125 mg/g
Indications.See notes above Contraindications.Side-effects.See

Drug interaction. Detomidine,halothane. See also notes under

sulphonamide
65
Sulphadimidine and Trimethoprim

Powder, 20 % + 4 %, 40 % + 8 %
Contraindications.Side-effects.See
sulphonamides
notes
above
and
under

sulphonamide
Sulphadimidine,Trimethoprim, and Sulphadiazine

Powder, 10 % + 4 % + 10 %

Drug interaction. Detomidine,halothane. See also notes under

sulphonamide
1.1.2.7. Nitrofurans
Nitrofurans may be bacteriostatic or bactericidal depending on concentration and which particular nitrofuran. Nitrofurans have a broad gram-positive and gram-negative spectrum and also high concentration in the urine, making them useful as a urinary antiseptic in small animals. They are active against Salmonella spp., Coliforms, Mycoplasma spp., Coccidial spp., and some other protozoa.
66
Furazolidone is too toxic for systemic use but is normally poorly absorbed following oral administration and may be given by this route for the treatment of intestinal colibacillosis and salmonellosis. In calves, sufficient drug may be absorbed to cause encephalitis manifesting as hyperaesthesia. It is active against Clostridium, Salmonella, Shigella, Staphylococcus and Streptococcus spp, and Escherichia coli. It is also active against Eimeria and Histomonas spp.
Furazolidone
Powder 20 %, 25 %, 98 %, 99 % Indications. See notes under section 1.1.2.7
Warning. Should not be administered to calves in the process of being

introduced to a high concentrated barley diet. This does not apply once diet is stabilised
Side-effects.Over dosing can cause hyperaethesia, inappetance in

calves
Dose. Calves: oral, 10mg/kg daily, 400 mg/tone feed

Pigs: 15-25 g /100 litres drinking water; 200-600 g/tone feed; Piglets: oral, 50- 200 mg daily Chicken: 15-25 g/100 litre drinking water; 100-400 g /tonne feed
Withdrawal period. Calves, pigs, piglets, poultry: slaughter 7 days
Nitrofurazone 67
Oral solution 0.2 % Indications. Side-effects. See notes under section 1.1.2.7
Nitrofurazone and Urea

Bolus, 60 mg + 6 g
Indications. See notes under section 1.1.2.7
1.1.2.8. Nitroimidazoles Metronidazole

This has been used for many years in the therapeutic management of trichomoniasis, giardiasis, and amebiasis. It is active against obligate anaerobic bacteria. It is not active against facultative anaerobes, obligate aerobes, or microaerophilic bacteria other than Campylobacter fetus and Corynebacterium vaginalis. At concentrations readily attained in serum after oral or parenteral administration, metronidazole is active against Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides melaninogenicus, Fusobacterium spp, and Clostridium perfringens and other Clostridium spp. It is generally less active against nonsporeforming, gram-positive bacilli such as Actinomyces, Propionibacterium, Bifidobacterium, and Eubacterium spp. Metronidazole is also somewhat less active against gram-positive cocci such as Peptostreptococcus and Peptococcus spp, but the less sensitive strains are usually not obligate anaerobes.
68
Veterinary Formulary Metronidazole

Tablet, 200 mg, 400 mg Injection 5 mg/ml Powder for injection, 400 mg/ml
Indications.Infections
encephalopathy
caused
by
anaerobic
bacteria;
hepatic
Side-effect. Neurologic disturbances (ataxia, nystagmus, seizures,

tremors, weakness) with high dosage in cats, dogs, and horses. Anorexia; neutropenia; vomiting
Dose.Bacterial infections, anaerobic or protozoal infections; cats and

dogs: oral, 15 mg / kg every twelve hours. Horses: oral, 15 to 25 mg (base) /kg every six hours Hepatic encephalopathy or inflammatory bowel disease; cats and dogs: oral, 7.5 mg (base) / kg every twelve hours Dogs and cats: subcutaneous or intramuscular injection or intravenous infusion, 20 mg/kg daily
Drug interactions. Imetidine, phenobarbitone,phenytoin, warfarin Withdrawal period. There are no established withdrawal times since
metronidazole is not approved for use in food-producing animals.

(59 and 86 F), in a well-closed container, unless otherwise specified by manufacturer. Store in a light-resistant container.
69
Veterinary Formulary 1.1.3. Compound Antibacterial Preparations Chlortetracycline and Neomycin Sulphate
Pessaries, 1g+0.5g
Cloxacillin Benzanthine and Neomycin Sulphate

Intramammary Suspension, 500mg+500mg
Cloxacillin Sodium, Neomycin Sulfate and Predinsolone

Intramammary Suspension, 300mg+200mg+10mg
Dihydrostreptomycin and Benzathin Penicillin G

Intramammary Suspension, 12,500,000 IU+5g/100ml
Dihydrostreptomycin Sulphate and Procaine Penicillin G

Injection, 200mg +200,000 IU/ml, 250mg +200000IU/ml Intramammary suspension, 250mg + 300,000IU/dose, 500mg +300,000 IU/dose, Powder, 133mg+45mg+Vitamins
Indications.Dihydrostreptomycin sulphate and procaine penicillin G

-sensitive organisms
Dose.Horse, cattle, sheep, pigs, 0.04 ml/kg: intramuscular injection.

Dogs, cats: intramuscular injection, 0.1ml/kg
70
Veterinary Formulary Withdrawal period. Cattle: slaughter 21 days, milk 2.5 days. Sheep:
Erythromycin, Sulfadiazine and Trimethoprim

Powder, 9% + 7.5% + 1.5%, 18 %+15 %+3 %
Kanamycin Sulphate, Benzathine Penicillin and Procaine Penicillin G

Intramammary Suspension, 75mg+300,000 IU +300,000 IU/dose
Lincomycin and Spectinomycin

Powder, 16.65g+3.35g/100g
Indication. Gastrointestinal and respiratory infections caused by

lincomycin and spectinomycin sensitive micro-organisms, like campylobacter,e.coli, mycoplasma, salmonella, staphylococcus,
streptococcus, and treponema spp., in calves, cats, dogs, goats, poultry, sheep, swine and turkeys
Dose. Poultry: 150g/120-180 litre drinking water Withdrawal period. Poultry: slaughter 2 days, should not be used in
egg layer hens
Drug interaction. Kaolin mixture, muscle relaxants, neostigmine
71
Veterinary Formulary Oxytetracycline and Furazolidone

Powder, 25%+12.5%
Penicillin G, Penicillin G Procaine and Streptomycine Sulphate

Injection, 1,200,000 IU+400,000 IU+2g
Penicillin G Procain, Dihydrostreptomycin Sulphate and Methylhydrobenzoate

Injection, 150,000IU+200mg+1g/ml
Penicillin
Procaine,
Penicillin
Benzathin
and
Dihydrostreptomycin Sulphate
Injection, 15MIU +15MIU+20g/100ml
Penicillin
Injection,
G
750000
Sodium,
IU
Penicillin
IU
Procain
1800000
and
IU
Dihydrostreptomycin
+750000 +1g/10ml, +1200000IU+2.5g/10ml, 3600000 IU+2400000 IU+5g/20ml
72
Veterinary Formulary Penicillin G, Formosulphathiazol and Streptomycine Sulphate

Pessaries, 62.5mg +1.75g +50mg
Procaine Penicillin G and Neomycin

Intramammary Suspension 200,000 IU +100mg/ml
Procaine Penicillin G, Dihydrostreptomycin and Procaine Hydrochloride

Injection 200,000 IU +250mg +20mg/ml
Procaine Penicillin and Streptomycine Sulphate

Injectable solution, 200,000 IU +200mg/ml, 200,000 IU +250g/ml, 25,000,000 IU +25g/100ml
Sulfathiazole, Penicillin G, Streptomycine Sulphate and Ethinyloestradiole

Pessaries, 1750mg +100,000IU +50mg +0.5mg
Sulfadiazine, Tetracycline Hydrochloride and Neomycin Sulphate

Tablet, 4g + 50mg +50mg
Tylosine, Chloramphenicol and Prednisolone

Injection, 50mg+200mg +5mg /ml
73
Veterinary Formulary Tylosine and Chloramphenicol

Injection, 50mg +200mg/ml
1.2. Antifungals
Antifungal drugs are used for the treatment of systemic infections such as aspergillosis, yeast infections including candidiasis and cryptococcosis, and dermatophytosis (ring worm). Topical antifungal drugs are used for the treatment of fungal infections of the skin, ear, and eye. Griseofulvin is deposited in keratin precursor cells and concentrated in the stratum corneum of skin, hair, and nails thus preventing fungal invasion of newly formed cell. In the dog and cat, absorption of griseofulvin is enhanced by administration with fatty meal. Griseofulvin is active against Microsporum, Epidermophyton, and Trichophyton spp. It has no effect on bacteria, including Actinomyces and Nocardia spp, other fungi, or yeasts. Griseofulvin may be teratogenic and therefore should not be administered to pregnant animals. Ketoconazole, an imidazole compound, is active against fungi and yeasts and also against some gram-positive bacteria. Administration of ketoconazole with food may reduce the nausea associated with the drug.
74
Prolonged administration of ketoconazole may cause liver damage and the drug may be teratogenic.
Natamycin
Topical ointment, 10 %
Indication. Ringworm Warnings. Treated animals should not be exposed to sunlight for
several hours; use galvanized or plastic containers because natamycin reacts with heavy metals such as copper.
Dose. Horses, cattle: local application 0.01 % solution, repeat after 45 days and again after 14 days if required
Griseofulvin
Tablet, 125 mg
Indications. Dermatophyte infections Contraindications. Hepatic impairment; pregnant animals Side-effects. Leukopenia, hypoplasia, high doses may cause
hepatotoxicity, particularly in cats
Dose. Horses, donkeys: 10 m g/kg daily

Cattle: 7.5 mg/kg daily Dogs: Cats: 15-20 mg/kg daily
Drug interactions. Phenobarbitone, phenylbutazone, prostogens,

warfarin
75
Veterinary Formulary Withdrawal period. Cattle: slaughter 5 days, milk 2 days
Ketoconazole
Tablet, 200 mg Oral Suspension, 20 mg/ml
Indications. Systemic candidiasis, dermatophyte infections Contraindications. In patients with known hypersensitivity to it. It
should be used with caution in patients with hepatic disease or thrombocytopenia. Pregnant animal and lactating animals Side-effects. Hepatotoxicity : anorexia ,particularly in cats Drug interactions. There is an increased risk of hepatotoxicity if ketoconazole and griseofulvin are administered together. Antacid, antimuscarinic drugs, cimetidine, ranitidine, phenytoin and warfarin
Dose. Horses: For susceptible fungal infections: oral, 10 mg/kg daily.

Cats and dogs: oral, 10 mg/kg daily
(Note: Clinical antifungal effects may require 10-14 days of therapy)
Copper Sulfate
Powder 95 %
Indications. Proliferative dermatitis in cattle and sheep; footrot in

sheep
Side-effects. Stains wool
76
Veterinary Formulary Warnings. Toxic, particularly to sheep, ineffective when solution is

dirty. Corrodes metal foot baths
Dose. Footbath. Cattle: copper sulphate 5-10 % solution

Sheep: copper sulphate 5-10 % solution Local application, powder or 5% solution
Zinc sulphate
Powder (dip concentration), 99%
Indications. Control of foot rot in cattle and sheep Dose. Footbath. Cattle: zinc sulphate 10 % solution daily
Sheep. Zinc sulphate 10 % solution after each trimming
Drug interactions. Iron salt, tetracyclines, penicillamine
1.3. Antiprotozoal Drugs 1.3.1. Anticoccidial drugs 1.3.2. Trypanocides and others 1.3.3. Combination
Protozoal diseases cause serious economic losses in livestock production in Africa, Asia and tropical Latin America. The significant protozoal diseases that hamper livestock production are trypanosomiasis, babesiosis and coccidiosis. The first two diseases,
77
transmitted by insects (flies and ticks) are the main concern in large and small animals while coccidosis caused by Eimeria is very significant in poultry production.
1.3.1. Anticoccidial drugs

Coccidiasis, a protozoal disease, is of major economic importance in poultry production. Other animals including calves, lambs, kids, pigs, dogs, cats and other birds are also affected. The principal enteric coccidial infection in animals is caused by Eimeria species. The protozoa invade the gut where development stage damage the intestinal mucousa causing diahrrhea. Intestinal damage may occur before diagnosis of coccidiosis is possible. Disease prevention involves good husbandary and the use of anticoccidials. Anticoccidials may suppress development of asexual stages, sexual stages, or both. Different drugs mat act at different stages of the protozoal life-cycle. The available anticoccidial drugs act by inhibiting the development of the protozoa at their different stages of development. As anticcoccidial drugs may interfere with egg quality, production and fertility, prolonged medication should be discounted from the commence of egg laying in replacement stock. In broilers, anticoccidial drugs are administered until just prior slaughter.
78
Veterinary Formulary Amprolium Hydrochloride

Oral solution, 38.4 mg/ml Powder, 20%, 30%, 60%
Indication. Treatment and prophylaxis of coccidiasis. Amprolium has

good activity against Eimeria tenella, E. acervulina in poultry and can be used as a therapeutic agent for these organisms. It only has marginal activity or weak activity against E. maxima, E. mivati, E. necatrix, or E. brunetti. It is often used in combination with other agents (e.g., ethopabate) to improve control against those organisms.
Contraindications. Not recommended to be used for over 12 days in

puppies
Side-effects. In dogs, neural disturbances, depression, anorexia, and

diarrhea have been reported but are rare and are probably dose-related
Drug Interactions. Exogenously administered thiamine in high doses

may reverse or reduce the efficacy of Amprolium.
Dose.
Dogs: for coccidiosis: 100-200-mg/kg, per oral in food or water for 710 days. Prophylaxis: 30 ml of 9.6% solution in one gallon (3.8 L) of drinking water or (not both) 1.25 grams of 20% powder in food to feed 4 pups daily. Give as sole source of food or water for 7 days prior to shipping. Bitches may be given medicated water (as above) as the sole source of water for 10 days prior to shipping. Prophylaxis: 0.075% solution as drinking water
79
Cattle: for coccidiosis: 10 mg/kg, per oral for 5 days; 5 mg/kg for 21 days for prophylaxis.
Clopidol
Powder, 25%
Indication.Used as prophylaxis in Coccidiasis caused by different

species of Eimeria, in poultry
Contraindication. Not given to hen from the commence of egg

laying. Should not mix with other coccidial drugs.
Side-effect. Overdose may cause in appetence Dose. By addition to feed or drinking water, 0.0125 % in feed, 125 g/
tonne feed, premixes 250 g/kg
Withdrawal period. Poultry: Slaughter 7 days
Decoquinate
Powder, 6%
Indication. Decoquinate is labelled for use in cattle for the prevention

of coccidiosis in either ruminating or non-ruminating calves, cattle or young goats caused by the species E. christenseni or E. ninakohlyakimoviae . It is used for prevention of coccidiosis in broilers caused by E. tenella, E. necatrix, E. acervulina, E. mivati, E. maxima or E. burnetti.
Contraindication. Decoquinate is not effective for treating clinical

coccidiosis and has no efficacy against adult coccidia. Decoquinate is
80
not approved for use in animals producing milk for food or in laying chickens.
Dose .By addition to feed or drinking water;

Poultry: 0.004 % feed; Lambs and calves, curative: 100 g/tonne feed or 1 mg/kg body weight for 28 days; Prophylaxis: 50 g/tonne feed or 500 mg/kg body weight for 28 days.
Withdrawal period. Calves, sheep: slaughter 1 day, should not be

used in animal producing milk for human consumption
Lasalocid
Powder, 15%
Indication. Used as treatment and prophylaxis of coccidiasis in

poultry
Dose. 75-125 g/tonne feed Side-effect.Contraindication. Refer to clopidol Withdrawal period. Poultry: slaughter 5 days
Monensin
Powder, 20%
Indications. Side-effects. Contraindications. See notes under

clopidol
Dose. Oral, Poultry: 200 g/kg, premix, 50-100 g/kg Withdrawal period. Poultry: slaughter 3 days
81
Veterinary Formulary Robendine

Powder, 6.6%.
Indication. Prophylaxis of coccidiosis Side- effect. Contraindication. See notes under clopidol Dose. Poultry, 33-g/tonne feeds, Premix, 66 g/kg Withdrawal period. Poultry: slaughter 5 days Toltrazuril
Oral solution, 2.5%
Indication. Prophylaxis of coccidiosis Contraindications. Administration to animals with impaired liver

and/or renal function
Side-effects. At high dosages in laying-hens egg-drop and in broilers

growth inhibition and polyneuritis can occur.
Dose. For oral administration. Poultry: 1 litre per 500 litre drinking
water for 2 days
Withdrawal period. Poultry: slaughter 19 days
1.3.2. Trypanocides and Others

Chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis are essential in the control of trypanosomiasis, particularly in view of the lack of effective vaccines and the problems associated with vector control. Treatment of trypanosomiasis frequently is complicated by development of drug resistance, toxicity, and the damaging dermonecrosis produced by some
82
of the trypanocidal agents. The widely used compounds are: quinapramine, homidium, pyrithidium, isometamidium, diminazene, and suramin. To overcome or reduce resistance, these compounds are often used in sequence and in combination. Quinapramine sulfate remains the most effective drug for treatment of Trypanosoma brucei and T evansi in horses, even though it is poorly tolerated. Infection of T. brucei in cattle are often mild, and may be treated effectively with either quinapramine or diminazene; T Vivax and T. congolense infections can be treated successfully with isometamidium or diminazene, and often with both. When trypanosomes are encountered, herd treatment should be considered since the infection probably is not limited to sick animals, nor to those with positive blood smears. In high-exposure, alternate treatments with isometamidium and diminazene are preferred, with the latter drug being used for strategic therapy.Infections that relapse after treatment should always be treated with a drug different from the one used initially.
Diminazene Aceturate
Powder/Granule for injection, 1.1g, 1.05g, 495mg and 444mg Injection solution (diaceturate), 35mg/ml
Indication. Diminazene aceturate is the drug of choice in the treatment

of trypanosomosis and babesiosis in animals
Side-effect.Reaction at the site of injection 83
Veterinary Formulary Dose.Cattle: B bigemina, B bovis, B ovata, and B divergens;

intramuscular injection, 3-5mg/kg. Horse: B caballi; 5mg/kg, given twice with a 24 hours interval, but 6-12 mg/kg is required for B equi. Dog: 2.5-3.5 mg/kg has been effective in B canis infection, but 5-7 mg/kg is required for B gibsoni.
Diminazene aceturate and Phenazone

Injectable granule/powder; 444mg + 556mg, 1.05g + 1.312g
Indications. Active against Trypanosomiasis,and babesiosis. It is also

active against some bacteria Brucella and Streptococcus species. The Drug is highly effective against Trypanosoma vivax, Trypanosom congolense but less effective against Trypanosoma brucei that necessitates an increase dose in these species.
Side-effect. Reaction may occur at the site of injection. Dose. By intramuscular or subcutaneous injection as a single dose for
the treatment of Trypanosomiasis, caused by Trypanosome vivax, Trypanosome congolense. Babesiosis and Piroplasmosis in cattle, sheep, horse and dog: 3.5 mg/kg (0.05 ml/kg). In Trypanosome brucei, Trypanosome evensi and resistant cases double dose is required. It has got a limited prophylactic effect of one month in low risk areas.
Storage.With in 5 days of preparation of the solution at room

temperature or 14 days in refrigerator
84
Veterinary Formulary Homidium

Tablet, 250mg
Indication. Active against Trypanosome congolense, Trypanosome

vivax, but less active against Trypanosome brucei is not effective against Trypanosome evensi; see notes above.
Side-effect.Local swelling at injection site and transient lameness Dose. By intramuscular injection, 1mg/kg once a day for 1 month
depending upon the challenge
Isomethamidium chloride
Powder for injection, 125mg and 1g.
Indications. Effective against Trypanosome congelense, Trypanosome

vivax, Trypanosome brucei and Trypanosome evensi .It has a considerable prophylactic activity with period of protection of about 6 months
Sid -effect. Local transient reaction at the injection site Dose. By intramuscular injection, as a single dose, Curative: 0.5
mg/kg. Resistant case: 1-2 mg/kg. Prophylaxis: 2 mg/kg
Quinapramin sulfate
Powder for injection, 1g
Indication.Effective against Trypanosoma congolense, Trypanosome

vivax,Trypanosome evensi (check spelling), Trypanosome equiperdium,
85
Trypanosome equinum. Trypanosome brucei is less susceptible. See notes above
Side-effects.Trembling, sweating, salivation, increased respiration and

heart rate, collapse and death
Dose. By subcutaneous injection, as a 10 % solution. In horse 5 %

solutions intramuscularly at divided dose of 2-3 different sites. Based on animal weight: Less than 150 kg body weight: 4.4 mg/kg 150-200 kg body weight:1 g 200-350 kg body weight: 1.5 g Greater than 350 kg body eight: 2 g
1.3.3. Combination Amprolium and Ethopabate

Powder, 25%+1.6%
Indication.Prevention and treatment of coccidiosis in poultry, claves,

and lambs
Amprolium, Sulfaquinoxaline, Ethopabate and Pyremethamine

Oral solution, 20g+12g+1g+1g/100ml
Indication. Prevention and treatment of coccidiosis in poultry, claves,

and lambs
86
Amprolium, Sulfaquinoxaline and Ethopabate

Powder, 20%+2%+1%

and lambs
Amprolium and Sulfaquinoxaline

Powder, 1.67%+1.67%

and lambs
Amprolium hydrochloride and Vitamin K

Powder, 20%+0.2%

and lambs
Amprolium, Furazolidone, Vitamin K and Vitamin A Powder, 0.2%+10%+2.5%+2% Indication. Prevention and treatment of coccidiosis in poultry, claves,
and lambs
Amprolium, Sulfaquinoxaline and Vitamin K

Powder, 16.5% + 18.5% + 5%, 20% + 20% + 2%
87
Veterinary Formulary Indication. Prevention and treatment of coccidiosis in poultry, claves,

and lambs
1.4. Anthelmintic Drugs

1.4.1. Benzimidazoles 1.4.2. Imidazothiazole 1.4.3. Microcyclic Lactones 1.4.4. Other Anthelmintic Drugs 1.4.5. Combined Anthelmintics Anthelmintics are a group of drugs employed for the treatment or control of internal parasitic infections. In livestock, the pathogenic parasitic organisms include, Nematodes (round worms), Trematodes (flukes) and Cestodes (tapeworms). The spectrum activities of many anthelmintic drugs are limited by the biological diversities that exist among and with in the groups of the parasitic species. The prominent parasitic diseases in ruminant include; gastroenteritis, bronchitis and cirrhosis while in Horse, strongyloids and ascaris infections are common. Poultry suffers from gastrointestinal roundworms, gapeworms and tapeworms. In carnivores, however, in addition to the infestation of round worms and ascaris, tapeworms have got a great zoonotic importance such as echinococosis.
88
Veterinary Formulary 1.4.1. Benzimidazoles

Benzimidazoles are a group of broad-spectrum anthelmintic drugs with high degree of efficacy and good margin of safety, and similar mode of action. They disrupt energy metabolism of the parasites by binding to tubulin, a protein required for the up take of nutrient in the parasites. Benzimidazoles are compatible with most drugs when administered simultaneously. They are active against both larval and adult forms of roundworms, while some are ovicidal. Some such as albendazole and triclabendazole are effective against liver flukes. Most are active against tapeworms at repeated dose. In swine and carnivores, curative treatment needs repeated dose. But in ruminants and Horse due to the reservoir effect of rumen and large intestine, single doses are sufficient. The group is also used as prophylactic therapy. Benzimidazoles are generally indicated against parasitic roundworms. Some of the groups, the more recent analogue, such as albendazole is also effective against adult liver flukes and tape worms while triclabendazole is effective to both immature and adult liver flukes but not roundworms and tapeworms. Benzimidazoles are poorly soluble in water and administered orally in the form of suspension, pellet, bolus, granule, powder or paste. At therapeutic dose, the group is safe even in
89
sick, debilitated or young animals. At higher dose, they are teratogenic and embryotoxic when administered at early gestation period. Milk should not be consumed during treatment and meat during the first few days. They should not be given to animals during their early gestation period.
Albendazole
Bolus, 120mg, 150mg, 200mg, 250mg, 300mg, 500mg, 600mg, 1000mg, 1125mg, 1500mg, 1875mg and 2500mg, Oral powder, 20% and 30%, Paste, 15g, Oral suspension, 1.5%, 2.5%, 5%, 10% and 12.5%
Indication. Gastro-intestinal round worms, tapeworms and adult liver

flukes.
Side-effect. Hypersensitivity and also see notes above Contraindication. The drug is not approved for use in lactating dairy
cattle. The manufacturer recommends not administering to female cattle during the first 45 days of pregnancy or for 45 days after removal of bulls. Albendazole has been associated with teratogenic and embryotoxic effects in rats, rabbits and sheep when given early in pregnancy.
Dose.Per oral as a single dose,
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Roundworms: cattle, 7.5 mg/kg; sheep and horse, 5 mg/kg Tapeworm and liver flukes: cattle, 10 mg/kg; sheep and goat, 7.5 mg/kg.
Withdrawal period. Cattle: slaughter 14 days,milk 4 days.

Sheep: slaughter10 days, Should not be used in sheep producing milk for human consumption
Fenbendazole
Bolus, 250mg and 750mg Granule/ Powder, 4%, 20%, 22% and 25% Paste, 20g Oral suspension 2.5%, 5%, 10% and 12.5%
Indication.Gastro-intestinal roundworms, lungworms and tapeworms

in ruminants, horses, swine, carnivores and poultry
Contraindication. Side-effect. See notes above

Note: Cattle with heavy lungworm infestation may suffer from allergic response to treatment as result of the death of worms insitue.
Dose. Oral, as single dose: cattle and horse: 7.5-mg/ kg;

Sheep, goat, swine: 5 mg /kg. Pets: 50 mg /kg daily for 3 days Poultry: 20-mg/ kg
Withdrawal period. Cattle: slaughter 30 days, milk 5 days

Sheep: slaughter 21 days, milk 5 days
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Veterinary Formulary Flubendazole

Powder 5%
Indication.Gastrointestinal roundworms, lungworms, gapeworm and

tapeworms in pigs and poultry
Contraindication . Side-effect. See notes above Dose. Oral route, pigs: 5 mg /kg or 30g/tonne feed
Poultry: feedbroiler roundworms, 30g/tonne feed. Tapeworms, 20g/tonne
Withdrawal period. Pigs: slaughter 14 days. Poultry: slaughter 7

days, egg 7 days
Mebendazole
Tablet, 100mg. Oral granule, Powder 4% and 10%. Paste, 4g/40g, 200mg/ g Suspension, 33.3mg/ml and 166.7mg/ml.
Indication. Gastro-intestinal roundworms, lungworms and tape worm

in ruminants, horse, pets and poultry. It is also active against larval stage of tapeworm (in intermediate host) and filarial infection of dog.
Contraindication.Administartion during first 4 months of pregnancy

in donkey treated for Dictyocaulus
Side-effect. Occasional mild diarrhoea Dose. Per oral: sheep 10-19 mg /kg
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Horses, donkey: roundworms, 5-10mg/kg, dictyocaulus arnfiledi in donkeys, 15-20 mg/kg daily for 5 days Poultry, 60 g/tonne feed and pets, 25-60 mg/kg three times daily for 5 days.
Withdrawal period. Poultry: slaughter 14 days. Sheep: slaughter 7

days, milk 1 day
Oxfendazole
Oral suspension, 22.65mg/ml, 90.6mg/ml
Indication. Gastrointestinal roundworms, lungworms, tapeworms and

also inhibits larvae of nematodes
Contraindication. First 35 days pregnancy in dogs Side-effect. Hypersensitivity may occur

Note: Do not administer to non-ruminating cattle and concurrent with other bolus, except specified by manufacturer. Do not administer to cattle vaccinated against lungworm until 10 to 14 days after the second dose of vaccination.
Dose. As a single dose; cattle: oral, 4.5 mg/kg. Sheep: oral, 5 mg/kg.
Horse: oral, 10 mg /kg. Pets: oral 10 mg/kg daily for 3 days

Sheep: slaughter 21 days.
Oxibendazole
Bolus 400mg, 2000mg Powder 5%
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Oral suspension, 22.65mg/ml, 50mg/ml, 90.6mg/ml
Indication. Gastrointestinal roundworms and lungworms Contraindication.Hypersensitivity and early gestation Dose. As single dose,
Cattle and sheep: oral, 5-10 mg/ kg. Pigs: oral, 15 mg /kg. Horses: 10 mg/kg, Strongyloides westeri, 15mg/kg
Withdrawal period. Pigs: slaughter 14 days. Cattle: slaughter 14

days, milk 2 days
Triclabendazole
Bolus 200mg, 250mg, 300mg, 900mg and 1800mg Oral suspension, 5 %, 10 %, 20 %,
Indication. Immature and adult liver fluke Contraindication. Side-effect. See notes above. Dose. As a single dose,
Cattle, horses: oral, 12mg/ kg Sheep: oral, 10mg/ kg

Sheep: slaughter 28 days,should not be used in sheep producing milk for human consumption
Febantel
Paste 7.5%
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Oral suspension, 25mg/ml and 100mg/ml.
Indication. Gastro-intestinal roundworms, lungworms, tapeworm Contraindication. See notes above Side-effect. Horse: mouth irritation with resultant salivation,
occasional diarrhea and colic. Cats and dogs: salivation, anorexia, and diarrhea
Dose.Cattle: oral, 7.4 mg /kg. Sheep: oral, 5 mg/kg. Horses: oral, 6

mg/kg

Sheep: slaughter 14 days, should not be used in sheep producing milk for human consumption.
1.4. 2. Imidazothiazole
Imidazothiazole is a group of anthelmitic drug effective against roundworms. The group acts by interfering with parasitic nerve transmission causing muscular paralysis that result in to rapid expulsion of the worm. It is effective against adult and larval gastro-intestinal roundworm and lungworm infection including Protostrongylus infection. Most worms expelled with in 24 hours of administration. Levamisole when given for prolonged period of time may improves depressed cell mediated immune system of the body by restoring depressed T-cell function, and also stimulates monocytes and phagocytes. It also has antiviral and antifungal activity.
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Veterinary Formulary Levamisole

Bolus, 200mg, 300mg, 400mg, 600mg, 700mg 0.1g, 1g, 1125mg, 1.875g and 2.19g Powder, 10% and 20% Oral suspension, 100mg/ml, 75mg/ml, 50mg/ml, 30mg/ml and 15mg/ml, Pour-on, 20 % Injection, 2mg/ml, 75mg/ml and 100mg/ml
Indication.Gastrointestinal roundworms in ruminants, pigs, and

pigeons; Type II ostertagiasis (not pretype II); lungworm in ruminants, pigs and dogs; heartworm treatment in dogs; immune stimulation
Side-effect. Frothing, salivation, tremor, transient head shaking,

licking of lips, urination, defecation, vomiting, ataxia, collapse and death due to respiratory failure
Contraindication. Administration within 14 days of treatment with

organophosphorus compound or diethyl carbamazine . Don't exceed 4.5 g per dose in cattle Dose. Horse: immune stimulation, oral, 6.5 mg/kg daily for 14 days; by intramuscular injection, 5.5 mg/kg. Cattle: oral, or subcutaneous injection, 7.5 mg/kg; by 'pour-on' application, 10 mg/kg Sheep: oral or subcutaneous injection, 7.5 mg/kg. Pigs: subcutaneous injection, 7.5 mg/kg Dogs: oral, 10 mg/kg for 3 days. Immune stimulation, 0.5-2.0 mg/kg every 2-3 days
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Veterinary Formulary Withdrawal period. Cattle: slaughter 28 days, milk 3 days. Sheep:
slaughter 28 days, should not be used in sheep producing milk for human consumption
Tetramisole
Bolus, 0.15g, 0.6g, 1g, 1.2g, 1.5g, 2g Powder, 10%, 20%, 30% Injection, 30 mg/ml, 100mg/ml
Indication.Contraindication.Side-effect. See notes under

Levamisole
Dose. Cattle, sheep, goat, pig, 15 mg/kg. Dog and cat :5 mg/kg for 6
days
1.4.3. Microcyclic Lactones

Microcyclic lactones are compound derived from fermentation products of soil dwelling bacteria of genus Streptomyces.The product is active against both gastro-intestinal roundworms and ectoparasites in animal when used at lower concentration. In nematodes and arthropodes, avermectine potentiate GABA mediated neurotransmission and initiates the chloride ion influx and lower cell membrane resistance resulting into hyper polarization of the resting potential of post synaptic cells and causes the flaccid paralysis and death or expulsion of the parasite. In mammal, GABA mediated neurotransmission is limited to CNS, and the
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compound do not readily cross BBB. This provides the product a wide safety margin. Ivermectine is active against many parasites including arrested and developing larvae and adults of the important cattle and sheep nematodes. Abamectin, a closely related compound, has a similar spectrum of activity. Ivermectin displays no activity against cestodes or trematodes, presumably because these parasites do not utilize GABA as a neurotransmitter. In dogs, ivermectin should not be used at doses greater than those recommended for heartworm prophylaxis because it may cause toxicity in certain blood-lines, for example rough-haired Collies. The clinical signs of toxicity are ataxia, depression, tremors, recumbency, and mydriasis. Horse carrying heavy infections of Onchocerca may develope transiet oedema and pruritus following treatment. This may be due to the sudden death of large number of microfilariae.
Ivermectine
Injection, 10mg/ml, Oral powder, 0.2% Capsule, 10mg, Bolus, 1.72g and 5mg
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Oral solution, 800mcg/ml, Pastes, 1.876%, 0.2% and 8%, Solution, Pour-on; 5mg/ml.
Indication.Gastro-intestinal roundworms and lungworms in horses,

ruminants, and pigs; Type II ostertagiasis in horses, ruminants; horse bots; some lice and mites on cattle and pigs; warble fly larvae in cattle, nasal bots in sheep; heartworm prophylaxis in dogs for export; mites on cats. In cattle, ivermectin is approved for use in the control of gastrointestinal roundworms (adults and 4th stage larva), lungworms (adults and 4th stage larva), cattle grubs (parasitic stages), sucking lice, and mites (scabies).
Side-effects. Ataxia, depression, tremors, mydriasis, listlessness,

musculoskeletal pains, oedema of the face or extremities, itching and papular rash
Contraindication.Ivermectin is not recommended for use in puppies

less than 6 weeks old. The injectable products for use in cattle and swine should be given subcutaneously only; do not give intramuscularly or intravenously. Administration of ruminal boluses to non-ruminating cattle; administration to calves less than 12 weeks of age
Dose.Horse: oral, 0.2mg/kg. Cattle: by 'pour-on' application,

0.5mg/kg; by subcutaneous injection, 0.2 mg/kg. Sheep, goat: oral 0.2 mg/kg. Pigs: oral, 0.1mg/kg daily for 7 days; by subcutaneous injection, 0.3 mg/kg. Dogs: heartworm prophylaxis, oral, 6 microgram/kg every month. Cats:Otodectes, subcutaneous injection, 0.3 mg/kg, repeat after 3 weeks; Notoedres, subcutaneous injection, 0.4 mg/kg
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Veterinary Formulary Withdrawal period. Sheep, goat: slaughter 14 days. Cattle:

Abamectine
Injection, 10mg/ml, Capsule, 10mg, Tablet, 5mg, Oral powder, 2mg/g, Oral solution, 20mg/ml, Paste, 20mg/g, Pour-on, 5mg/ml
Indication. Treatment of gastrointestinal nematodes, lice, lung worm

infections, oestriasis and scabies
1.4.4. Other Anthelmintic Drugs Oxyclozanide

Bolus 340mg and 2700mg, Oral suspension; 34mg/ml
Indication. Mainly active against adult Fasciola in ruminants. Dose. Cattle: Oral, 10 mg/kg. Sheep, goat, oral, 15 mg/kg Side-effect. Occasional increased defaecation and inappetance in cattle Withdrawal period. Cattle: slaughter 28 days, milk 3 days
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Sheep: slaughter 28 days, should not be used in sheep producing milk for human consumption
Praziquantel
Bolus, 3125mg, Tablet, 50mg, Injection, 56.8mg/ml
Indication.Effective against all tapeworms; Echinococcus, Taenea,

Dipylidium caninum, Taenia pisiformis and Echinococcus granulosus in dogs, and Dipylidium caninum and Taenia taeniaeformis in cats
Contraindication.Do not give to puppies of less than 4 weeks age

and kittens of less than 6 weeks age
Side-effect. It causes occasional vomiting, transient pain at injection

site
Dose.Horse: oral 10mg/kg. Dogs, cats: oral, 5mg/kg; subcutaneous or

intramuscularly injection, 3.5-7.5 mg/kg.Sheep, goats: for all species of Moniezia, Stilesia, or Avitellina: 10 - 15 mg/kg
Piperazine
Tablet, 50mg and 500mg, Powder, 65%, Syrup, 100mg/ml
Indication. Roundworms in horses, pigs, dogs, cats, and poultry
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Veterinary Formulary Contraindication. Renal impairment Side-effects. Occasional emesis and diarrhea Dose. Horses: parascaris, up to 160 mg/kg. Pigs: Ascaris, up to 160
mg/kg. Dogs, cats: Toxocara, Toxascaris, 80 mg/kg; Ancylostoma, Uncinaria, 120-240 mg/kg. Poultry: Ascaridia, 200 mg/bird; Capillaria, 400 mg/bird
Drug interaction. Pyrantel, morantel, laxative
Closantel
Liquid, 50mg/ml, 150mg/ml
Indication. Immature and adult Fasciola, nasal bot and benzimidazole

-resistant Haemonchus in sheep
Dose. Sheep: 10 mg/kg Withdrawal period. Sheep: slaughter 28 days, should not be used in
sheep producing milk for human consumption or manufacturing purpose
Pyrantel pamoate
Paste, 9.5%
Indication.Gastro-intestinal roundworms in horses and dogs;

tapeworm in horses
Contraindications.Use with caution in severely debilitated animals.

Foal less than 4 weeks of age
Side-effect.Emesis in small animals 102
Veterinary Formulary Drug interactions.

Morantel, levamisole, organophosphate,
diethylcarbamazine, piperazine
Dose.Horse: 6.6 mg (as base)/kg; 13.2 mg (as base)/kg for cestodes Storage.Store at room temprature
1.4.5. Combined Anthelmintics

Multiple parasitic infestations are a rule rather than exception in domestic animals. Animals are usually infected with roundworms, cestodes and trematodes at the same time. This necessitates the use of combined anthelmintic drugs that have complementary properties to attain extended ranges of activity. In ruminants the most combination of anthelmintic preparation includes drugs that are effective against both trematode and roundworms of domestic animals.
Levamisole and Triclabendazole

Oral suspension, 37.5mg + 50mg/ml, 75mg + 120mg/ml
Indication. For roundworm and flukes in cattle and sheep Contraindications. Impaired liver function Dose.Oral suspension, levamisole hydrochloride 75mg, triclabendazole
120mg/ml, for roundworm and flukes in cattle: 0.1 ml/kg Oral suspension, levamisole hydrochloride 37.5mg, triclabendazole 50mg/ml, for roundworm and flukes in Sheep:0.2ml/kg
Drug interaction. Pyrantel, organophosphates 103
Veterinary Formulary Withdrawal periods. Cattle, sheep: slaughter 28 days, should not be used in cattle and sheep producing milk for human consumption
Levamisole and Oxyclozanide

Bolus, 0.3g + 0.6g, 0.450g + 0.450g, 1g+ 1.4g, 1.5g + 3g, 2g + 1.4g, Oral suspension; 15mg+ 30mg/ml, 30mg + 60mg/ml
Indication.Prophylaxis
and
treatment
of
gastrointestinal
and
lungworm infections in cattle, calves, sheep and goats like: Trichostrongylus,Cooperia,Ostertagia,Haemonchus, Nematodirus,Chabertia,Bunostomum and Dictyocaulus spp.
Contraindications. Administration to animals with an impaired liver

function
Dose.Oral suspension, levamisole hydrochloride 15 mg, oxyclozanide

30mg/ml for roundworms and flukes in cattle, sheep:0.5ml/kg
Drug Interactions. Concurrent administration with pyrantel,

morantel or organophosphates
Withdrawal period. Cattle: slaughter 28 days, milk 3 days. Sheep:

slaughter 28 days, should not be used in sheep producing milk for human consmption
Levamisole and Bithonoloxide

Oral suspension, 1.5% + 8%
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Indication. Roundworm and trematodes
Levamisole and Niclosamide

Bolus, 150mg + 2250mg Indication. Roundworm and trematodes
Levamisole and Rafoxanide

Oral suspension, 1.5% + 3%, 1.5% +1.5% and 3% +3%. Indication. Roundworm and trematodes
Tetramisol and Oxyclozanide

Bolus, 150mg + 300mg, 450mg + 450mg, 450mg + 420mg and 2 g + 1.4 g Oral suspension, 3% + 3%
Indication. Roundworm and trematodes Drug-interaction.Combination of two or more oganophosphorous

compund or drugs with anticholinestrase activity
Praziquantel and Pyrantel

Tablet, 20mg + 230mg
Indication.Used to remove Tapeworms (Dipylidium caninum, Taenia

taenieformis), Hookworms (Ancylostoma tubaeforme), and Large Roundworms (Toxocara cati) in cats and kittens
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Note: Tablets may be given directly oral or offered in a small amount of food. Do not withhold food from the cat prior to or after treatment.
Praziquantel and Niclosamide

Bolus, 350mg + 3650mg
Indication. Roundworm, tapeworm and trematodes
Praziquantel , Pyrantel embonate and Febantel

Tablet, 50mg + 144mg + 150mg
Indication. For removal of Tapeworms (Dipylidium caninum, Taenia

pisiformis, Echinococcus granulosus, and removal and control of Echinococcus multilocularis). For removal of Hookworms (Ancylostoma caninum, Uncinaria stenocephala), ascarids (Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina), and whipworms (Trichuris vulpis) in dogs.
Contraindication. Do not use in pregnant animals.

Dogs treated with elevated levels (6 consecutive days with 3 times the labeled dosage rate) of the combination of febantel and praziquantel in early pregnancy demonstrated an increased incidence of abortion and fetal abnormalities
Dose.1 tablet /10 kg Storage.At room temperature
Abamectin and Praziquantel

Paste, 3.7mg + 46.3mg/dose
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Veterinary Formulary Indication.Roundworm, tapeworm, trematodes and external parasites
Ivermectin and Praziquantel

Injection, 1.2% + 12%, 1.2% + 15%.
Indication.Roundworm, tape worm, trimatodes and external parasites
Oxyfendazole and Oxyclozanide

Oral suspension, 22.65mg +62.5mg/ml
Indication.For roundworm, tapeworm, and flukes in cattle and sheep Dose. Cattle and sheep :0. 2ml/kg Withdrawal periods. Cattle: slaughter 28 days, milk 5 days. Sheep:
slaughter 28 days
Triclabendazole and Rafoxanide

Oral suspension, 14.6% + 2.5%
Indication.For roundworm, tapeworm, and flukes in cattle and sheep
2.Acaricides and Insecticides

Ectoparasiticides are compounds intended to control external parasitic infestation that harbour in or on the skin of animals there by inflict injury. Some ectoparasites such as oestrus ovis transiently survive in the body.
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External parasites cause high economic losses through weight loss, reduced milk yield, skin damage by injury or blood sucking or annoying the animal. Some are still responsible to transmit economically significant diseases such as Trypanosomiasis; Babesiosis and heart water, African horse sickness. The control of external parasitic infestation needs the use of different preparations of ectoparasiticides. They are available for application by various methods including dip, spray, pour-on, spot-on aerosol, collar, tag, shampoo and parenteral. prepared to indicate for different parasites. Typically, formulations used are, liquid concentrations requiring dilution with water to produce an emulsion for application. However, depending on individual circumstances such as availability of animal, handling facilities and operation system, the more convenient ready-foruse preparation such as spot-on pour-on, collar and tags provide the user with a broad choice of application system. Systemic acting preparations are available in the form of injection. Ivermectin, pour-on solution is poured along the dorsal midline of animal or spot-on method, applied to a smaller area on head or back. Ectoparasiticids are toxic to animals and operators. They are also harmful to the environment. As a result, care should be taken with dosage handling, storage, disposal of unused materials and containers. Different formulations are
108
2.1.Organophosphates and Chlorides

Organophosphorus is a yellow to deep brown oily liquids or yellow to white crystalline powder most have garlic like odour. The compounds inhibit cholinesterase; thereby interfere with
neuromuscular transmission in the ectoparasites. In animal over dosage cause abdominal pain, diarrhea, salivation, tremor, pupil constriction and death may occur from respiratory failure. Toxicity of organophosphorus is combated with competitive antagonists such as atropine. Although most organophosphorus compounds are not persistent in the environment they may be toxic to livestock, human and wild life an adequate precaution should be taken to avoid environmental contamination. Aquatic animals, bees and bird are susceptible to the compounds. The common organophosphorus compounds in use are:
chlorfenvinphos, diazinone, dichlorovos, fenthion and phosmet. Organophosphoruses are indicated for, ticks, keds lice, biting flies warble fly, oestrus ovis, gasterophylus larva, manges, keds, glossina species and other biting flies.
Chlorfenvinphos
Liquid, 10%w/v
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Veterinary Formulary Indication. Blowfly larvae, keds lice and tick on sheep Dose. Dip concentrate, chlorfenvinphos 10%, phenols 30.5 %, for
sheep; 4.5 litres, 11.25 litres, 22.5 litres to be diluted before use
Warnings. Not approved for sheep scab control Withdrawal period. Sheep: slaughter 14 days, should not be used on
sheep producing milk for human consumption
Drug interactions. Combination of two or more organophosphorus

compounds or drugs with anticholinestrase activity
Diazinon
Liquid 15%w/v, 16.2%, 20% and 60% w/v Collar, 15%w/v
Indication. Blowfly larvae, keds lice, Psoroptes and tick on sheep;

fleas and ticks on dogs and cats
Side-effect. Occasional skin irritation and alopecia Warning.Some

diazinon-containing dip concentrates contain epichlorhydrin 1%; adequate ventilation should be provided for operator working continuously with these preparations. Children should not be allowed to play with collar
Dose.Dip concentrate, diazinon 60%, for sheep, 2.5 litres, 5 litres. To

be diluted before use Collar: cats, dogs; place around dog's or cat's neck
Withdrawal period. Sheep: slaughter 14 days, should not be used on

sheep producing milk for human consumption
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Veterinary Formulary Drug interactions. Combination of two or more organophosphorus

Dichlorovos
Liquid, 76% w/v
Indication.For control fleas, gnats and mosquito Drug interactions. Combination of two or more organophosphorus
Fenthion
Liquid, 20mg/ml, 200mg/ml
Indication. Warble-fly larvae and lice in cattle, fleas on dog and cats Contraindication. Calves less than 3 months of age, dogs less than 6
months of age; cats less than 1 year of age; dogs less than 3 kg body weight, cats less than 2 kg body weight; pregnant animals before 1 months of delivery
Dose. Cattle: by 'pour-on' application, (100-200 kg body weight) 1g;

(200-300kg body weight) 1.5 g ;(300-400kg body weight) 2g;(more than 400 kg body-weight) 2.5 g Dogs: by spot-on application, (3-10kg body weight) 80 mg, (11-25 kg body-weight) 200mg, (26-50 kg body weight) 400 mg, (over 50 kg body-weight) 600 mg. Cat: by spot-on application, 30 mg
111
Veterinary Formulary Warning. Dogs and cats should not be handled within 8 hours of
application. Milk producing animals should be treated immediately after milking
Drug-interactions.Combination of two or more organo-phosphorus

compounds or compounds with anticholinestrase activity, levamisole, diethylcarbamazine
Phosmet
Liquid, 200mg/ml
Indication.Warble-fly larvae in cattle, lice and mite on cattle, and

pigs; Sarcoptes, fleas, and ticks on dogs
Contraindication.Calves less than 3 month of age, dogs under 12

weeks of age,pregnant bitches .See notes under fenthion
Side- effect. All are toxic to animals and human by the virtue of
cholinesterase blocking activity. It is harmful to birds, bees, fishes and other aquatic animals
Dose. Cattle: by' pour-on' application. Lice, 10mg/kg repeat after 1014 days. Mites and warble-fly larvae, 20 mg/kg as a single dose Pigs: by 'pour -on' application, 20 mg/kg as a single dose.
Warning. Operators should take care when handling or using the

compounds. Personal protective equipments should be worn. Care should be taken to avoid inhalation and any skin contamination should
112
be washed off immediately. Empty containers should be carefully disposed to avoid environmental contamination
Drug-interactions.Combination of two or more organo-phosphorus

compounds or compounds with anticholinestrase activity
Withdrawal period. Cattle: slaughter 14 days. Pigs: slaughter 35

days
Note. Animal producing milk for human consumption should be treated immediately after milking at least 6 hours before the next milking
2.2. Carbamate
Carbaryl and propoxur are carbamates. These drugs cause inhibition of cholinesterase at the parasite nerve synapses but unlike organophosphorus compounds spontaneous reversible. Carbaryl and propoxur are used mainly for flea control.
Carbaryl Collar, 5% Indication. Fleas and ticks on dogs and cats Contraindication. Use of other ectoparasiticides concurrently or
within 7 days of removal of collar; kittens less than 6 months of age
Side effect. Occasional skin irritationand alopecia Drug interactions. Combination of two or more compounds or
compounds with anticholinestrase activity such as organophosphorous compounds
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Veterinary Formulary Warning. Children should not be allowed to play with collar
Propoxur
Spray, 0.25% Collar, 10%
Indication. Fleas and ticks on dogs and cats Contraindication. Concurrent use with other insecticides, puppies
and kittens less than 12 weeks, nursing bitches or queens.
Side-effect.Occasional skin irritation and alopecia Drug interactions. Combination of two or more compounds or
compounds with anticholinestrase activity such as organophosphorous compounds
Warning. Children should not be allowed to play with collar
2.3. Pyrethrines and pyrethroids

The group exerts its action on sodium channels of parasites nerve axons, causing initial excitement then paralysis. They are applied as spray, pour-on or spot-on.
Cypermethrin
Emulsifiable liquid, 5%, 10%w/v Powder, 25% Pour-on solution, 1%, 1.25%, 2%
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Collar, 8.5%
Indication. Flies on horses and cattle; lice on horses, cattle and goats,
blowfly larvae, biting lice, tick, head flies on sheep; red mites on poultry
Contraindication. Treatment of lambs less than 1 week of age or

during hot weather
Side- effect. Pour-on preparations should not be applied to the tail

region of lambs because this could interfere with ewe-lamb recognition
Dose.Liquid concentrate, cypermethrin 5 %, for horses, poultry; 1 litre

to be diluted befor use Horse: by spray, 125-500 ml of 0.1% solution. Poultry: by spray, 20ml of 0.05 % solution Sheep: by 'pour on'application. Blowfly larvae, treatment, 5-10 ml on affected area; prophylaxis, by spray, (more than 12.5 kg body-weight and less than 25 kg body weight), 20 ml, (more than 25 kg bodyweight) 40 ml. Headfly, 5 ml. Lice, 0.25 ml/kg (maximum 20 ml). Ticks, (less than 10 kg body-weight) 0.5 ml/kg (maximum 40 ml). Goat: by 'pour on' application, 0.25-0.5 ml/kg Cattle: by 'pour on application', 10 ml
Warning. Wash udders of sprayed animals before milking apply only

on unbroken lesions
Withdarawal period. Sheep, goats: slaughter 7 days. Cattle:

slaughter 7 days. Poultry: slaughter 21 days
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Veterinary Formulary Deltamethrin

Pour-on solution, 1% Emulsifiable liquid, 5%, 12.5%
Indication. Lice on cattle, sheep, pigs; flies on cattle; headflies, keds,

and ticks on sheep, blowfly larvae
Side- effect. Minor signs and discomfort with some cattle up to 48

hourse after treatment
Dose. Cattle: by 'spot on 'application, 10ml of 1% solution

Sheep, pigs: by 'spot on' application 5ml of 1% solution
Warning. Wash udder of sprayed animals before milking and

administration
Withdrawal period. Cattle: slaughter 3 days, milk withdrawal

period is nil. Sheep: slaughter 7 days. Pigs: slaughter 21 days
Fenvalerate
Emulsified liquid, 10%, 20%
Indication. Flies, lice on cattle, tick and ticks on dogs and cats Contraindication. Puppies less than 12 weeks of age, nursing
bitches; cats less than 6 months of age, pregnant and nursing queens
Dose. Cattle: by spray, 250-500ml of 0.1% solution Warning.Avoid direct contamination of milk and milking machine Withdrawal period. Cattle: slaughter 1 days, milk withdrawal nil
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Veterinary Formulary Permethrin

Dusting powder, 1.05%, Emulsified liquid, 0.5%, Pour-on solution, 4%, Shampoo, 1.05%
Indications. Culicoides and lice on horses; flies and lice on cattle;

fleas on dogs and cats
Contraindication. Puppies or kittens less than 12 weeks of age nursing bitch or queens Side-effect. Cats may show signs of hyperaesthesia with excitability
twitching and collapse if over dosage occurs
Dose. Dogs: by 'pour-on' application, (upto 15 mg body-weight)

1 ml; (more than 15 kg body-weight) 2ml.Do not re-apply until at least 7 days. Cattle: by 'pour-on' application, 0.1 ml/kg. Horse, donkey: by 'pour -on' application, 0.1ml/kg
Withdrawal Period. Cattle: slaughter 3 days, milk withdrawal

period is nil
Note. Animal producing milk for human consumption should be treated immediately after milking and at least 6 hours before next milking
Flumethrine
Emulsifiable liquid, 1%, 6%
Indication. Keds, lice Psoroptes, and ticks on sheep
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Veterinary Formulary Dose. Sheep: dip concentrate, flumethrin 6%, 1 litre. To be diluted
before use
Withdrawal period. Sheep: slaughter withdrawal period nil, milk

withdrawal period nil
Note. Animal producing milk for human consumption should be treated immediately after milking
Warning. Not for control of blowfly larvae
2.4. Others
Amitraz
Powder/Granule, 12.5%, 25% Pour-on, 2%w/v Liquid, 12.5%
Indication. Lice, ticks, keds on sheep; lice, mite, and ticks on cattle;
lice and mites on pigs; Demodex on dogs Dose. Liquid or dip concentrate, amitrazin 12.5%, for cattle, sheep, pigs; 1 litre, 5 litres. To be diluted before use
Withdrawal period. Cattle: slaughter 1 day, milk 2 days. Sheep:

slaughter 21 days, should not be used in sheep producing milk for human consuption. Pigs: slaughter 7 days
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3.Gastrointestinal Drugs
3.1. Antidiarrheal drugs 3.2. Drugs used in the treatment of bloat 3.3. Laxatives
3.1. Antidiarrheal Drugs

3.1.1. Adsorbents 3.1.2. Drugs used in the treatment of chronic diarrhea The causative agents of diarrhea include dietary imbalance or hypersensitivity, ingestion of toxins, stress, small intestinal bacterial over growth, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, chronic inflammatory bowel disease, colitis-X and granulomatous enteritis in horses, lymphangiectasia, villous atrophy, infections due to bacteria, fungal, protozoa, viruses, or endoparasites, and neoplasia. Diarrhea may also result as a side-effect of drug treatment. Diarrhea may cause changes in the gastro-intestinal tract resulting in malabsorption of fluids and reduced digestibility of nutrients. Treatment includes elimination of the causative agent and supportive therapy such as fluide and electrolyte replacement and dietary control. Food is withheld for 24 hous in dogs and cats and about 2 to3 days in ruminants and pigs, and oral elextrolytes are provided. This is followed by a balanced diet and gradual reintroduction in to normal feed. Electrolyte replacement solution should be offered in place of drinking
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water or milk. Severly dehyderated animals may require parenteral fluid by intravenous infusion in addition to oral soultion.
3.1.1.Adsorbents
Adsorbents, given oral, adsorb toxins from gastro-intestinal tract, which may prevent irritation and erosion of the mucosa. Bismuth salts, charcoal, zinc oxide and kaolin are available in compound preparations with antacids and electrolyte for the treatment of non-specific diarrhea. Kaolin does not adsorb E -coli enterotoxins and therefore has limited use in neonatal diarrhea and may even be contraindicated. Bismuth salts and activated charcoal may adsorb these toxins. Some absorption of salicylate will occur from administration of bismuth salicylate; care should be taken with administration to cats.
Bismuth salicylate, Sodium salicylate, Magnesium trisilicate and Kaolin

Oral suspension, 7 g + 5g + 3.3g + 10g/100 ml
Indication. For the treatment of unspecific diarrhea Drug interactions. Lincomycine, tetracycline
Kaolin and Pectin

Oral suspension, 200mg +4.3 mg/ml
Indication. For the treatment of unspecific diarrhea Dose. Calves, dogs; 1-2 ml/kg 2-3 times daily 120
Veterinary Formulary Drug interactions. Lincomycine, tetracycline Withdrawal period. Calves: slaughter withdrawal period nil 3.1.2.Drugs used in the treatment of chronic diarrhea
Chronic diarrhea may be caused by dietary imbalance, small intestinal disease, parasitism, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, colitis, or occur as a result of other systemic disease.
Sulphasalazine
Tablets, 500 mg of 100, 500 Oral suspension 50 mg/ml of 500
Indication.Treatment of Chronic colitis and maintenance of remission Side-effects. Anorexia, vomiting, prolonged administration may cause
keratoconjunctivitis sicca
Dose.Dogs: 15-30 mg/kg 3 times daily units response then reduced to

lowest effective maintenance dose. Dose may be increased up to 40 mg/kg 3 times daily if required Cats: 10-20 mg/kg once daily
3.2. Drugs used in the Treatment of Bloat

The normal process of fermentation of cellulose in the rumen results in the production of gas, which is periodically eructed. Bloat occurs when
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either the eruction reflex is inhibited, or the gas is for other reasons unable to escape; the gas accumulates in a stable foam form or as free gas. Treatment of free gas bloat includes ruminal intubation or trocharisation to allow the release of gas. Medication treatment of frothy bloat requires the administration of an antifoaming agent to break down the stable foam. Poloxalene is a nonionic surfactant used for the treatment and prevention of frothy bloat. Silicones such as dimethicone reduce the surface tension of gas bubble causing them to coalesce. The prevention and control of bloat includes limited pasture access, avoiding finely milled feeds, and maintaining high fibre content in the diet. Antifoaming substances may be included in the feed, drinking water, or sprayed on the crops.
Dimeticone
Oral suspension, 1 %, 2%
Indication. Frothy bloat Dose. Cattle: 100 ml, sheep: 25 ml Poloxalene

Oral suspension, 830mg/ml, 55%, 25g/30ml
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Premix, 530mg/g
Indications. Treatment and prevention of frothy bloat Dose. Oral liquid, poloxalene 830mg /ml, for cattle;(up to 227kg body
weight) 30ml diluted in 500 ml water;(more than 227kg body-weight) 60ml diluted in 500ml water Premix, poloxalene 530 mg /g, for cattle; 22 mg of poloxalene /kg body weight daily. May be increased to 44mg of poloxalene/kg
Withdrawal periods. Cattle: slaughter 3 days, milk withdrawal periods nil Docusate
Oral suspension, 240 mg
Indications. Treatment and prevention of frothy bloat Contraindications. Use with caution in patients with pre-existing
fluid or electrolyte abnormalities; monitor.
Side-effects/Warnings. At usual doses, clinically significant adverse

effects should be very rare. Cramping, diarrhea and intestinal mucosal damage are possible. The liquid preparations may cause throat irritation if administered oral.
Drug Interactions.Theoretically, mineral oil should not be given with

docusate (DSS) as enhanced absorption of the mineral oil could occur. However, this interaction does not appear to be of significant clinical concern with large animals. It is less clear whether there is a significant problem in using this combination in small animals and the concurrent
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use of these agents together in dogs or cats cannot be recommended. If it is deemed necessary to use both docusate and mineral oil in small animals, separate doses by at least two hours.
Doses. Horses : oral, 10-20 mg/kg diluted in 2 L of warm water; may

repeat in 48 hours. 7.5-30 g (150-600 mls of a 5% solution) per oral; or 3-5 g (60-100 mls of 5% solution) if used with mineral oil
Storage.Docusate sodium solutions should be stored in tight containers

and the syrup should be stored in tight, light-resistant containers.
3.3. Laxatives
3.3.1.Lubricant laxatives 3.3.2. Bulk-forming laxatives 3.3.3. Osmotic diuretics
3.3.1. Lubricant laxatives

Lubricant laxatives soften and lubricate the faecal mass, which allows expulsion. Liquid paraffin and white soft paraffin are commonly used and are thought generally safe, although prolonged use may cause problems. Liquid paraffin may be used in the treatment of Horse colic due to impaction. When liquid paraffin is administered to large animals it should be mixed with ginger or mustard to prevent inhalation, except which given by stomach tube.
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Veterinary Formulary Paraffins

Oral paste 474mg/g
Indications. Constipation Contraindications. Prolonged use especially in young animals Side-effects. Reduced absorption of nutrients; granulomatous lesions
may develop with prolonged use
Warning. Accidental administration into the trachea and bronchial tree

may lead to lipid pneumonitis
Dose. Cats: -1 inch of paste 1-2 times daily
3.3.2. Bulk-forming Laxatives

Ispaghula takes up water in the gastro-intestinal tract, thereby increasing the volume of the faeces and promoting peristalsis. It is used in the management of chronic constipation and when excessive rectal straining is to be avoided, such as following surgery for perineal hernia repair or anal sac removal. Due to their ability to increase faecal mass they are also used in the control of diarrhoea. Adequate fluid intake should be provided when using bulk laxatives to avoid intestinal obstruction.
Ispaghula husk
Oral powder, 49 %; 200 g Oral granule, 90%; 200g
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Veterinary Formulary Indications. Constipation Contraindications.Abdominal pain, vomiting; intestinal obstruction Warnings. Water must be available all times Dose. Oral granules, ispaghula husk: 90 %; 200 g
Dogs: by addition to food, one-three 5 ml spoonful 1-2 times daily Cats: by addition to food, one 5ml spoonful 1-2 times daily Oral powder, ispaghula husk 49 %; 200 g Dogs: by addition to food, one-three 5-ml spoonfuls 1-2 times daily Cats: by addition to food, one 5ml spoonful 1-2 times daily
3.3.3. Osmotic Laxatives

Osmotic laxatives are hypertonic solutions of poorly absorbed substances that retain and absorb water from the tissue into the intestinal lumen. The resulting bowel distension promotes peristalsis. Fluid should be available throughout treatment. These drugs are particularly contraindicated as laxatives in dehydrated animals and should not be used in patient with renal failure. Magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt) is effective within 3 to 12 hours in monogastric animlas and after 12 to 18 hours in ruminants.
Magnesium Hydroxide Mixture Cream, 55 mg/ml Indications. Constipation 126
Veterinary Formulary Dose. Dogs: 5-10ml Cats: 2-6ml Drug interactions. Muscle relaxant
Magnesium Sulfate (Epsom salt)

Powder, 49 %, 90 %
Indications. Constipation Dose. Horse: 100-400g/450kg.

Cattle: 250-500g. Pigs: 25-125g. Dogs: 5-25g.Cats: 2-5g
Drug interactions. Muscle relaxant
4. Cardiovascular Drugs
4.1. Diuretics 4.1.1 Thiazides 4.1.2. Loop Diuretics 4.1.3. Osmotic Diuretics Diuretics are mainly used in veterinary medicine to reduce oedema in cases of heart failure, hepatic disease, cerebral oedema, hypoproteinaemia, inflammation, and trauma.They act by promoting sodium excretion, thus reducing the volume of extracellular fluid.They
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also have vascular effects. Diuretics reduce hypertension and have been claimed to aid therapy of Horse epistaxis. With prolonged therapy, there may be excessive loss of potassium and magnesium in urine. Hypokalaemia increases the animals susceptibility to toxicity from cardiac glycosides and to cardiac dysrythmiasand may impair carbohydrate metabolism. The risk of hypokalaemia is increased by anorexia. Diuretics are usually classified according to their site of action because this affects their likely side-effects.
4.1.1. Thiazides
The thiazides inhibit sodium reabsorption in the early distal tubule. These drugs act proximal to the site of aldosterone stimulated sodium and potassium exchange. The delivery of increased amounts of sodium to this area causes greater potassium loss and potassium supplementation may be necessary when using thiazides for diuresis. Thiazides reduce urinary calcium excretion. Thiazides are used to treat cardiac or hypoproteinaemic oedema and may also be used as an adjunct to hormonal therapy in pseudopregnancy. Thiazides have also been used in the treatment of diabetes insipidus.
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Hydrochlorothiazide remains effective for up to 12 hours and is thus given in divided doses.
Chlorothiazide
Tablet, 500 mg
Indications. Oedema Contraindications. Renal failure with anuria Side-effects.Hypokalaemia (may require potassium supplementation) Dose. Dogs, cats: 10-20 mg/kg daily Drug-interaction.Acetazolamide, antidiabetic drugs, beta-blockers,
corticosteroids, lignocaine, quinidine
Hydrochlorothiazide
Tablet, 25mg
Indications. Oedema; inhibition of lactation in pseudopregnancy in

the bitch; diabetes insipidus
Contraindications. Side-effects .See under chlorothiazide Dose. Dogs, cats: 1-2 mg/kg daily Drug interaction. See under chlorothiazide
4.1.2. Loop diuretics

Loop diuretics are the most potent group of diuretics, with a rapid onset of effect but a short duration of action. These drugs block sodium
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reabsorption in the loop of Henle. Loop diuretics increase magnesium excretion and, as with thiazides, may cause severe potassium loss. Loop diuretics may potentiate the ototoxic effects of aminoglycoside antibiotics. Frusemide is used to decrease oedema in conditions such as cardiovascular and pulmonary oedema, hepatic and renal dysfunction, hydrothorax, ascites, and non-specific oedema.
Frusemide
Tablet, 40 mg Injection, 50 mg/ml Syrup, 1 %
Indications. Oedema Contraindications. Renal failure with anuria, acute glomerular

nephritis, concurrent dosing with aminoglycosides antibiotics
Side-effects. Hypokalaemia (may require potassium supplementation)

ototoxicity, hyponatraemia
Warnings.Hypokalaemia may potentiate the toxic effects of cardiac

glycosides
Dose.Horses: by intramuscular or intravenous injection, 0.5-1.0 mg/kg

1-2 times daily Cattle. Oral; 2-5 mg/kg; by intramuscular or intravenous injection, 0.5-1 mg/kg
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Pigs: by intramuscular or intravenous injection, 5 mg/kg Dogs, cats: oral, 5 mg/kg 1-2 times daily, may be reduced to 1.2 mg/kg twice daily for maintenance; by intravenous or intramuscular injection, 2.5- 5 mg/kg 1-2 times daily
Drug interactions. Acetazolamide, aminoglycoside, antidiabetic

drugs, beta-blockers, captopril, cardiacglycosides, cephalothin and other cephalosporins, corticosteroids, lignocaine, quinidine, oestrogen
4.1.3. Osmotic Diuretics

Osmotic diuretics include hypertonic solutions of mannitol.
Administration of mannitol causes water retention with in the nephron, which dilutes urinary sodium and opposes its reabsorption especially in the proximal tubule and loop of Henle. Mannitol is used to promote urine output, as in acute renal failure, or to reduce cellular oedema in cerebral oedema. It is not suitable for the mobilization of general or local oedema because it may lead to cardiac overload. Excessive administration of mannitol can produce severe hypovolaemia and maintenance of extarcellular fulid volume may require administration of an electrolyte solution such as compound of sodium lactate intravenous infusion.
Mannitol
Injection, 10%, 20%, 25%
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Veterinary Formulary Indications. Cerebral oedema, forced osmotic diuresis Contraindications. Congestive heart failure, pulmonary oedema Warnings.Extravasation causes inflammation and thrombophlebitis. Dose. Dogs: by intravenous injection, 250-500 mg/kg test dose. Repeat
as necessary if diuresis occurs
Methenamine
Powder, 10 %
Indications. Cerebral oedema, forced osmotic diuresis
5. Central Nervous System Drugs

5.1. Analgesics/Antipyretics 5.2. Sedatives
5.1. Analgesics/Antipyretics
5.1.1 Opioid analgesics 5.1.2. Non-opioid analgesics
5.1.1 Opioid Analgesics

Opioid analgesics interact at opioid receptor sites in the CNS and other tissues. There are three main receptor type: (mu), k (kappa), and
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(delta). Stimulation of receptor provides analgesic (mainly at supraspinal sites), respiratory depression, miosis, reduced gastrointestinal motility, and euphoria. K receptors stimulation gives analgesia(mainly in the spinal cord) and less intense miosis and respiratory depression.Stimulation of receptors probably provides analgesia. In the CNS, opioid analgesics modify pain perception and behavioural reaction to pain. They also relieve anxiety and distress but may induce drowsiness from which the animal can usually be aroused. Opioids are contraindicated in head injury because they induce an increase in cerebrospinal fluid and raise intracranial pressure, which or may interfer with neurological examination. Morphine remains the drug of choice for severe pain as in injury sustained in road traffic accidents. Side-effects of morphine include, constriction of pupils, peripheral vasodilatation, respiratory depression, vomiting, exaggerated spinal-cord reflexes, initially defaecation followed by constipation, transient hypotension, urinary retention, sweating in horses, bradycardia but high dose can cause tachycardia in horses and dogs, and respiratory depression in neonates if used in pregnant animals before birth. Pethidine is a synthetic opioid analgesic that is structurally unlike morphine. It produces a prompt but short -acting analgesia. Side effect
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and contra-indications are similar to that morphine, although it is less likely to cause vomiting; it also causes less respiratory depression, which makes it more suitable for pregnant animal prior to birth. Buprenorphine is a partial agonist with similar side-effects and contraindications to morphine, although it causes less respiratory depression, only mild sedation, and does not cause constipation, excitment, or vomiting.
Buprenorphine Hydrochloride
Injection, 0.3 mg/ml
Indications. Moderate to severe pain Contraindications.Side-effects.See under Morphine Sulphate; less

sedation than morphine and does not cause excitement, constipation, or vomiting
Warnings. Repeated doses may cause over-dosage Dose. Dogs: by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection, 10- 40
mcg/kg Cats: by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection, 5 -10 mcg/kg
Drug interactions. Metoclopramide, combination with any other

CNS depressant drug
Morphine Chloride
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Veterinary Formulary Indication. Severe pain Contraindications. Head injury and raised intracranial pressure Side-effects. See notes above Dose.Dogs: by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection, 200 mcg/kg
Cats: by subcutaneous injection, 100 mcg/kg
Drug interactions. Metoclopramide, combination with any other

CNS depressant drug
Pethidine Hydrochloride
Injection, 50 mg/ml
Indications. Moderate to severe pain Contraindications.Renal

hydrochloride impairment; see under Morphine
Side-effects.See under Morphine hydrochloride; less respiratory

depression and vomiting than morphine
Warnings. Hyperexcitability in cats Dose. Horses: by intramuscular injection, 2 mg/kg

Dogs, cats: by intramuscular injection, 3.3 mg/kg
Drug interactions. Cimetidine
5.1.2. Non-opioid Analgesics

NSAIDs are analgesics, antipyretics, and have peripheral antiinflammatory activity. Most act primarily by inhibiting cyclo-
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oxygenase leading to reduced synthesis of prostaglandins and related compounds. NSAIDs have been used for their analgesic and anti oedematous action in acute inflammatory conditions including the control of pain following surgery. Drugs such as flunixin seem to provide pain control in recovery period compare to and even better than that achieved with opioid analgesic. Analgesics may be more effective if administered before recovery from anaesthesia. Flunixin can very occasionally precipitate acute renal failure. Flunixin therefore cannot be recommended for use until the patient has regained consciousness. NSAIDs have also been used to control joint pain in various arthritides; particularly osteoarthritis and they may ameliorate symptoms of endotoxaemic shock, for example, in peracute mastitis. Flunixin has been used to reduce morbidity and mortality in calf pneumonias by suppressing pulmonary oedema. NSAIDs are also used to reduce pain in Horse colic. The principal side-effect of NSAIDs is gastro-intestinal irritation and ulceration. Lesions may occur throughout the gastro-intestinal tract and may lead to a life-threatening plasma protein-losing enteropathy in the horse. Other side-effects include vomiting, blood dyscrasias, hepatotoxicity due to cholestatic and parenchymal cell damage, renal papillary necrosis, and occasionally skin rashes. Some NSAIDs, such as aspirin, have been shown to be teratogenic in animal studies.
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Paracetamol is an analgesic but has no demonstrable anti-inflammatory activity. It should not be administered to cats. Cats have a reduced capacity for glucuronide conjugation and the drug is converted to a reactive electrophilic metabolite in this species.
Acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin)

Injection, 100 mg/ml Bolus 15.6g, 1.4 g
Indications. Inflammation and pain, thromboembolic disorders Contraindications. Pregnant animals, gastro-intestinal ulceration and
haemorrhage
Side-effects. Prolonged use may cause gastro-intestinal lesions Dose. Horses: 15-100 mg/kg twice daily. Dogs: 10-25 mg/kg 3 times
daily. Cats: 10-25 mg/kg once daily or every 2 days. Cattle: 100 mg/kg twice daily. Pigs: 10 mg/kg three or four times a day
Drug interaction. Acetazolamide, antacids, diuretics, heparin,

methotrexate ,metoclorpramide, phenytoin, warfarin
Storage. Store below 40 C (104 F), preferably between 15 and 30

C (59 and 86 F), unless otherwise specified by manufacturer
Phenylbutazone
Tablet, 25 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg Injection, 200 mg/ml
Indications. Inflammation and pain
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Veterinary Formulary Contraindications. Cardiac, hepatic, or renal impairment, anemia Side-effects. See under aspirin, occasional oedema of limbs. Dose. Horses: oral, 4.4 mg/kg twice daily on day one then 4.4 mg/kg
once daily for 4 days; by slow intravenous injection, 2.2 - 4.4 mg/kg for up to 5 days Dogs: oral or by slow intravenous injection, 2g/kg daily (maximum 800 mg) parenteral treatment should only be given for up to 3 days Cats: 25 mg twice daily for up to 5 days. Reduce dose to 25 mg daily or on alternate days
Drug interactions. Methotrexate, phenytoin, sulphonylureas,

thyroxine, warfarin
Paracetamol
Tablet, 150 mg
Indications. Controlling fever and pain; in dogs, with codeine can be

used in cases of severe, usually postoperative, pain.
Contraindications. Should not be administer to cats, should not be

used in animals with known hypersensitivity or allergy to the drug.
Side-effects. Damage to kidneys, liver and gastrointestinal tract Dose. For dogs, 5 to 10 mg per pound (10 to 20 mg/kg), two to three
times daily.
Drug interactions. Metoclopramide, warfarin
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Veterinary Formulary Metamizole sodium

Injection, 150 mg/ml, 500 mg/ml
Indications. It is commonly used in the horse as an antipyretic,

analgesic, and anti-inflammatory
Side-effects.The common side-effect is injection site reactions.

Prolonged use of metamizole may cause bone marrow suppression (leukopenia, agranulocytosis).
Drug interaction. Chlorpromazine, phenylbutazone or barbiturates
Flunixin meglumine
Injection 50mg/ml
Indication.For the alleviation of inflammation and pain associated

with musculoskeletal disorders and alleviation of visceral pain associated with colic in the horse. In cattle it is approved for the control of pyrexia associated with bovine respiratory disease and endotoxemia, and for the control of inflammation in endotoxemia.
Contraindication. Patients with a history of hypersensitivity

reactions; not recommended to be used in breeding bulls
Side-effects. In horses following intramuscular injection, reports of

localized swelling, induration, stiffness, and sweating, GI intolerance, hypoproteinemia, and hematologic abnormalities. In dogs, GI distress is the most likely adverse reaction.
Cautions. Flunixin be used cautiously in animals with preexisting

gastro-intestinal ulcers, renal, hepatic or hematologic diseases; do not
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inject intra-arterially as it may cause CNS stimulation (hysteria), ataxia, hyperventilation, and muscle weakness.
Dose.Horses: by Intravenous injection or oral: 1.1 mg/kg once daily

for up to 5 days. Cattle: by Intravenous injection, 2.2 mg/kg once daily for up to 5 days. Dogs: muscloskeletal disorders, post-operative pain and inflammation, oral, 1mg/kg daily for up to 3 days. Three-day course may be repeated once weekly for chronic musculoskeletal disorders: by subcutaneous injection, 1 mg/kg daily for up to 3 days Endotoxic shock, by slow intraveneous injection, 1mg/kg up to twice daily for a maximum of 3 doses
Drug interactions. Phenytoin, valproic acid, oral anticoagulants,

other anti-inflammatory agents, salicylates, sulfonamides, and the sulfonylurea antidiabetic agents. Additionally, use flunixin cautiously with warfarin, methotrexate, and aspirin or other ulcerigenic agents.
Withdrawal period. Cattle: slaughter 7 days, milk 1.5 days Diclophenac sodium
Injection, 5g/100ml
5.2. Sedatives
Sedatives produce calmness, drowsiness, and in difference to the surroundings. Generally, sedatives are used for restraint, to facilitate handling and transport of animals, and to modify behaviours, for
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example to prevent fighting amongst pigs. They are also used to facilitate minor surgery and x-ray examination. There is continuous gradation of levels of sedation from light sedation to a depth approaching anaesthesia .the level of sedation is determined by the drug, dosage, route of administration, the interacting effect of any other drugs that are being used to treat the animal at the time of administration, and the initial degree of excitement of the animal .In general sedatives should be administered before an animal become exited. Once upset the animal may require a much higher dose of sedatives or the sedative may not have an appreciable calming effect.
Phenothiazines
Phenothiazine derivatives are effective sedatives widely used in veterinary practice. Acepromazine is the most commonly used representative of the group. It produces mild to moderate sedation, but has no analgesic properties .Its effect is variable and may be unpredictable, with some excitable animals failing to show an observable response. Oral administration particularly produces unreliable results, especially in dogs and cats. While some effect may be seen after 15 minutes, maximum effect generally only achieved after one hour following administration. Likewise absorption following subcutaneous is variable and hence intramuscular or intravenous administration is preferred.
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Contraindication for the use of phenothiazine derivatives include premedication for procedures that may promote epileptiform seizures, such as myelograph, premedicaton of known epileptic animals, and treatment of status epilepticus because these drugs decrease the seizure threshold. Sedation of post-trauma patients is also contra-indicated because acepromazine causes hypotension, which may be fatal in hypovolaemic animal. In the male horse the drug can cause priapism, paraphimosis and paralysis of the retractor penis muscle.
Alpha2-adrenoceptor Stimulants
Xylazine is alpha2-adrenoceptor stimulant, with marked sedative, muscle relaxant, and analgesic properties. Sedation is dose dependant for all drugs, but at higher doses there is an increased incidence of sideeffects. Characteristics of the group is the marked bradycardia produced at even moderate doses. There is a subsequent moderate hypotension, hyperglycaemia and polyuria with all drugs in this groups. Xylazine is used in cats, dogs, horses, and cattle as a sedative to allow minor procedure (with local anesthesia) and to facilitate handling .In dogs and cats, vomiting frequently occurs after administration of xylazine. Therefore, it is contra-indicated in animals with gastrointestinal obstruction.
Acepromazine maleate
Tablet, 10 mg, 25 mg
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Injection, 2 mg/ml, 10 mg/ml
Oral paste, 8.9 mg/ml Indications. Pre-anesthetic medication; sedation; motion sickness Contraindications. Manufacturer does not recommend use in male
horses, pregnant female animals, epileptics, concurrent use with organophosphorus compounds or procaine hydrochloride in horses; horses should not be ridden within 36 hours of treatment.
Side-effects.Hypotension,thrombocytopenia;
platelet
dysfunction,
protrusion of nictitating membrane in dogs and cats
Warning. May cause syncope in canine brachycephalic breeds, cause

in renal impairment, large breed dogs
Dose. Horses: oral, 130 -250 mcg/kg; by intramuscular or slow

intravenous injection, 30-100 mcg/kg Dogs: oral, 0.25-3 mg/kg, by subcutaneous, intramuscular or slow intravenous injection, 30-125 mcg/kg (maximum 4 mg).
Drug interactions. Antiepileptic drugs, antimuscarinic drugs,

metoclorpramide, combination with any other CNS depressant drugs
Xylazine
Injection 20mg/ml, 100mg/ml
Indications. Sedation, pre-anaesthetic medication; general anaesthesia

in combination with ketamine
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Veterinary Formulary Contraindications. Latter stage of pregnancy in animals, except

parturition, mechanical obstruction of the gastro-intestinal tract in dogs and cats; concurrent administration of sympathomimetics.
Side-effects.Vomiting in dogs and cats; cardiac arrhythmias;

bradycardia; polyuria, hypoxaemia
Warnings.Caution when pulmonary disease is present or suspected;

transient rise followed by fall in blood pressure in horses
Dose. Horses: by intramuscular injection, 2.2-3 mg/kg; by slow

intravenous injection, 0.6-1.1mg/kg Cattle: by intramuscular injection, 50-300mcg/kg Dogs: by subcutaneous, intramuscular (preferred), or intravenous injection, 1-3 mg/kg Cats: by intramuscular injection, 3mg/kg
6. Drugs used in anaesthesia

6.1. General Anaesthetics 6.2. Local Anaesthetics
6.1. General Anaesthetics

6.1.1. Antimuscarinic pre-anaesthetic medication 6.1.2. Injectable Anaesthetics 6.1.3. Inhalation Anaesthetics The main aims of general anaesthesia are to produce unconsciousness, immobility, and muscle relaxation so that surgical or other procedures may be performed painlessly. Most anaesthetic drugs also cause
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profound alteration in the function of vital body systems, in particular the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Careful techinique with attention to basic principle such as airway management, constant patient monitoring, and the use of properly maintained equipment, all contribute to good anaesthetic practice with minimal complications. Most anaesthetic drugs have a narrow therapeutic index and careful attention to dose rates is required. Anaesthetic drugs cause respiratory depression and, in general, during anesthesia the inspired oxygen concentration should not be less than 30 %, which necessitates supplemental oxygen in all cases. Pre-anesthetic medication is appropriate in most patients. The main aims are to calm the patient, provide analgesia if needed, reduce the dose of anaesthetic agent, reduce or counteract the side-effects of anaesthetic drugs, and to provide a smooth anaesthetic induction and recovery. These aims are generally achieved by using sedatives, opioid analgesics, and antimuscarinic drugs either alone or in combination.
6.1.1. Antimuscarinic Pre-anaesthetic Medication

Antimuscarinic drugs are used to reduce salivation and bronchial secretion and to prevent and treat vagally-mediated cardiac arrhythmias caused by the procedure or anaesthetic drugs.
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Atropine is not recommended as premedicants in horses because the central excitation and mydriasis that these drugs produce can be unpleasant, and gastro-intestinal motility will be reduced. Administration of antimuscarinic drugs to ruminants does not inhibit salivation but results in production of more viscid saliva and is therefore generally contraindicated in these species.
Atropine sulphate
Injection, 600 mcg/ml, 1 mg/ml
Indications.Drying secretions; adjunct in gastro-intestinal disorders

characterized by smooth muscle spasm
Contraindications. Glaucoma; pre-existing tachycardia, ventricular

arrhythmias; known myocardial ischaemia
Side-effects. Tachycaradia, constipation; urinary retention, dilatation

of pupils and photophobia.
Dose. By subcutaneous injection: Horses, cattle: 30-60 mcg/kg

Sheep: 80-160 mcg/kg. Pigs: 20-40 mcg/kg Dogs, cats: 30-50 mcg/kg
Drug interactions. Ketoconazole, methoclorpramide, phenothiazine

derivatives
Withdrawal period. Cattle: slaughter 14 days (parasympatholytic

use), 28 days (antidote use); milk 3 days (parasympatholytic use), 6 days (antidote use). Sheep, pigs: slaughter 14 days (parasympatholytic use), 28 days (antidote use).
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6.1.2. Injectable Anaesthetics

Injectable anaesthetics have a rapid onset of action and are commonly used as induction agents to effect rapid passage through the light planes of anaesthesia during which the patient may struggle. Most injectable anaesthetics cause respiratory depression; periods of, but are not hazardous provided the patient in monitored closely and other effect of injectable anaesthetics include hypotension and tachycardia. Thiopentone is the standard drug for induction with which others are compared. Thiopentone should be used with a sedative pre-anaesthetic medicant in dogs and horses. If used alone the recovery may be violent in these species. Methohexitone is short acting and cause greater respiratory depression. Induction and recovery are generally more excitable than with thiopental. The solution is irritant and care should be taken to avoid extravasation. Ketamine is a dissociative drug and interrupts the cerebral association between the limbic and cortical system. The animal may appear to be in a light plane of anesthesia but is insensitive to surgical stimulation. Ketamine may be used as a sole anesthetic in cats and primates.
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Ketamine may be given intramuscularly or intravenously, although intramuscular injection is painful. Pentobarbital is mainly used for the treatment of status epilepticus control of muscle rigidity and convulsions as a result of poisoning, and euthanasia. As an anaesthetic, excitment may occur during induction because pentobarbital is slow to cross the blood-brain barrier. Respiratory and cardiovascular depressions are marked and hypothermia is common as a result of the long recovery period. In the majority of species, onset of action, and recovery from pentobarbitone are protracted and as an anaesthetic it has been superseded by other agents such as thiopentone.
Methohexitone sodium
Powder for injection, 500 mg (25 mg/ml)
Indication. Induction of general anaesthesia Side-effects. Transient apnoea on induction Dose.

General anaesthetic induction (without pre-anaesthetic medication). Dogs, cats: by intravenous injection, 11 mg/kg
Drug interactions. Antacids, corticosteroids ,chloramphinicol,

warfarin
Ketamine hydrochloride
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Veterinary Formulary Indications. General anaesthesia, in combination with Detomidine,

Medetomidine, Romifidine, or xylazine
Contraindications. Sole anaesthetic in horses, donkeys, or dogs;

hepatic or renal impairment; latter stages of pregnancy in animals
Side-effects. Excessive salivation in cats; hypotension, increased

cardiac output; tachycardia, muscle twitching and mild tonic convulsions in cats
Dose. General anesthesia, (without pre-anaesthetic medication). Cats:

by subcutaneous, intramuscular (preferred), or intravenous injection, 11 -33 mg/kg.
Pentobarbitone sodium
Injection, 60mg/ml, 200mg/ml
Indications.General aneasthesia; convulsions and muscular rigidity Contraindications.Hepatic impairment Warning.Respiratory depression may be enhanced; extravasation may
cause local irritation and slough
Dose.General anaesthesia (without pre-anaesthetic medication). Sheep,

goat: by slow intravenous injection, 24 mg/kg Dogs and cats: by slow intravenous injection, 26.4 mg/kg
Drug interactions. Antacids, corticosteroids ,chloramphenicol,

warfarin
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Veterinary Formulary Quinalbarbitone sodium Injection, 400mg/ml Indications.Induction of general anaesthesia Drug interactions. Antacids, corticosteroids ,chloramphenicol,
warfarin
Thiopentone sodium
Powder for injection, 2.5g/5g
Indications.Induction of general anaesthesia Contraindication. Animal less than 3 month of age; condition
causing diminished cardiac output
Side-effects.Respiratory depression; transient apnoea; hypotension;

tachycardia; reduction in pain threshold at sub-anaesthetics doses
Warning.Extravasation may cause local irritation and slough; caution

in hepatic impairment, cardiovascular disease, and hypoglycaemia associated with shock
Dose.
General
anaesthetic
induction
(without
pre-anaesthetic
medication). Horses, cattle, sheep, pigs: by intravenous injection, 10mg/kg; calves: by intravenous injection, 15 mg/ml of 5% solution
Drug interactions. Antacids, sulphonamides, corticosteroids,

Chloramphenicol, warfarin
6.1.3. Inhalational Anaesthetics

Inhalation anesthetics may be gases or volatile liquids. They can be used for induction and maintenance of anesthesia, and may be used
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following induction with an injectable anaesthetic. Halogenated inhalational anaesthetics such as halothane and isoflurane are the most commonly used agents. Human should not be exposed to inhalational anaesthetics for long periods, even in small doses, and some form of waste gas scavenging is essential when these agents are used. Halothane is the most commonly used halogenated inhalational anaesthetic. It is a potent agent and the vapour is non-irritant. Adverse effects associated with the use of halothane include vasodilatation, hypotension, cardiac arrhythmias, and shivering and tremor on recovery; malignant hyperthermia has been reported in pigs, horses and dogs. Halothane and isoflurane are much less soluble in blood than ether and the concentration in the brain and myocardium can rise quickly if high inspired concentration are given, producing severe cardio-respiratory depression. These adverse effects caused by halothane are dose dependent and the horse is particularly susceptible. Induction with halothane is accelerated if it is vaporised in a mixture of oxygen and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane has similar physical properties to halothane, but is slightly less soluble in blood. So induction and recovery are more rapid than with halothane.
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Ether is largely obsolete because it forms explosive mixtures with oxygen and full anti-static precautions must be taken if it is used. Induction and recovery are slow with ether. It irritates the airways and antimuscarinic premedication is advisable.
Halothane
Inhalation, 250 ml, 0.05 %
Indications. Inhalational anaesthesia Contraindications. Concurrent administration of adrenaline Side-effects.Cardiovascular

depression; cardiac arrhythmias; hypotension, vasodilatation, see also notes above.
Dose. Induction of anaesthesia, inspired concentration of 2- 4 %

Maintenance of anesthesia, inspired concentration of 0.5-1.5 %
Drug interactions. Sympathomimetics Isoflurane

Inhalation, 100%
Indications. Inhalational anaesthesia Side-effects. See under halothane and notes above Dose. Maintenance of anaesthesia, inspired concentration of 1.0 -2.5 % Drug interactions. Sympathomimetics
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Veterinary Formulary Ether

Inhalation, 100g, 250 g
Indications. Inhalational anaesthesia Dose. Fish: 10-15mg /l water for anaesthesia Drug interactions. Aminoglycosides
6.2. Local Anaesthetics

Local anaesthetics act by blocking conduction in nerve fibres and other conduction pathways such as myocardial cells.Conduction block in nerves results in muscle paralysis; loss of sensation, or both depending on the type of fibre involved. Local anaesthetics are often used to block conduction in pain fibres, producing complete analgesia. This may be required for diagnostic purposes or to permit minor surgery. The drug, its concentration, the accuracy of injection, and the site of the nerve determine the spread of onset of neuronal blockade produced by local anaesthetic drugs. Local anaesthetics will cause systemic toxicity if excess amounts are used or if absorption is too rapid, which may occur if injected into infected or inflamed tissues. The signs of toxicity seen in animals are convulsions followed by CNS depression.
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Lidocaine is widely used for most applications. It diffuses readily through the tissues and has a rapid onset of action. Its duration of action is about 45 minute without adrenaline and 90 minute with adrenaline at concetration of 1 in 200,000(5 microgram/ml).
Lidocaine hydrochloride
Injection, 20mg/ml
Indications. Lidocaine without adrenaline. Epidural, field block, and

perineural anaesthesia
Dose. Expressed as Lignocaine 2 % (20 mg/ml)

Horses: by epidural, including caudal epidural injection, 6-10 ml; by field block injection, maximum 200 ml Horses: by epidural, including caudal epidural injection, 6-10 ml; by field block injection, maximum 200 ml Cattle: by caudal epidural injection, 5-6 ml; by field block injection, maximum 200 ml: by perineural injection, up to 10 ml depending on site for nerve: by cornual injection, 2- 6 ml Sheep: by caudal epidural injection, 3-4 ml; by field block injection, maximum 60 ml Pigs: by field block injection, 60 ml Dogs: by epidural injection, 0.2 ml/kg; by field block injection, 25 -50 ml, by perineural injection, 2-4 ml/site
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Cats: by epidural injection, 0 .2 ml/kg; by field block injection, 5-20 ml.
Drug interactions. Beta -blockers, cimetidine, diuretics Lidocaine and Adrenaline

Injection, 40mg+20mcg/ml, 20mg+10mcg/ml
Indication.Field block and perineural anaesthesia, see notes above Contraindications. Intra-articular, intravenous, epidural, or intradigital administration Dose.Lidocaine hydrochloride 20 mg, adrenaline 10 microgram/ml, for horses, cattle, sheep, pigs, dogs, cats; 100 ml for field block and perineural injection, including cornual injection
Drug interactions. Beta-blockers, cimetidine, diuretics
Lidocaine hydrochloride and Noradrenaline

Injection, 20mg + 0.08mg/ml
Drug interactions. Beta- blockers, cimetidine, diuretics
7. Drugs used in Endocrine disorders

7.1. Drugs used to promote gonadal function 7.2. Myometrial stimulant 7.3. Sex Hormones 7.4. Prostaglandins
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7.1. Drugs used to promote Gonadal function

Chorionic gonadotrophin is a complex glycoprotein that has a similar effect to luteinising hormone (LH) secreted by the anterior pituitary gland in both male and female. In veterinary practice, it is used to supplement or replace luteinising hormone in case of ovulation failure or delay and to induce lactation post partum. In males, chorionic gonadotrophin stimulates the secretion of testosterone by interstitial testicular cells. It is used to treat genital hypoplasia and reduced libido. Serum gonadotrophin is also a complex glycoprotein. It is extracted from mare's serum during a well-defined stage of pregnancy and is more accurately referred to as pregnant and mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG, or equine chorionic gonadotrophin). The effects of serum gonadotrophin in animals are similar to both luteinising hormone and, more predominantly, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. Serum gonadotrophin is commonly used to induce follicular growth and ovulation in sheep and cattle following the application of progestogenimpregnated vaginal sponges in sheep, or the insertion of an intravaginal device containing oestradiol benzoate and progesterone. It is used routinely to induce superovulation in cattle, sheep, and goats for
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use as donors in embryo transfer programmes. In males, serum gonadotrophin promotes spermatogenesis. Individual may show a variable response to serum gonadotrophin. Before hormonal treatment is administered the status of the reproductive tract should be ascertained by rectal papilation or milkprogestrone assays. The efficacy of therapy will depend on both the presence and responsiveness of the target tissue. Both chorionic gonadotrophin and serum gonadotrophin may become ineffective after repeated doses due to antibody formation.
Serum gonadotrophin
Powder for Injection, 500 units, 1000units
Indications. See notes above and under dose Warnings.Immune-mediated decreased effect after repeated doses
;occasional anaphylactic reactions.
Dose.Horses.Females: anoestrus, by subcutaneous or intramuscular

injection, 3000-6000units followed by chorionic gonadotrophin 15003000 units at time of insemination Male: impaired spermatogenesis, by intramuscular injection, 1000-3000 units twice weekly for 4-6 weeks Cattle.Female: anoestrus, by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection, 1500-3000 units, following treatment with progesterone
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Males: impaired spermatogenesis, by intramuscular injection, 10003000 units twice weekly for 4-6 weeks Sheep, goats. Females: anoestrus, by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection, 1000 units, followed by 750 units after 1 day is required Male: impaired spermatogenesis, by intramuscular injection, 500-750 units twice weekly for 4-6 weeks Pigs. Females: anoestrus, by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection, 1000 units. Note. Fertile oestrus usually follows in 3-7 days Males: impaired spermatogenesis, by intramuscular injection, 500-750 units twice weekly for 4-6 weeks Dogs. Females: to induce oestrus, subnormal oestrus with non acceptance, by subcutaneous injection, 50-200 units daily for up to 3 weeks (usually 8-10 days)
Males: impaired spermatogenesis, by intramuscular injection, 400-800 units twice weekly for 4-6 weeks 7.2. Myometrial Stimulants
This group includes extracts of mammalian posterior pituitary gland or the synthetic equivalents, and preparation of oxytocin. They stimulate contraction of the oestrogen-sensitised uterine myometrium and mammary myoepithelial cells. This activity may be benefit in dystocia due to secondary uterine inertia. Myometrial stimulant should not be used when dystocia is due to malpresentation or obstruction.
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Myometrial stimulants are also used in the control of postpartum hemorrhage in all species and to remove retained placenta in mares, sow, bitches, and queens. Oxytocics are also used to reduce the size of a uterine prolapse after replacement in cattle and occasionally mares. Myometrial stimulants are used for milk "let down" in all species.
Oxytocin
Injection, 10 IU/ml
Indication. See notes above Contraindications. Dystocia due to obstruction Side-effects.Occasionally swelling and sloughing at site of injection Dose.Horses, cattle: uterine inertia, by subcutaneous or intramuscular
injection, 10-40 units; by slow intravenous injection, 2.5-10 units of diluted solution
Agalactia, by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection, 20-80 units; by slow intravenous injection, 5-20 units of diluted solution
Sheep, goats, pigs, dogs: uterine inertia, by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection, 2-10 units; by slow intravenous injection, 0.52.5 units of diluted solution Agalactia, by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection, 4-20 units; by slow intravenous injection, 0.5-1.25 units of diluted solution Cat: uterine inertia, by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection, 2-5 units; by slow intravenous injection, 0.5-1.25 units of diluted solution.
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Agalactia, by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection, 4-10 units; by slow intravenous injection, 1.0-2.5 units of diluted solution
Drug interactions. Clenbuterol
7.3 Sex Hormones

7.3.1. Oestrogens 7.3.2. Androgens 7.3.3. Progestogens 7.3.1. Oestrogens
Oestrogens are responsible physiologically for intiating behavioural signs of heat, preparing the female reproductive tract for fertilisation and developing the secretory tissue of the mamamary gland. They also have anabolic activity. In veterinary practice, they are used to induce oestrus during suboestrus and anoestrus, and in cattle to aid removal of detritus following retained placenta, pyometra, or mummified fetus. The status of the reproductive tract should be ascertained before treatment. Oesrogens are used in the treatment of misalliance in the bitch. They act by inhibiting the movement of the fertilized ova down the oviducts in addition to causing hypertrophy of the uterine mucosa. Urinary incontinence in the speyed or entire bitch may also be controlled with oestrogens.
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In males, oestrogens are used in the treatment of excess libido, anal adenoma, and prostate hyperplasia. Oestrogens may cause aplastic anaemia in dogs and cats and endometrial hyperplasia in bitches, and overdose can cause severe inhibition of piutitary function and cystic ovaries particularly in cattle and pigs.
Oestradiol Benzoate Injection, 5mg/ml Indications.See notes above and under dose; urinary incontinence Contraindications. Misalliance in cats Warnings. Overdosage may cause severe inhibition of pituitary
function; aplastic anaemia in dogs
Dose. By subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. Horses: suboestrus,

10-15mg as a single dose; fillies, 5-10mg as a single dose
Cattle: removal of detritus, 15mg immediately post partum

Retained placenta, 10-20mg, repeats after 3 days if required Metritis, pyometra, 20-25mg weekly for 2-3 weeks Mummified fetus, 20-25 mg, repeat with concomitant dose of oxytocin Sheep, goats: anoestrus, 250microgram daily for 4 days Pigs: anoestrus, 5-10mg at least 40 days after farrowing Dogs: Females: misalliance, 5-10mg as a single dose and within 4 days of insemination Male: anal adenoma.5-10mg weekly as a single dose
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Prostatic hyperplasia, 5 mg weekly
Drug interactions. Diuretics
7.3.2. Androgens
Testosterone esters and methyl testosterone promote and maintain primary and secondary anatomical, physical, and psychological male sexual characteristics. Androgens are used in the treatment of hypogonadism and deficient libido in males. They are administered in the treatment of hormonal alopecia in dogs and cats and for mammary tumours and psuedopregnancy with lactation in bitch. These drugs may be used for suppression of oestrus. Care should be taken to avoid inducing excess virilism. Androgen therapy should not be given to animals suffering from conditions known to be aggravated by testosterone such as prostatic hypertrophy in dogs. The effect of testosterone phenylpropionate last for 14 days.
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Veterinary Formulary Testosterone phenylpropionate

Injection, 10mg/ml
Indications .See notes above Contraindications.Dogs with prostatic hypertrophy; pregnant

animals; liver impairment; congestive heart failure
Side-effects. Virilisation with overdosage; masculization in female

animals
Warnings.Use with caution in female animals intended for breeding Dose. Dogs, cats: by subcutaneous injection, 0.5-1.0mg/kg. Repeat
after 7-10 days
7.3.3. Progestogens
Progestogens are steroids that mimic the effect of progesterone and thus prepare and maintain the female reproductive tract for implantation and pregnancy. They cause development of the mammary glands to the point of lactation. Progestogens inhibit oestrus and ovulation by depressing the production of hormones from the anterior pitutary gland, and consequently, the development of ovarian follicles. In male animals, progestogens reduce testosterone production. Progesterone is administered to cattle by using a progesterone -releasing intravaginal device.
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In dogs and cats, progestogens are used to suppress oestrus. They are used for the treatment of psuedopregnancy, oestrogen-dependent mammary tumours in bitches, and prostatic hyperplasia in dogs. In cats, eosinophilic granuloma and 'miliary dermatitis' (crusting dermatosis) are responsive to progestogens. Progestogens should be used with caution. All synthetic progestogen differ in their pharmacological profile and their capacity to produce side-effects in different animal species. Progestogen stimulate the proliferative and secretory activity of the uterine endometrium leading to cystic endometrial hyperplasia, mucometra, or pyometra. Therefore, progestogen should not be administered the animal with the history of vaginal discharge or reproductive abnormalities, sexually immatured animals, or dogs and cats intended for breeding. When used for suppression of oestrus in dogs and, cats animal should be allowed to have a normal cycle every 18 to 24 months. Progestogens antagonise the hypoglycaemic effects of insulin and therefore should not be given to diabetic animals. The possibilty of preexsisting disease should not be considered when treating patients requiring long-term progestogen therapy. Progestogen may induce acromegaly in entire bitches. Subcutaneous injection of progestogen may cause hair discoloration and localised alopecia.
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Preparations containing progestogens should be handled with care, particularly by women of child-bearing age. Impervious gloves and suitable protective overalls should be worn when in cotact with such preparations.
Progesterone
Injection, 25mg/ml of 50ml
Indications. See notes above Contraindication. Side-effect.See notes above Caution. Preparation containing progesterone should be handled with
care, particularly by women of child-bearing age Dose. By subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. Dogs: 1-3 mg/kg. Cats: 0.2-2.0mg/kg
Drug interactions. Antidiabetic, barbiturates, griseofulvin,

phenytoin, theophylline, warfarin
7.4. Prostaglandins
Prostaglandins cause functional and morphological regression of the corpus luteum, associated with either the oestrus cycle or pregnancy. In veterinary practice, they may be used to terminate pregnancy.
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Prostaglandins are effective in causing abortion from early pregnancy until about day 150 of gestation in cattle. They are used to advance parturation if administered within one week of full term in cattle or 3 days in pigs. Prostaglandins cause luteolysis of a persistent corpus luteum associated with retained mummified fetus, pyometra and luteal cysts in cattle or psuedopregnancy in horses. Prostaglandins are also used to synchronize oestrus in groups of animals. Side-effects such as transient sweating and mild colic with or without diarrhea frequently follow the use of prostaglandins in mare. On occasion some prostaglandins may produce severe reactions at the site of intramuscular injections, severe cellulitis, and sometimes even death. Prostaglandin can be absorbed through the skin and care should be taken when handling them and their preparations.
Cloprestenol sodium
Injection, 250mcg/ml, 0.075mg/ml
Indications. See notes above Contraindications. Concurrent treatment with non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs; pregnant animals unless termination required
Side-effects. See notes above
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Veterinary Formulary Warnings. Operators should wear protective clothing and wash hands
after use. Prostaglandins should be handled with care by women of child -bearing age and by asthmatics
Dose. By intramuscular injection. Horses: 250-500 micrograms;

Ponies: 125-250 micrograms Donkey: 125-250 micrograms Cattle: 500 micrograms Pigs: 175 micrograms
Withdrawal periods. Cattle: slaughter 1 day, milk withdrawal period

nil. Pigs: slaughter 1 day
8. Blood products and drugs affecting the blood

8.1. Anticoagulant 8.2. Haemostatics
8.1. Anticoagulants
Anticoagulant drugs are much less frequently used in veterinary medicine than in human patient because atherosclerotic disease and prolonged postoperative recumbency are not common veterinary problems. Anticoagulants are part of the management of disseminated intravascular coagulation but are most commonly used to maintain patency of vascular catheters.
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The main use of anticoagulants is to prevent thrombus or the extension of an existing thrombus. These drugs act by affecting the clotting mechanisms.
8.1.1. Parenteral Anticoagulants

The action of heparin prevents thrombus formation but does not affect fibrin that is already present. Heparin is rapidly effective, which makes it suitable for emergency situations. If hemorrhage occurs it is usually sufficient to withdraw heparin, but if rapid reversal of the effects of heparin is required, protamine sulfate is a specific antidote.
Heparin sodium
Injection, 1000,5000 units/ml Solution, 10 units/ml
Indications.
Venous
thrombosis,
disseminated
intravascular
coagulation; pulmonary thrombo-embolism
Contraindications. Hepatic impairment; haemorrhage Side-effects. Haemorrhage Dose. Dogs: by subcutaneous injection, 40-80 units/kg 3 times daily:
by intravenous injection, initial dose 10-20 units/kg then 5 units/kg every 3 hours
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Cats: by subcutaneous injection, 200 units /kg 3 times daily
Drug interactions. Aspirin
8.1.2. Oral anticoagulant

Warfarin is well absorbed from the intestine and is highly bound to plasma albumin. The onset of effect is 8 to 12 hours, with full benefit realised after 2 to 3 days. The effect of warfarin therapy should be monitored. Many drugs are capable of displacing warfarin from plasma albumin, causing an increase in free warfarin and possible haemorrhage.
Warfarin Sodium
Tablets, 1mg, 3mg, 5mg
Indication. Venous thrombosis; navicular disease Contra-indications. Purpura malnutrition; haemorrhage Side-effects. Haemorrhage Warnings. Monitor effects of warfarin therapy Dose.Horses: 70-160microgram/kg increasing gradually to desired
effect (usual dose range: 16-170 micrograms/kg)
Drug-interactions.
idazole,miconazole,nalidixic
Aspirin, acid,
barbiturates,
anabolic
steroids,chloramphenicol,cimetidine,erythromycin,ketoconazole,metron neomycin,paracetamol,
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quinidine,sulphonamides,tetracyclines,thyroxine,phenylbu-tazone,and possibly other NSAIDS
8.2. Haemostatics
The use of vitamine k1 in the treatment of anticoagulant poisoning is described in section 9.2.
9.Vitamins
9.1.Water Soluble Vitamins 9.2. Fat-soluble Vitamins
Vitamins are a group of organic substances, which are present in very small quantities in natural feed. They are essential to the well being of animal, and usually called as accessory feed factors. The deficiency of vitamins is very common in animals kept in intensive farms where the animals are reared on synthetic or semi-synthetic feeds. Though certain animal species do not require some vitamins, it does not mean vitamin deficiency does not occur. For instance, Vitamin B12 deficiency occurs in ruminants especially on cobalt free feed. Because ruminant flora only synthesise in the presence of cobalt. On the other hand, the presence of a vitamin in feed doesnt guarantee its deficiency, for other factors may prevent the assimilation. For
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example, liquid paraffin prevents the assimilation of vitamin A, while luck of bile salt and pancreatic enzyme prevent the absorption of fatsoluble vitamins. Traditionally, vitamins are classified as water-soluble such as vitamins B and Vitamin C, and fatsoluble including vitamins A, E, K and D.
9.1.Water soluble Vitamins

Vitamin B
The complex of B Vitamins is widely distributed in both plant and animal feed sources. These include thiamin (B1), nicotinic acid (niacin), riboflavin (B2), pyridoxine (B6), folic acid and vitamin B12. All of these can be synthesized by the microflora in the gastro-intestinal tract of ruminants and deficiencies are therefore uncommon in ruminants. B vitamins, required by non-ruminants, are derived from varity of plant and animal source. Dried yeast provides a rich supply of these vitamins. B Vitamins are not stored in the body to any great extent and animals with prolonged impedance or chronic diarrhea may become deficient in these vitamins. The deficiency of these vitamins affects the nervous and gastrointestinal system and skin. Ruminants are able to use cobalt to synthesis vitamin B12 in the rumen. Therefore, defeciency of vitamin B12 occurs in these species when cobalt is defecient in the diet. In carnivores, vitamin B 12 defeciency
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may occur as a result of inadequate absorption of the vitamin from the gastro-intestinal tract or increased body requirements. In all species vitamin B12 is required for maintenance of tissues, protien synthesis, and haematopoiesis. Clinical signs of deficiency include anorexia, unthriftiness, anaemia, and incoordination. Thiamine deficiency may occur as a result of inadequate dietary intake or destruction of the vitamin by thiaminases, which may either be present in or contaminate the diet. A nutritional deficiency is unlikely in herbivores but may occur in carnivores when vitamins in feed are destroyed by excessive heating during processing. Secondary thiamine deficiency may occur in carnivores, because of the thiaminase present in raw fish, and in horses because of the thiaminase present in bracken. Secondary thiamine deficiency can be treated successfully with thiamine supplements if the therapy is started shortly after the onset of clinical signs. Thiamine may be used in the treatment of cerebrocortical necrosis in cattle and sheep.
Thiamine (Vitamin B1)

It is a white crystalline powder with characteristic odour, soluble in water and glycerol.
Indication. Treatment of thiamine deficiency
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Veterinary Formulary Dose.Horse: by subcutaneous or intramuscular, or slow intravenous

injection, 0.25-1.25 mg/kg twice daily for up to 7 days Cattle, sheep: by subcutaneous or intramuscular, or slow intravenous injection, 5-10 mg/kg repeat every 3 hours as necessary Cats: intramuscular injection, 50 mg 1-2 times daily
Riboflavine (Vitamin B2) Indication.Deficiency is confined to simple stomach animal or pre

ruminant, resulting into slaw growth rate, ocular disorder, generalized dermatitis and decreased fertility. gait and stillbirth. In chicken, curl toe paralysis, inflamed vent, in calf, scours, and salivation, in pig, skin ulcer abnormal
Daily nutritional requirement: Horse: 2-4 mg/kg body weight

Pig: 3-4 mg / 50 kg body weight. Dog: 40mg /kg body weight Poultry: 1.8-2 5 mg p/kg feed.
Nicotinic acid (Niacin)

Niacin is an American Synonym for nicotinic acid, and the term pellagra-preventing factor is applied. It is a white crystalline odorless powder with slight acid fast and amine with bitter.
Indication.Pellagra (man), rough scaly skin, gastrointestinal ulcer with

diarrhea (pig), perosis, dermatitis chicken, brown moth (dog). Decreased growth rate and fertility.
Dietary requirement. Pig: 12.5 mg per 50 kg body weight 173
Dog :0. 22 mg/ kg body weight daily. Poultry: 12-20 gm per tonne feed
Dose. Calf: 25 mg daily. Pig: by subcutaneous 0.1-0.3 g

Dog: By intramuscular injection, 5-10 mg/kg im
Folic Acid
It is a yellow or orange yellow odorless crystalline powder, insoluble in water and organic solvent but soluble in alkaline or acid.
Indication.Macrocytic anemia, diarrhea, reduced growth rate, skin

lesion and perosis
Nutritional requirement. 10-20 mg per tonne feed, by intramuscular injection 10mg. Cyanocobalamin
Vitamin B12 deficiency occurs in ruminants when kept on cobalt deficient feed.
Indication. Treatment of vitamin B12 deficiency Dose. By intramuscular injection, Cattle and Horse: 1-3 mg 1-2 times
weekly. Calves and foals :0. 5 -1.5 mg 1 -2 times weekly Sheep and pigs: 250-750 microgram 1-2 times weekly Dogs, cats: 250-500 microgram1-2 times weekly
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9.2. Fat Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin A Indication. Hyperkeratosis of the skin, cornea (xerophthalmia),
blindness, decreased growth rate and low fertility rate
Nutritional requirement. Dogs and Cats 66units/kg body weight

daily. Cattle, horse, Sheep, pig: 3000 units/50 kg body weight Poultry : 4000-8000unit/ kg feed daily
Dose. Injection, vitamin A (as palmitate) 50,000 units/ml; 2ml Vitamin K

A bright yellow crystalline powder with a faint but characteristic smell. The powder is irritant to all mucous membrane, 50 Menaphthone is added for parenteral preparation
Indication. Warfarin poisoning, sweet-clover disease, epistasis,

quonine poisoning, salicylate poisoning hepatitis and gastroenteritis.
Dose. By intramuscular or intravenous injection: 100g

Large animal: 0.5-1mg/kg daily Dogs and cats: 3-5 mg/kg daily in divided doses. May also be administered orally
Drug interactions. Warfarin Vitamin E (Tocopherol)

It is yellow almost odorless viscous oil, oxidizes easily and darkens with exposure to air and light.
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Indications. Muscular disorder, especially in claves and lambs, stiff lamb disease of lamb. The muscles most affected are skeletal (locomotors a supporting), thoracic (intercostals and diaphragm) and cardiac. It is also indicated for infertility, edema in cattle and sheep.
Dose. Subcutaneous or intramuscular injection;

Calves: 0.3-2 g, 0.02 -0.04 ml. Lamb: 0. 1 -0.5 g. Pig :0.5 g Dog: 30-100 mg. Total: 2-5 ml. Large animal: 100 ml
10.Anti-inflammatory Drugs 10.1.Corticosteroids

Glucocorticoids are used in pharmacological doses primarily for their anti-inflammatory property. Glucocorticoids are capable of producing symptomatic improvement in many conditions, but without treating the underlying diseases. In musculoskeletal disorders the benefits of suppression of the disease process are weighed against the protective effects of reduced mobility if therapy is withheld. Glucocorticoids are not indicated where only mild analgesia is required. Clinical signs of hypersensitivity disorders including allergic dermatitis and urticaria, and auto-immune diseases such as haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia, systemic lupus erythermatosus, myasthenia gravis, and pemphigus variants may be improved by glucocorticoid administration.
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Administration of glucocorticoids. Acceptable doses of
glucocorticoids vary widely depending upon the potency of the drug employed, its formulation, rate and route of administration; the nature and severity of the condition being managed; and the goal of the therapy. Betamethasone, dexamethasone, methylprednisonole, predisolone, are commonly used for their anti-inflammatory activity. The anti-inflammatory effect of a corticosteroid parallels its gluconeogenic potency. Side-effects of glucocorticoids, prolonged corticosteroid treatment with both rapidly eliminated formulations and dept preparations may have suppressive effects on the HPA axis and lead to adrenal atrophy. Unnecessarily prolonged therapy should be avoided in order to minimize the possibility of precipitating signs of adrenal insufficiency during superimposed stress or when glucocorticoid treatment is finally with drawn. Corticosteroids should be used with caution in pregnant animals because they may cause abortion. Catabolic effects of glucocorticoids include muscle wasting, cutaneous atrophy, telogen arrest of hair follicies, and delayed wound healing. Diabetes mellitus may be unmasked by glucocorticoid therapy and alteration of insulin requirements in established diabetics may occur. Gastric and colonic ulceration, sometimes with perforation, may occur in patients given glucocorticoid treatment.
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Immunosuppressive effects and modification of inflammatory reactions by glucocorticoids may facilitate the spread of concurrent infectious disease. In pre-existing infections, an appropriate antimicrobial drug should be administered at the same time if glucocorticoids are used. Corticosteroids should not be administered on conjunction with a vaccine.
Betamethosone
Injection, 2mg/ml Tablet, 0.25mg
Indications. Shock, inflammatory and allergic disorders, ketosis;

induction of parturition in cattle
Contraindications. Side-effects. Warnings. See note above Dose. Horses: by intramuscular or intravenous injection, 20-200
microgram/kg. Cattle: by intramuscular or intravenous injection, 20200 microgram/kg Induction of parturition, by intramuscular injection, 20-30 mg and repeat after 3 days if required. Sheep, goats, pigs: by intramuscular or intravenous injection, 20- 200 micrograms/kg
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Dogs, cats: oral, 25 micrograms/kg daily. Adjust dose for each individual animal; by intramuscular or intravenous injection, 40 -80 micrograms/kg.
Drug Interactions. Acetazolamide, antidiabetic drugs, barbiturates,

phenylbutazone, phenytoin, diuretics
Dexamethasone
Tablet, 250mcg Injection, 1mg/ml, 2mg/ml, 5mg/ml
Indications. Shock; inflammatory and allergic disorders; ketosis;

indication of parturition in cattle and sheep; hypoadrenocorticisim
Contraindications. Side-effects. Warnings. See notes above Dose. Horses: oral, 10-30 mg, repeat after 2 days if required; by
intramuscular and intravenous injection, 20-200 micrograms/kg shock, by intravenous injection, 3 mg/kg, repeat after 3-6 hours if required Cattle: oral, 10-30 mg; repeat after 1-2 days if required; by intramuscular or intravenous injection, 20- 200 micrograms/kg Shock, by intravenous injection, 3 mg/kg, repeats after 3-6 hours if required Sheep: by intramuscular or intravenous injection, 20-200 micrograms/kg shock, by intravenous injection, 3 mg/kg, repeat after 3 -6 hours if required Dogs, Cats: oral, 50 micrograms/kg in divided doses; by subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intravenous injection, 20-200 microgram/kg
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Shock, by intravenous injection, 3 mg/kg, repeats after 3-6 hours if required
Withdrawal periods. Cattle: slaughter 21 days, milk 3 days. Sheep,

pigs: 21 days
Drug Interactions. Acetazolamide, antidiabetic drugs, barbiturates,

Prednisolone Acetate
Injection, 10mg/ml, 25mg/ml
Indications.
Shock;
inflammatory
and
allergic
disorders
adrenocortical insufficiency.
Contraindications. Side-effects. Warnings. See notes above Dose. Dogs, cats: 0.1-2.0 mg/kg daily Drug Interactions. Acetazolamide, antidiabetic drugs, barbiturates,
11. Disinfectants and Antiseptics

Antiseptics and disinfectants are nonselective, anti-infective agents that are applied topically. Their activity ranges from simply reducing the number of microorganisms to within safe limits of public health interpretations (sanitization), to destroying all microbes (sterilization) on the applied surface. In general, antiseptics are applied on tissues to suppress or prevent microbial infection. Disinfectants are germicidal
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compounds usually applied to inanimate surfaces. Sometimes the same compound may act as an antiseptic or as a disinfectant, depending on the drug concentration, conditions of exposure, number of organisms, etc. To achieve maximum efficiency, it is essential to use the proper concentration of the drug for the purpose intended. Topical anti-infective agents are extensively used in surgery for antisepsis of the surgical area and surgeon's hands and to disinfect surgical instruments, apparatus, and hospital premises. Other common uses are as disinfectants for home and farm premises, in water treatment, in public health sanitation, etc, and as antiseptics in soaps, teat dips, dairy sanitizers, etc. Antiseptics also have been used for treating local infections. However, in most cases, systemic chemotherapeutic agents are preferred because they often penetrate better into the foci of infection and are less likely than the topical antiinfectives to lose their potency when in contact with body fluids and debris in the infected area. Ideally, antiseptics and disinfectants should have a broad spectrum and potent germicidal activity, with rapid onset and long-lasting effect. They should withstand environmental factors (eg, pH, temperature, humidity, etc) and must retain activity even in the presence of pus, necrotic tissue, and other organic material. High lipid solubility and good dispersibility increase their effectiveness. Antiseptic preparations should not be toxic to the host tissues and should not impair healing.
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Disinfectants should be nondestructive to applied surfaces. Offensive odor, color, and staining properties should be absent or minimal. Antimicrobial activity may be diminished through interaction,
adsorption on to rubber or plastics, or by combination with organic matter, and may be depend upon pH; the extent to which the different groups of disinfectants are affected varies. disinfectants, particularly quaternary Aqueous solutions of compounds, ammonium
chlorhexidine, and phenols, may be susceptible to contamination with microorganisms. To reduce this risk many preparations are provided for clinical use, in sterile form for single use.
Alcohol
Alcohol is a bactericidal antiseptic and disinfectant with little activity against bacterial spores. It is used as a disinfectant for skin and hard surfaces, as a solvent, and as a pharmaceutical preservative. Alcohol 70 % is commonly used for its solvent properties for the removal of superficial contamination. Alcohol should not be used to disinfect instruments because of its low efficacy against spores.
Crystal Violet
Crystal violet is a triphenylmethane antiseptic dye effective against some Gram-positive bacteria, particularly Staphylococus spp. And some pathogenic yeast such as candida spp. It is much less active against
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Gram-negative bacteria and ineffective against acid-fast bacteria and bacterial spores. Its activity increases as PH increases. Crystal violet has been applied topically as a 0.5 % or 1 % aqueous solution or a 1.2 to 1.6 % cream for the treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, but in the UK its use is not restricted to application to unbroken skin because of concern at animal carcinogenicity. However, it may be used as a 0.5 % solution with brilliant green 0.5 % (Bonneys blue) for skin marking prior to surgery.
Potassium Permanganate
Potassium permanganate possesses oxidizing properties which in turn confer disinfectant and deodorizing properties. It is also a stringent. Though bactericidal in vitro its clinical value as a bactericide is minimized by its rapid reduction in the presence of body fluids. Solutions are used as cleansing applications to wounds, ulcer, or abscesses and as wet dressings and in baths in eczematous conditions and acute dermatatitis.
Phenol
Phenol is commonly used in mouthwashes, scrub soaps and surface disinfectants, and is the main disinfectant found in household disinfectants. Phenols are effective against bacteria (especially Grampositive bacteria) and enveloped viruses. Phenols are not effective
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against non-enveloped viruses and spores. Enveloped viruses include BRs, BVP, corona virus, IBR, Leukemia, PI3, pox, Rabies and stomatitis virus. Non-enveloped viruses include Bluetongue, papilloma, parvo and Rota virus. Common spore forming bacteria of cattle include all the clostridias (such as tetanus, and bacillus (such as anthrax)phenols maintain their activity in the presence of organic material and therefore are more useful in footbaths and areas which organic material cannot be completely removed. Phenolic disinfectants (including cresols and pine oil) are generally safe, but prolonged exposure to the skin may cause irritation. It is contradicted to cats.
Iodine Compounds
Iodine compounds are bactericidal, sporicidal, virucidal and fungicidal. Iodine is inactivated in the presence of organic material and they must be applied multiple times in order to thoroughly disinfect. Iodine tinctures can be very irritating to tissues, can stain fabric can be corrosive and concurrent use of other antiseptics or detergents is contraindicated.
Chlorhexidine
Chlorhexidine, a biguanid, is one of the most widely used disinfectants. Chlorhexidine is relatively non-irritating to tissues. Chlorhexidine,
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while considered bactericidal, virucidal and fungicidal, is less effective against these agents than many other disinfectants. Chlorhexidine maintains effectiveness in the presence of some organic material, but cleaning before application is recommended. To be effective chlorhexidine must remain in contact with the surface for at least five minutes. Hard or alkaline water will cause precipitation of the active ingredients necessary for disinfection.
Chlorine Compound
Chlorine eliminates both enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. Chlorine also is effective against fungi, bacteria, and algae. Chlorine in high concentrations irritates the mucus membranes, eyes and skin. Organic material such as faeces inactivate chlorine disinfectants, therefore, surfaces must be clean before using a chlorine disinfectant in order to obtain maximum results with chlorine disinfectants they must remain in contact with surfaces for several minutes.
Formaldehyde
Formaldehyde solution is a disinfectant active against bacteria fungi, and many viruses, with a slow action against bacterial spores.
Indications. Ectoparasitic infections Contraindications. Should not be mixed with potassium

permanganate; fish with gill disease
Dose. By bath, 25ml/litre or 17 ml/litre, for 30 to 60 minutes

By prolonged immersion, 0.02ml/litre for 12 hours
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Veterinary Formulary Warning. Operator should avid contact with skin and inhalation of
formaldehyde fume
12.Antidotes and other substances used in poisoning

Activated Carbon Granules, 475g+100g Oral suspension, 104mg/ml+62.5mg/ml
The principal veterinary use of carbon is as an antidote to toxic substances and analogous medical applications include use as a detoxifier. It is regarded as the poison antidote of choice and the universal antidote to toxic substances. There is no reported overdosage or acute toxicity. Activated charcoal is highly effective against both natural and synthetic toxins. Studies show activated carbon to be effective in removing various mycotoxins, such as aflatoxin, fumonisins, ochratoxin A, trichothenes, and zearalenone. Natural toxins from plants are also removed or attenuated by activated charcoal treatment or supplementation. Activated carbon can also be used to remove synthetic pesticides from animals that might contaminate milk or meat. Treatment with activated carbon when using certain parasiticides can help reduce the residual levels in flesh and fatty tissue. Finally, activated charcoal is used to treat animals for drug overdoses, with efficacy established on pigs, dogs, and rabbits.
Yohimbine Hydrochloride 186
Injection, 2mg/ml
Indications. Should be used in dogs when it is desirable to reverse the

effects of xylazine and as an antidote for overdoses of xylazine.
Contraindications. Doses in excess of those recommended should

not be given. While yohimbine is tolerated in dogs at 0.55 mg/kg , doses of this magnitude may occasionally produce seizures and muscle tremors of short duration.
Side-effects. Occasionally a dog that has been reversed will show

signs of apprehensiveness, but this state quickly subsides.
Precautions. Clinical tests with yohimbine have not been conducted

in pregnant dogs. Therefore yohimbine should not be used in these animals. Careful consideration should be given before administering to dogs known to be epileptic or seizure prone. The drug reverses the analgesic effects of xylazine as well as the sedative effects. If the animal was given xylazine for its analgesic properties, then reversal will allow pain perception; caution should be used.
Dose. For intravenous injection. The usual dose is 0.11 mg/kg to

reverse the sedative effects of xylazine. The dosages may be repeated to a total of 0.33 mg/kg to reverse the cardiac effects (especially arrhythmia and bradycardia). As an antidote for overdosage of xylazine, treat to effect up to a total of 0.55 mg/kg
Atropine Sulfate
Injection, 15 mg/ml
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Veterinary Formulary Indications.An antidote in the treatment of organophosphate

insectcide poisoning
Dose.Cattle: intravenous injection followed by intramuscular or

subcutaneous injection, 66mg/kg Horses: Sheep: intravenous intravenous injection injection followed followed by by intramuscular intramuscular or or subcutaneous injection, 14 mg/kg subcutaneous injection, 110mg/kg
13.Immunological Preparations
Vaccines are preparations of antigenic material, which are administered to induce active immunity in the recipient animal against specific bacteria or viral infection. Vaccines may be based on the nature of organisms; vaccines are usually prepared in different forms, mainly live vaccine, inactivated vaccine and toxoid vaccine. Live vaccines are nonpathogenic forms of the infecting organisms, such as mareks disease, or modified forms of the organisms, like bovine herpes virus. Live vaccines stimulate production of antibodies locally, systemically or both. The degree of protection afforded by live vaccine varies depending up on the antigen and the animal type. They usually produce high and of long duration. Antibodies especially maternal derived, may inhibit the
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replication and the live microorganisms in the vaccine and thus interfere with the process of immunization for several weeks. Therefore, further doses of vaccine may be recommended at suitable interval to allow interfering antibodies to decline. The inactive vaccines contain sufficient antigen to stimulate antibody production but generally requires two doses with an appropriate interval in order to produce a satisfactory immune response and protection. The organisms within inactivated vaccines do not replicate. These vaccines contain adjuvant that enhances the immune reaction. The adjuvant may cause local irritation and swelling at injection site. Therefore, asepsis or administration is very important. Booster doses of inactivated vaccines often administered annually, are usually employed to maintain and enduring immunity. Toxoid vaccines are toxins obtained from microorganisms and heat or chemical treated to destroy their deleterious properties without affecting the ability to stimulate the formation of antibodies.
Warning and Contraindication of vaccines

Unhealthy or febrile animals should not be vaccinated. Animals should not be vaccinated with in three to four weeks of receiving immunosuppressive drugs or corticosteroids.
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When live vaccines derived from bacteria are administered, care should be taken in the use of antibiotics.
In mass vaccination of multi-age group with live vaccines, the transmission of infection due to the organisms in the vaccine to susceptible young animal should be considered.
The full vaccination course as recommend by manufacturer should always be administered. Stressing animals to be vaccinated should be avoided. Accidental Self-injection with oil-based vaccines can cause intense vascular spasm, which may be ever result in loss of limbs. When happened prompt medical attention is essential.
Do not vaccinate through dirty, wet skin. The repeated use of needles and syringes within herd/flock is undesirable.
Containers that have held live vaccines can be potentially hazardous and should be made safe. Injectable vaccines should be stored and reconstituted as recommended by the manufacturer. Liquid preparations should always be adequately shaken before use to insure uniformity of the material to be injected.
Side-effects of Vaccines
Some live vaccines may be able to cross the placenta and cause abortion or fetal abnormalities. In general inactive vaccines are safer than active
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vaccines, but handling and vaccinating animals in late pregnancy is associated with risk.
Storage and handling

Care must be taken to store all vaccines and other immunological preparations. Store under the conditions recommended by the manufacturer. Refrigerated store at 2oC to 8oC is usually necessary. Unless other wise specified, vaccines should not be frozen and should be protected from light. Some vaccines such as Mareks disease vaccine are stored in solid carbon dioxide or liquid nitrogen. Live antigens may be inactivated by disinfectants or alcohol and these substances must not be used to sterilize syringes. Only sterile needles and syringes should be used for vaccination and injections given with aseptic precautions to avoid the possibility of abscess formation or the transmission of incidental infections.
Anthrax Vaccine Description. It is a freeze-dried live bacterial vaccine produced using

Sterne 34 F2, strain of Bacillus anthracis saponin adjuvated. Spores freeze-dried with saponin and 4 % skimmed milk as stabilizer. Each field dose contains 107 viable spores. The concentration of saponin is according to the batch of saponin (1 % to 2 %).
Indication. Prevention or control of anthrax.
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Veterinary Formulary Presentation. The vaccine is freeze-dried available in 20 ml vials of

100 doses.
Dose. Reconstitute the product in 100 ml of sterile Saline water.

Cattle: inject 1 ml subcutaneous in the loose skin of the neck just in front of the shoulder. Sheep and goats: inject 0.5 ml subcutaneous in the loose skin of the neck or in inner face of thigh.The latter is preferable for goats. Horse: Inject 1 ml subcutaneous at the neck.
Note. Vaccinations should be carried out every year before the anthrax season.
Immunity. Develops in 10 days and lasts for one year. Side- effect. Benign reaction, usually in the form of a swelling at the
injection site. It normally disappears in 2-3 days.
Precaution.Subcutaneous injections only, no intramuscular injections

Animals to be vaccinated should be above 3 months old. The vaccine is not recommended for use in pregnant animals.
Withdrawal period. Meat 6 weeks following vaccination (due to

adjuvant vaccine)
Storage. Store the vaccines in a refrigerator at 40C. Bovine Pasteurellosis Vaccine Description.This vaccine is prepared from a whole broth culture of
Pasteurella multocida type B (20 billion germs/ml), killed by formalin (0.3 % final concentration) and precipitated by 1 % aluminum potassium sulphate (final concentration).
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Veterinary Formulary Presentation. The vaccine is a liquid suspension available in vials of

100 ml for 50 doses.
Dose.For best results vaccinate the animals in the earliest convenient

time according to regional conditions (at least 21 days before the haemorrhage septicemias season). Shake the product vigorously before use. Cattle (including calves)-injection 2 ml subcutaneous.
Immunity. Immunity appears in 10- days after vaccination and lasts

for 6 to 8 months. Re-vaccination is advised after 6 months.
Side-effect. Anaphylactic (shock-allergy) reactions may appear

occasionally after vaccination of Zebus. These reactions appear very often and very serious on some European cattle breeds, particularly on animals, which have been vaccinated many times against foot-andmouth disease, Blackleg or Anthrax. Do not vaccinate European breed cattle before having checked the animals sensitiveness. In case of reaction, immediate injection of antihistamine is recommended.
Storage. At room temperature for 6 months; at+ 4oC for 1 year; avoid
light and heat.
Ovine Pasteurellosis Vaccine Description. This product contains a whole broth culture of
Pasterurella multocida type A (10 billion germs/ml), killed by formalin 0.3 % and precipitated by 1% Aluminum potassium sulphate (final concentration)
Indications. Control or prevention of pasteurellosis in sheep.
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Veterinary Formulary Presentation. The vaccine is liquid suspension available in vials of 50

ml for 50 doses.
Dose. Shake the product vigorously before use and Vaccinate 1 ml

subcutaneous. For best results vaccinate according to regional conditions, at least 3 weeks before the rainy season.
Immunity. Immunity appears in 10 days after vaccination and lasts for

6 to 8 months
Warning. Contraindication. Side-effect. See notes at the

beginning.
Storage. At +20oC for 6 months, at +40oC for 1 year; Avoid light and
heat.
Blackleg Vaccine Description. This product contains a whole broth culture suspension
of Clostridium chauvoe (local isolate) killed by formalin0.5 % (final concentration) and precipitated by 1 % aluminium potassium sulphate (final concentration)
Indication. Control or prevention of black leg disease in cattle Presentation. It is a liquid suspension vaccine available in 100 ml
vials for 50 doses.
Dose. Shake the product vigorously before use and vaccinates Cattle
including calves, 2 ml subcutaneous.
Immunity. Immunity develops in 10 days after vaccination and lasts

for one year.
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Veterinary Formulary Warning. Contraindication .Side-effect. See notes at the

beginning.
Storage. At + 200C for 6 months, at + 40 C for 1 year. Avoid light and

heat
Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) Vaccine Description. It is a freeze-dried live attenuated bacterial vaccine
produced using T144 and T2SR strains of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp, mycoides small colony (MmmSC). Each field dose contains at least 107 viable mycoplasma organisms.
Indication. Control or prevention of black leg disease in cattle Presentation.The freeze-dried vaccine contains 100 doses per vial. Dose. Reconstitute the vaccine in100 ml of cold and sterile saline
water. Inject 1 ml of the reconstituted vaccine only subcutaneous. Vaccinate all animals above the age of 6 months.
Immunity. It develops 3 weeks post-vaccination and lasts for about 1

year
Side-effect. A rare case of post-vicinal reaction (mild swelling at the

site of injection) can occur. If it ever happens antibiotics like Tetracycline, Oxytetracycline, Erythromycin and Tylosine can be used.
Precautions. The reconstituted vaccine must be protected from light

and health and must be used immediately (the maximum limit is one hour when kept under cold condition.
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For further warning, contraindication and Side-effect see note at the beginning.
Storage. At + 4oC for 6 months, at 20oC for several years
Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP) Vaccine Description. It is an inactivated bacterial vaccine produced using F-38
Kenyan strain of Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. Capripneumonia (MCCP). Well grown Mycoplasma culture is inactivated by saponin which has also an adjuvant effect. The minimum protein content in each field dose is 0.15 mg/ml.
Indication. To control or prevent CCPP in goat. Presentation. The vaccine is a liquid suspension available in 100 ml
for 100 doses.
Dose.Shake the vaccine before use and vaccinate 1 ml/goat

subcutaneous (thoracic wall area is advisable)
Immunity.CCPP vaccine confers immunity for 1 year. Re-vaccination

is advised after 1 year.
Side-effect.Slight edematous reaction is induced by saponin, which

normally disappears in 48 hours. For further warning, contraindication and Side-effects, see note at the beginning.
Storage. The vaccine should be stored at +4oC at least for 1 year.
Peste Des Petits Ruminants (PPR) Vaccine 196
Veterinary Formulary Description.Lyophilize virus vaccine PPR strain cultured on verocells Freeze-dried vaccine with a minimum titer of 2.5 TCID50 per field dose
Indication. To control or prevent PPR in goat and sheep Presentation. 20 ml vial of 100 dose of lyophilized vaccine. Dose.The injected 1ml of dilute vaccine subcutaneous is recommended
for all goats and Sheep. Early immunization before 6 months of age can interfere with parental acquired antibodies and inhibit the development of active immunity. Annual vaccination is recommended for the young animals during consecutive years.
Warning.Contraindication.Side-effect. See note at the beginning. Immunity. Eight days after vaccination and may last for life. Storage.Vaccine should be stored at a temperature of 20oC Sheep and Goat Pox Vaccine Description. Lyophilized live freeze dried Capripox virus strain,
cultured on Vero-cells Freeze dried vaccine with a minimum titer of 2,5 TCID50 per field dose
Indication. To control or prevention of sheep and goat pox. Presentation.20 ml vials of100 doses of Lyophilized vaccine Dose.Reconstitute 20ml of the product in 100ml of cool and sterile saline water and inject 1ml of diluted vaccine subcutaneous on the inner face of the thigh
This vaccine can be associated with freeze-dried Anthrax vaccine
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Veterinary Formulary Immunity. Eight days after vaccination and may last for two years Warning.Contraindication.Side-effect. See note at the beginning. Storage. Vaccine should be stored at a temperature of 20oC Lumpy Skin Disease Vaccine Description. Lyophilized live freeze dried Capriopox virus strain,
cultured on Vero-cells Freeze dried vaccine with a minimum titer of 3 TCID50 per filed dose
Indication. Control or prevention of lumpy skin disease in cattle,

sheep and goat.
Presentation.20 ml vials 100 dose of Lyophilize vaccine. Dose. Reconstitute the product in 100 ml of cool and sterile saline
water. Inject 1 ml of diluted vaccine subcutaneous on the inner face of the thigh. This vaccine can be associated with freeze-dried Anthrax vaccine.
Immunity.Eight days after vaccination and may last for two years. Warning. Contraindication. Effect. See note at the beginning. Storage. Vaccine should be stored at a temperature of 20o C Rinderpest Vaccine Description. Lyophilized virus vaccine Kebete -strain cultured on
Vero-cells Freeze-dried vaccine with a minimum titer of 2,5 ml per field dose.
Indication. To control or prevent rinderpest in ruminant. 198
Veterinary Formulary Presentation. 20 ml vials 100 dose of Lyophilized vaccine Dose. Reconstitute the product in 100 ml of cool and sterile saline
water and injection of 1 ml of diluted vaccine subcutaneous is recommended for all cattle, regardless of size. Early immunization before 6 months of age can interfere with parental acquired antibodies and inhibit the development of active immunity. Annual vaccination is recommended for the young animals during consecutive years.
Imunitym. Immunity develops eight days after vaccination and may

last for life. The vaccination against Rinderpest can be associataed with the vaccination against-Blackleg, Anthrax, Pasterurllosis and CBPP Vaccines.
Side-effect. Post vaccination, a light fever may occur in exotic breeds. Warning.Contraindication. See note at the beginning. Storage. Vaccine should be stored at a temperature of 2000c
African Horse Sickness Description. Lyophilize virus vaccine Neurotropic type 9-strain
cultured on vero-cells. Freeze-dried vaccine with a minimum titer of 2.5ml per field dose
Indication. To control or prevention of African horse sickness Presentation. 20 ml vials of 20 dose of Lyophilized vaccine 199
Veterinary Formulary Dose. Reconstitute the product In 20 ml of cool and sterile saline water
and the injection of 1 ml of diluted vaccine subcutaneous is
recommended for horses, donkeys or mules regardless of size or age.

Early immunization of foals born from immunized mares must not be vaccinated before six months.
Immunization. Appears 1 month after vaccination and may last for

one year
Side- effect. Generally, post vaccination, benign but hypothermia can

occur at 48 hours, or between the seventh and fourteenth day after vaccination. The animals should be able to rest during the fifteen days after vaccination
Warning. Contraindication. Side-effect. See notes at the

beginning.
Storage. Vaccine should be stored at a temperature of +4oC
Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) Vaccine Description. Bivalent vaccine, O and C strain type propagated on
monolayer cell-culture. This virus is absorbed in to Aluminum Hydroxide gel (Al (OH) 3) concentrated, Inactivated with 0,3 % of formaldehyde and adjuvated with saponin.
Indication. Control or prevention of

cattle.
Foot and Mouth Disease in
Presentation. 50 ml and 100 ml vials of 10 or 25 dose
200
Veterinary Formulary Dose. Shake the bottle before use and inject 4 ml per cattle
subcutaneous, preferably in dewlap region. First vaccination -two injections at 6 months of interval. Then, revaccination - one year after the second injection and every year. Since the season of outbreaks in Ethiopia is generally between November and January, it is advisable to vaccinate animals before this period so as to obtain a sufficient rate of antibodies when the risk of outbreak is maximal.
Immunity. 2-3 weeks after vaccination and may last for one year. Side-effect. Swelling may occur at the place of inoculation and persist
for a few weeks.
Precaution. After puncture of the stopper the whole bottle of vaccine

must be used within 24 hours. Do not vaccinate the cattle under 6 months of age. It is better not to associate other vaccination with FMD and not to make other vaccination one month before and after FMD vaccination. For further information for warnings, contraindications and Side-effects, see note at the beginning.
Storage. Store the vaccine at + 4oc.
Newcastle Disease Vaccine

Live Newcastle disease vaccine
Description. Lyophilized virus vaccine Hichner b1/lasota strain

cultured on embryonated SPF eggs. Freeze-dried vaccine with a minimum titre of 107 ELD50.
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Veterinary Formulary Indication. Control or prevention of Newcastle disease in poultry. Dose. Reconstitute according to the number of chicken to be vaccinated
and dilute the required amount of vaccine.
The water must be free from antiseptics (Well or spring water).

The chicken will not be given drinking water the evening before vaccination
Lasota and Hitner B1

Ocular route: Use an eyedropper. To calculate the volume of water, which should be added, to dilute the number of doses of the vaccine per vial follows the instructions below. Measure 1 ml of water to the dropper. Count the number of drops in this 1 ml of water. Calculate the volume of diluents required to dilute the number of doses of the vaccine per vial with the eyedropper in use. Volume of diluents (ml) = No. Of doses of vaccine per vial No. Of drops formed per ml Example: How much diluents should be added to a vial containing 250 doses of ND vaccine given that 1 ml of water in the ye-dropper yielded 50 drops Volume of diluents (ml) = 50 dos2es per vial = 5 ml per vial 50 drops per ml
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Veterinary Formulary Oral drench Dissolve the 200 doses in 200 ml, the 100 doses in 100
ml and the 50 doses in 50 ml. Administer by oral drench 1 ml of dissolved vaccine squirting into the beak of each bird using a clean plastic syringe.
Drinking water the quantity of water generally required per bird for
the drinking water vaccination is as follows: For 10 14 days-old birds For 3 8 week-old birds For other birds 10 15 ml 20 30 ml 40 ml
To calculate the volume of water required to dilute the vaccine, multiply the number of doses of the vaccine per vial by the amount of ml required per bird according to the above table. Example: to dilute 500 doses of vaccine for 8 week-old birds multiply 500 by 30 that means you need 15 liters of water to dilute the 500 doses of vaccine per vial.
Vaccination Program Age at vaccination

The parent flocks vaccinated but not infected, so their progeny could respond to vaccination from 14 days. The parent flocks recently been
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infected with virulent virus; in this flock, levels of antibody known to interfere with vaccination until 42 days. In situation of this kind, approx, 60 % of birds will respond at about 21 days, while the remaining 40 % are refractory until approx, 42 days. While vaccination at one day of age may give active protection to chicks with the lowest levels of antibody, vaccination at this age may be largely ineffective in the majority of chicks and hence should be regarded as a preliminary step rather than a recognized protective procedure. For example, in flocks of chicks having high level of maternal antibody, it has been found that approx, 60 % of the chicks will actively respond to vaccination at 18 21 days of age, while at 14 days of age the percentage of chicks that will respond may be under 40 %.
Revaccination: In the case of broilers in low risk areas, revaccination

at 14 days of age 21 days of age will prove adequate protection. In high risk areas application of vaccine at this age only may be inadequate. Therefore, it must be necessary to revaccinate at 42 days of age using the Lasota vaccine by the drinking water. In the case of layers, further boosting of immunity is necessary after 10 weeks of age. This is to protect the birds from the disease during the remainder of the growing period, and to provide at point of lay an
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immune level that will effectively protect the pullets with the minimum of revaccination during the laying period. If the time interval between the primary and secondary vaccination is <21 days, the antibody produced by the first dose of vaccine is more likely to interfere with the multiplication of the second dose of virus. An interval during which no further vaccine is given should be allowed until the final dose of vaccine is administered about two weeks before the birds come into egg production. There fore, the following vaccination program is recommended. Day of vaccination Type of vaccine Route of
Day old HB1 Day 21 Lasota Day 42 Lasota Between 10 and 12 Inactivated weeks of age At point of lay Inactivated
Administration Intraocular Intraocular By the drinking water Intramuscular 0.5 ml/bird Intramuscular 0.5 ml/bird Storage. Vaccine should store at a temperature of +4oC.
Inactivated Oild Emulsion Newcastle Disease Vaccine Description. The vaccine is prepared in embryonated eggs injected
with the lentogenic strain Lasota, containing in at least 108 EID50
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inactivated and suspended in light mineral oil adjuvant. It is selected for its long lasting immunity.
Indication. To control and prevent Newcastle disease in poultry. Dose. The inactivated type vaccine is recommended for flocks of
laying and breeding birds. Shake well before and during use. The vaccine is injected 0.5 ml/bird subcutaneous at the back of the neck or
intramuscularly in the breast muscle. Only healthy poultry should be

vaccinated.
Vaccination program
First Vaccination 10-12 weeks of age. Second Vaccinations given at point of lay. Best immunity is obtained when birds are vaccinated with live Newcastle vaccines prior to the application of inactivated vaccine.
Warning. Contraindication. Side-effect. See note at the

beginning. No local post vicinal reaction occurs, but trace of oil may be found for some time at the site of injection. Accidental injection of this vaccine to the user (vaccinator can cause localized reaction for which physician advice should be sought at once, informing him that the vaccine is an oil emulsion.
Storage. Store the vaccine in a refrigerator at a temperature of 4 to 80C

until it issued. Before use allow the vaccine to reach the room temperature (20oC).
206
Veterinary Formulary Newcastle Thermo-Stable Vaccine Description. It is a live viral vaccine produced in an embryonated
specific pathogen free (SPF) eggs using the relatively heat stable variant strain, developed at Queens land University Australia. Each field dose contains at least log 107. ELD50 viral particles
Indication. Control or prevention of Newcastle disease in poultry. Presentation. The vaccine is available in vials of 250, 100 and 50
doses
Storage. Since thermo-stable minority populations are present in the

relatively heat stable strain 12 the vaccine can be stored at + 4oC.
Dose. Ocular route. Use an eyedropper.To calculate the volume of water,

which should be added, to dilute the numbers of doses of the vaccine per vial follow the instructions below: Measure 1 ml of water to the dropper. Count the number of drops in this 1 ml of water. Calculate the volume of diluents required to dilute the number of doses of the vaccine per vial with the eyedropper in use: Volume of diluents (ml) = No. of doses of vaccine per vial No. of drops formed per ml
Example. How much diluents should be added to a vial containing 250

doses of ND vaccine given that 1 m l of water in the ye-dropper yielded 50 drops Volume of diluents (ml) = 250 doses per vial 50 drops per ml = 5 ml per vial
207
Veterinary Formulary Oral drench. Dissolve the 200 doses in 200 ml, the 100 doses in 100
ml and the 50 doses in 50 ml. Administer by oral drench 1 ml of dissolved vaccine squirting into the beak of each bird using a clean plastic syringe.
Drinking water .the quantity of water generally required per bird for
the dinking water vaccination is as follows: For 10-14 day old birds10-15 ml
For 3-8 week old birds 120-30 ml

For other birds 40 ml To calculate the volume of water required to dilute the vaccine, multiply the number of doses of the vaccine per vial by the amount of ml required per bird according to the above table.
Example. To dilute 500 doses of vaccine for 8 week-old birds multiply

500 by 30 that means you need 15 liters of water to dilute the 500 doses of vaccine per vial
Vaccination program
First vaccination; Day old and above (preferably up to 10 days); Second vaccination, 4 weeks; third vaccination 3-4 Months; repeat every 3-4 months.
Fowl Typhoid Vaccine (Live vaccine)
208
Veterinary Formulary Description. It is a live, freeze-dried vaccine against Fowl Typhoid in

chickens. Each vial contains 5 x 107 CFU of Salmonella gallinarum strain
Indication. To control or prevent fowl typhoid in poultry Presentation. The vaccine is available in vials of 20 ml with 100
doses
Dose. Reconstitute the vaccine in 50 ml of cool sterile distilled or saline

water .0.2 ml of the reconstituted vaccine by subcutaneous injection into the low part of the back of the neck. A single dose of vaccination should be given at 6 weeks of age followed by a booster dose at 12 weeks of age
Immunity. Appears in about 10 days. Duration of the vaccine after

two injections is for 6-8 months
Warning. Contra-indication.Side-effect. Birds should not be

vaccinated within 14 days of the start of laying period. For further information see note at the beginning.
Storage. The vaccine can be stored at 4oC for 6 months and at 20oC
for several years.
Fowl-pox Vaccine Description. It is a live freeze dried viral vaccine produced on the
Chicken Fibro blast, cells of embryonated specific pathogen free (SPF) eggs using modified Fowl pox virus. Each vaccine batch contains 10 3.5 EID50/ dose.
209
Veterinary Formulary Indication. To control or prevent fowl-pox infection in poultry Presentation. Each 20 ml vial contains 100 doses of freeze-dried
vaccine
Dose. Use wing web method

Reconstitute the 100 doses with 2 ml of sterile cold-buffered solvent and vaccinate by transfixion of inner side of the wing membrane of each bird dip the stylet before vaccination into the viral suspension so that the groove is filled. Take care to touch the needle against the inside of the vial in order to remove adhering drops. The stylet is inserted from beneath through the wing web and care should be taken to push the feathers side so as to avoid damaging the blood vessels. The wing web should be slightly stretched.
Vaccination program:
1.Healthy environment; Vaccination from the 8th week of life with a yearly boost 2.Contaminated environment; Vaccination from the 3rd week of life Booster 3 months later and then yearly.
Warning.Contraindication.Side-effect.See notes at the beginning Storage. The vaccine can be stored at + 4oC.
Canine Distemper Vaccine Indication. Against canine distemper infection.
210
Veterinary Formulary Dosage form. Vial of 1 dose powder for reconstitution. Dose.
Subcutaneous or intramuscularly injection of 1dose.
Contraindication,
warning and side-effect. Vaccination of
puppies under 6 weeks and age is not recommended. For additional information see notes above.
Canine Parvo Virus Vaccine Indication. Against canine parvo virus infection. Dosage form. Vial of 1 dose powder for reconstitution. Dose. Subcutaneous or intramuscular injection of 1 dose. Puppies are
vaccinated at 2 to 4 weeks intervals from 6 to 8 or 18 weeks of age. Although immunity following modifier live vaccine administration is probably of long duration, annual boaster vaccination is recommended.
Contraindication.Warning.Side-effect.storage. See note above.

At early age and less than 6 weeks, maternal-derived antibodies may interfere with vaccination but not protect from infection.
Avian Coccidiosis Vaccine Indication .To avoid problems related to drug resistance and the
continuous use of medication to control Eimeria species in domestic bird.
Dose. The vaccine is given in the drinking water as a single dose at

between 5 and 9 days of age. A single dose is sufficient to protect broilers and replacement layer pullets.
211
Veterinary Formulary Contraindication.Warning.Side-effect.

above.
Storage.
See
notes
Mareks Disease Vaccine Indication. Against Marks disease in poultry Dosage form. Powder for reconstitution Dose. Chickens are ideally vaccinated at day-old in the hatchery, and
also chickens up to 3 weeks of age may be vaccinated. Occasionally revaccination is done at 2 to 4 weeks of age. The vaccine is injected im at 0.2 m/g per chick.
Contraindication.Warning. Side-effect.Storage. See notes above ABAMECTIN + PRAZIQUANTEL 106 ABAMECTINE 100 acepromazine maleate 142 acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) 137 ACTIVATED CARBON 186 Adsorbents 120 AFRICAN HORSE SICKNESS 199 ALBENDAZOLE 90 ALCOHOL 182 Alpha2-adrenoceptor Stimulants 142 Aminoglycosides 29 AMITRAZ 118 AmoxycilLin 11 Amoxycillin AND CLavulanic acid 14 Ampicillin 12 AMPICILLIN AND CLOXACILLIN 14 AMPICILLIN AND CLOXACILLIN BENZATHINE 15 AMPICILLIN AND DICLOXACILLIN 15 AMPROLIUM AND ETHOPABATE 86 AMPROLIUM AND SULFAQUINOXALINE 87 AMPROLIUM HYDROCHLORIDE 79
212
Veterinary Formulary AMPROLIUM HYDROCHLORIDE AND VITAMIN K 87 AMPROLIUM, FURAZOLIDONE, VITAMIN K AND VITAMIN A 87 AMPROLIUM, SULFAQUINOXALINE AND ETHOPABATE 87 AMPROLIUM, SULFAQUINOXALINE, ETHOPABATE AND PYREMETHAMINE 86 AMPROLIUM+ SULFAQUINOXALINE+ VITAMIN K 87 ANTHRAX VACCINE 191 Anticoagulants 167 atropine sulphate 146 AVIAN COCCIDIOSIS VACCINE. 211 Benzathine Penicillin 4 Benzimidazoles 89 Benzyl penicillin 4 Benzyl penicillin, 4 Beta-lactamase resistant penicillins 7 BETAMETHOSONE. 178 BEZANTHINE PENICILLIN G AND PROCAINE PENICILLIN 7 Bismuth salicylate, SODIUM salicylate, Magnesium TRISILICATE AND Kaolin 120 BLACKLEG VACCINE 194 BOVINE PASTEURELLOSIS VACCINE 192 Broad-spectrum penicillin's 10 Bulk-forming laxatives 125 BUPRENORPHINE HYDROCHLORIDE 134 CANINE DISTEMPER VACCINE 210 CANINE PARVO VIRUS VACCINE 211 Carbamate 113 CARBARYL 113 CEPHALEXIN 19 Cephalosporins 15 CEPHAPIRIN 18 Chloramphenicol 40 CHLORAMPHENICOL 41 CHLORFENVINPHOS 109 CHLORHEXIDINE 184 CHLOROTHIAZIDE 129 CHLORTETRACYCLINE 25 CHLORTETRACYCLINE and BENZOCAINE 27
213
Veterinary Formulary CHLORTETRACYCLINE AND NEOMYCIN SULPHATE 70 CLOPIDOL 80 cloprestenol sodium 166 CLOSANTEL 102 CLOXACILLIN 8 CLOXACILLIN BENZANTHINE AND NEOMYCIN SULPHATE 70 CLOXACILLIN BENZATHINE 8 CLOXACILLIN SODIUM, NEOMYCIN SULFATE AND PREDINSOLONE 70 Co-trimazine 61 CONTAGIOUS BOVINE PLEUROPNEUMONIA (CBPP) VACCINE 195 CONTAGIOUS CAPRINE PLEUROPNEUMONIA (CCPP) VACCINE 196 COPPER SULFATE 76 Corticosteroids 176 CRYSTAL VIOLET 182 CYANOCOBALAMIN 174 CYPERMETHRIN 114 DECOQUINATE 80 DELTAMETHRIN 116 DEXAMETHASONE 179 DIAZINON 110 DICHLOROVOS 111 diclophenac sodium 140 DIHYDROSTREPTOMYCI N AND BENZATHIN PENICILLIN G 70 DIHYDROSTREPTOMYCI N AND STREPTOMYCIN 33 DIHYDROSTREPTOMYCI N SULPHATE AND PROCAINE PENICILLIN G 70 DIMETICONE 122 DIMINAZENE ACETURATE 83 DIMINAZENE ACETURATE AND PHENAZONE 84 Diuretics 127 DOCUSATE 123 Doxycycline 26 ENROFLOXACIN 45 ERYTHROMYCIN 37 ERYTHROMYCIN, SULFADIAZINE AND Trimethoprim 71 ether 153 ETRAMISOLE 97 FEBANTEL 94 FENBENDAZOLE 91 FENTHION 111 FENVALERATE 116 FLUBENDAZOLE 92 Flucloxacillin 9 FLUMEQUIN 47 214
Veterinary Formulary FLUMETHRINE 117 flunixin meglumine 139 FOLIC ACID 174 FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE (FMD) VACCINE 200 FORMALDEHYDE 185 FOWL TYPHOID VACCINE 208 FOWL-POX VACCINE 209 FRUSEMIDE 130 FURAZOLIDONE 67 GENTAMICIN SULFATE 33 GRISEOFULVIN 75 Haemostatics 170 halothane 152 HEPARIN SODIUM 168 HOMIDIUM 85 HYDROCHLOROTHIAZID E 129 Imidazothiazole 95 INACTIVATED OILD EMULSION NEWCASTLE DISEASE VACCINE 205 IODINE COMPOUNDS 184 isoflurane 152 ISOMETHAMIDIUM CHLORIDE 85 ISPAGHULA HUSK 125 IVERMECTIN AND PRAZIQUANTEL 107 IVERMECTINE 98 KANAMYCIN 34 Kanamycine SULPHATE, BENZATHIN penicillin AND ProcainE penicillin G 71 KAOLIN and PECTIN 120 ketamine hydrochloride 148 KETOCONAZOLE 76 LASALOCID 81 LEVAMISOLE 96 LEVAMISOLE and TRICLABENDAZOLE 103 LEVAMISOLE and OXYCLOZANIDE 104 LEVAMISOLE WITH BITHONOLOXIDE 104 LEVAMISOLE WITH NICLOSAMIDE 105 LEVAMISOLE WITH RAFOXANIDE 105 lidocaine and adrenaline 155 lidocaine hydrochloride 154 lidocaine hydrochloride and noradrenaline 155 LINCOMYCIN AND SPECTINOMYCIN 71 LINCOMYCIN HYDROCHLORIDE 39 Loop diuretics 129 Lubricant laxatives 124 LUMPY SKIN DISEASE VACCINE 198 Macrolides 35 215
Veterinary Formulary Magnesium hydroxide mixture 126 MAGNESIUM SULFATE (EPSOM SALT) 127 MANNITOL 131 MARKS DISEASE VACCINE. 212 MEBENDAZOLE 92 metamizole sodium 139 METHENAMINE 132 methohexitone sodium 148 Metronidazole 68 METRONIDAZOLE 69 Microcyclic Lactones 97 MONENSIN 81 NATAMYCIN 75 NEOMYCIN SULPHATE35 NEWCASTLE DISEASE VACCINE 201 NEWCASTLE THERMOSTABLE VACCINE 207 NIACIN 173 NICOTINIC ACID 173 Nitrofurans 66 NITROFURAZONE 67 Nitrofurazone +Urea 68 Nitroimidazoles 68 Non-opioid analgesics 135 Norfloxacin 46 oestradiol benzoate 161 Oestrogens 160 Opioid analgesics 132 Oral anticoagulant 169 Organophosphates and chlorides 109 Osmotic diuretics 131 osmotic laxatives 126 OVINE PASTEURELLOSIS VACCINE 193 OXFENDAZOLE 93 OXIBENDAZOLE 93 OXYCLOZANIDE 100 OXYFENDAZOLE AND OXYCLOZANIDE 107 OXYTETRACYCLINE 25 OXYTETRACYCLINE AND FURAZOLIDONE 72 OxYtetracycline And Genitian Violet 27 OxYtetracycline and Lidocain hydrochloride 27 oxytocin 159 paracetamol 138 PARAFFINS 125 Parenteral Anticoagulants 168 PENICILLIN G PROCAIN, DIHYDROSTREPTOMY CIN SULPHATE AND METHYLHYDROBENZ OATE 72 PENICILLIN G PROCAINE, PENICILLIN G BENZATHIN AND
216
Veterinary Formulary DIHYDROSTREPTOMY CIN SULPHATE 72 PENICILLIN G SODIUM, PENICILLIN G PROCAIN AND DIHYDROSTREPTOMY CIN 72 PENICILLIN G, FORMOSULPHATHIAZ OL AND STREPTOMYCINE SULPHATE 73 PENICILLIN G, PENICILLIN G PROCAINE AND STREPTOMYCINE SULPHATE 72 penicillin g) 4 penicillins 1 pentobarbitone sodium 149 PERMETHRIN 117 PESTE DES PETITS RUMINANTS (PPR) VACCINE 196 PETHIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE 135 Phenothiazines 141 phenylbutazone 137 PHOSMET 112 POLOXALENE 122 POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE 183 PRAZIQUANTEL 101 PRAZIQUANTEL and PYRANTEL EMBONATE + FEBANTEL 106 PREDISOLONE ACETATE 180 Procaine Penicillin 4 procainE penicillin AND Streptomycine sulphate 73 PROCAINE PENICILLIN G 6 PROCAINE PENICILLIN G AND NEOMYCIN 73 PROCAINE PENICILLIN G, DIHYDROSTREPTOMY CIN AND PROCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE 73 progesterone 165 Progestogens 163 PROPOXUR 114 Prostaglandins 165 PYRANTEL PAMOATE102 quinalbarbitone sodium 150 QUINAPRAMIN SULFATE 85 Quinolones 43 RIBOFLAVIN 173 RINDERPEST VACCINE 198 ROBENDINE 82 Sedatives 140 SHEEP AND GOAT POX VACCINE 197 217
Veterinary Formulary SPIRAMYCIN 38 STREPTOMYCIN SULPHATE 32 SulfaDiazine, tetracycline hydrochloride AND neomycin sulphate 73 Sulfathiazole, PENICILLIN G, Streptomycine sulphate AND Ethinyloestradiole73 SULPHADIAZINE AND TRIMETHOPRIM 61 SULPHADIMETHOXINE 53 SULPHADIMIDINE AND SULPHADIAZINE AND SULPHATHIAZOLE 65 SULPHADIMIDINE AND TRIMETHOPRIM 66 SULPHADIMIDINE SODIUM 51 SULPHADIMIDINE, TRIMETHOPRIM AND ATROPINE SULFATE 64 SULPHAMERAZINE 54 SULPHAMERAZINE, SULFADIAZINE, SULFATHIAZOLE AND TRIMETHOPRIM 64 SULPHAMETHAZINE 55 SULPHAMETHOXAZOLE AND TRIMETHOPRIM 63 SULPHAMETHOXYPYRI DAZINE 52 SULPHAQUINOXALINE AND PYRIMETHAMINE 65 Sulphaquinoxaline And Trimethoprim 59 SULPHASALAZINE 121 Sulphonamides and potentiated sulphonamides 48 testosterone phenylpropionate 163 TETRACYCLINE 28 Tetracyclines 19 TETRAMISOL WITH OXYCLOZANIDE 105 THIAMPHENICOL 43 Thiazides 128 thiopentone sodium 150 TOCOPHEROL 175 TOLTRAZURIL 82 TRICLABENDAZOLE 94 TRICLABENDAZOLE AND RAFOXANIDE 107 TYLOSIN 38 TYLOSINE AND CHLORAMPHENICOL 74 TYLOSINE, CHLORAMPHENICOL AND PREDNISOLONE 73 vitamin B2 173 218
Veterinary Formulary VITAMIN E VITAMIN K vitaminB1 WARFARIN SODIUM 175 175 172 169 xylazine 143 YOHIMBINE HYDROCHLORIDE 186 ZINC SULPHATE 77
219

Formulary For Veterinaries

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Administration and owner compliance

active part in ensuring that drugs are administered according to x

Prescribing for Horses, Cattle, Sheep, Goats, and Pigs

Prescribing for Dogs and Cats

Prescribing for Birds

Prescribing for Fish

Indication. Co-trimazine-sensitive Infections Dose. Expressed as trimethoprim + sulphadiazine

Parasitic and fungal infections

Copper sulphate is used for velvet disease but is potentially toxic in

Potassium permanganate is toxic in water of high pH because

Warning. Toxicity is increased in soft water; appropriate blend of

Dose. By bath, 10 mg/litre for 5-10 minutes, 5 mg/litre for 30 minute,

Potassium permanganate Indications.

Sodium chloride Indications. Fungal and ectoparasitic infections in freshwater fish;

Dose. By bath, 10-15 g /litre for 20 minute

Side-effects and Toxicity 2

1.1.1.1. Narrow-spectrum penicillins

Benzylpenicillin, also known as penicillin G, was the first of the

Procaine Penicillin is slightly soluble. Following parentral

Benzathine Penicillin is a very slightly soluble salt, which has a

Indications. Penicillin G is indicated in the treatment of blackleg

administered by intrathecal injection

Withdrawal period. Cattle: discontinue use at least 5 days before

Procaine Penicillin G (Procaine Benzylpenicillin)

Dose. Cats and dogs: by Intramuscular injection, 20,000 to 40,000

Withdrawal periods. Cattle: slaughter 4 days, milk 3 days. Sheep:

Bezanthine Penicillin G and Procaine Penicillin G

Dose. Expresses for a suspension containing benzathine penicillin

Withdrawal periods. Cattle: slaughter 14 days, milk 3 days. Sheep:

Storage. Store between 2 and 8 C (36 and 46 F). Protect from

1.1.1.2. Beta-lactamase Resistant Penicillins

Indications. Bovine mastitis in lactating cows due to Streptococcus

Contraindication. Not recommended for food producing animals,

Contraindications. Side-effects. See notes under section 1.1.1 and

Dose.Cattle: by intramammary infusion, at last milking of lactation,

Withdrawal period. Intramammary suspension, cattle: slaughter 7

Dose. Dogs, cats: 15 mg/kg four times daily

1.1.1.3. Broad-spectrum Penicillins

Indications. Parenteral amoxicillin is indicated in the treatment of

Contraindications. Side-effects. See notes under section 1.1.1.3 and

Dose. Oral suspension, tablet: cats and dogs: oral, 10 to 22 mg /kg

Withdrawal periods. Calves: slaughter 10 days. Sheep: slaughter

Storage. Store below 40 C (104 F), preferably between 15 and 30 C

Indications. Parenteral ampicillin is indicated for the treatment of

Contraindication. Side-effect. See notes under section 1.1.1.3 and

Dose. Ampicillin capsules; cats: oral, 10 to 20 mg / kg every eight to

Veterinary Formulary Amoxycillin and Clavulanic acid

Indication.Amoxicillin-sensitive infections including beta-lactamaseproducing microorganisms

Contraindications.Side-effects. See notes under section 1.1.1.3 and

Dose. Expressed as amoxycillin

Withdrawal periods. Calves: slaughter 4 days. Cattle: slaughter 14

Ampicillin and Cloxacillin

Ampicillin and Cloxacillin Benzathine

Storage. Do not store above 250c

Ampicillin and Dicloxacillin

Indications. Contraindications. Side-effects. See notes under

1.1.2. Other Antibacterials 1.1.2.1.Cephalosporins

Withdrawal period. Cattle:

slaughter 4 days, milk withdrawal

1.1.2.2. Tetracyclines General Properties

Veterinary Formulary Antimicrobial Spectra

Side-effects and Toxicity