.

( Grammar )

Pronouns
: a pronoun replaces a noun
Subject pronouns

I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they

Object pronouns

me
you
him
her
it
us
you
them

.Examples: - I go to school everyday.

Singular ( )
Plural ( )

Possessive adjectives

my
your
his
her
its
our
your
their

- This is my book.

- This book is mine.

Possessive pronouns

mine
yours
his
hers
its
ours
yours
theirs

- Give me the book.

Reflexive pronouns

myself
yourself
himself
herself
itself
ourselves
yourselves
themselves

- The boys hurt themselves

Reflexive pronouns
myself yourself himself herself itself
ourselves yourselves themselves

( ) -1
My father himself cleaned the car -2
( Did you do your homework on your own?
( on your own = by yourself = alone -3
: -4
approach afford bath dress shave wash meet sit down stand up worry decide remember concentrate
I shaved after I had got up
( She put her bag next to her (herself
position place -5
( Idioms with reflexive pronouns ) -6
enjoyed ourselves behave themselves help yourself make yourself
Let the kid do it for himself ( for ) -7
He lives by himself = alone ( by ) -8
I answered these questions by myself = no body helped me
Ali cut himself

Practice
.Fill in the gaps *
?A: Welcome to the class.
2- A: That is Hans. ..is
.B: am David and this is
from Germany.
.Maria. is from Italy
?A: And who are ..?
5- A: Do you know Maria?
. B: ..are new students from Qatar.
B: No, I don't know ... .

3- A: Where is Qatar -1
B: is near Saudi Arabia
6- A: Do you know the teacher -4
B: No, I don't know

.Complete the sentences with a possessive adjective *

?My sister's married.' What's .. husband's name ' -1
?My brother's office is in New York.' What's . Job ' -2
?Mum and Dad are in Rome.' What's .... phone number ' -3
.Use reflexive pronouns to complete the sentences *
.Your hair looks terrible. Look at in the mirror -1
.Ahmed is getting very strange. He talks to all the time -2
.The question . Is not very complicated, but the answer certainly is -3
.The old lady lives .. these days, and she rarely goes out to see anyone -4

( some of ( us
( any of ( them

. all of /
. both of

( few of ( you
( a few of ( it

. none of
. either of

... most of( / / )

. each ( one ) of

. You don't need to explain what I did to everyone. I can speak -5

.Choose the correct answer *
.( To understand ancient Egypt, scholars study its hieroglyphics and try to interpret ( it them itself themselves -1
.The dialect that is spoken in Olimbos is so old that many of ( its his hers theirs ) words date back to the time of Homer -2
.As the bare mountains turned green, the people found ( they them their themselves ) looking forward to spring -3
.New chemicals are not always tested to determine if ( it she he they ) will cause cancer or genetic mutations -4

: Other pronouns
Who visits her? -

What are you going ....?Who? Which? Whose? What : ( Interrogatives )

?to buy
Faisal is the man whose car is black who whose that which : ( Relative pronouns )
: ( Quantitative )

:
somebody / one
everybody / one
anybody / one

( Indefinite pronouns )

something
somewhere
nowhere
anything
anywhere
nothing
everything
everywhere
nobody / one
Do you need anything else? Somebody else called you ( else ) somebody's explanation - someone's suggestion everyone's clothes this / - that / - those - these : ( Demonstrative pronouns )

( Adjective )

Syllables
) ( syllables
.
One syllable
Two syllables
Three syllables Four syllables
Five syllables
Six syllables
tree
be-long
sub-ma-rine
ex-pe-di-tion
ca-pa-bil-i-ty
ex-tra-cur-ric-u-lar

Comparative & Superlative adjectives

.
.Ali is tall.
John is a clever boy.
The lion is a dangerous animal

.(beautiful dangerous ) (lucky happy) (short-nice-thin)
: ) (

Comparative
l taller than - long longer than }

-1
n
Adel is taller than Ahmed

-2
. i y er
py happier - funny funnier

-3

.er
bigger - hothotter - fat fatter

-4
more
. than
tiful more beautiful than
erous more dangerous than
The lion is more dangerous than the fox
s
-5
big - less expensive - less thin
The fox is less dangerous than the lion

ctive
d
d
ar

Superlative
{ tall the tallest - long the longest }
est
-1
.the
.Ex. Adel is the tallest student in our class
.i y
-2
happy happiest - funny funniest
.the most
-3
exciting the most exciting
terrifying the most terrifying
Ex. The Piranha fish is the most terrifying
.creature
least
-4
.) (
beautiful the least beautiful

: est er
Comparative
better
worse
farther/furthe
r

Superlative
best
worst
farthest/furthest

Adjective
little
much
many

Comparative
less
more
more

Superlative
least
most
most
. as .as

.Ex. Omar is as tall as Ahmed.

The wolf is as dangerous as the lion

. not as . As as ..as

.Ex. Mary is not as tall as Ahmed

a bit

-1
. much a lot

.Ex. The box is a bit heavier than the bag (

)

.Ex. Traveling by plane is a lot more comfortable than traveling by train ( )

.... )
-2
(. The more .., the more.
.Ex. The more your work, the more your gain

-3
(quiet clever narrow simple ) more er
. more clever than
cleverer than

Exercises
.Choose the correct answer -1
.Question two is not ( much too far as ) difficult as question one .The question is ( difficult the most difficult more difficult ) of all .Correct the following adjectives -2
.This is the ( interesting ) book I have ever read .The weather today is ( good ) than it was last year .Rewrite the following using the word(s) in brackets to give the same meaning -3
( The house and the villa are the same price.
( expensive ( No mountain in the world is higher than Everest.
( highest
.

( Grammar )

Countable & uncountable nouns

:

Countable
t a banana every day ke bananas banana
.bananas a banana
. a an
ook
an orange
a table

any some
.
ere are some books e there any books )( few )( many
.
ere are many students in school ere are a few students in school -

dation

ssion

Uncountable
.I eat rice every day .I like rice rice
.one rice two rices
: a an
a water
a tea
a sugar
:
a bowl of rice
a drop of water
a cup of tea
a game of tennis
. any some
.We listened to some music ?Do you listen to any music little )( much
.()
.I have a little work to do much sugar
much advice -

: ) ( :
traffic
advice
bread
furniture
luggage

progress
weather
baggage
chaos
news

work
information
scenery
blood
freedom

fun
silver
travel
clothing
knowledge
.I am looking for work.

It is nice weather today -

.. room time hair paper experience :

:

Countable
ought a paper to read . paper
ere's a hair in my soup . a hair
d some interesting experiences while I was way
.
u can stay with us, there is a spare room
joy your holiday. Have a good time

Uncountable
.I need some paper to write on .
.You have got very long hair . hairs
They offered me the job because I had a lot of .experience. experiences
.You can't sit here. There isn't room . space
.I can't wait. I haven't got time .

Exercises
.Put in a an or some where necessary .I've seen .. good films recently -1
.When I was .. child, I used to be very shy -2
?Would you like to be .. actor -3
!What beautiful garden -4
.I'm going shopping. I want to buy .. new shoes -5
.Which of the underlined parts of these sentences is correct .(If you want to know the news, you can read ( paper/a paper -1
.I had to buy ( a/some ) bread because I wanted to make ( an/some ) sandwiches -2
.Your hair is/Your hairs are ) too long. You should have ( it/them ) cut ) -3
.It's very difficult to find a ( work/job ) at the moment -4
.We had ( very good weather/a very good weather ) while we were on holiday -5
.Bad news ( don't/doesn't ) make people happy -6

(Grammar )

Relative Clauses
Relative Clauses .
.A clause is a group of words which contains a subject and a verb and which is part of a larger sentence A relative clause tells us which person or thing ( or what kind of person or thing ) the speaker means. Also, it acts .an adjective qualifying either a subject or an object
Relative clauses connectors
[ who that which whose where when ]
.A butcher is somebody. He sells meat -1
.A butcher is somebody who/that sells meat
. who/that
Relative Clause
.The woman who lives next door is a doctor relative clause
.
The woman who lives next door
.
.This is the book. It talks about history -2
.This is the book that/which talks about history

Extra Information' Clause'

.My brother Ali, who lives in London, is a doctor relative clause
brother Ali
relative clause
.Ali extra information

. that/which
.A) This is the man. I met him yesterday -3
.This is the man who/that I met yesterday
.B) This is the book. I bought it yesterday
.This is the book which/that I bought yesterday
him, it, ) relative pronoun ) ( object) A+B 3
This is the man I met yesterday who/that
. B who/that) relative clause) him) relative pronoun)
.A widow is a woman. Her husband is dead -4
.A widow is a woman whose husband is dead
.( our your its my his her ) whose
.This is the hotel. We stayed in it last year -5
.This is the hotel where we stayed last year
. where
.I saw the film. I was in Paris at that time -6
.I saw the film when I was in Paris
. when

Extra Information' Clauses '

: Extra Information ' Clause'( ,)

.We stayed at the Grand Hotel, which Ann recommended to us .This morning I met Ahmed, whom/who I hadn't seen for ages .Amy, whose car had broken down, was in a very bad mood .Mr. Bord is going to spend a few weeks in Egypt, where her daughter lives that which that who
.Extra Information' Clause'

Exercises
.Choose the correct answer
.I watched the film yesterday ( who which where when ) won five prizes -1
? What is the name of the school ( who which where whose ) your son goes to -2
.A watch is something ( that we use when we use that we use it ) to tell the time -3
.Complete the following sentences with suitable relative clause
.An orphan is a child . Parents are dead -1
.A cemetery is a place . People are buried -2
.The place . We spent our holidays was really beautiful -3

(Grammar )

'Have' & ' Have got '

have have got ) ( have/have got
.
I've got a car
= I have a car

He has got a car
= He has a car

I have got a headache = I have a headache

ave got
ar

a car
a car
I haven't
he hasn't

Have
?Do you have a car
?Does he have a car
.No, I don't have a car
.No, he doesn't have a car
.Yes, I do. / No, I don't
.Yes, he does. / No, he doesn't
: have got have

Have = noun -1

activity or a habit

fast dinner a cup of coffee a cigarette a bath a shower

a swim a rest a party a holiday a nice time an accident
perience a dream a look a chat a baby difficulty - fun
to + infinitive -2

?Ex. Do you want to have a drink

ing )3- 'ing' form )
.Ex. I find having no car very inconvenient
After model verbs -4
.Ex. She won't have a good chance
( got 5- In the past we use ( had .had got )
Ex. Adel had long hair when he was a child )
((did/didn't
.Ex. I had a bicycle when I was young
?Did you have a nice weekend
.I didn't have any money when I was a student
:
.I have a shower every morning.
2- I've got a shower -1
.
?I usually have a sandwich for my lunch.

:
2- I have got some sandwiches. Would you like one -1

Exercises
.Notice that (have) and (have got) are used in different ways in the question, short answer and negative forms
.Ask and answer questions about the following -1
a camera brothers and sisters a stereo your parents/ a holiday home
a computer your sister/ a car a bicycle your brother/ a motorbike
.Choose the correct answer -2
.I usually ( have have got having got ) a shower every day .He ( has has got had ) his breakfast at eight every day .( Has he got a camera? Yes, he ( have does has has got .Rewrite the following using the words in brackets to give the same meaning -3
( They don't have any children.
( got ( The house hasn't got a garden.
( doesn't ( Does Ali have a car?
( got .Look at the wrong sentences and compare them with the right sentences -4
(
) .I've got a shower in the morning .(
)
I have a shower in the morning (
) ?What time have you got lunch? (
)
What time do you have lunch -