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Grammar Translation Method (GTM): Classes are con ducted in the mother tongue. This method depends on memorization of lists of new vocabulary in isolation (i.e no context provided). Great attention is paid to grammatical rules. The Series Method: Ls are exposed to a series of connected sentences (in FL) that are easy to understand. The Direct Method: It depends on the oral interaction using the FL inside the classroom. It is based on the belief that language should be learned the way we learned our mother tongue. The Audio-lingual Method (ALM): It is based on the idea of over-learning and repetition. New Material is presented in a form of dialogues, broken into pieces. Cognitive Code Learning Method (CCL): It is a more student-oriented method as it focuses on his/her mentality and the complicated processes that take place as learning progresses. The Designer Methods: 1. Community Language Learning (CLL): It focuses on establishing interpersonal relationships between Ls in order to make the classroom a family-like environment. 2. Suggestopedia: It is based on the idea that the human mind can learn anything if a suitable atmosphere (e.g: music, visuals, imagination, meditation, relaxation ...) is provided.
3. The Silent Way: It focuses on the learner s independence. Ls should struggle to learn. Visuals are very much used to compensate for the teacher s silence. 4. The Total Physical Response (TPR): It is based in actions in learning new language. 5. The Natural Approach: It focuses on how humans learn their first language unintentionally. Simple and comprehensible content is provided, getting harder as Ls go on the learning process. Community Language Teaching (CLT): It focuses on helping Ls to communicate in FL by improving their communicative competence. It also pays attention to fluency, not always accuracy.
Clinical linguistics Crystal defines clinical linguistics as the application of the linguistic sciences to the study of language disability in all its forms (Crystal, 2001:673). Language testing [7] "Language Testing is the practice and study of evaluating the proficiency of an individual in using a particular language effectively." (Priscilla Allen, University of Washington) The purpose of a language test is to determine a person s knowledge and/or ability in the language and to discriminate that person s ability from that of others. (Alan Davies, University of Edinburgh) This branch is also called language assessment . This assessment may test listening reading, speaking and writing. The test pays attention to both knowledge, which is the theoretical understanding of a language and proficiency, which is the practical use of a language. [8]
financial translation and interpretation legal translation and interpretation literary translation medical translation and interpretation scientific translation and interpretation technical translation and interpretation
In other words, this branch deals with the typography or the shaping and design of the message. For example, Constantia is recommended for a PowerPoint slideshow. y Lexicography This branch is divided into two sections: practical and theoretical. The practical section of lexicography involves compiling or editing dictionaries, whereas the theoretical section involves the analysis of the vocabulary itself paying attention to semantics and pragmatics and the relationship between the different forms.
Sources: 1- http://www.slideshare.net/petitlutin/applied-linguistics 2- http://www.timothyjpmason.com/WebPages/LangTeach/Licence/CM/OldLectures/L1_Introduct ion.htm 3- http://www.csun.edu/~galasso/lang1.htm 4- Bruthiaux, Paul (Editor); Atkinson, Dwight (Editor); Eggington, William G. (Editor). Directions in Applied Linguistics. Clevedon, , GBR: Multilingual Matters Limited, 2005. p 224. http://site.ebrary.com/lib/bibalex/Doc?id=10120616&ppg=238 Copyright 2005. Multilingual Matters Limited. All rights reserved. 5- Wodak, Ruth (Editor); Meyer, Michael (Editor). Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis. London, , GBR: SAGE Publications Inc. (US), 2002. p 3. http://site.ebrary.com/lib/bibalex/Doc?id=10080947&ppg=11 Copyright 2002. SAGE Publications Inc. (US). All rights reserved. Wodak, Ruth (Editor); Meyer, Michael (Editor). Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis. London, , GBR: SAGE Publications Inc. (US), 2002. p 2. http://site.ebrary.com/lib/bibalex/Doc?id=10080947&ppg=10 Copyright 2002. SAGE Publications Inc. (US). All rights reserved. Wodak, Ruth (Editor); Meyer, Michael (Editor). Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis. London, , GBR: SAGE Publications Inc. (US), 2002. p 1. http://site.ebrary.com/lib/bibalex/Doc?id=10080947&ppg=9 Copyright 2002. SAGE Publications Inc. (US). All rights reserved. http://www.llas.ac.uk/resources/gpg/401 http://languagetesting.info/whatis/lt.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_assessment Teaching by Principles: An Interactive Approach to Language Pedagogy.(2nd edition)- H. Gouglas Brown. San Francisco State University http://french.about.com/cs/translation/a/introduction_3.htm http://www.gdrc.org/info-design/definitions.html
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