You are on page 1of 78

.

.




.



.




.


..." "
:
.



.





.
:





.


.




.

" " .
...







"
" ) (.... :






.

"


"
35000

2009

1

:









.
1 " Edunet " .2009



,







:







"

.


.





".2

" 2 " .2006

:

.


.

.



.


:
/1
"



.




" .3
"
"

...
" " " 1903-1820 "
" - 1860







.
""


4



.
.




.

3 " : ) (1 .
" 4 " ) (1 -1977

" " " " " " " "


" - 1946 .

5



.




.





.




.





.







.



.


.





" 5 " .1946


.
)( " "





.




.



.

.




.
"



.






" .




" 6

.

.


" 6 " 1990


7
.




.


.
.


8
.

7 " . 338 2007 )(1


8




.

.

.



.




.
" " " ""


.



9
.
/2
"

.



.




.


" 10
.
" 9 " ) - (1 .1977
" 10 " ) (1 1981 .

" "
"
"" "
" " "

. " ") 34-106 (
"") 95-35 (

"" ) 120-64 ( -

""




11
.


""

.


. "" 348-428


.

" :






.
""

.
:

12.

.
.



" 11 " ) - (1 .1977
12 " ) - (1 .1977

.



.



.

)( "

"
.


)( " "

)(
" ".
)(





"
"
.

" "
.

)(



)( .

)(



)( ""






. " " ""




.




.



/1
"


.


.


.






.


.




.


13
.


.




.






.
" 13 " - - .1983 -1982





.



14.



.



.

.






.






.





15
.

" 14 " - - .1983 -1982


" 15 " 144 .1981

/ 2





.




.





.






.









.







.







.


.



16
.






.


.






.


.


"
" " ".



7



.




.






.
" 16 " - .








17
.






.




.

.


.


.




18.




.


.




.




" 17 " - .
" 18 " - .



""





19
.

" 19 " - .


"" :
/ 1






.



7 11

. 11 20


""











.






. " "




.




.

"" " "




.




.
20

" " 1776 1841




.
" "






.


.



.






21
.
"" 1670-1592 " "
" : " the great didactic of john amos-

. comonius LONDON 1907 " ".





.



20 " ) - (1 .1977
21 " ) - (1 .1977


.








.
"' " " " 964








. " " ) 1778-1712( 22 "
"




.





.





.







23
.
.
" 22 " 1981 .
" 23 " - .







.







.






.







24
.

.




" 24 " .

.







.

" " " " 25









.











26
.







.




.




25 " ) - (1 .1977
26 " ) - (1 .1977






27
.

27 " ) - (1 .1977

/2




.
" "



28. )( "
" )(



.

.
.



.




29
.
""




"
" .




.








28 " ) - (1 .1977
29 " ) - (1 .1977

30



.
"


.


.

31
.





.
" " ""

.





"
"


.



32
.



.


.




.


30 " .1981
" 31 " ) (1 .
32 -

"


" . "




.



.


" "

.

33

" "

.






.










" 1938
. " " 1952-1857 "





34
.

" 33 " .1981


" 34 " .1981




""









.
.


:







35
.

/3
"






.



.

36


.







.

" 35 " .1981
36 ) (1 -

" " " " 1981 37



" "








" 1938
. " " "



.







.
38
" " )1536-1466(





.



. " " ) 1529-1533(






39
.





.

37
38
39 ) (1 "





.
:




40



.




.



.

40 "



/ 1
" " - " " "
" - 1946





.




.




.





.





.



" " " "




.




.


.


.








.




.





.




.







.


41





.




.




.





.






.







.











42
.




"
"

41 -
42 -


...



.

.





43


.

/ 2











.



















44
.
43 -1974
44 -





.






"

45

" .
.





.
:
46
" "







. :

"
"


.





.
45 .... ..........
46 -




.
" " " "













.









.










.



.














47
.
47



/ 1






.


.



.






.






48

.






.





.
48 -

49 ""

.
58 70




.





.

49 -




50




.



" . "




"
" 51





.




52
.


" "

""

53
"" .








.


50 -
51 ..... ..........
52

53 -





.




54
.




" ) 8 .(2001
" " "
"
"


55
" " .




.




.



.






.
" " " " ) " (87
" " " "
"

. "

" "
"
""



54 -
"55 " -

.

""

""





. "" ""





56
.


" : " 57

.






" 56 " -
" 57 " -



.








.
"

" ) (1932-1881

.
1932 " "

""
58



.




.







.





.

:


.

.



" 58 " -


59
.

/2



.




.




.



.






.






60
.







.







.

" 59 " -
60 .




.





.



.





.






.







.



.
:

.


.



.
" "





61. " "


.""
" "



.






.
/3




.




.


62







.




61 -
62 -



.





.




.




.












.




63
.

--

"
" " "

" "


.


.
63 -





.




.


.




64
.



.









. ""




65
.

-
"" " :
"



.



64 -
65 -




.




.




66
.

66 -

:








.






.



"" " "


"" 1890
""
-Army-Beta

.

:

.




.


"" .
-graphologie




.



67.
"" Francis Galton -
-Sciences Antropologiques
.
" "


.

Binet Simon


.



67 -


68
.




.





" " -Decroly
-




69
.



:


.

.



.

" "


" " - Testes Pronostiques-

.





. "" -1961-

" "Systems of thaught


.

70
.
68
69
70 -

" "



"" 1957

.


" "

.




.


.








.
"" 1980-1896

.


"" ) (1934-1896

.

"" 1993 .




.




.



.




71
.

" 71 " -2010


" : "



.




.



.


.




72
.
1
:



. :
.



.




.




" 72 " -


.


:
.

.
73
.

.

.
.



.
/2

.
.




.


.




.
.






.
74
.


" "
- 73 -
- 74 -


.






:






.

75
.



.


.







.




76
.
/3 :
- 75 -
- 76 -

.

" "

""






.
.
.


. .


77
.
.
. . " "
. " " " "
.
.





.




.


- 77 -



.


.

.
.




.
" "
.

.

.
.


.
.
.


.



.

.



.



78
.
/4
- 78 -

" "





.
""


.


79
.


. .






.



.

.


80
.
:





:

- 79 -
-80









.
.
.
.
.





81.




.



.





.



. :
- 81 -




82


.
: //

//
.
// ) (
.
:
. :
) ( ) (
:
%50

:
) (
.
:



. : ) (

. : //

. :


83
.

82 -
- 83 -

/5

.

.


.


.




.
84
.


.

.




. :

.

.


85
.




.


- 84 -
- 85 -

.





.

86











:


87
.


:

1 :
)(

""

:

.


... ...

.



.
88

- 86 -
- 87 -
" 88" . 1960
1968 ) (1 -


.




.


.







.


.






.
:




89



: .
:


.

.
.


.

... " " 90 )( :
)( :
.
. )( :




)( : .
- 89 -
" 90 " 87 .89 5




)( : .


. )(
)(
.









.

-2



.



.

:


.... .....
.

:

.


.
:
:
91


-1
.

-2

2

.


-3
.
" 91 ' 1242- 1 63.


-4
.


.






.
: :



:
.

)( :
.


:


.




92

: : .
)( :
:
................ ...




.


:
.

.
:
.
:
93


92 .
93 ).(236-53


.





.

)( :

.





.

. :


"" : ! ... ....






.

.

.
.




.

-3

:

.






.
:






.


.






: .
:

.




.
" " 95



. - "

"





.
94

.
" 94 "
.1968
" 95 "
-92 1966



.
"
.


.


.

:



.
.





.




.


:



.
: :

.

:



.
:
.

:

96
.
. ":



.
- 96 -




.


97
" . ) ( 2 3
:

"
.





:

:




: "




"


"

" "






.




)( :




.

98

:

)( :
:

" 97 " 2 -3
98 " : " - 1964 10-


...

.
)( :

. .
.
) (

)( :
. . )( :

.

.

:
.

:








.
:
... ...
.
:



.










.





.




)( :

.




.
)( :





.


"
"
1956



.


.

.
2010 " "





.



.





" " .



:



.




.





.



""

.


" "

3500 6000
. 1875



" "
.



.


.




. "

" .




.

.



.


" -1 "
.
" -2 " -1981 -
.
" -3 "
-1990- .
" -4 " " "
-1977-
"-5 "
...
" -6 "
338 2007 .
" -7 "
1983-1982-
" -8 " -
-1981-144
" -9 "
- .2006-
" -10 " - - -1974
.
" -11 "
.-2010" -12 " .
-13 : ) ( 5
- ) ( 5

You might also like