Professional Documents
Culture Documents
$%
!&%!$
!
!/0.$&!,*-
! '()*$
9678 /0!
*-'!&!:$
34!1
.$
/?@!*A= !,!>678
34*!!%9
.$
30H3IF3G
!*D=!-EB3C%9
!0IL0.$
J!K
&
MK/0!?-/*)-/.$
!3LF
&*-
&ON
3'QP!
STR
/HV,F9!,UD6F
0
34M0!D!/L%9
!:Y)!/%I:X
6
VF9N/0!-*C*Z3H3Z M/
%9
/! "
!
#
&
!fHV,F9!C0Ob)$3M1c3d3a@_:`.$3M1^!B!C_4! ![\&!X*!@?AN! :M30
!/!=-E?Z!cS^DHV,F9$! `jk!/!,*\hi8!9!=C0Ogc*!'!,:=0
!C0O
!-E)*c_n^!!.$?a*/*:MmI6:C'%Z!'3,I!-6:C'?l8*Z!'3,I
!*!=C0O!-E*C*Z33MG=q/rp'!&ST.Z3G=!, $o !.$3M1=
gCS^B)M!^!%!!'.(?*tXj?X)6M/!Gj?-/!'!-EHV,F9_-Crp@H3MK
!-AF!E $!,-*DP*G:A)H!i M'%9h*:XD=Izrp'H!X !xdy*Z!'3,I -)
.|^
$=SaI^}%$!-F~~!M)*c!c93`! /G!&!:$!'*Z!'3,I!M*-&930
?Z!c!-/cjS:ILch $o0!*Z!'3,I! M)i -xUN!'3,IL!X!n\j?a-N!'3,I!M
%&)*c!c93 .N!'3,Ib)$!,)*tXDj-/D~HV,Fxc=h:)M!?-/X*/j3/
g1I~%I9,F '(.....!/6MHV,F9!CF)RNVF9*N!')!
.RNVF9xXQ'*!'
b)$*
IQ'LP:p&L'3XD. $/0! ? -/b-/HZ!)rp
............*!/`!6CGQ 30)*-$!)/= ,hF!!?@
.*^=C0
/! "
!
#
:&'
0I6Cb)$/-i!@ CN!'3,I)%Z33D%&9*tQ'*tQ'%Z!'3,@3D%&.$
*^!@ST9*tQ'*!/P*M0[\VD!*:MG'F*tjF !X.G9i*0
S
t`='!S:@IH!$!**?=c!3F?Idb)$m3mM r)D $HS:@}C*
!C%St`!g1!*D3Mc* !'I*0!I*HH3Ei*0!! :jS:@30IF
.3
.o0C!c300c$!!)*?30H$FD
B ($:FH!d)/NVI:!c! X'X'!C)%)CNVI$3!`/ $
Q',F3^!X rp%I*D!c3,IPE!''!C?c:!c! dID9_Mc=$/D3!CF9!'=C
b)$'!C/D3!CF9b)$:!C:F !X(@
D3-c~!'9_Mc=$/D3!CF9!'C?c
*Fg`NAIrp'N,)=Dm!& $,
c?I}^)*@()?bG,p&V\[%
?Idb)$ !$!?IdI,
?IXj!-@! X)3:rp'/C?-/@?-/I%!!'N!'3,I)
b)$
)Cp&'ID! $,()
H`j!-@!:3D([\(HG-)C4IP*(!F)
)c
! X\[b)$9\[hF9!=0~j:F !X:D3DM0B3(=[\(^!C
Hd?H3Q/!'3Sid3'*3,HD3$!!'H3&!p&b-CD!'Cb)$HF:!C
Jm@)=[\?^H3EF!.S:)*@[\%G[\HD3$!g1!%Z!'3,I*!
.$3*|!NAj)x)1r=$o *^HD3$!!CjN,)
H`
?IX
1./0!*+")!,'-
q/D=.$&3*!V'!!I%& !3DDrF*!$&p=I! )c!-@.$B3UD* '9*!/
M1 ?'=Q/b :!>-/Drp*C*Zb)$.$&:%
3DHd/`.$3
-*/*:4?I*AN! :.N! :
9(0b)$:D3Z!C1?a3Z!CK!0O3Z!C136D=!&STST3Z!CK.H3d!:
!Cb)$S!.Q
) !.431[\M =$367E=!,*)$!`9Fj):0cF/`
!I3j$3@ j!-@! H3^!,09.()
?IX
?IX
*56"72!3.40
3>!=Q/b :/*:46CGpx.$%0!:&!&!,*-=Iz3 'p19~!:$9
!*:
L*?@!*A.*0/
!! :C%0/*0/&*.%0/?I
=!! :3iE6XKBM*3=!&STST`).
-':!!cg$9'3Z! I.F!C
%0!:!*.39
%0!:b)$l8/3c~!/d.
!! :.3IC/
M1?0.H
*D!M!M!M*$3!M*!.
=1=1.*!/
3'!V1Water Tower N!0_--/~ } SilosN!*d9)!-
!! :*c!CE~(I?a*0~~!DV@3.!0!*:
!*XC3^.!$3*.
%0!:.&!X
)jr! &*
)/!0k!/>!=bG.$=!-EF9[^ID%,.,
!*G %&!-)3F3*F!C!g1$!`[\St91!CS^D
31[\39=ST3!j.*!$p&b)$!c9
/0!p* D..$
?IX
;*=
)|)A(!*Z^!Bp%&!,DZ!$@3/&!-'349'%&:3D8! X&.Q$0b)$%
3^6*UH3'\=$H!:$)Q)I0!,!>Fj!-@(F.
H
!^F)I&).=P*Gh:X=$H!:$(=-a.b :!'|*/
`g Q'$!).34QD!,-,)|9@j!-
H.
)%9(I?L`g!*D3Dh-,!j$9).(!G~hG3d
c
`()H)|!H$|'3
/! "
!
#
>5)")@?*+'
!,/a!aF=Ic!,* Dxd*0!IC!,^!a@ */! :.$/0! ?-/@**
:%Dg@?-/I*^MC: %9=-.$)*).4! =-j3t
60
*Q)'!QM0l
L'3(=3a@b :-)M b)$G!C}0!@\b :-)M0b)$l
g`Mc|'gQ'?*`
(H`)|gH$!}*:aD
:j!,'(Q)I03^6*U)(%ZA|)g
| *L*b)$b :
Vl3M'|)Q'?*`
Hj!-@*c! |Z3Xxc?U!,$06CG
jg`!'!/4!D?-$
r!^\[O!'$!* !=Z!'3,I X:%&
V=HZ!b :
j!-@}*:a)g9xc!'g`*}:aD
.Hg$6:C r()|Mxj!-@|)Q'^!C
.H
?ID\7~)|/'~V $l67)|)M0B3=g`?V D
Hg$9=N!,0~ $
0(H`)g9xc!'!\[,*:aD~V !-@=N!,0~ $(?U^I3a@}0!@!-)@!,
Mc!('G~hG3d
c)%9
`*?\[H!,0=Hj!-@!, 34L'
d:'$3C!:$~3 'p167
*-D $ p* D%, p,'. *9= !r)c
.$!
(_MC)|M
/! "
!
#
Grounding!")'!
=CGgC=-UD!,/*8N! :N!'3,ILDI:d
*-D=M'!(, I)60FH$?-X
HV,F
I:d%Z!'3,@!,FQ'=$?-$%Z!'3,@!D0' $S:/=Izh/4'3/ !pA?*tX
*:!t!$?IX'3/h*l**@%9!D~p&j!^*F'319,=9,F=
.= !b-/:C _ST I!xd9=
/*!@?,)!*))!GSt*0/LML*3/D$!-j?a-DQgC33
HS:@*-&b-/*:!t)9,F&LF3-)3&!&,FN!:, N!'3,ILDI:d=B3!'
:!,
.!*,0V/=$oD! %Z!'3,I./3M1=3^9%-
..$=oD! %Z!'3,I33M1=%
.pt,FjHS:IF!St3=/%-
.*Z!'3,I !/-)!:c! g*tXD=R
.!'!!/,FN!'b)$^!
/! "
!
#
?IX
?IX
/! "
!
#
DEFHDE<*B,
:(
F)%D6CGRST()?IXj!-@R Q'3*x)D=Iz
RST
R
H3Z'!6M$m&!3-$
K3-c
l~!,09H3Z'!6M$mG
!M1*c!CG3a@HV,F'!&V
!*DB3CD!c!CGHV,Fb)$
.%9
! $-*)C49Q'H3&!p&!X D
9L3!P!aI
.9L3H3Z!P!a
,!D34!
p&.[\!D~p&?
*Z!'3,I/)Dj6:C!D~
~HV,F9=SaI
3L'!!:@3b)$l~
.*)*!
3a@!-EHV,FN|:?/7!p&3
!-E* 0!I
.
3H3ZmG $H3&!p&ml
H3&!p&ml~
%Z!'3,IH3&!
(!G~hG3d
F
/! "
!
#
I J.8:K81
*
V1gaCg-)3/(,=$!A4V(^*!,=$!A4V*!cHF*0/!CF9L*
.
.*Z!'3,IHV,F9L*
.H!0OGH!!0L*
L4993H3Z!Gj,!D$3*!.*l/!xd9gc!-U!/6M
.9
!
Function Grounding (KD)!/
!)/-@=!C%Z!'3,@!,Fg1=9*\[Z!'3,IH3Zj!*)?!G?`
CF?*`D=$H!:$&
?-$ $^}\*}0!@gag
3pF?$C!*)?!E!^*`?CD*^b)$
HV,F9HN!O!@}^b)$?-/D8/*?tX*!~.rp'}^b)$?c
...
/! "
!
#
D1=Neutral &?!J N
?-$34*Z!'3,I>! !N*
-D!*)-$j!33_:` !D\.:c!_U
.*!3MG'
9!/M0Q'
?Id
/! "
!
#
?IX
/! "
!
#
~xc!'
!`*)D!Gj!-@M p&?aF$!Gj -)!/DM0b)$)V@xC!Ep&j
/-nxcrp@=Iz.9!'!/M0?*`Dr/'
P*Gfp&b-C.ga
:~0=.!/M0b)$E)*-$j!
.(?IXj!-@)Zigzag V@V
Open Delta
!DjxC*!/!/
ID!&D8-09j!, *0!I\N!M$\3t!/M0V*,3t!c!cF~p&
?Idb)$ID! &G)0!%Z'Q)=0I~p&
)&p!c)j! &!c/!ID Q) jAuto Transformer
V@Vb$!?1
i 3M'~
'|%0!a j.!,UD=Iz8!M0! *M/%Z~'
/'j */G=-!G\g1=*9!M$9!*!CV*,Hg$!=~t.
.gc/''ptD|1N!M$*0!IO!M?0~=!,Fj4|tU,F~p&|'3D*!G9
.!/\[M^*L?9b)$!C(ZI)/0!ID67
;-O! P-
NVF9Q'rI...31*G!0=9!-, *'rp@H!i^XI*0/NVF9Q',3^?*)D
I:X'!,M'rp@*G!0=H!i*0/Equipotent Bonding ,!C'|3!'
,Frp@!-,F?*)D[\rRP*G31*G!0=!IO4*Z!'3,@*!
.*-!/!=xd9\[>!%!!'(Touch & Step Voltage)HMK
)*)!,?!/:c! iG%I:X)g`xc!'rI..%96M/0!?*)D
^!\
.9 \[@)I?!3^DP*!, ^.4! !, ^!-$&!$\9j0^%9B!M0!:1\[
&p&9L%Z!'3,@!JmG $!Ag1*!$*!D!3c[\i* !'RD%96M/H3Z/0!?*)D\
LM'!,!*[\%!!'*Z!'3,I!-EHV,FCl[\rRP*G(!C0Ob)$!M1O6 i)*\b/C0!
,
!0 )(TN
ID/0!H3Z6M/g`=!*)@! &%9H3Z`gI:XM [\^!\*96M/~!-$b)$
!B!Mp%9IDHV,F!-Ej*Z!'3,I3Z*Z!'3,Ip,'M:D3 !Cl^*!/@ q
V$j6M/=!,)!=%9 9.
/! "
!
#
!*
Grounding Conductor `?
6MUD331N%d!,U
D3*0/!CF9/HV,F9Q'?*`!'`?
:!, 0H$b)$`?I)*)h!ID?Uxc~06CGh!l
3 Zg`LJ
3`9L3U193U19*'!)I*cg'H!fV/ *9= !r)c
.319%9* C*Z3*$3L!G|'3rp@*Z!'3,I
B'9?a'!aNVF9L@3NVF9'|3xCD)tE!= !$HSGB
!@3
.()Hj!-@!&ST@3*Z!'3,I
()
H`
H$!C-).$ f`!Kg:C'|3xC *9=%c!()
Hj!-@3$}-|3d
*C*Z3L!GL%9'| 3rp@xC)*_CGg1b :LGga)*-$j
.
.()
Hj!-@()j3t xC(!$)*I*cg'H!f)tST *9= !r)c
! $ga)!*))!Eg`L4!:C !'!A!-/c6Fg`L4!_(
F)%!
.(
)=$r)c?~67
)!*r)cI
`?%9%C*Z3
)
)
`?%9%C*Z3
)
F
*!(S:)?4H-C
*!)%g1-C!*0(S:)HG
!
*
!
*
-----
-----
F
/! "
!
#
()
H`
xC@?)j('!FE(
`()H
/! "
!
#
()
H`
.()
Hj!-@!, *'!-*^
I?IX'4'3)
r-C'*c!|Z3dH$=I%0/r:XB
()
H`
H`
/! "
!
#
H`
H`
H`
H`
H`
H`
`
H`
H
`
H
`
H
&<!
&p& ?-$ $.*l67pI%9!n ^*)$-/!,)Xlc!cb)$0
!.!,34ID! =.
!6*U!`gL4'3.6*U
!6*UQ'g('.
!9*6*U'M.
@\!'!c! )c!-46*U!?*)'S:@SDh%9!V%9HG!C*MC')6*U^!C
=4!'[\B39.
@\rp!6*U`g=Iz?'HS:@}C*h/4'3)-,!&!:$@!rpQ'g6*U
('ID`%&HSt\319!!j=-ID%9('*6*U'M=Iz!)!&!:$('
*6*U'M(=$-3X*6*U'M^!-)IG!C!})H3X)*MC!,
!9IDID!,0b /f*M1ST`V@3B3HSt9._*`I/
&",T
3RD! !b)$'()*$%9&
&=%3R=IJ?@!Xp&?*)'!'`!K!-/D
! *$('$H$b)$? :!,
0('.
'4('C!jN('.
! C)*$?ZFjH('.
3GH('.
?= !.(L*'31N!d*`)
@^rp|c*!-(BjQ:D)x
rp@*
.*:3
0('
! )*$((.
*-*:3
*-Mc
:4'3D
^!F*)'3D
`(.-$!F3x
3iG'3D
3x`'3D
!F*!$
----
F
N&U! :
'/~D=N!,0b :)!G*C*Z3!*
*$3!'^rp'`!1HV,FMcG
=$VD!,0Eh'-C&^V)h0p&1*xc!'-34@=3a3M!* :
))!-)$`!*!!c!!,U/'=$!,*l6Fga-^/:`!*0!Mq
!.*l6FD~C=$VD( .
/! "
!
#
:"Q")"6,T*[
:*!3MG')!b)$*!)Z!*-*@6*U'M*('!/D
!q@*C* t!q@g'gJ
c=$VD~^!Cfh $/:D6*UH!3G?-/D(
j!@3^3^D$!Gj3Mp&p* D6/9_Mc=
cBC bG3x`_) !
.6*U
p&yz.
c.-$
c=$ x)%)13M~?P*6*UG3Z 1?-$
(B
~bG6*U*Z!-*IQ'3d!:!D! &I~67.!&3@.'!C*Z!*-*I '!K
H=!3F)*@[\GjID!,/?U8*-I.6*Urb)$=:4=IDj6:C
.31H3!,/3I
Q cH*-Ip&/3-C %Z!'3,I!,)*`DHF!, 13! !q@
!@!^*)*!M9*!^r/'!'()*Z!*-*IB3CDb)$$!CbGN!!'39Y'!j3'3-T
.*)-/p,'
.D1"&W N
!-@)*)*!-/3M0!\%9!`'*!!KHV,F9M30%9*!!34H$FD
:%)
fall potential method,:&34
36M*!!H$!CB!M^!\=$H!:$%&*!pAxCD8*Z!'3,IH3Z
?IX_
.0!'h!B!CG
rb a 6MQ'(*}^!,F|'39.34=$c 6M\[a 6M*!=D3zP*Ra=Vab/I
$*(-!,FjoD! ,3^*!c a B!M9b)$(*!M'|'3'0rp@!-, *',3^*!
.!,'!CG3%&a 6M!b)$?Hg$0!!'.*:M
/! "
!
#
A
Battery
Earth
Electrode
Earth
Auxiliary
Electrode
?Id
/! "
!
#
:D1 ]R!"J2)*
:D1 ]R!"J2)=NW
!, $o !f!,0!fF/D3-*!,0~\S:S:/c!$*$3^L4*'$3*Z!'3,I3Z
>!
.hD!^6:C!C0O
CFjS:%))GjSt`%Z!'3,@!*D3P*G!M1=
c!CG!,0~\?IXP*G=!/L4!))L4p&%9B3C*!D=!-EL4xc?UpA
CFg1=!Cp&I@!3=`?$)!Cj(h-*3t`!-,)%Z!'3,I*!3F
.H3Z?L4 =p&^S:%)=NVF[\?|*C'!*D3 $!Ep&j.g a!C0O
:D1 ]R!"J2)=NW
:=N&ab7
.S:%))!,*^!*!-*ID! $H3Z^?L*MC:1
B3C*!D=!-EL4xc!'NEC %`S:%))=$!&!*DV83Z)_?:c
.):!@=9jHF!`1 *IC!i%0!:-)*Z!'3,I3Z/'j%9
"! %:
(F-)] R!"J
SDh*CST!*
3-C
,
3-C
,
.Z!H$
=Iz!'!*!CGO!'
C:
(h0~\)=x!C0
g!Ij!
N!'3,I=$!0~6/
/! "
!
#
D.*|t!D6:C
| tLD36):0!0$
N!-T\L
'/X
%0LU'
U: H=?
!H$
g|0 $!,LN!-T\
U: H=4
g|0 $!,LN!-T\
U: H=?
!H$=3a@
.3GN!-T\
U: H=4
+W[
?Id
%Z!'3,I*!LMj6:Cr^gaHN!\HG=yB3CD! &@!h03Mp&Y!C=
.G)=@?$
P*G?:ELCBL4!_)319HN!!-&G\!D!i!G! &I(B
.
?IXj!-@3Z?'D8*Z!'3,I~HV,F9^|%-
/! "
!
#
?Id
*Z!'3,Ip1?:)*`'r
ga!Ct@|^Q/!,F!-EELCB L4!xC=Iz(
.
?IXj!-@9!'!,`*?D
3X'h!>331!,F! Ct
?Id
?IXj!-@ */!T3^b :=Ic=NVF!-ExC=Iz!-@
?Id
@o
=3!3^ygC~~S^D6)M)I!*!-)$*!/j9'*|M^3
3X~!0b)$&!M1=gC)
,.$N!'3,I @!C!Gj M1=96M/
?0.!M
!I=?`r)c6*Uj=^%96CG3X`!*!. */%0FD
=H$96CGM!E~!p.!'_ 0
c9! =
*-D?:%I
I~!*1!0I?a9 =P*GHN!I)I~!.
& !:&6:C'mlHSa@?@!Xr*':&6:Cj, !!^?*j!pHRD/
?*tXD*`H'HV,F9)'j`!13/!^)*h!-*^b)$!E!'HD!Gj'!|K
!/.
S1b J@^}\[!&*!j3-a.
IC0N!$
/! "
!
#
=8
Electrical Engineer's portable Handbook
British Standard(BS and BS .)
Earthing systems worldwide an evolutions
Grounding Methods for Electric Supply and Communications
Facilities(NEC Standard)
%0(I~%c A *L -
%0(I~ ,L
'e S
)"! (
$=4= ; 9:.6 7!5 3 41 . +,-) '&
!' -1 A: !' ="& ?.4