STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

(Review Notes)
Simple Stress a. Normal Stress () (applied force over cross sectional area) Shearing Deformation

S =
Where:

VL AS G

P A

b. Tangential Stress or Shear Stress () (shearing force over sheared area)

S = shearing deformation V = shearing force acting over As As = shearing area L = length G = modulus of rigidity (shear modulus) Rotational Deformation

V AS

c. Bearing Stress (b) (bearing force over bearing area or contact area)

=
Where:

TL JG

b =
NOTE: 1 Pa 1 kPa 1 MPa 1 GPa

Pb Ab
= 1 N/m2 = 1x103 N/m2 = 1x106 N/m2 = 1x109 N/m2

J = polar moment of inertia T = torque Stress Strain Diagram

Actual Strength Ultimate Strength

Simple Strain
Rupture Strength

Axial Deformation Hookes Law:

Stress, Elastic limit =P/A

Yield Point

E=

= E
L PL = AE

Proportional limit

P = E ; A P =E ; A L
Where:

Strain, =S/L

= total deformation P = applied axial load A = constant cross sectional area L = Length E = modulus of elasticity Note: the stress should not exceed the proportional limit. Stiffness of Rod

Proportional limit the stress strain diagram is a straight line. All theories involving the behavior of elastic bodies is based upon a stress-strain proportionality. It is an indication that the proportional limit and not the ultimate strength is the maximum stress to which a material may be subjected. The stress is proportional to the strain:

E=

(Hookes Law)

AE P = L P K= ;

E = modulus of elasticity = stress = strain (stiffness) Elastic Limit the stress beyond which the material will not return to its original shape when unloaded but will retain a permanent deformation called permanent set. Yield Point the point in which there is an appreciable elongation or yielding of the material without any corresponding increase of load, the load might decrease while the yielding occurs. Ultimate Strength the highest ordinate on the stress-strain curve. Rupture Strength the stress at failure

Flexibility of Rod

L AE

= ( flexibility )

Poissons Ratio () = ration of unit lateral deformation to the unit longitudinal deformation. 1. Uni-axial stress

Torsion Shear Stress

=
Where:

T J

y = = z x x x
E

T = torque J = polar moment of inertia = radial distance 1. Solid Shaft

2. Biaxial Stress

x = y =

y
E

J=

D 4
32 16T D 3

y
E

x
E

z =

y
E

x
E

max =

2. Hollow Shaft

3. Tri-axial Stress

x =

1 [ x ( x + z )] E 1 y = y ( z + x ) E 1 z = z ( x + y ) E

J=

(D 4 d 4 )
32

]
Where:

max =

16TD (D 4 d 4 )
D = outside diameter d = inside diameter

Where: = poissons ratio = strain = stress (P/A) E = modulus of elasticity Shear modulus (G)

Rotational or angle of twist

=
Where:

TL JG
SS = shearing stress T = torsion = angle of twist in radians L = length of shaft G = shear modulus J = polar moment of inertia

E G= 2(1 + )
where: G = shear modulus E = modulus of elasticity = Poissons ratio Bulk Modulus or Modulus of Compression (k) Power

P = T() where: = angular speed in radians per unit time Helical Spring

k=

E 3(1 2 )

Thermal Stress t = LT t = linear deformation = coefficient of linear expansion expressed in units of meters per meter per degree of temperature change T = temperature change L = length

1. Shear stress

=
Where:

d 16 PR 1+ 3 d 4 R

= max. torsional shearing stress P = axial load R = mean radius of helix D = diameter of wire

2. RAM Wahl Formula (accurate)

=
Where:

16 PR 4m 1 0.615 + m d 3 4m 4

Note: a. Max. Moment occurs where shear is zero b. Point of inflection occurs where moment is zero Moving Loads

D 2R m= = d d
D = mean diameter d = diameter of the wire 3. Spring deflection

1.

The bending moment under a particular load is a maximum when the center of the beam is midway between that load and the resultant of all loads then on the span: R = P1 + P2 (resultant of two moving loads) C L

Where:

64 PR 3 n = Gd 4
= spring deflection n = number of coils

P1

x/2

x/2

P2

Max. moment occurs here L/2-x/2 L/2

4. Spring constant

k=

R1

L/2

R2

1.

Rx = P1S + P2(0) ; S-spacing b/w loads

Shear and Moment Diagram How to draw the curves for shear and moment diagrams
Load Diagram Shear Diagram Diagram Increasing Decreasing Increasing Decreasing Load (increasing)
w

x=
2.

P1 S R
1

MR

Moment

Load (decreasing)
w

3.

L x R2 L = R1 1 2 2 L x R 2 R2 = L L x Max.M = R2 2 2

R1

R2

R1

R2

2.

Maximum shearing force occurs at, and is equal to, the maximum reaction. Maximum reaction is when the load is directly above the reaction, thus, the left most load is above the left reaction; and the right most load is above the reaction. Position at which R2 is maximum
L-S P1 S P2

Relation of Load, Shear and Moment Diagrams

R1

R2

Load Diagram
R1

A1 x1 x2 R2 V=A1 V1 M=A1 V2 Mmax V1 V2 =A1 (area of load diag.)

Position at which R1 is maximum

L-S P1 S P2

Shear Diagram

Moment Diagram

M1

M2

M2 M1 =A1 (area of shear diag.)

R1

R2

Stresses in Beams Radius of curvature of beams

b width Q statical moment of area Q = Ay 1. Rectangular section

b d/4 d/2

EI M
= radius of curvature of beam M = bending moment I = moment of inertia

3V 2bd

Critical section for shear h/2 h/2

c fb NA

2. Triangular section

3V = bh
3. Circular section

h/3 Critical section b/2

Flexural (or Bending) Stress

fb =

Mc M = I I C

4V 3A

Critical section

I ; section modulus, S C M fb = S I S= C
1. For rectangular sections:

Beams of Different Materials (Reinforced Beam)

S = n W
Where:

AW = nAS
ES ; modular ratio EW

n=
Combined Stresses Axial loading;

d bd 3 Mc c= ; I= ; fb = I 2 12 d M 2 fb = bd 3 12 6M fb = 2 bd bd 2 S= ; section modulus 6

( )

= =

P A T J Mc I
C L M

Torsional loading;

Flexural loading Axial and flexure C L e P

fb =

2. Circular section with diameter, d

C P L

S=

d 3
32

3. Hollow tube

S=

4R

(R

r4

)
M=Pe

R = outer radius r = inside radius 4. Triangle

P Mc f = A I
Mohrs Circle 1. Normal Stress () Tension (+) Compression (-) 2. Shear Stress () Clockwise (+) 3. Rotation Counterclockwise (+)

bd 3 S= 24
Shearing Stress

XY = YX
C=

=
Where

VQ Ib

X +Y
2

V shear force I moment of inertia

Stability & Determinacy of Structures Beams 1. r < c+3 2. r = c+3 3. r > c+3 ; unstable ; stable and determinate ; stable and indeterminate where: r = unknown reaction elements c = no. of equations of condition = 1.0 hinge, internal connection = 2.0 roller, internal connection = 0 without internal connection

Frames 1. 3b+r < 3j+c ; unstable 2. 3b+r = 3j+c ; stable & determinate 3. 3b+r > 3j+c ; stable & indeterminate Trusses 1. b+r < 2j 2. b+r = 2j 3. b+r > 2j ; unstable ; stable & determinate ; stable & indeterminate Where: b = no. of bars j = no. of joints

Three Moment Equation

L h h 6A a L M L 6A a M1L1 + 2M 2 1 + 2 + 3 3 + 1 1 + 2 2 = 6 1 + 3 E1I1 E1I1 E2 I 2 E2 I 2 L1E1I1 L2 E2 I 2 L1 L2

When EI is constant

M 1 L1 + 2M 2 [L1 + L2 ] + M 3 L2 +

h h 6 A1 a1 6 A2 b2 + = 6 EI 1 + 3 L1 L2 L1 L2

Where: h1 & h2 is positive when measured upward

6 Aa - moment of area of M-diag. resulting from carrying the applied loads on a simple span of the L
length as equivalent beam segment

Types of Loading P a L w N/m L w N/m b

6 Aa L Pa 2 L a2 L wL3 4

6 Ab L

Pa 2 L a2 L wL3 4

wL3 4

wL3 4

Moment Distribution Method (Hardy Cross Method) Absolute stiffness: Relative Stiffness:

4 EI k= L
Distribution Factor:

k=

4 EI L

when E is constant let I = LCM of the span

DF =

DF= 1.0 for hinge or roller DF = 0 for fixed end

Fixed End Moment Ma A a L w N/m A B L P Mb b B

Pab 2 MA = + 2 L
Mb

Pab 2 MA = + 2 L

Ma

MA = +

wL2 12

wL2 Pab 2 MA = + MA = + 2 12 L
w N/m Ma A Ma A L B B L Mb Mb

wL2 MA = + 30

Pab 2 MA = + 2 L

MA = +

6 EI L2

MA = +

Pab 2 L2

Beam Deflection Double Integration Method

EIy = Mdx(dx ) + C1 ( x ) + C 2

d2y EI 2 = M dx dy EI = Mdx + C1 dx

; ;

Slope equation Deflection equation

Where: dy/dx slope/tangent on the elastic curve deflection flexural rigidity constant of integration moment equation y EI C1 & C2 M -

Area Moment Method Theorem I: The change of slope between tangents drawn to the elastic curve at any two points A and B is equal to the product of (1/EI) multiplied by the area of moment diagram between these two points A and B

AB =

1 [areaMD]AB EI

Theorem II: The deviation of any point B relative to a tangent drawn to the elastic curve at any point A, in a direction perpendicular to the original position of the beam, is equal to the product of (1/EI) multiplied by the moment of area about B of that part of the moment diagram between points A and B

tB / A =

1 [areaMD]AB x B EI

Tangent @ A A

Any Loading

Tangent @B

C tC/A AB

tB/A

Elastic curve

Sign convention 1. Slope A B AB (+) A AB (-) B

2. Deviation A B tB/A (+) A B tB/A (-)

Other Methods (for beam deflection) 1. Method of superposition 2. Virtual work method or Unit Load Method (beams, frames and trusses) 3. Slope Deflection Method 4. Castiqlianos Theorem

Problems 1. Determine the outside diameter of a hollow steel tube that will carry a tensile load of 500 kN at a stress of 150 MN/m2. Assume the wall thickness to be one-tenth of the outside diameter. (ans. 109mm) 2. An aluminum tube is rigidly fastened between a bronze rod and a steel rod as shown. 20kN Determine the stress in each material. (ans. b=28.57MPa; a=5MPa; s=12.5MPa) Bronze 700mm2 0.50m Aluminum 1000mm2 15kN 0.60m 15kN Steel 800mm2 0.70m

10kN

3. The following data were recorded during a tensile test of a 14.0 mm diameter mild steel rod. The gage length was 50 mm. Find the (a) proportional limit, (b) modulus of elasticity, (c) elastic limit, (d) yield point, (e) ultimate strength and (f) rapture strength. (ans. a. 246.2MPa; b. 205167 MPa; c. 260.49MPa;d. 270.24MPa; e. 448.23MPa; f. 399.51 MPa)

Load (N) 0 6310 12600 18800 25100 31300 37900 40100 41600 46200 52400 58500 68000 69000 67800 65000 61500

Elongation (mm) 0 0.010 0.020 0.030 0.040 0.050 0.060 0.163 0.433 1.25 2.50 4.50 7.50 12.50 15.50 20.00 fracture

Stress

Strain

P A

4. Determine what force is required to punch a 15mm hole in a mild steel pipe 5mm thick, when an ultimate shear stress of the plate is 500 MPa? What will then be the compressive stress in the punch? (ans. V = 118kN; = 667MPa) 5. During a stress-strain test the unit deformation at a stress of 62 MPa was observed to be 160x10-6 m/m and at a stress of 150 MPa the unit deformation was observed to be 600x10-6 m/m. Find the value of its modulus of elasticity and the strain corresponding to a stress of 80 MPa. (ans. E=200GPa; =250x10-6) 6. A short concrete column 300 mm square in cross-section is reinforced with six symmetrically placed steel bars each has an area of 400 mm2. If the column carries a load 1000kN and Es=200GPa (steel); Ec=14GPa (concrete), find the stress of concrete and steel. (ans. s=117MPa; c=8MPa) 7. The beam shown is supported by dissimilar members. The bar is rigid but is not constrained to remain horizontal. What are the reactions in Aa=300mm2 the vertical members? (ans. Pc=554kN; Ea=400GPa Pb=614kN; Pa=169kN)

0 40.99 40.99 40.86 81.85 40.28 122.13 40.92 163.05 40.28 203.33 42.87 246.20 14.27 260.49 270.24 300.12 340.40 380.02 441.74 448.23 440.44 422.25 399.51

0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001 0.0012 0.0033 0.0087 0.025 0.05 0.09 0.15 0.25 0.31 0.40 fracture

Ab=200mm2 Eb=300GPa

1000kN 2m

Ac=100mm2 Ec=200GPa

4m

6m

8. A steel wire 10 m long hanging vertically supports a tensile load of 2kN. Neglecting the weight of the wire, determine the required diameter if the stress is not to exceed 140 MPa and the total elongation is not to exceed 5mm. Use E = 200 GPa. (ans. 5.05mm) 9. A steel block with dimensions shown is subjected to the tri-axial forces indicated. Using E=200GPa and =0.30, determine (a) x; (b) y; (c) z; (d) change in volume. (ans. a. 1.85x10-5; b. -1.4x10-5; c. 5.5x10-6; d. 150mm3) 150kN 120kN 500mm 300mm 100kN 100mm 120kN

100kN

150kN

10. A steel rod is stretched between two rigid walls and carries a tensile load of 600N at 20oC, using

=11.7x10-6/oC and E=200GPa. Find the required minimum diameter of the rod if the allowable stress is not to exceed 140MPa at -25oC. (ans. 15mm) 11. A steel marine propeller is to transmit 4.5 MW at 3 rev/sec without exceeding a shearing stress of 50 MN/m2 or twisting through more than 1o in a length of 25 diameter. Compute the diameter if G=83GPa. (ans. 351mm) 12. A hollow steel tube having an outside diameter of 220mm and inside diameter of 200mm, which of the following gives the maximum torque that it could carry if the allowable shearing stress is 75.5 MPa. 13. Three wheel loads roll as a unit across a 10m span. The loads are A=60kN; B=50kN, 3m to the right of A, and C=90kN, 4m to the right of B. Find maximum shear and moment. (ans. V=138kN; M=257.66kN-m) 14. Give the maximum shear and moment of the beam shown. (ans. V=90kN; M=81kN) 50kN/m 2m 2m 20kN/m 2m

15. A simply supported beam, 60mm wide by 100mm high and 4m long is subjected to a concentrated load of 800N at a point 1m from one of the supports. Determine the maximum flexural stress and the stress developed in a fiber located 10mm from the top of the beam at midspan. (ans. 6MPa; 3.20MPa) 16. A timber beam 150mm by 300mm is reinforced on the bottom only, with a steel strip 75mm wide by 10mm thick. Determine the maximum resisting moment of the beam if the allowable stress of steel and wood are 120MPa and 8MPa, respectively. Use n=20. By what amount is the moment increased by the reinforcement? (ans. 25.77 kN-m; 7.77 kN-m) 17. For the beam shown, determine the maximum stress in each material when the section is resisting a bending moment of 70 kN-m. Es=200GPa (steel), Ea=70GPa (aluminum), Ew=10GPa (wood). (ans. s=249MPa; a=112MP, w=10MPa) 80mm Steel 20mm

wood

150mm

aluminum

150mm

18. A cross section of the beam is built-up of two 40mm by 120mmwood planks, securely spiked together to act as a single unit. It is used as a simple span 3m long supporting a load of 200 N/m including its own weight. Calculate the maximum bending stress in the beam. (ans. 1.03MPa)

19. At certain point in a stressed body, the principal stresses are x=80MPa, and y=-40MPa. Determine the normal stress and shear stress on the plane whose normal is at +30o with the x-axis. (ans. z=50MPa, y =51.96MPa) 80MPa 20. If a point is subjected to the state of stresses 50MPa shown , determine the principal stresses and the maximum shearing stress. (ans. : 58 & -98MPa; 50MPa =78MPa) 40MPa 40MPax

80MPa

21. A beam has a rectangular cross section 100mm wide by 200 mm deep. What is the maximum safe value of P if the allowable flexural stress is 10 MPa and the allowable shearing stress of 1.5 MPa? (ans. 2kN)

P 30kN/m 0.6m P 3m

0.6m 300 N

22. From the given beam, find the value of P that will cause the tangent to the elastic curve over the support B to be horizontal. (ans. 1350kN)

1m A

2m

B 2m

23. Find the deflection and the rotational deflection at point C. E = 70 GPa and I = 10.57 x106 mm4. (ans. =257mm; =0.2433rad)

B A 1m

10 kN/m 6m

C 1m

D 2m

20kN

24. Find the reactions of the beam shown. (ans. Ma=83kN-m)

B 1m

10 kN/m 6m

C 1m

D 2m

25. Analyze the beam shown. (ans. Rb=18.61kN, Rc=9.03kN, Rd=27.36kN)

6 kN/m A B 1m C 4m 1m 2m D 1m 5 kN 5 kN

10 kN/m

E 3m

26. Determine the deflection at midspan of the given beam. Use any method. (ans. A EIy=8107)

200kN 20 kN/m 4m B 2m C 2m D

27. Determine the support reactions. (ans. Rb=126kN, Rc=134kN, Mc=182.5kN-m)

A 2m B

100kN 3m 20 kN/m 3m C

28. Analyze the beam shown. (ans. Ra=0.775, Rb=2.855, Rc=11.17)

900 N/m 6 kN 3 kN 800 N/m

A 4m

1m

1m

C 1m

D 5m