Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Age of Exploration
y When: Renaissance Period opening of the world to European shipping y How: New technology y Navigation ships, sailing charts and maps, navigational instruments y Military gunpowder, superior high-powered arms
y Why: Gospel, Gold and Glory y Who: Two Iberian Superpowers y Spain y Portugal
Age of Exploration
y Discovery of previously terra incognita Asia y Race to the Moluccas or Spice Islands y Portugal sailed via south-eastern route through the Indian Ocean (Malacca in 1511 & Moluccas in 1512) y Spain sailed via the western or southwestern route (West Indies in 1492; Philippines in 1521)
Iberian Peninsula
Spice Islands
y y y
boatbuilding Discovery of Azores in the Atlantic, leading to (a) the discovery of the Americas; and (b) circumnavigation of the west coast of Africa Reached the East using direct all-water route Reached southermost end of Africa Reached India
route to India by Christopher Columbus, instead reached Guanahani and Cuba (1492) y Led to misapprehension and dispute between Spain and Portugal
Christopher Columbus
spheres of influence: imaginary line from north to south poles west of Cape Verde to Spain, east to Portugal y Agreement to propagate Christianity
Treaty of Tordesillas
Important expeditions
y Magellan Expedition
(1518-1521) led by Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese serving Spanish royalty y Villalobos Expedition (1542-1546) led by Ruy Lopez de Villalobos y Legazpi Expedition (1564) led by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
Magellan Expedition
(1518-1521)
y led by Ferdinand
Magellan, a Portuguese serving Spanish royalty who was then not in good terms with the Lisbon Court y Pigafetta, Magellan expedition chronicler
Magellan Expedition
(1518-1521)
y Took the westward Route from Spain: y Southern tip of South America y Across Pacific Ocean y Limasawa, PHILIPPINES March 15, 1521 y Blood compact with Raja Humabon, ruler of
Magellan Expedition
(1518-1521)
assistance from Magellan y Magellans forces were defeated by Raja Lapu-lapu and the natives of Mactan
Battle of Mactan
land to plant corn the first time on Philippine soil y Named the group of islands in Samar and Leyte as Las Phelipinas or Las Felipinas in honor of then Prince Philipp II of Spain
Villalobos
King Philipp II
de Legazpi y Reached Cebu in February 1565 y Fr. Andres de Urdaneta was Legazpis chief pilot
moved northward to Luzon and conquered the prosperous Muslim town of Manila (Raja Sulaiman) y After Manila, expeditions were sent to other parts of Luzon y Miguel Lopez de Legazpi was granted by King Philip II the title Adelantado de Filipinas y Bloodless conquest of the Philippines - Sword + Cross
administered Philippines, which was then a captaincy general y Real y Supreme Consejo de las Indias (Royal and Supreme Council of the Indies) goverend all Spanish colonies; paramount lawmaker and administrator next to the King
oral & written Spanish, was a cabeza de barangay for 4 years y Functions:
(a) Preparation of tribute list (b) Recruitment of men for draft labor and communal public work (c) Postal clerk (d) Judge in small civil suits (e) Responsible for peace and order
administrator
y Usually the barangay chiefs, literacy in
economic powers y Press censorship y Vast networks of parishes, especially regulars (those who belonged to Spanish order) y Landowners (e.g. Dominicans, Augustinians and the Recollects)
and revolucionarios y March 1, 1888: First anti-friar demonstration y 1898 Malolos Constitution: Separation of Church and State y Philippine revolution centered in the areas where there were vast haciendas (friar estates)
la campana (under the sound of the bell) or bajo el toque de la campana (under the peal of the bell) y Pueblos established by the Franciscan missionary where the church and convent would be constructed; houses to be built around church
Reduccion as device
y Christian indoctrination y Civilizing device to make the Filipinos law
abiding citizens (little brown Spaniards) y Used Christian festivals to attract the unwilling unbaptized indios (e.g., Flores de mayo, Santacruzan, Sinakulo, Moro-moro) y Led to changes in the pre-colonial barangays
y External: architecture, roofs of tiles or iron
Economic Institutions
y Taxation without representation y Polo y Servicio Personal or Prestacion Personal y Encomiendas: Royal and Private y Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade (1565-1815) y Royal Economic Society of Friends of the Country (1780-1895) y Royal Philippine Company (1785-1814) y Infrastructure, Telecommunications and Public Utility Development
descendants of Filipino chiefly class; laborers of arsenal and artillery; mediquillos (not doctors but w/ medical experiences); vaccinators, and some college /university students
(meeting of persons and things or community labor) y Who: Polistas Filipino or Chinese male mestizos from 16-60 years old y How long: 40 days (15 days since 1884) y Exemption: payment of falta (absence)
to a meritorious Spaniar (Encomendero) to exercise control (not land grant) over a specific place including its inhabitants y 2 Kinds:
y Royal or crown reserved for the crown;
included principal towns and ports y Private granted to individuals who were the Kings proteges, or men who served with merit during conquest and pacification campaigns
Economic Institutions:
Royal Economic Society of Friends of the Country (1780-1895)
y Jose de Basco true example of Spains
composed of leading business, industry and the professions y Plan General Economico income-generating monopolies of tobacco, areca nut, spiritual liquors and explosives
Asian commerce y Exclusive monopoly of bringing to Manila, not only Philippine but also Chinese and Indian goods, and shipping them directly to Spain y Opposed by Dutch and English attack on their trade in Asian goods
Economic Institutions:
Infrastructure, Telecommunications and Public Utility Development
y Railway line Ferrocarril de Manila y Street car service lines Compania de los
Tranvias de Filipinas y Horse-drawn vehicles y First suspension bridge now Quezon Bridge y Regular shippign Manila-Hongkong weekly y Telephone started in 1890 y Public lighting system in Manila
Social transformations
Adoption of Hispanic Names y Decreed by Gov. Gen. Narciso Claveria in 1849
indegenous and chinese patronymics, flora and fauna, geographical names and the arts. y Contained derogatory names such as Utut, Unggoy and Casillas y For the purposes of census, tax collection, performance of the polo and control of populationmovement
Social Transformations
Filipino cuisines influenced by the Spanish and Chinese y Adobo, menudo, sarciado, puchero, and mechado were of Spanish influence y Pansit, siopao, mami, siomai, are Chinese Change in Mode of Dressing y Barong Tagalog, camisa chino and the use of trousers y Hats and the use of shoes y Barot saya for women
Social Transformations
Celebration of Fiestas y Enticed the indios from the barangays to come into the town proper y Indoctrinate the indios about the performance of religious rituals y Feast days for the Holy Week, and for patron saints y Performance of religious dramas such as the
Social Transformations
Practice of the Compadrazgo y Ritual co-parenthood or Kumpare system y Applied both in baptism and marriages
Cultural Transformation
y Precolonial baybayin supplanted by the Latin
alphabet by the mid 18th century y Everything pagan was destroyed by the Spanish missionaries and replaced by the theocentric religion of Catholicism y The Spanish crown wanted the indios to learn the Spanish language the friars, however, were uncooperative y Precolonial literature was replaced by theocentric literature (comedias, sinakulo and the zarzuela)
Cultural Transformation
y Introduction of European visual arts such as
images, santoses, jewelry and painting. y Famous Filipino painters of European style were Juan Luna and Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo y Western musical instruments such as the organ, harp, guitar and piano.
language we never lost that Malayan foundation y The Filipinos were partially hispanized y Cultural patterns of the Muslims and other minorities have remained unchanged y The transformation of the Philippine colony created a blending of the native and Spanish cultures which became the bases of Filipino nationalism today