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Culture Documents
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* Gm^f + Bb`bm , Pbs^
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QR
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QW 4 PN PQ 1 2 P 2 4 O P A 4 Bb`bm
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Gginm l^glhk I~A?*F I~A?*J H~GA*F H~GA*J O~NO* C~AO*F C~AO*J Q~AA*F Q~AA*J P~NO* L~LL* T~QQ* HNmF HNmJ BNmF BNmJ 0-10SBA 1-5SBA 4-20f?BA
BblieZr
:;49:3:;497 958659
K @ L S @ J
Q^fi^kZmnk^ NGB BGL T48vF48ff Nen` mri^ BGL T48vF48ff Q^kfbgZe mri^ Co^gm 1 hnminm Co^gm 1 + Co^gm 2 hnminm Dm]ek 6 0 P]kiYejdajjafe flkglk.NT/ 24S?A 50/60Fs, 24-48SBA 100-240S?A 50/60Fs O^eZr hnminm PPO hnminm Ankk^gm hnminm~Ahgmkhe*
/ Ahgmkhe hnminm
x?ee fh]^el aZl CS-1 hnminm. xQa^k^ Zk^ gh CS-2 Zg] O^mkZglfbllbhg hnminm bg QW4PN~Nen` Qri^*]n^ mh eZ\d h_ m^kfbgZe. xCS-2 Zg] O^mkZglfbllbhg hnminm \Zgghm [^ nl^] Zm ma^ lZf^ mbf^ bg QW4PQ.
P^e^\mZ[e^ m^fi^kZmnk^ kZg`^ w -100 mh 1300w -100.0 mh 999.9w 0 mh 800w 0.0 mh 800.0w 0 mh 1700w 0 mh 800w 0.0 mh 800.0w -200 mh 400w -199.9 mh 400.0w 0 mh 1700w 0 mh 1300w 0 mh 2300w 0 mh 500w -199.9 mh 199.9w 0 mh 500w -199.9 mh 199.9w -1999 mh 9999w -1999 mh 9999w -1999 mh 9999w
P^e^\mZ[e^ m^fi^kZmnk^ kZg`^ { -148 mh 2372{ Qabl fh]^ \Zg ghm nl^ Zl { 32 mh 1472{ Qabl fh]^ \Zg ghm nl^ Zl { 32 mh 3092{ 32 mh 1472{ Qabl fh]^ \Zg ghm nl^ Zl { -328 mh 752{ Qabl fh]^ \Zg ghm nl^ Zl { 32 mh 3092{ 32 mh 2372{ 32 mh 4172{ 32 mh 932{ -199.9 mh 392.0{ 32 mh 932{ -199.9 mh 392.0{ -1999 mh 9999{ -1999 mh 9999{ -1999 mh 9999{
QaZgd rhn o^kr fn\a _hk l^e^\mbg` ?nmhgb\l ikh]n\ml. Efi pfli jY^]kp1 gc]Yj] i]Y\ k`] ^fccfnae_ Z]^fi] ljae_3
t Qg][a^a[Ykafej
P^kb^l Nhp^k lniier ?eehpZ[e^ ohemZ`^ kZg`^ Nhp^k \hglnfimbhg BblieZr f^mah] QW4PQ/QW4PN 24S?A 50/60Fs, 24-48SBA 100-240S?A 50/60Fs 90 mh 110{ h_ kZm^] ohemZ`^ ?iikhq. 7S?, KZq. 6T ?iikhq. 5S? 7P^`f^gm JCB ]blieZr XNkh\^llbg` oZen^~NS*:O^], P^mmbg` oZen^~PS*:Ek^^gY <Qa^kfh\hnie^:I~A?*, H~GA*, O~NO*, C~AO*, Q~AA*, P~NN*, L~LL*, T~QQ*~Qhe^kZg\^ ebg^ k^lblmZg\^ bl fZq. 100~* <OQB:BGL Nm100~, HGP Nm100~, 3 pbk^l mri^ ~Qhe^kZg\^ h_ ebg^ k^lblmZg\^ bl fZq. 5~ i^k Z pbk^* <ShemZ`^:1-5SBA, 0-10SBA, Ankk^gm:4-20f?BA
t @lkfkleae_ fg]iYkafe
NGB ?nmhmngbg` _ng\mbhg ZnmhfZmb\Zeer f^Zlnk^l ma^kfZe \aZkZ\m^kblmb\l Zg] k^lihgl^ h_ ma^ \hgmkhe lrlm^f Zg] ma^g ^q^\nm^l bml oZen^ ng]^k ab`a k^lihgl^ | lmZ[bebmr Z_m^k \Ze\neZmbg` ma^ mbf^ \hglmZgm h_ NGB k^jnbk^] mh \hgmkhe himbfnf m^fi^kZmnk^. =Cq^\nm^ ma^ ?nmhmngbg` _ng\mbhg Zm bgbmbZe mbf^ Z_m^k \hgg^\mbg` ma^ \hgmkhee^k | ma^ l^glhk. =Cq^\nmbhg h_ ?nmhmngbg` bl lmZkm^] pa^g ik^llbg` ?Q d^r _hk 3l^\. hk fhk^. =Ta^g ma^ ?nmhmngbg` bl lmZkm^], ?Q eZfi pbee _eb\d^k, Zg] pa^g ma^ eZfi bl MDD, mabl hi^kZmbhg pbee lmhi. =Tabe^ ma^ ?nmhmngbg` _ng\mbhg bl ^q^\nmbg`, bm bl lmhii^] [r ik^llbg` ?Q d^r _hk 5l^\. hk fhk^. =Ta^g ma^ ihp^k mnkgl h__ hk ma^ lmhi lb`gZe bl Ziieb^] pabe^ ?nmhmngbg` _ng\mbhg bl ^q^\nmbg`, mbf^ \hglmZgm h_ NGB bl ghm \aZg`^] Zg] bm k^f^f[^kl ma^ oZen^ [^_hk^ ihp^k mnkgl h__. =Qbf^ \hglmZgm h_ NGB l^e^\m^] [r ?nmhmngbg` _ng\mbhg \Zg [^ \aZg`^] bg _bklm l^mmbg` `khni. =Hk `Yj knf bae\j f^ @lkfkleae_ df\]3 =@lkfkleae_ fg]iYkafe aj ]o][lk]\ Yk j]kkae_ mYcl].QT/ ae Rle6 df\] n`a[` aj ^Y[kfip \]^Ylck3 =@lkfkleae_ fg]iYkafe aj ]o][lk]\ Yk <5- f^ j]kkae_ mYcl].QT/3 =Kf\] [`Ye_] aj YmYacYZc] ae j][fe\ j]kkae_ _iflg3 =Cq^\nm^ ma^ ?nmhmngbg` _ng\mbhg Z`Zbg i^kbh]b\Zeer, [^\Znl^ ma^ ma^kfZe \aZkZ\m^kblmb\l _hk ma^ \hgmkhe h[c^\m \Zg [^ \aZg`^] pa^g ma^ \hgmkhee^k bl nl^] \hgmbgnhnler _hk Z ehg` mbf^.
~mng 1 fh]^* PS w ?nmhmngbg` mbf^
UYieae_ BYlkafe
P^kbhnl bgcnkr fZr k^lnem b_ bglmkn\mbhgl Zk^ ghm _heehp^]. Nkh]n\m fZr [^ ]ZfZ`^], hk bgcnkr fZr k^lnem b_ bglmkn\mbhgl Zk^ ghm _heehp^].
Gginm l^glhk
xQa^ _heehpbg` bl Zg ^qieZgZmbhg h_ ma^ lrf[hel nl^] bg ma^ hi^kZmbhg fZgnZe. + \Znmbhg:Ggcnkr hk ]Zg`^k fZr h\\nk ng]^k li^\bZe \hg]bmbhgl.
+
UYieae_
63 He [Yj] f^ ljae_ k`aj leak nak` dY[`ae]ia]j.Ll[c]Yi gfn]i [fekifc1 d]\a[Yc ]hlagd]ek1 m]`a[c]1 kiYae1 YaigcYe]1 [fdZljkafe YggYiYklj1 ]ek]ikYaed]ek fi jY^]kp \]ma[] ]k[/1 ak i]hlai]j aejkYccae_ ^Yac2jY^] \]ma[]1 fi [fekY[k lj ^fi ae^fidYkafe fe kpg] i]hlai]\3 Gm fZr k^lnem bg l^kbhnl ]ZfZ`^, _bk^ hk anfZg bgcnkr. 73 R`aj leak dljk Z] dflek]\ fe gYe]c3 Gm fZr `bo^ Zg ^e^\mkb\ lah\d. 83 Cf efk [fee][k k]idaeYcj n`]e ak aj gfn]i fe3 Gm fZr `bo^ Zg ^e^\mkb\ lah\d. 93 Nc]Yj] [`][b k`] eldZ]i f^ k]idaeYc n`]e [fee][k gfn]i cae] fi d]Yjliae_ aeglk3 Gm fZr \Znl^ Z _bk^. :3 Cf efk i]gYai fi [`][blg n`]e gfn]i fe3 Gm fZr `bo^ Zg ^e^\mkb\ lah\d.
BYlkafe
63 R`aj leak j`Ycc efk Z] lj]\ flk\ffij3 Gm fb`am lahkm^g ma^ eb_^ \r\e^ h_ ma^ ikh]n\m hk `bo^ Zg ^e^\mkb\ lah\d. 73 U`]e nai] [fee][kafe1 Lf375@UF.53:dd0/ j`flc\ Z] lj]\ Ye\ j[i]n Zfck fe k]idaeYc Zcf[b nak` 53<9L<d kf 53>5L<d jki]e_k`3 Gm fZr k^lnem bg fZe_ng\mbhg hk _bk^ ]n^ mh \hgmZ\m _Zbenk^. 83 Nc]Yj] fZj]im] jg][a^a[Ykafe iYkae_3 Gm fb`am lahkm^g ma^ eb_^ \r\e^ h_ ma^ ikh]n\m Zg] \Znl^ Z _bk^. 93 Cf efk lj] k`] cfY\ Z]pfe\ iYk]\ jnak[`ae_ [YgY[akp f^ P]cYp [fekY[k3 Gm fZr \Znl^ bglneZmbhg _Zbenk^, \hgmZ\m f^em, \hgmZ\m _Zbenk^, k^eZr [khd^g, _bk^ ^m\. :3 He [c]Yeae_ k`] leak1 \f efk lj] nYk]i fi Ye fac2ZYj]\ \]k]i_]ek3 Gm fb`am \Znl^ Zg ^e^\mkb\ lah\d hk _bk^ maZm pbee k^lnem bg ]ZfZ`^ mh ma^ ikh]n\m. ;3 Cf efk ae^cfn \ljk fi nai] \i]_j aekf aeja\] f^ k`aj leak3 Gm fZr \Znl^ Z _bk^ hk f^\aZgb\Ze mkhn[e^. <3 Cf efk lj] k`aj leak Yk gcY[] n`]i] k`]i] Yi] ^cYddYZc] fi ]ogcfjam] _Yj1 `lda\akp1 \ai][k iYp f^ k`] jle1 iY\aYek `]Yk1 maZiYkafe1 adgY[k ]k[3 Gm fZr \Znl^ Z _bk^ hk ^qiehlbhg. =3 Nc]Yj] [`][b k`] gfcYiakp f^ gfn]i Z]^fi] [fee][kae_ k`]idf[flgc] j]ejfi3 Gm fZr \Znl^ Z _bk^ hk ^qiehlbhg.
<ML/MDD Ahgmkhe <N, NG, NB, NGBD, NGBP <O^eZr \hgmZ\m hnminm:250S?A 3? 1\ <PPO hnminm:12SBA u3S KZq. 30f? Ahgmkhe hnminm <Ankk^gm hnminm:4-20f?BA~JhZ] k^lblmZg\^:KZq. 600~* NT i]kiYejdajjafe?9275d@CB.JfY\ i]jajkYe[]?KYo3 ;55v/1 v P]kiYejdajjafe flkglk fecp ^fi RV9QR kpg] Co^gm 1, 2 hnminm:O^eZr \hgmZ\m hnminm 250S?A 1? 1Z Pn[ hnminm BblieZr Z\\nkZ\r u0.3{ [Zl^] hg D<P hk 3w KZq. P^mmbg` mri^ P^mmbg` [r _khgm inla [nmmhgl ?]cnlmZ[e^ 1 mh 100~0.1 mh 100.0*w Zm ML/MDD \hgmkhe Frlm^k^lbl Q]k aek]imYc Z]kn]]e ML Ye\ MEE ^fi YcYid flkglk ^ifd @cYid flkglk r r 6 kf 655r.C][adYc kpg] ? 536 kf 65535r/ 0 mh 100{ NkhihkmbhgZe [Zg]~N* 0 mh 3600l^\. Ggm^`kZe mbf^~G* 0 mh 3600l^\. B^kboZmbo^ mbf^~B* 1 mh 120l^\. Ahgmkhe mbf^~Q* 0.5l^\. PZfiebg` mbf^ 1 mh 999l^\. J@? l^mmbg` mbf^ OZfi ni, OZfi ]hpg Zm 1 mh 99 fbgnm^ OZfi l^mmbg` mbf^ Bb^e^\mkb\ lmk^g`ma 2000S?A _hk 1 fbgnm^ 0.75ff Zfiebmn]^ Zm _k^jn^g\r h_ 10 mh 55Fs K^\aZgb\Ze bg ^Z\a h_ U, V, W ]bk^\mbhgl _hk 2 ahnkl Sb[kZmbhg 0.5ff Zfiebmn]^ Zm _k^jn^g\r h_ 10 mh 55Fs KZe_ng\mbhg bg ^Z\a h_ U, V, W ]bk^\mbhgl _hk 10 fbgnm^l K^\aZgb\Ze : Kbg.10,000,000 mbf^l KZbg hnminm Ce^\mkb\Ze : Kbg.100,000 mbf^l~250S?A 3? k^lblmbo^ ehZ]* O^eZr eb_^ \r\e^ K^\aZgb\Ze : Kbg.20,000,000 mbf^l Pn[ hnminm Ce^\mkb\Ze : Kbg.500,000 mbf^l~250S?A 1? k^lblmbo^ ehZ]* GglneZmbhg k^lblmZg\^ Kbg. 100K~~Zm 500SBA* Lhbl^ lmk^g`ma u2dS O NaZl^ | P NaZl^ 1| u500S O NaZl^ | P NaZl^ 1| K^fhkr k^m^gmbhg 10 r^Zkl ?f[b^gm m^fi^kZmnk^ -10 mh 50w~Zm ghg-_k^^sbg` lmZmnl* PmhkZ`^ m^fi^kZmnk^ -20 mh 60w~Zm ghg-_k^^sbg` lmZmnl* ?f[b^gm anfb]bmr 35 mh 85{ OF ?iikhq. 170` T^b`am ?iikhoZe Ahgmkhe f^mah]
=Qa^k^ Zk^ ab`a-li^^] k^lihgl^ mri^ Zg] ehp-li^^] k^lihgl^ mri^ [nbem bg mabl ngbm. Qa^k^_hk^ nl^k \Zg l^e^\m ^Z\a _ng\mbhg Z\\hk]bg` mh ma^bk Ziieb\Zmbhg. =Vhn \Zg l^e^\m ]nZe NGB \hgmkhe _ng\mbhg bg l^\hg] l^mmbg` `khni. Gm bl l^e^\mZ[e^ NGBD hk NGBP bg NGBm fh]^. =NGBD~Fb`a-li^^] k^lihgl^ mri^* : Qabl fh]^ bl Ziieb^] mh fZ\abg^l hk lrlm^fl pab\a k^jnbk^ ab`a-li^^] k^lihgl^. Cq*KZ\abg^l pab\a fnlm [^ Ziieb^] ik^ebfbgZkr a^Zm [^_hk^ bm hi^kZm^l xGgc^\mbhg fZ\abg^, Zg ^e^\mkb\ _nkgZ\^, ^m\. =NGBP~Jhp-li^^] k^lihgl^ mri^* : Qabl fh]^ bl Ziieb^] Zm ma^ fZ\abg^ pab\a k^jnbk^l ebmme^ ho^klahhm. Cq*@^\Znl^ Z _bk^ \Zg [^ h\\nk [r ho^klahhm h_ ma^ m^fi^kZmnk^. xNeZmbg` fZ\abg^ mh \hgmkhe m^fi^kZmnk^, hbebg` lrlm^f mh \hgmkhe m^fi^kZmnk^ h_ hbe, ^m\. =DZ\mhkr li^\b_b\Zmbhg bl NGBD bg QW l^kb^l. ?\\hk]bg` mh \hgmkhe lrlm^f, ie^Zl^ l^e^\m fh]^.
t KYelYc i]j]k
NkhihkmbhgZe \hgmkhe aZl ]^obZmbhg [^\Znl^ kblbg` mbf^ bl ghm lZf^ Zl _Zeebg` mbf^, ^o^g b_ ma^ ngbm hi^kZm^l ghkfZeer. =KZgnZe k^l^m _ng\mbhg bl nl^] Zm ikhihkmbhgZe \hgmkhe~N* fh]^ hger. =G_ l^m _ng\mbhg bg _bklm l^mmbg` `khni, ma^ fZgnZe k^l^m pbee kng. =Ta^g NS Zg] PS bl ^jnZe, O^l^m oZen^ bl 50{ Zg] pa^g \hgmkhe bl lmZ[e^, b_ ma^ m^fi^kZmnk^ bl ehp^k maZg PS, k^l^m oZen^ lahne] [^ ab`a^k Zg] hg ma^ hma^k aZg], k^l^m oZen^ lahne] [^ lfZee^k. = l^mmbg` f^mah] Z\\hk]bg` mh k^lnem h_ \hgmkhe
P^mmbg` oZen^ ~PS* Nkh\^llbg` oZen^~NS* KZd^ O^l^m oZen^ lfZee^k KZd^ O^l^m oZen^ [b``^k
t Bfekifc flkglk
Qa^k^ Zk^ 3 dbg]l h_ fZbg hnminm bg mabl ngbm, ln\a Zl k^eZr hnminm, PPO hnminm, \nkk^gm~4-20f?BA*, [nm mabl ngbm aZl hg^ fZbg hnminm hger. Qa^k^_hk^ ie^Zl^ l^e^\m hg^ fZbg hnminm bg hk]^kbg` bg_hkfZmbhg Z\\hk]bg` mh rhnk Ziieb\Zmbhg. =O^eZr hnminm kZm^] 250S?A 3? bl bg]b\Zm^] Zl zOz =PPO hnminm kZm^] 12SBA u3S bl bg]b\Zm^] zPz, ma^ ehZ] h_ ho^k 30f?BA \Zg ghm nl^. =Ankk^gm hnminm kZm^] 4-20f?BA bl bg]b\Zm^] Zl zAz, k^lblmbo^ ehZ] \Zg [^ nl^] ng]^k 600~. ~Lhm^*4-20f?BA \nkk^gm hnminm bl ]b__^k^gm _khf 4-20f?BA k^mkZglfbllbhg hnminm.
70{
Qbf^~m*
t ML4MEE [fekifc
ML/MDD \hgmkhe bl \Zee^] mph ihlbmbhg \hgmkhe [^\Znl^ ma^ hnminm mnkgl hg pa^g NS _Zeel ehp^k maZg PS Zg] ma^ hnminm mnkgl h__ pa^g NS bl ab`a^k maZg PS. Qabl \hgmkhe f^mah] bl ghm hger _hk \hgmkheebg` m^fi^kZmnk^, [nm Zelh bm bl [Zlb\ \hgmkhe f^mah] _hk l^jn^g\^ \hgmkhe. =G_ rhn l^m N oZen^ Zl z0.0z bg _bklm l^mmbg` `khni, ML/MDD \hgmkhe pbee hi^kZm^. =Qa^k^ bl Z ikh`kZffZ[e^ m^fi^kZmnk^ ]b__^k^g\^ [^mp^^g ML Zg] MDD bg ML/MDD \hgmkhe~Frlm^k^lbl pb]ma*, b_ ]b__^k^g\^ bl mhh lfZee, ma^g angmbg` ~\aZmm^kbg`* \Zg h\\nk. Q^fi^kZmnk^ ]b__^k^g\^ \Zg [^ l^m bg ihlbmbhg h_ _bklm l^mmbg` `khni. P^mmbg` kZg`^ bl 1 mh 100w~hk 0.1 mh 100.0w*. = bl ]blieZr^] pa^g N oZen^ bl z0z, [nm pbee ghm [^ ]blieZr^], b_ N oZen^ bl ghm z0z. =Qabl ML/MDD \hgmkhe lahne] ghm [^ Ziieb^] pa^g ^jnbif^gm~Ahhebg` \hfik^llhk* mh [^ \hgmkhee^] \Zg [^ ]ZfZ`^] [r _k^jn^gm ML Zg] MDD. =Co^g b_ ML/MDD \hgmkhe bl lmZ[e^ lmZmnl, ma^ angmbg` \Zg [^ h\\nkk^] [r l^mmbg` oZen^ bg hk \ZiZ\bmr h_ ma^ a^Zm^k hk k^lihgl^ \aZkZ\m^kblmb\ h_ ma^ ^jnbif^gm mh [^ \hgmkhee^] hk bglmZeebg` ihlbmbhg h_ ma^ l^glhk. Ne^Zl^ \hglb]^k Z[ho^ ihbgml mh fbgbfbs^ ma^ angmbg` pa^g ]^lb`gbg` ma^ lrlm^f.
t P]cYp flkglk
O^eZr hnminm bl _ng\mbhg _hk hnminmmbg` ML/MDD _hk fZbg \hgmkhe [r nlbg` k^eZr \hgmZ\m. Gm k^i^Zml ML/MDD ma^ ehZ] bg hk]^k mh a^Zm hk \hhe \hgmbgnhnler, bg mabl \Zl^, ]kbobg` fZ`g^m P/T hk ihp^k k^eZr~[b` \ZiZ\bmr* pbma nlbg` k^eZr \hgmZ\m h_ mabl ngbm. =Bh ghm ^q\^ll \hgmZ\m \ZiZ\bmr h_ k^eZr mh Z]cnlm bg ngbm li^\b_b\Zmbhg, pa^g nl^ k^eZr \hgmZ\m hnminm. G_ k^eZr bl ]ZfZ`^], bm fZr \Znl^ Z _bk^. =Ta^g bm \hgmkhel fZbg k^eZr hk fZ`g^m lpbm\a pbma ihp^k k^eZr \hgmZ\m, b_ _ehp k^o^kl^ ^e^\mkhfhmbo^ _hk\^ _khf \hbe h_ ihp^k k^eZr hk fZ`g^m P/T bgmh mabl ngbm, bm fZr k^lnem bg ikh]n\ml ]ZfZ`^] hk hnminm hl\beeZm^]. =Jb_^ \r\e^ h_ k^eZr~^e^\mkb\Ze/f^\aZgb\Ze* bl bg]b\Zm^] bg li^\b_b\Zmbhg. Ne^Zl^ ]^lb`g ma^ lrlm^f Z_m^k \a^\dbg` ma^ eb_^ \r\e^ h_ k^eZr. G_ l^m zmz ehg`^k bg _bklm l^mmbg` `khni, ma^ eb_^ \r\e^ h_ k^eZr bl `^mmbg` ehp^k. G_ bm g^^]l mh l^m \hgmkhe i^kbh] zmz lahkm^k ]n^ mh ma^kfZe k^lihgl^ bl _Zlm, PPO hnminm mri^ lahne] [^ nl^]. N26
NT
QT7 @R MSR DT6 DT7
E
QT
E F G H I J K L M D C
C AYe\.j][/ Bfekifc N]iaf\.j][/ Heglk M^^j]k Q]kkae_.r/ KYelYc P]j]kkae_.-/ Q]k I]p Jf[b
G H
NS : Nkh\^llbg` oZen^ bg]b\Zmhk~O^]* PS : P^mmbg` oZen^ bg]b\Zmhk~Ek^^g* : I^r lab_mbg` ma^ ]blieZr Gg_hkfZmbhg _hk hi^kZmbhg fh]^ ?Q I^r : Qa^ fh]^ d^r mh ^q\bm^ ?nmh mngbg` _ng\mbhg KB I^r : Kh]^ d^r CS2 : Co^gm 2 hnminm lb`gZe eZfi CS1 : Co^gm 1 hnminm lb`gZe eZfi MRQ : Mnminm lb`gZe eZfi ?Q : Qa^ lb`gZe eZfi _eb\d^kl pabe^ ?nmh mngbg` bl [^bg` ^q^\nm^] PS2 : PS2 eZfi _hk PS2 hi^kZmbhg
P/T1 : 2 P/T2 : ?
t PYdg ^le[kafe
OZfi _ng\mbhg bl mh ]^eZr ma^ kblbg` mbf^ hk _Zeebg` mbf^ h_ m^fi^kZmnk^. G_ rhn \aZg`^ l^mmbg` oZen^ Zm lmZ[e^ lmZm^ h_ \hgmkhe, bm _hk\^l mh kbl^ hk _Zee ma^ m^fi^kZmnk^ h_ \hgmkhe lrlm^f ]nkbg` l^mmbg` mbf^ Zm k?NR, k?N] bg _bklm l^mmbg` `khni. H^ i@dN aj efk ML ae j][fe\ j]kkae_ _iflg1 i@Nl1 i@N\ nacc efk Z] \ajgcYp]\ ae ^aijk j]kkae_ _iflg3 =Q]k i@dN aj ML ae j][fe\ j]kkae_ _iflg ^fi ljae_ PYdg ^le[kafe3 =P^m ma^ _Zeebg` mbf^ Zg] kblbg` mbf^ bg k?NR Zg] k?NR fh]^ h_ _bklm l^mmbg` `khni. =OZfi _ng\mbhg pbee [^ hi^kZmbg` pa^g \aZg`bg` ma^ l^m oZen^ Zm lmZ[e^ \hgmkhe lmZmnl hk lniier ma^ ihp^k Z`Zbg Z_m^k ma^ ihp^k pZl k^fho^]. si@NS ^le[kafe.C]cYp f^ iajae_ kad]/
Ahgmkhe m^fi^kZmnk^ pa^g kZfi _ng\mbhg bl ghm nl^]
AaZg`bg` PS GgbmbZe PS
t Blii]ek flkglk.9275d@CB/
Qabl hnminm, \Zee^] ZgZeh`n^ hnminm bl mh \hgmkhe ma^ mkZgl]n\^k~PAO ngbm*, bm \Zg ikh\^^] lmZ[e^ \hgmkhe [^\Znl^ ma^k^ bl gh Z ln]]^g \aZg`^. Gm hnminml 4-20f?BA, fZgbineZm^] oZen^ bl 100{ Zm 20f?BA, 0{ Zm 4f?BA. =Gm bl nl^] pbma mkZgl]n\^k Zg] \Zg ghm [^ nl^] Zl ma^ hma^k Ziieb\Zmbhg. =Qabl hnminm hi^kZm^l makhn`a bgg^k l^iZkZm^] Z \hglmZgm \nkk^gm-\bk\nbm. Qa^k^_hk^ \nkk^gm hnminm bl ghm \aZg`^] ^o^g b_ ma^ k^lblmbo^ ehZ] bl \hgg^\m^] bg hnmlb]^, [nm b_ k^lblmbo^ ehZ] bl mhh ab`a~ho^k 600~*, ma^ \nkk^gm \Zg [^ \aZg`^]. ~Ne^Zl^ nl^ ma^ k^lblmbo^ ehZ] e^ll maZg 600~.* =Bh ghm nl^ Z \nkk^gm hnminm bg \Zl^ h_ nlbg` ML/MDD \hgmkhe. =Ta^g \nkk^gm hnminm bl nl^], bm bl \aZg`bg` Zl ZgZeh`n^ _hkf, ma^ fZgbineZm^] oZen^ \Zg kZk^er [^ 100{ hk 0{. Qa^k^_hk^ J@? _ng\mbhg bl ghm nl^]. =Dkhgm MRQ eZfi ]h^l ghm hi^kZm^l bg \Zl^ h_ nlbg` Z \nkk^gm hnminm.
mn
k?NR l^mmbg` mbf^
Gm fZd^l ]^eZr kblbg` m^fi^kZmnk^ pa^g \aZg`^ ma^ l^m oZen^ Zm lmZ[e^ \hgmkhe lmZmnl hk ]^eZr ma^ bgbmbZe kblbg` m^fi^kZmnk^ Zl ebd^ Z[ho^ ib\mnk^. Lhm^1*k?Nn mbf^ \Zgghm [^ l^m lahkm^k maZg m^fi^kZmnk^ kblbg` mbf^~mn*, pa^g OZfi _ng\mbhg bl ghm nl^]. si@N\ ^le[kafe.C]cYp f^ ^Yccae_ kad]/
Ahgmkhe m^fi^kZmnk^ pa^g kZfi _ng\mbhg bl ghm nl^]
GgbmbZe PS
t P]kiYejdajjafe flkglk.9275d@CB/
O^mkZglfbllbhg hnminm bl ]b__^k^gm pbma \nkk^gm hnminm h_ \hgmkhe hnminm Zg] mh k^mkZglfbm \nkk^gm~4 mh 20f?BA* \hgo^kmbg` ma^ f^Zlnkbg` m^fi^kZmnk^ mh ma^ k^\hk]^k, NA, ^m\. @nm mabl \nkk^gm hnminm \Zg ghm nl^ Zm ho^k 600~ k^lblmbo^ ehZ]. =Kh]^ h_ k^mkZglfbllbhg hnminm bl l^e^\m^] Zm DP-F, DP-J bg ma^ l^\hg] _ehp \aZkm. =Ta^g NS k^Z\a Zm oZen^ h_ DP-J, bm hnminm 4f?. =Ta^g NS k^Z\a Zm oZen^ h_ DP-F, bm hnminm 20f?. =4 mh 20f?BA bl ]^lb`g Zl k^lhenmbhg h_ fbg. 16,000 ]boblbhgl.
t @cYid flkglk
Ahgmkhe m^fi^kZmnk^ pa^g kZfi _ng\mbhg bl nl^]
AaZg`bg` PS
m]
k?N] l^mmbg` mbf^
Qabl ngbm aZl hnminm _hk \hgmkhe Zg] ln[~?eZkf* hnminm [r himbhg. ~Qabl ZeZkf hnminm bl k^eZr hnminm Zg] hi^kZm^l k^`Zk]e^ll mh hnminm _hk \hgmkhe.* =?eZkf hnminm hi^kZm^l pa^g ma^ m^fi^kZmnk^ h_ mZk`^m bl `^mmbg` ab`a^k hk ehp^k maZg l^mmbg` oZen^. =1 ZeZkf fh]^ \Zg [^ l^e^\m^] Zfhg` 7 dbg]l h_ ZeZkf fh]^ Zm CS1, CS2 bg ma^ l^\hg] l^mmbg` `khni. =Ne^Zl^ ghm^ [^ehp zMi^kZmbhg \aZkm _hk ZeZkf hnminmz | zMimbhg h_ ZeZkf hnminmz k^`Zk] mh ]^mZbe^] hi^kZmbhg Zg] himbhgZe hi^kZmbhg.
Gm \hgmkhel _Zeebg` m^fi^kZmnk^ Zl Z[ho^. Lhm^1*k?N] mbf^ \Zgghm [^ lahkm^k maZg _Zeebg` mbf^~m]* h_ ghm [^bg` kZfi _ng\mbhg hi^kZm^].
t QT27 ^le[kafe
G_ nlbg` PS-2 _ng\mbhg, bm \aZg`^l ma^ m^fi^kZmnk^ h_ \hgmkhe lrlm^f mh ma^ l^\hg] l^mmbg` oZen^ [r ^qm^kgZe k^eZr \hgmZ\m lb`gZe. Gm \Zg \aZg`^ ma^ l^mmbg` oZen^ Zl l^jn^gmbZeer [r k^eZr \hgmZ\m pbmahnm d^r hi^kZmbhg.
PS-2 PS PS-2 \hgmkhe lb`gZe ML mbf^ Zk^Z h_ PS-2 \hgmZ\m
t Bffc4G]Yk ^le[kafe
E^g^kZeer ma^k^ Zk^ mph pZrl mh \hgmkhe m^fi^kZmnk^, hg^~F^Zm-_ng\mbhg* bl mh a^Zm pa^g NS bl `^mmbg` ]hpg~F^Zm^k*. Qa^ hma^k~Ahhe-_ng\mbhg* bl mh \hhe pa^g NS bl `^mmbg` ab`a~O^_kb`^kZmhk*. Qa^l^ _ng\mbhgl Zk^ hi^kZmbg` hiihlbm^er pa^g bm bl ML/MDD \hgmkhe hk ikhihkmbhgZe \hgmkhe. @nm bg mabl \Zl^ NGB mbf^ \hglmZgm pbee [^ ]b__^k^gm ]n^ mh NGB mbf^ \hglmZgm pbee [^ ]^\b]^] Z\\hk]bg` mh \hgmkhe lrlm^f pa^g bm bl NGB \hgmkhe. =Ahhe-_ng\mbhg Zg] a^Zm-_ng\mbhg \Zg [^ l^m Zm z z fh]^ bg l^\hg] l^mmbg` `khni. =Ahhe-_ng\mbhg Zg] a^Zm-_ng\mbhg fnlm [^ l^m \hkk^\mer Z\\hk]bg` mh ma^ Ziieb\Zmbhg, b_ l^m Zl hiihlbm^ _ng\mbhg, bm fZr \Znl^ Z _bk^. ~G_ l^m \hhe-_ng\mbhg Zm a^Zm^k, ^o^g b_ m^fi^kZmnk^ bl `^mmbg` ab`a, bm pbee [^ fZbgmZbg^] ML Zg] bm fZr \Znl^ Z _bk^.* =?ohb] \aZg`bg` a^Zm-_ng\mbhg mh \hhe-_ng\mbhg hk \hhe-_ng\mbhg mh a^Zm-_ng\mbhg hg ma^ ngbm bl hi^kZmbg`. =Gm bl bfihllb[e^ mh hi^kZm^ [hma _ng\mbhgl Zm hg\^ bg mabl ngbm. Qa^k^_hk^ hg^ _ng\mbhg lahne] [^ l^e^\m^] hger.
t Diifi \ajgcYp
G_ ^kkhk bl h\\nkk^] pabe^ ma^ \hgmkhee^k bl hi^kZmbg`, bm pbee [^ ]blieZr^] Zl _heehp. =zJJJJz bl _eb\d^kbg` pa^g f^Zlnk^] bginm m^fi^kZmnk^ bl ehp^k maZg bginm kZg`^ h_ ma^ l^glhk. =zFFFFz bl _eb\d^kbg` pa^g f^Zlnk^] bginm m^fi^kZmnk^ bl ab`a^k maZg bginm kZg`^ h_ ma^ l^glhk. =zhNCgz bl _eb\d^kbg` pa^g ma^ bginm l^glhk bl ghm \hgg^\m^] hk bml pbk^ bl \nm.
zB^obZmbhg Fb`a/Jhp-ebfbm ZeZkf G_ ]^obZmbhg [^mp^^g NS Zg] PS bl ab`a^k hk ehp^k maZg ]^obZmbhg NS NS PS m^fi^kZmnk^ l^mmbg` oZen^, ma^ hnminm 90w 110w 100w pbee [^ ML. Qa^ ]^obZmbhg m^fi^kZmnk^ xTa^g l^m 10w bg ?J 1~?J 2* Zl ]^obZmbhg bl l^m bg ?J 1 hk ?J 2 h_ _bklm l^mmbg` m^fi^kZmnk^. `khni.
ML [ MDD [ ML
zB^obZmbhg Fb`a/Jhp-ebfbm k^o^kl^ ZeZkf. G_ ]^obZmbhg [^mp^^g NS Zg] PS bl ab`a^k hk ehp^k maZg ]^obZmbhg NS NS PS m^fi^kZmnk^ l^mmbg` oZen^, ma^ hnminm 90w 100w 110w pbee [^ MDD. Qa^ ]^obZmbhg m^fi^kZmnk^ xTa^g l^m 10w bg ?J 1~?J 2* Zl ]^obZmbhg bl l^m bg ?J 1 hk ?J 2 h_ _bklm l^mmbg` m^fi^kZmnk^. `khni.
MDD [ ML [ MDD MDD PS 100w [ NS 110w ML
=Gm \Zg l^m PS-2 Zm k^jnbk^] mbf^ Zg] iZkmb\neZk Zk^Z Zl ma^ Z[ho^ \aZkm. =PS-2 bl bg _bklm l^mmbg` `khni. =?iieb\Zmbhg : Qa^ \hgmkhe lrlm^f, pab\a aZl mh fZbgmZbg \hglmZgm m^fi^kZmnk^ ln\a Zl ho^g Ziieb\Zmbhg. G_ rhn hi^g ma^ ]hhk, m^fi^kZmnk^ pbee `h ]hpg. Gg mabl \Zl^ b_ rhn l^m ma^ l^\hg] l^mmbg` oZen^ ab`a^k maZg l^mmbg` oZen^, m^fi^kZmnk^ pbee kbl^ _Zlm. Qa^k^_hk^, Z_m^k bglmZeebg` Z fb\kh-lpbm\a bg hk]^k mh ]^m^\m ma^ ]hhk Mi^g/Aehl^ Zg] \hgg^\m bm mh PS-2~ma^ l^\hg] l^mmbg` oZen^ lahne] [^ ab`a^k maZg PS* ma^g bm \hgmkhel m^fi^kZmnk^ h_ ho^g ^__b\b^gmer.
zQa^ Z[lhenm^ oZen^ Fb`a-ebfbm ZeZkf G_ NS bl ^jnZe hk ab`a^k maZg ZeZkf m^fi^kZmnk^ l^mmbg` oZen^, ma^ hnminm pbee [^ ML. Qa^ ]^obZmbhg m^fi^kZmnk^ bl l^m bg ?J 1 hk ?J 2 h_ _bklm l^mmbg` `khni. zQa^ Z[lhenm^ oZen^ Jhp-ebfbm ZeZkf G_ NS bl ^jnZe hk ehp^k maZg ZeZkf m^fi^kZmnk^ l^mmbg` oZen^, ma^ hnminm pbee [^ ML. Qa^ ZeZkf m^fi^kZmnk^ bl l^m bg ?J 1 hk ?J 2 h_ _bklm l^mmbg` `khni. N27
s,Z, aj aek]imYc Z]kn]]e ML Ye\ MEE k`] j]kkae_ iYe_] aj 6 kf 655r.536 kf 65535r/ Ye\ [Ye Z] j]k Yk , , df\] ae ^aijk j]kkae_ _iflg3
t Bfee][kafej
~Lhm^* Jh\d fh]^
KC KC
I^r
KC
G_ ik^ll
KC
d^r _hk 3l^\. Zm hg\^ bg ORL lmZm^, bm pbee `h mh l^\hg] l^mmbg` `khni.
?eZkf fh]^
KC KC
=QW4PN
Q^fi. P^glhk fh]^
~Lhm^* Co^gm 2
?nmhmngbg`
Rgbm fh]^
~y* O^mkZglfbllbhg O^mkZglfbllbhg B^\bfZe OZfi P\Ze^ P\Ze^ hnminm hnminm ihbgm ~Fb`a-ebfbm* ~Jhp-ebfbm* ~Fb`a-ebfbm* ~Jhp-ebfbm* _ng\mbhg
KC KC KC KC KC KC
E Gg \Zl^ h_ \aZg`bg` ma^ l^m oZen^ Zm lmZmnl h_ ORL, ik^ll d^r. 10 0 ]b`bm pbee _eZla Zm PS.
[ @
5 4 3 2 1
7 8 9 11 10
t
- F + A
QT
KC
@R
+ PCLPMO ? Gginm l^glhk : P^e^\m _khf 19 dbg]l. Co^gm 1 : P^e^\m _khf 9 dbg]l. Co^gm 2 : P^e^\m _khf 9 dbg]l. ?eZkf hnminm : P^e^\m _khf 4 dbg]l. @lkf2kleae_ ? Q]c][kYZc] kle6fi kle73 NGB : P^e^\mZ[e^ NGBD hk NGBP. P^e^\mZ[e^ a^Zm-_ng\mbhg hk \hhe-_ng\mbhg. Q^fi^kZmnk^ ngbm: w hk { P^m ab`a-ebfbm l\Ze^ oZen^~Gg\en]^ ZgZeh` hnminm* xGm pbee lmZkm mh _eb\d^k [r ik^llbg` d^r ma^g l^e^\m ^Z\a fh]^ [r , d^rl. ?_m^k maZm b_ ik^ll KC d^r, ma^ B?Q? pbee [^ \aZg`^] ma^g ]blieZr g^qm fh]^. xQa^ l^mmbg` pbee [^ \hfie^m^] [r ik^llbg` KC d^r _hk 3 l^\. ma^g bm pbee k^mnkg mh ORL fh]^. xG_ gh d^r mhn\a^] _hk 60l^\. bg ^Z\a fh]^, bm pbee k^mnkg mh ORL fh]^ ZnmhfZmb\Zeer. xz~y*z fb`am ghm [^ ]blieZr^] Z\\hk]bg` mh ma^ l^e^\mbhg h_ bginm P^glhk/ShemZ`^/Ankk^gm P/T. xz~Lhm^*z fb`am ghm [^ ]blieZr^] Z\\hk]bg` mh ma^ l^e^\mbhg h_ himbhg.
~y*
P^m ehp-ebfbm l\Ze^ oZen^~Gg\en]^ ZgZeh` hnminm* Q]c][k \][adYc gfaek gfjakafe ^fi @eYcf_ aeglk3 P^m ma^ ab`a-ebfbm l\Ze^ oZen^ pa^g k^mkZglfbllbhg hnminm bl Ziieb^]. ~20f?* P^m ma^ ehp-ebfbm l\Ze^ oZen^ pa^g k^mkZglfbllbhg hnminm bl Ziieb^]. ~4f?* @Zc] kf j]k ML Ye\ MEE f^ PYdg ^le[kafe3 Qa^ ]ZmZ \Zgghm [^ \aZg`^] pa^g ma^ eh\d d^r bl ML.
NT
J
K?GL MRQ PPO 9 10 2
S
QT
F Nk^ll d^r, Zg] ma^g ma^ _eb\d^k pbee [^ lab_m^] lm^i [r lm^i.
O^eZr
9 10 11
Ankk^gm
9 10 2
f?
KC
@R
0
QT7 @R
250S?A 3? 1\ 12SBA u3S BA4-20f? O^lblmbo^ ehZ] 30f? KZq. JhZ] 600~ KZq.
NT
=QW4PQ
1 2 3 4
@ ? [
5 6 7 8 9
QT
G Nk^ll hk Zm ma^ _eb\d^k ]b`bm, Zg] ma^g \aZg`^ ma^ l^m oZen^.
10 11 12 13 14
PMROAC 100-240S?A t 50/60Fs 5S? 24S?A 50/60Fs 7S? - F 24-48SBA 6T + A K?GL MRQ 250S?A 3? 1\ O^lblmbo^ ehZ] J
KC
@R
PCLPMO
QT7 @R
NT
KC
d^r _hk 3l^\. Qabl fh]^ \aZg`^l mh l^\hg] _ehp \aZkm. P^m PS-2 oZen^ pbmabg bginm kZg`^ _hk ^Z\a l^glhk. P^m m^fi^kZmnk^ h_ ZeZkf hnminm pab\a bl l^e^\m^] Zm CS-1. P^mmbg` kZg`^ bl pbmabg bginm kZg`^ _hk ^Z\a l^glhk mri^. P^m m^fi^kZmnk^ h_ ZeZkf hnminm pab\a bl l^e^\m^] Zm CS-2. P^mmbg` kZg`^ bl pbmabg bginm kZg`^ _hk ^Z\a l^glhk mri^. P^m J@? mbf^~0 mh 999l^\.* Q]k Hek]imYc Z]kn]]e ML Ye\ MEE ^fi YcYid flkglk ^ifd 6 kf 655r.C][adYc kpg] ? 536 kf 65535r/ P^m NkhihkmbhgZe [Zg] _khf 0.0 mh 100.0{. G_ l^mmbg` N oZen^ Zl 0.0, bm pbee [^ ML/MDD \hgmkhe. P^m bgm^`kZe mbf^ _khf 0 mh 3600 l^\. G_ l^mmbg` @ oZen^ Zl 0 l^\. Qabl _ng\mbhg pbee [^ MDD. P^m B^kboZmbo^ mbf^ _khf 0 mh 3600 l^\. G_ l^mmbg` B oZen^ Zl 0 l^\. Qabl _ng\mbhg pbee [^ MDD. P^m ikhihkmbhgZe \hgmkhe \r\e^ _khf 1 mh 120 l^\. Gg \Zl^ h_ PPO hnminm, mabl oZen^ lahne] [^ lfZee.~Cq : 2l^\.* P^m Frlm^k^lbl _khf 1 mh 100w~B^\bfZe mri^ : 0.1 mh 100.0w*, Ta^g ma^ ML/MDD \hgmkhe _ng\mbhg nl^]. Ahkk^\m ma^ ^kkhk bg bginm l^glhk _khf -49 mh +50w ~B^\bfZe mri^ : -50.0 mh 50.0w* P^m KZgnZe k^l^m oZen^ _khf 0.0 mh 100.0{ Qabl bl _hk N \hgmkhe hger, ghm _hk NGB. P^m OZfi kblbg`-mbf^ _khf 1 mh 99 fbg. Ta^g OZfi _ng\mbhg bl l^e^\m^] hger. P^m OZfi _Zeebg`-mbf^ _khf 1 mh 99 fbg. Ta^g OZfi _ng\mbhg bl l^e^\m^] hger. Qabl _ng\mbhg bl _hk eh\dbg` ma^ hi^kZmbhg h_ l^mmbg` oZen^ Zg] _khgm ?Q d^r. P^mmbg` ML, ^Z\a ]ZmZ \Zg ghm [^ \aZg`^]. U`]e j]kkae_ ML6 ak aj efk YZc] kf [`Ye_] j]kkae_ mYcl] f^ ^aijk j]kkae_ _iflg Ye\ fg]iYk] @R I]p3
PS2 ?Q MRQ CS1 CS2
Ankk^gm 12 13
f?
QT
H Nk^ll KC d^r pa^g ma^ l^mmbg` bl \hfie^m^]. Gm pbee lmhi _eb\d^kbg`, ma^g k^mnkg mh ORL fh]^.
KC
K C
@R
KC
250S?A 3? 1\ 12SBA u3S BA4-20f? O^lblmbo^ ehZ] 30f? KZq. JhZ] 600~ KZq.
Co^gm 2
KC
Jhhi [k^Zd ZeZkf @cYid `pjk]i]jaj NkhihkmbhgZe [Zg] Ggm^`kZe mbf^ B^kboZmbo^ mbf^ Ahgmkhe i^kbh] Frlm^k^lbl
t Cad]ejafej
=RV9QN
48
w
KC
107 12 80 15
KC
KC
NS
KC
PS
48
60
45
KC
KC
QW4PN
QCKNCO?QROC AMLQOMJJCO
KC
KC
=RV9QR
xGm pbee lmZkm mh _eb\d^k [r ik^llbg` d^r Zg] ma^ _eb\d^k pbee [^ fho^] [r d^rl ma^g l^m ma^ oZen^ [r , d^rl. ?_m^k maZm b_ ik^llbg` KC d^r ma^ B?Q? pbee [^ \aZg`^] ma^g ]blieZr g^qm fh]^. xGm k^mnkgl mh ORL lmZmnl bg \Zl^ h_ ik^llbg` KC d^r _hk 3l^\. Z_m^k l^mmbg` Zee fh]^ mh \aZg`^. xG_ gh d^r mhn\a^] _hk 60l^\., bm pbee k^mnkg mh ORL fh]^ ZnmhfZmb\Zeer. xG_ ghm mh l^m k^eZm^] fh]^ bg l^\hg] l^mmbg` `khni, , , , , , , , , , fh]^ pbee ]blZii^Zk.
KC
KC
O?KN _Zeebg`
KC
NS
QW4PQ
QCKNCO?QROC AMLQOMJJCO
45
I^r eh\d
48
60
PS
N28
t EY[kfip \]^Ylckj
=P^\hg] l^mmbg` `khni Kh]^ P^m oZen^ Kh]^ P^m oZen^
t BYj] \]kY[`d]ek
QW P^kb^l
F^Zm^k Nhp^k t 104 ~630S* @ P^m oZen^ Kh]^ P^m oZen^ =AZnmbhg _hk pbkbg`. 1. I^^i ihp^k k^eZr Zl _Zk ZpZr Zl ihllb[e^ _khf QW l^kb^l. G_ pbk^l e^g`ma h_ ? hk @ iZkm bl lahkm, ^e^\mkhfhmbo^ _hk\^ h\\nkk^] _khf Z \hbe h_ fZ`g^m lpbm\a | ihp^k k^eZr fZr _ehp bg ihp^k ebg^ h_ ma^ ngbm, bm fZr \Znl^ fZe_ng\mbhg. 2. G_ pbk^l e^g`ma h_ ? hk @ iZkm bl lahkm, ie^Zl^ \hgg^\m Z \hg]^gl^k 104~630S* Z\khll \hbe z K z h_ ma^ ihp^k k^eZr mh ikhm^\m ^e^\mkhfhmbo^ _hk\^. K Pn[ k^eZr hk fZ`g^m lpbm\a
NS
PS2 ?Q MRQ CS1 CS2
1. GglmZeeZmbhg ^gobkhgf^gm *Gm laZee [^ nl^] bg]hhk +?embmn]^ KZq. 2000f ,Nheenmbhg B^`k^^ 2 -GglmZeeZmbhg AZm^`hkrA? 2. Ne^Zl^ nl^ ma^ m^kfbgZe~K3.5, KZq. 7.2ff* pa^g \hgg^\m ma^ ?A ihp^k lhnk\^.
PS
KZq. 7.2ff
QW4PQ
xFhp mh mZd^ hnm ma^ bgg^k [h]r _khf ma^ \Zl^: Nnee ma^ _khgm iZg^e `nb]^ mh _hkpZk] hg inlabg` bm mh ]hpg ]bk^\mbhg.
Nhp^k t
PPO MRQ
t @ggca[Ykafej
Dhh] NeZlmb\ Gg]nlmkr Q^qmbe^x NZ\dZ`bg` fZ\abg^kr, @Zg]bg` fZ\abg^kr NeZlmb\ fZ\abg^kr, Dbef fZdbg` lrlm^f, ^m\. Ce^\mkb\ _nkgZ\^, ?nmh lhe]^kbg` fZ\abg^, Bkrbg` fZ\abg^, ^m\.x @h]r ik^ll, Pbsbg` fZ\abg^
=AZnmbhg _hk nlbg` PPO 1. PPO lahne] [^ l^e^\m^] [r ma^ \ZiZ\bmr h_ ehZ], hma^kpbl^, bm fZr lahkm-\bk\nbm Zg] k^lnem bg Z _bk^. 2. Gg]bk^\m a^Zm^] lahne] [^ nl^] pbma PPO _hk ^__b\b^gm phkdbg`.
t @eYcf_ aeglk
Gg \Zl^ h_ f^Zlnkbg` hk \hgmkheebg` anfb]bmr | ik^llnk^, _enq, ^m\, bm nl^l ma^ ikhi^k \hgo^km^k pab\a bl \hgo^kmbg` ma^ f^Zlnkbg` oZen^ mh 4-20f?BA hk 1-5SBA hk 0-10SBA. 1-5SBA 0-10SBA 4-20f?BA
Cjnbif^gm mh [^ \hgmkhee^]
Ahgo^km^k
Mnminm
3. Ne^Zl^ nl^ l^iZkZm^] ebg^ _khf ab`a ohemZ`^ ebg^ hk ihp^k ebg^ bg hk]^k mh Zohb] bg]n\mbo^ ghbl^. 4. Ne^Zl^ bglmZee ihp^k lpbm\a hk \bk\nbm-[k^Zd^k bg hk]^k mh \nm ihp^k lniier h__. 5. Qa^ lpbm\a hk \bk\nbm-[k^Zd^k lahne] [^ bglmZee^] g^Zk [r nl^kl. 6. Bh ghm nl^ mabl ikh]n\m Zl Shem-f^m^k hk ?fi^k^-f^m^k, mabl bl Z m^fi^kZmnk^ \hgmkhee^k. 7. @^ lnk^ mh nl^ \hfi^glZmbg` pbk^ pa^g ^qm^g]bg` pbk^ _khf \hgmkhee^k mh ma^kfh\hnie^, hma^kpbl^ Z m^fi^kZmnk^ ]^obZmbhg pbee h\\nk Zm ma^ ihbgm pa^k^ pbk^l Zk^ \hgg^\m^] mh ^Z\a hma^k. 8. Gg \Zl^ h_ nlbg` OQB l^glhk, 3pbk^l mri^ fnlm [^ nl^]. G_ rhn g^^] mh ^qm^g] ma^ ebg^, 3pbk^l fnlm [^ nl^] pbma ma^ lZf^ k^lblmZg\^ Zl ma^ ebg^. Gm fb`am \Znl^ ma^ ]^obZmbhg h_ m^fi^kZmnk^ b_ ma^ k^lblmZg\^ h_ ebg^ bl ]b__^k^gm. 9. Gg \Zl^ h_ fZdbg` ihp^k ebg^ Zg] bginm lb`gZe ebg^ \ehl^, ebg^ _bem^k _hk ghbl^ ikhm^\mbhg lahne] [^ bglmZee^] Zm ihp^k ebg^ Zg] bginm lb`gZe ebg^ lahne] [^ lab^e]^]. 10. I^^i ZpZr _khf ma^ ab`a _k^jn^g\r bglmknf^gml. ~Fb`a _k^jn^g\r p^e]bg` fZ\abg^ | l^pbg` fZ\abg^, [b` \ZiZ\bmbo^ PAO \hgmkhee^k* 11. G_ rhn pZgm mh \aZg`^ ma^ bginm l^glhk, k^l^m lpbm\a^l~PT1, PT2* Z\\hk]bg` mh ^Z\a bginm li^\b_b\Zmbhg Z`m^k ihp^k h__. Qnkg hg ihp^k Zg] ma^g l^m l^glhk fh]^ [r _khgm d^rl Zm l^\hg] _ehp \aZkm. 12. Gg \Zl^ h_ \aZg`bg` bginm l^glhk, Z_m^k \aZg`^ bm Z\\hk]bg` mh PT1, PT2 bglb]^ h_ ma^ ngbm, l^e^\m \aZg`^] l^glhk pbma d^r hi^kZmbhg pa^g ihp^k hg. 13. Bh ghm \hgg^\m ihp^k ebg^ mh m^kfbgZel h_ QW4PQ Lh. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9~Q^kfbgZe Lh. 2, 3, 4 : P^glhk \hgg^\mbhg, Q^kfbgZe Lh. 5, 6, 8, 9 : CS-1, CS-2* Zg] QW4PN Lh. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ~Q^kfbgZe Lh. 1, 2 : CS1, Q^kfbgZe Lh. 3, 4, 5 : P^glhk \hgg^\mbhg*
=Qabl ngbm aZl ma^ fh]^ _hk ma^ \hgo^km^k [nbem-bg. Ne^Zl^ l^e^\m ?--1~0-10SBA* hk ?--2~1-5SBA* hk ?--3 ~4-20f?BA* bg l^e^\mbhg fh]^ h_ bginm bg l^\hg] l^mmbg` `khni. =P^m ma^ bginm oZen^ [r F-PA Zg] J-PA fh]^. =Qa^ hma^k hi^kZmbhg _ng\mbhg Z_m^k ]hbg` maZm bl lZf^ Zl \hgmkheebg` ma^ m^fi^kZmnk^. =?iieb\Zmbhgl Nk^llnk^
PS2
=Gm bl bfihkmZgm mh l^e^\m PAO ngbm Z_m^k \a^\dbg` ma^ \ZiZ\bmr h_ ma^ ehZ]. =G_ ma^ \ZiZ\bmr bl ^q\^^]^], bm fZr \Znl^ Z _bk^.
t KYae gif\l[kj
AMRLQCO QGKCO QCKNCO?QROC AMLQOMJJCO N?LCJ KCQCO Q?AFM/JGLC PNCCB/NRJPC KCQCO BGPNJ?V RLGQ NOMUGKGQV PCLPMO NRTSRTOUPRQ NFMQMCJCAQOGA PCLPMO `kkg?44nnn3Ylkfea[j3[fd DG@CO MNQGA PCLPMO QYkaj^aYZc] NYike]i Efi EY[kfip @lkfdYkafe NOCPPROC PCLPMO zGD@COS@PRDPQ : OMQ?OV CLAMBCO 41-5, Vhg`]Zg`-kb, Rg`lZg`-^ni, VZg`lZg-lb, Er^hg`gZf, PCLPMO AMLQOMJJCO 626-847, Ihk^Z zHLRDPL@RHML@J Q@JDQ : NMTCO AMLQOMJJCO @e]`. 402 3k] De., @n\a^hg Q^\agh NZkd, 193, VZd]Z^-]hg`, PQCNNGLE KMQMO | Thgfb-`n, @n\a^hg-lb, Er^hg``b-]h, 420-734, Ihk^Z QCJ:82-32-610-2730 / D?U:82-32-329-0728 BOGSCO | AMLQOMJJCO zD2dYac : lZe^l>Znmhgb\l.g^m z J?PCO K?OIGLE PVPQCK CN-C-03-0350K ~AM2, L]:V?E* z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
QW4PN
NS
PS
QW4PN
QCKNCO?QROC AMLQOMJJCO
D^^][Z\d xGg \Zl^ h_ nlbg` ma^ \hgo^km^k fh]^, ie^Zl^ l^e^\m ma^ bgg^k lpbm\abg` ibg Z\\hk]bg` mh ma^ \aZkm bg zP^e^\mbhg lpbm\a _hk Gginm l^glhk/ShemZ`^/Ankk^gmz.