Professional Documents
Culture Documents
7: Structure of Groups
6. Show that for G=S 3 , Inn (G)G . Examine Z ( G). Since S 3 D3 , which is defined by two elements a and b which do not commute, we know Z ( G)={e}. Thus, by Theorem 7.1.8, Inn (S 3)S 3 . 7. Determine Aut (S 3). We have already shown (Q2) that S 3 has four subgroups: one isomorphic to 3 and three isomorphic to 2 . Now, the subgroup of order 3 must be mapped to itself, leaving the three isomorphic copies of 2 to be permuted with each other. Thus, Inn (S 3)S 3 . 8. For groups G1 and G 2 , determine the center of G1 G 2 . Let ( a , b)Z ( G1G 2). Then, ( a , b)( g 1 , g 2 )=( g 1 , g 2)( a , b) for all (g 1 , g 2 )G1G 2 . This implies that ( ag 1 , bg 2 )=( g 1 a , g 2 b). Thus, (a , b)Z (G1)Z (G 2). Conversely, if (a , b) Z (G 1)Z (G 2), then (ag 1 , bg 2 )=( g 1 a , g 2 b) implying that (a , b)( g 1 , g 2 )=(g 1 , g 2)(a , b). Thus, (a , b) Z ( G1G 2). Therefor, Z ( G1G 2)=Z (G1 )Z (G 2). 9. Show that G /Z (G) cannot be a nontrivial cyclic group. Suppose G /Z (G)={Z (G) , a Z (G), a 2 Z (G),...}. Let b , c G. Without loss of generality, assume j k b a j Z (G) and c a k Z (G) . In other words, b=a z 1 and c=a z 2 . Then, j k j k k j k j bc=a z 1 a z 2=a (a z 2 ) z 1=a a z 2 z 1=a z 2 a z 1=cb . Thus, c ,b Z (G) and Z (G)=G. 10. Describe the centers Z ( D n ) of the dihedral groups D n , for all integers n3. If for some m, a m =a nm , then a m Z ( D n ). These elements and the identity can be the only elements that commute since the group is generated by a , b : a m=b 2 , a m b=ba mn . 11. In the group GL 2 () of all invertible 22 matrices with complex entries, let Q be the following 1 0 , i 0 , 0 1 , 0 i . set of matrices: 0 1 0 i 1 0 i 0 D4. (a) Show that Q is not isomorphic to (b) Find the center Z (Q)of Q .
[ ] [ ] [
] [ ]
1 0 (to name two) commute with everything, but in D 4 , only the 0 1 element a 2 commutes with everything. Thus, Q D 4 . (a) In Q, the elements (b) From p. 122, it is clear that only commutes with every member of Q.
[ ]
7: Structure of Groups
m n , 12. Let F 20 be the subgroup of GL 2 ( 5 ) consisting of all matrices of the form such that 0 1 m, n5 and m0, as defined in Exercise 23 of Section 3.8. This group will be called the Frobenius group of degree 5. Find the center of F 20 . m0 n 0 m 0 n0 m n Z ( F 20 ). Then a b = 0 0 a b . Thus, 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 a m0 a n0+b m a m0 b+n0 = 0 . So, we need a n 0+b=m0 b+n0 for all a and b in 5 . In 0 1 0 1 m 0 particular, when a = b = 0, we must have n0=0. Thus, Z ( F 20 )= 0 where the first entry is 1, 2, 0 1 3, or 4. Suppose
[ ]
[ ][
][
][ ]
][
[ ]
13. Show that the Frobenius group F 20 defined in Exercise 12 can be defined by generators and 1 1 and b= 2 0 . relations as follows. Let a= 0 1 0 1 2 (a) Show that o (a)=5 , o(b)=4 , and b a=a b . (b) Show that each element of F 20 can be expressed in the form a i b j for 0i4 and 0 j3.
[ ]
[ ]
(a) a = ba=
{[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]}
1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 , , , , . b= 1 0 , 2 0 , 4 0 , 3 0 . 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
{[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]}
[ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ][ ]
a 22=1. (a) Let N be the set of matrices in G with a 11=1. Show that N is a normal subgroup of G. 1 1 and b= 2 0 . (b) Let a= Show that if H =a , then b H b1 is a proper subset of H. 0 1 0 1 Conclude that H is not normal in any group that contains b.
[ ]
x 0
[ ]
y r s 1 x / r ysx /r and B= . Suppose AB = N. This implies that x =r 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1/ x ( s y) N . since the first entry must be 1. Then, A B= Conversely, if we evaluate 0 1 A1 B= r / x 1/ x (s y) first, we again see r = x. Thus, N G . 0 1 (a) Let A=
[ ]
[ ]
7: Structure of Groups
m 1 1 2 m =a 2 m H. (b) ba b = Since we get only even multiples, we know b H b1 H . This 0 1 implies that b H H b so H G.
15. Give another proof of Theorem 7.1.1 by constructing an isomorphism from ( HN )/ N onto H /( H N ). Define f : HN G/( H N ) via f ( hn)=h( H N ). Clearly ker f =N and f ( HN )=H /( H N ). Thus, HN H /( H N ) .