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Science
form 2
Chapter 8
Support
Support
and
and
movement
movement
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Content
8.1 Support Systems in Animals
8.2 Support Systems in Plants
8.3 Appreciating the Support System in
Living Things
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8.1
Support Systems in Animals
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Vertebrate and invertebrate

Vertebrates
Vertebrates are animals with backbones.

Invertebrates
Invertebrates are animals without
backbones.
Vertebrates Vertebrates
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Vertebrate
Vertebrates are supported by
internal
internal
skeleton of bones
skeleton of bones called
endoskeleton.
endoskeleton.
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Vertebrate
The functions of endoskeleton are:
(a) to support the body weight
(b) to protect the internal organs
(c) to maintain the shape of the body
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Land Vertebrate
The land vertebrates have to support their
own body weight.
Hence, the endoskeletons of land
vertebrates are normally
big and strong
big and strong.
Horse skeleton
Elephant skeleton
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Aquatic Vertebrate
The body weight of aquatic vertebrates is
supported by the buoyancy of water.
Hence, the endoskeletons of aquatic
vertebrates are smaller.
whale skeleton
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Invertebrate
The support systems of invertebrates
consist of
i. exoskeleton and
ii. hydrostatic skeleton.
exoskeleton
hydrostatic skeleton
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Invertebrate- Exoskeleton

Cuticle
Cuticle is an exoskeleton which is made of
chitin.
chitin.
It covers and protects the body.
Bees, flies, cockroaches , scorpions, crabs
and prawns are supported by cuticle.
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Invertebrate- Hydrostatic skeleton
Invertebrates which have soft bodies such
as worms, leeches and caterpillars are
supported by the body fluid pressure
called hydrostatic pressure.
Earth worms Leeches
Caterpillars
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8.2
Support Systems in Plants
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Woody plants
The woody plants are
supported by
woody
woody
tissues.
tissues.
Some of the examples
of woody trees are
rubber trees, rambutan
trees and durian trees.
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Woody plant
Some woody plants have additional
features to help them.
(a) Buttress roots
(b) Prop roots
(c) Stilt roots
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Buttress roots
Casuarina trees have buttress roots to
provide additional support to the stems.
Casuarinas
8Od@u0du
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Prop roots
Banyan trees and maize plants have prop
roots to give them extra support
Banyan trees = Pokok Ara
=0ugd@u0du
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Stilt roots
Mangrove trees have stilt roots which
provide extra support to the stem and help
them to obtain sunlight.
Mangrove trees
= pokok bakau
8LL0|0
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Non-woody plant
Non-woody plants have
soft stems.
The turgidity of the cells
provides support to these
non-woody plants.
Some of the examples of
non-woody plants are yam
plant, leafy vegetables and
balsam plant.
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Non-woody plant
Some non-woody plants have weak stems
which are unable to support the plants.
However, they have other features to help
them.
(a) Tendrils
(b) Thorns and prickles
(c) Twining stems
(d) Clasping roots
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Tendrils
Cucumber plants and pumpkin plants
climb and grow upwards using tendrils.
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Thorns and prickles
Bougainvillea plants, rattan plants and
rose plants climb using thorns
Prickles
Rattan
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Twining stems
Morning glory plants twine around other
plants to help them climb higher in order to
get enough sunlight.
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Clasping roots
Money plants and pepper plants climb by
clasping.
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